KINETIC MOLECULAR THEORY OF Intermolecular Forces of Attraction (IMFA)

LIQUIDS AND GASES • Attractive forces that act between

molecules or particles in the solid or liquid
states

* Stronger IMFA  Higher Boiling Point

IMFA and Other Physical Properties

• IMFA is directly proportional to surface
tension, viscosity, melting point

• IMFA is inversely proportional to vapor

pressure

Dispersion Forces

Kinetic Molecular Theory

1. All matter is composed of tiny particles

2. These particles are in constant motion

3. The amount of motion is proportional to Polarizability

temperature
• The extent to which a dipole moment can
4. Solids, liquids and gases differ in the be induced in a molecule
freedom of their motion and interaction

Increasing polarizability
Dipole-Dipole Forces
• Attractive forces between polar molecules Cohesive forces are less than
(0.4 <ΔEN <1.7) Adhesive forces

Hydrogen Bond
• A special type of dipole-dipole interaction
between the hydrogen atom in a polar
Cohesive forces are greater than
bond (N‒H, O‒H, or F‒H) and an
Adhesive forces
electronegative O, N, or F atom

IMFA of Molecules
Viscosity

• A measure of a fluid’s resistance to flow

• Unit: Poise or Stoke [Pa-s or N-s/m2]

Vapor Pressure

• The pressure exerted by the gas in

equilibrium with a liquid in a closed
container at a given temperature

Effects of IMFA on the Properties of Liquids

Surface Tension

• The measure of the elastic force in the

surface of a liquid

Capillary Action (Capillarity)

• Tendency of a liquid to rise in narrow Molar Heat of Vaporization

tubes or be drawn into small openings
• The energy required to vaporize 1 mole of
such as those between grains of a rock
a liquid at a given temperature.
Cohesion vs. Adhesion

• Cohesion - the intermolecular attraction

between like molecules (the liquid
molecules)

• Adhesion - attraction between unlike

molecules (e.g solid and liquid)