REPUBLIC ACT No. 137 -Board of Textbooks. It provided for all • PRESIDENTIAL DECREE No.
CREE No. 1139 - This decree issued on
public schools to use only those books approved by the board for
a period of six years from the date of their adoption.
• REPUBLIC ACT No. 1425 -The inclusion of a course on the life,
works and writings- especially the Noli Me Tangere and El
Filibusterismo of Dr. Jose Rizal in the curricula of all public and
private schools.
• REPUBLIC ACT No. 4670 -The Magna Carta for Public School
Teachers.
• REPUBLIC ACT 1079 - Commonwealth Act No.117. Civil
Service Eligibility shall be permanent and shall be valid
throughout a person’s lifetime.
• REPUBLIC ACT No. 6728 -The Act Providing Government
Assistance to Students and Teachers in Private Education.
(Scholarship Programs)
• REPUBLIC ACT No. 7722 -Creating the Commission on Higher
Education (CHED) composed of a chairperson and four (4)
commissioners.
• REPUBLIC ACT No. 7743 - The establishment of public libraries
and reading centers in every barangay and municipality of the
country.
• REPUBLIC ACT No. 7784 - The Centers of Excellence Law
• REPUBLIC ACT No. 7796 - The TESDA Law
• REPUBLIC ACT No. 7836 - Philippine Teachers
Professionalization Act of 1994
• REPUBLIC ACT No. 7877 - Anti Sexual harassment Act of 1995
• EXECUTIVE ORDER No. 27 - the inclusion of subject courses
on human rights in the school curricula, textbooks, and other
reading materials
• EXECUTIVE ORDER No. 189 - All public Secondary School
teachers under the administrative supervision and control of
DECS. Issued by former President Corazon Aquino.
• PRESIDENTIAL DECREE No. 6-A - Known as the Educational
Development Decree of 1972, and was implemented by the late
former President Ferdinand Marcos.
• PRESIDENTIAL DECREE No. 146 - This decree requiring ALL
senior high school students to pass the National College Entrance
Examination (NCEE) as pre-requisite for admission to any post-
secondary academic or professional degree program.
• PRESIDENTIAL DECREE No.451 - This law repealed R.A No.
6139 and authorized the Sec. of Education and Culture to
regulate the imposition of tuition fee and other school fees in all
private educational institutions.
• PRESIDENTIAL DECREE No. 688 - This law gave the Civil
Service Commission the power and authority to give the
appropriate examination for all public school teachers.
May 13, 1977, created the position of the undersecretary for
NON-FORMAL Education who shall make an overall assessment
of the existing non formal education programs and shall take
charge of all non-formal education programs of DECS.
• DEPARTMENT ORDER No. 1, s.1973 - This DECS order
reiterates the policy on the use of locally published textbooks of
Filipino authorship in all levels of education, both public and
private.
• DEPARTMENT ORDER No. 25, s.1974 - The implementation of
BILINGUAL EDUCATION Program which mandates the use of
English and Filipino as separate media of instruction.
• MEC ORDER No. 22, s.1978 - ALL institutions shall offer in all
their curricular programs at least six (6) units of Filipino, starting
the FIRST SEM Of school year 1979- 1980.
• DECS ORDER No. 30, s. 1993 - This order issued on May 20,
1993, providing for a National Elementary Achievement Test
(NEAT) for ALL grade six pupils in Public and Private schools
• DECS ORDER No. 38, s. 1994 - Provided for a National
Secondary Assessment Test (NSAT) to be administered to ALL
graduating public and private high school.
• REPUBLIC ACT No. 1265 - The Law on the Observance of Flag
Ceremony
• EXECUTIVE ORDER No. 200, sec.3 -The Law prohibits fund
raising in school
• 1987 CONSTITUTIONS ARTICLE XIV, sec. 3:2 -The Law
teaches and imposes discipline
• BATAS PAMBANSA BLG. 232, sec. 13:2 / 1987
CONSTITUTION, ARTICLE XIV, sec 5:2,/ 1973 CONSTITUTION,
ARTICLE XV, sec. 8:2 -the Law recognizes Academic Freedom
• 1992 MANUAL OF REGULATION FOR PRIVATE SCHOOL, sec
48-49 - The Law requires to have a fixed calendar
• 1992 MANUAL OF REGULATION FOR PRIVATE SCHOOL,
sec. 44-47 - The Law on Education specifies faculty qualification
• R.A No. 1054 AS AMENDED BY P.D.’s Nos. 442, 570-A, 622,
AND 643 - The Law requires Education to provide Medical and
Dental Services
• CIVIL CODE, ARTICLE 349 - The Law considers teachers,
professors, and administrators to be in LOCO PARENTIS to their
pupils and students
• 1987 CONSTITUTIONS ARTICLE XIV, sec. 5:4 - The Law
requires Education to provide professional advancement
teachers.

FOUNDATIONS OF EDUCATION
● John Locke was an English philosopher and physician
"Father of Liberalism" ; to form character (mental, physical,
and moral) ; Education as Training of the mind/Formal
discipline ; Notable ideas - "Tabula rasa"
● Francis Bacon was an English philosopher, statesman,
scientist, jurist, orator and author. "Father of scientific
method" "Father of empiricism"
● Jean Jacques Rousseau was a Francophone Genevan
philosopher, writer and composer of the 18th
century."Hollistic education"(physical,moral, intellectual)
Notable ideas - moral simplicity of humanity; child centered
learning; Famous novel: "Emile" or On Education; Human
Development
● Edgar Dale was an American educator who developed
the "Cone of Experience"
aka "Father of Modern Media in Education"
● Erik Erikson was a German-born American
developmental psychologist and psychoanalyst known for
his theory on "psychosocial development" of human
beings.
● Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi was a swiss pedagogue and
educational reformer who exemplified Romanticism in his
approach. "Social regeneration of humanity" Notable ideas:
"Four-sphere concept of life" his motto was " Learning by
head, hand and heart"
● Friedrich Frobel was a German pedagogue a student of
Pestalozzi who laid the "foundation of modern education"
based on the recognition that children have unique needs
and capabilities. "Father of kindergarten"
● Johann Herbart was a German philosopher, psychologist
and founder of pedagogy as an academic discipline. ;
● Edward Lee Thorndike was an American psychologist ; "
Father of Modern educational psychology; connectionism;
law of effect. ; "Realize the fullest satisfaction of human
wants"
PHILOSOPHICAL FOUNDATIONS OF EDUCATION
● IDEALISM Plato (own ideas) nothing exist except in the
mind of a man/ what we want the world to be
● REALISM Aristotle;Herbart; Comenius; Pestalozzi;
Montessori; Hobbes; Bacon; Locke
(experience) fully mastery of knowledge
● BEHAVIORISM always guided by standards/by
procedure; purpose is to modify the behavior
● EXISTENTIALISM Kierkegaard; Sartre; "Man shapes his
being as he lives"
Focuses on self/individual
● PRAGMATISM/EXPERIMENTALISM William James;
John Dewey - learn from experiences through interaction to
the environment
Emphasizes the needs and interests of the children
● PERENNIALISM Robert Hutchins
focuses on unchanging/universal truths
● ESSENTIALISM William Bagley - teaching the
basic/essential knowledge
Focuses on basic skills and knowledge
● PROGRESSIVISM Dewey/Pestalozzi (process of
development)
focuses on the whole child and the cultivation of
individuality
● CONSTRUCTIVISMJean Piaget
Focused on how humans make meaning in relation to the
interaction b/w their experiences and their ideas. Nature of
knowledge w/c represents an epistemological stance.
● SOCIAL RECONSTRUCTIONISM George Counts -
recognized that education was the means of preparing
people for creating his new social order
highlights social reform as the aim of education
ACCULTURATION - learning other culture; the passing of
customs, beliefs and tradition through interaction and
reading.
ENCULTURATION - the passing of group's custom, beliefs
and traditions from one generation to the next generation
Convergent questions - are those that typically have one
correct answer.
Divergent questions - also called open-ended questions are
used to encourage many answers and generate greater
participation of students. Higher order thinking skills; to
think more creatively.
90 days - enrolled bills becomes a law
30 days - "lapse"
PRINCIPLES & THEORIES OF LEARNING &
MOTIVATION
● Psychosexual Theory/Psychoanalysis - Sigmund Freud
● Psychosocial Theory - Erik Erikson's Theory of
Personality
● Ecological Theory - Eric Brofenbrenner's Theory of
Development
● Sociohistoric Cognitive Linguistic Theory - Lev
Semanovich Vygotsky
● Cognitive Development - Jean Piaget; John Dewey;
Jerome Brunner
● Phenomenology - Abraham Maslow; Carl Rogers; Louis
Raths
● Behaviorism - Edward Thorndike; Ivan Pavlov; Burrhus
Frederick Skinner
● Moral Development - Lawrence Kohlberg
● Ivan Pavlov - classical conditioning
● Edward Thorndike - connectionism
● B.F. Skinner - operant conditioning & reinforcement
● Albert Bandura - "bobo doll" experiment; modelling; self
eficacy
● David Ausubel - Meaningful Reception Theory
● Jerome Bruner - Discovery Learning Theory/Inquiry
method
● Wolfgang Kohler's - Insight Learning Problem
● Richard Atkinson & Richard Shiffrin's - Information
Processing Theory
● Robert Gagne's - Cumulative Learning Theory
Howard Gardner - Multiple Intelligence
● Kurt Lewin's - Field Theory/ his concept of life space
● Brofenbrenner's - Ecological System Theory
● Lev Vygotsky - Social Constructivism; Zond of Proximal
Development (ZPD) * gap b/w actual and potential
development
● Hilda Taba - Grassroots Approach
● Max Wertheimer - Gestalt Psychology
● Wilhelm Wundt - "Father of Modern Psychology"
● William James - wrote the "Principles of psychology"/
consciousness
● hypothalamus - brain's stress center
● Abraham Maslow - physiological needs; "Maslow's
Hierarchy of Needs" ; safety&security; love &
belongingness; self-esteem; self-actualization
● John B. Watson - (behaviorist approach) an American
psychologist who established the psychological school of
behaviorism.
FIGURATIVE LANGUAGE
● Metaphor - is a comparison made b/w things w/c are
essentially not alike.
Ex: "Nobody invites Edward to parties because He is a wet
blanket"
● Simile - is like a metaphor and often uses the words
"like" or "as"
Ex: "Jamie runs as fast as the wind"
● Personification - when something that is not human is
given human-like qualities, this is known as personification.
Ex: " The leaves danced in the wind on the cold October
afternoon"
● Hyperbole - exaggerating, often in a humorous way to
make a particular point is known as hyperbole.
Ex: "My eyes widened at the sight of the mile-high ice
cream cones we we're having for dessert"
● Onomatopoeia - when you name an action by imitating
the sound associated with it.
Ex: "The bees buzz angrily when their hive is disturbed"
● Idiom - an idiom is an expression used by a particular
group of people with a meaning that is only known through
common use.
Ex: "I'm just waiting for him to kick the bucket."
● Synecdoche - a synecdoche is a figure of speech using a
word/words that are a part to represent a whole.
Ex: referring to credit cards as "plastic" is a synecdoche
● Assonance - when you repeat a vowel sound in a
phrase, it is an assonance.
Ex: "It's true, I do like Sue."
● Metonymy - a metonymy is a figure of speech where one
thing is replaced w/a word that is closely associated with it
such as using "Washington" to refer to the United States
REPUBLIC ACTS
● RA #7836 - Philippine Teacher Professionalization Act of
1994
● RA #7796 - TESDA Act of 1994
● Article XIV 1987 Philippine Constitution (Educ.Sci &
Tech,Arts,Culture& Sports) this is the very fundamental
legal basis of education in thr philippines.
● Education Act of 1982 (Batas Pambansa 232, Sept
11,1982) an Act providing for the Establishment &
Maintenance of an Integrated System of Education
● RA #4670 - Magna Carta for Public School Teachers
(June 18,1966)
● RA #6713 - Code of Conduct & Ethical Standards For
Public Officials and Employees
● RA #7877 - Anti-sexual Harrassment Act of 1995
● RA 9155 - Decentralization; Legal basis of Shared
Governance in Basic Education
● RA 7784 - Establishment of Center of Excellence
● K-12 Curriculum - Enhanced Basic Education Curriculum
● RA 90210 - "An Act to Integrate Information Teachnology
into the Public Elementary & Secondary Curricula &
Appropriating funds
● RA 10121 - DRMM approval headed by OCO office of
Civil defense May 2010
LITERATURE
● Folklore - traditionally derived and orally transmitted
literature
● Folktales - reflect the people's beliefs handed down from
generation to generation by word of mouth
● Epilogue - conclusion or final part of non-dramatic literary
work
● Genre - distinctive type of literary composition such as
epic, tragedy, comedy & novel
● "Quo Vadis" - means "where are you going"
● hieroglyphics - oldest forn of egyptian writing
● Allegory - narrative whose meaning is beneath the
surface
● Elegy - a meditated poem of grief
● Sonnet - verse w/14 iambic pentameter lines
● Epic - long poem w/c depicts the adventure of a great
hero who reveals his country's aspirations; narrates heroic
deeds and supernatural happenings w/local actor in w/c
people sing/chant
● Soliloquy - speech made by a person who reveals his
thoughts
● Manuel Arcilla - "How my brother Leon brought home a
wife"
● Washington Irving - "The Legend of a Sleepy Hollow"
● Fall of the house of usher - hypochondriac living in
morbid fear
● Cyrano de Bergerac - poet & soldier noted for his
Peculiar nose
● "The Illiad of Homer" - great epic poem whose plot
centers around the anger & wrath of Achilles against
agamemnon
● "The Bells" - "If eyes are made for seeing, then beauty is
its own excuse for being" Feeble 〰 weak
● Cacophony - literary term w/c means harsh & discordant
sounds introduced for poetic effect Inevitable 〰 certain
● George Bernard Shaw - know for his excellence of FILIPINO
characterization, swiftness of narrative & clarity of style. ● Ang panubong - handog sa dalagang may kaarawan
● Edgar Allan Poe - greatest American writer of horror and (koronang bulaklak)
detective stories ● Florante at Laura - (awit) "katiwalian ng mga kastila"
● Rabindranath Tagore - best known for his collection of ● Jose dela Cruz - tungkod ng tulang tagalog
poems called Gitanjali/song offerings ● Noli Me Tangere - (Rizal) suliraning panlipunan ng bayan
● Robert Frost - ranked as one of the best modern ● "Doktrina Kristiyana" - Fr. Domingo de Nieva 👉 unang
American poets. aklat na nalimbag sa pilipinas
● Geoffrey Chaucer - Morning Star of English Literature ● Severino Reyes - Ama ng dulaang tagalog
● Mark Twain - "Samuel Clemens" ● Juan Luna - La Spolarium
Harriet Stowe - "Uncle Tom's Cabin" ● "Alim" - pinakamatandang epiko ng pilipinas
● Charles Darwin - Origin of species ● Jose Palma - naglikha ng "Himno Nacional Filipino"
● Lazlo Biro - invented the ball point pen ● Liwayway - nabigyan ng pagpapahalaga ang sariling
● Harry Potter - epic kind of story wika
VOCABULARY ● Lope K.Santos - "Ama ng balarila ng pilipino"
Emulate imitate ● Andres Bonifacio - "anak bayan"
Vouchsafe grant ● Pupdok/Kinting kulirat - hindi kailanman ginamit ni
Abeyance suspended Marcelo del Pilar
Denigrate malign ● Teodoro Agoncillo - isang kilalang manunulat ng
Furtive sneaky kasaysayan
Remonstrate protest ● Manuel Quezon - Ama ng Wikang Pambansa
Corroborate confirm ● Constancio de Guzman - lumikha ng awit na "Ang Bayan
Gullibleeasily deceived Ko"
Germanerelevant ● Pascual Poblete - Ama ng pahayagang tagalog
Plebeiancommon
Vulpinecunning
Spendthriftspender
Impoliticunwise
Terseconcise
Parsimoniousstingy
Stupefymake numb
Pariahoutcast
Wizened〰shrivelled
Dubious〰doubtful
Incriminates〰accuse
Frivolous〰worthless
Susceptible〰inclined
Impertinent〰irrelevant
Ostracized 〰excluded
Conglomeration〰diffusion
Cacophonous〰loud and unpleasant
Carnal〰worldly
Aplomb〰composure
Candor 〰honesty
Contemptuous 〰 scornful

PART 1: KOUNIN'S MGT MODEL (1970)
✔stimulus boundedness -- teacher's attention interrupted by
extrateneous stimulus
✔Thrust -- teacher interrupts students engaged in activities w/o
considering whether the student is ready or not.
✔Dangels -- teacher interrupts activity of student and return to it
again.
✔Truncations -- teacher does not return to current act. after
being interrupted.
✔Overdwelling -- teacher focuses on a certian topic that will
lead to too much time consupmtion, the lesson will slow down.
✔Fragmentation -- chunks of lesson for students to understand
his/her lesson effectively or breakibg down of act. to cause too
much time.
✔Flip Flop -- teacher changes its activity from current activity to
new one and vice versa
whenever he/she changes his/her mind.
©©©©©®®®®®®®©©©©©©©
PART 2 PO.
THEORIES AND THEIR PROPONENTS
✔Wilhelm Woundt = german psycologist "founder of modern
psychology.
✔Titchener = structuralism psychology
William james, G. Stanley Hall, James M. Cattell.... these three
promote "functionalism psychology
✔Charles darwin = theories to mental characteristics as human
think, feel & behave(" evolutionary psychology")
✔Herman Ebbinghaus = associationism psychology
✔Edwin Guthrie = (stimulus and response ) :; temporal conguity
✔Edward Lee Thorndike = "satisfaction" "the law of effect".
✔Ivan Pavlov = involuntary behavior
✔Max Wertheimer = gestalt psychology
✔Otto Loewi = discovered "acetylchloline" respobsible in
stimulation of muscles
✔Ulf von Euler discovered "norepinephrine" bringing our
nervous system into "high alert" ✔Arvid Carlsson discovered
"dopamine" the reward mechanisms in the brain
✔Jean Piaget -- cognitive dev't , info processing , dynamic
interrelation.
✔Sigmund Freud -- psychosexual , psychoanalytic
✔Erik Erickson -- psychosocial
✔Lawrence Kohlberg -- moral dev't,
✔Burrhus Frederic Skinner -- operant cond.
✔Ivan Pavlov -- classical cond.
✔Edward Lee Thorndike -- connectionism
✔Albert Bandura -- social learning, neo - behaviorism
✔Robert Gagne -- sequence of instruction
✔Abraham Maslow -- hierarchy of needs , motivation theory
✔William Kohler -- insight learning
✔Robert Havighurst -- devt task theory
✔Benjamin Bloom -- bloom's cognitive taxonomy
✔Simpsons / Anita Harrow -- psychomotor domain
✔David Krathwohl -- affective domain
✔Jerome Bruner -- constructivist, spiral curr, instrumental
conceptualism
✔Lev Vygotsky -- socio-cultural theory of cognitive devt ,
linguistic theory, Scaffolding
✔Edgar Dale -- cone of exp. (20% remember)
✔kohler,koffka, weirtheimer -- gestalt psychology
✔John Locke -- tabularasa , empiricism
✔Howard Gardner -- multiple int.
✔Noam Chomsky -- language acquisition theory , fr of linguistic,
nativism
✔David Ausubel -- meaningful learning, graphic organizer,
assumption
✔Charles Cooley -- looking glass self theory
✔John Flavel -- metacognition
✔Sandra Bem -- gender schema theory
✔Elliot Turriel -- social domain theory
✔Robert Sternberg -- triachic theory of int.
✔Johm Watson -- behaviorial theory
✔Maria Montessory -- transfer of learning, kinder garten
preparation of children.
✔Edward Tolman -- purposive behaviorism and goal oriented
✔Edward Torrance -- creative problem solving
✔Bernard Weiner -- attribution theory
✔Daniel Goleman/coleman? -- emotional intelligence
✔Wolfgang Ratke -- used vernacular for approaching the class.
✔mencius -- idealistic wing of confucianism
✔hzun tzu -- realistic wing of confusianism
✔taoism -- lao tzu
✔Herbart spencer -- moral devt
✔Pestallozi -- symmetrical and harmonious devt of child
✔John Jacques Rosseau -- nature of child
✔Arnold Gesell - maturation theory
✔John Dewey - Learning by doing
✔David Froebel - Father of kinder garten
✔John Bowly - Attainment Theory
✔Edward Boro - Six Thinking Hats Theory
✔Auguste Comte - Father of Sociology
✔Carlos Linnaeus - Father of modern taxonomy.
✔John Amos Comencius - Fr. of modern education.
✔Erasmus Desiderius - Fr. of humanism/ social humanism
✔William Kilpatrick - Project method.
®®®®®®®®®®®®®®®®
PART 3:
IDEALISM -- plato
REALIAM -- aristotle
EMPIRICISM -- locke
PRAGMATISM -- dewey
EXISTENTIALISM -- hegel
PHILOSOPHICAL ANALYSIS -- moore
ESSENTIALISM -- bagley
PERENNIALISM -- hutchins
PROGRESSIVISM -- dewey
RECONSTRUCTIONALISM -- brameld
BEHAVIORISM -- skinner or watson
STRUCTURALISM -- helmholts or wundt?
FUNCTIONALISM -- james,nugell, or carr?
PURPOSIVISM -- hormic
®®®®®®®®®®®®®®®®®®
PART 4 -ISM
✔NATURALISM -- only nature exist, nature is better than
civilization (NATURALESA ng isang BAGAY)
✔IDEALISM -- spiritual, values, moral, socratic method
✔REALISM -- natural world, values arenatural and absolute,
reality exist undercieved
✔PRAGMATISM/EXPERIMENTALISM -- practical, problem
solving research, knowledge is what works, values are related,
truth is warranted assertion.
✔ESSENTIALISM -- 3r's (4r's ngayon), achievement test,
certain knowledge&skills are essential for rational being.
✔PROGRESSIVISM -- process of development, higher level of
knowledge, the child's need and interest are relevant to
curriculum.
✔EXISTENTIALISM -- knowledge is subjective, man shapes his
being as he lives, we are what we do, deciding precedes knowing.
✔PERENNIALISM -- education that last for century, universalist,
knowledge is eternally valid.
✔SOCIAL RECONSTRUCTIVISM -- for better society,
community based learning
✔RECONSTRUCTUONALISM -- the school should help rebuild
the social order thus social change.
✔BEHAVIORISM -- learning is change in behavior, S-R
relationship
✔EMPIRICISM -- knowledge comes thru senses, 5 senses
(observatory learning)
✔STRUCTURALISM -- complex mental exp. such as
image,feeling and sensation
✔FUNCTIONALISM -- focus to motivation, thinking & learning.
✔PURPOSIVISM -- individual hormones are responsible for the
motive to strive towards fulfillment of his/her objective.
✔PHILOSOPHICAL ANALYSIS -- reality is what verifiable, truth
correspondes to reality, usage determines meaning
®®®®®®®®®®®®®®®®® 10627 -- anti-bullyinh act of 2013

PART 5: REPUBLIC ACTS 10533 -- enhance basic educ. act of 2013 (K-12 PROGRAM)

9155 -- Governance of basic educ. act of 2001 9485 -- anti-red tape act

6728 -- GASTPE Executive Order (E.O.) 66 -- rule of cancellation of classes due to

typhoon, flooding and other calamities.
7722 -- creating CHED
®®®®®®®®®®®®®®®®®
7784 -- " " of center of excellence
PART 6
7796 -- creating TESDA
Philosophers Related to Learners Development
6655 -- Free public secondary act of 1988
✔SIGMUND FREUD -- "the mind is like an iceberg, it floats with
4090 -- creating a state scholarship council to intergrate,
one-seventh of its bulk avove water.
systematize, administer and implement all program scholarships
and appropriating funds. COMPONENTS OF PERSONALITY
5447 -- creation of a special educ. fund act enacted in 1968 ID -- pleasure center
-- organization and extension of classes EGO -- reality center
-- adding classroom to remote areas,barrios and provincial SUPER EGO -- conscience / judgment center.
schools
PSYCHOSEXUAL STAGES OF DEV'T
6139 -- regulated the secretarian schools/
ORAL -- thumb sucking, biting
private school in charging higher tuition fee
ANAL -- toilet training, control of their bowel.
7687 -- science and technology scholarship act of 1994
PHALLIC -- sexual interest, genital stimulation.
7743 -- establishment of city and municipal libraries.
LATENCY -- sexual urges & interest were temporary
8292 -- higher educ. modernization act of 1997
GENITAL -- adult sexual interest and activities come to dominate.
6850 -- an act to grant Civil Service eligibility under certain
conditions to Gov. employees appointed under provisionap or Odipus complex - son vs father towards mother/wife feelings .
temporary status who rendered 7 years of efficient service (excessive attachment)(Phallic stage)

8545 -- amending RA 7628 Expanded GASTPE Act Electra complex - daugther vs mother towards father/husband
feelings. (excessive attachment)(Phallic stage)
8525 -- Adopt a school program
Personality Dynamics
8491 -- Flag and Heraldic code of the Ph.
LIFE INSTINCT
7797 -- lengthen the school prog. to 200 days and not more than
220 days DEATH INSTINCT

8190 -- act of granting priority to residents of the brgy. where ===================================

school is located in the appointment and assignment of school.
✔ERIK ERICKSON -- "healthy children will not fear in their
6972 -- act of stablishing DAY CARE CENTER FOR EVERY elders have integrity enough to fear of death.
BRGY.
PSYCHOSOCIAL STAGES of DEVT
7624 -- integrating of drug prevention and control in the
intermediate & secondary curricula and indigeneous learning CRISIS -- a person goes through
system
MALADAPTATION -- result from failure to effectivity resolve the
7743 -- act providing libraries and reading centers throughout the problem
Ph.
MALIGNACY -- "
7877 -- anti-sexual harassment act of 1995
VIRTUE -- emerges when balance & resolution of crisis attained.
9163 -- NSTP of 2001
PSYCHOSOCIAL THEORY STAGES
6193 -- regulation of tuition fees of private educ. institution
Stage: Early Childhood (2 to 3 years)
Basic Conflict: Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt
Important Events: Toilet Training
Outcome: Children need to develop a sense of personal control
over physical skills and a sense of independence. Success leads
to feelings of autonomy, failure results in feelings of shame and
doubt.
Stage: Preschool (3 to 5 years)
Basic Conflict: Initiative vs. Guilt
Important Events: Exploration
Outcome: Children need to begin asserting control and power
over the environment. Success in this stage leads to a sense of
purpose. Children who try to exert too much power experience
disapproval, resulting in a sense of guilt.
Stage: School Age (6 to 11 years)
Basic Conflict: Industry vs. Inferiority
Important Events: School
Outcome: Children need to cope with new social and academic
demands. Success leads to a sense of competence, while failure
results in feelings of inferiority.
Stage: Adolescence (12 to 18 years)
Basic Conflict: Identity vs. Role Confusion
Important Events: Social Relationships
Outcome: Teens need to develop a sense of self and personal
identity. Success leads to an ability to stay true to yourself, while
failure leads to role confusion and a weak sense of self.
Stage: Young Adulthood (19 to 40 years)
Basic Conflict: Intimacy vs. Isolation
Important Events: Relationships
Outcome: Young adults need to form intimate, loving relationships
with other people. Success leads to strong relationships, while
failure results in loneliness and isolation.
Stage: Middle Adulthood (40 to 65 years)
Basic Conflict: Generativity vs. Stagnation
Important Events: Work and Parenthood
Outcome: Adults need to create or nurture things that will outlast
them, often by having children or creating a positive change that
benefits other people. Success leads to feelings of usefulness and
accomplishment, while failure results in shallow involvement in the
world.
Stage: Maturity(65 to death)
Basic Conflict: Ego Integrity vs. Despair
Important Events: Reflection on life
Outcome: Older adults need to look back on life and feel a sense
of fulfillment. Success at this stage leads to feelings of wisdom,
while failure results in regret, bitterness, and despair.
===================================
✔LEV VYGOTSKY -- "the teacher must orient his work not on
yesterday's devt in the childs but on tomorrow's.
SCAFFOLDING -- is the systematic manner of providing
assistance of the learners to effectively acquire skills.
MKO(More Knowledge Others) -- higher level of performance.
===================================
✔JEAN PIAGET -- " the school should be creating men &
women who are capable of doing new things not simply repeating
what other generation have done.
STAGES OF COGNITIVE DEVT.
SENSORY MOTOR (BIRTH - 2y/o) -- infants knowledge.
PRE-OPERATIONAL ( 2-7y/o) -- pretent to play but still struggle
with logic,mental symbols interest.
CONCRETE OPERATIONAL (7-11) -- think logically,
hypothetically and concepts, solve problems
FORMAL OPERATIONAL (11-UP) -- deductive reasoning and
understanding of abstract ideas, think symbolically.
===================================
✔LAWRENCE KOHLBERG -- "right action tends to be defined
in terms of general individual rights and standards that have been
critically examined & agreed upon by the whole society.
LEVELS OF MORAL DEVT.
PRE-CONVENTIONAL -- obidience & punishment
(consequences) , individualism & exchange
CONVENTIONAL --interpersonal relationship, maintain social
order.
POST-CONVENTIONAL -- social contract and individual rights ,
universal principles, set of values and beliefs.
===================================
✔URIE BROFENBRENNER --
ECOLOGICAL SYSTEM THEORY
MICROSYSTEM -- sorroundings of individual: family, friends,
neighborhood
MESOSYSTEM -- connections between context, school
experiences to church experience.
EXOSYSTEM -- includes other people and places that the child
herself may not interact with often herself but that still have a
large effect on her.
PSYCHOSOCIAL THEORY STAGES
Stage: Early Childhood (2 to 3 years)
Basic Conflict: Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt
Important Events: Toilet Training
Outcome: Children need to develop a sense of personal control
over physical skills and a sense of independence. Success leads
to feelings of autonomy, failure results in feelings of shame and
doubt.
Stage: Preschool (3 to 5 years)
Basic Conflict: Initiative vs. Guilt
Important Events: Exploration
Outcome: Children need to begin asserting control and power
over the environment. Success in this stage leads to a sense of
purpose. Children who try to exert too much power experience
disapproval, resulting in a sense of guilt.
Stage: School Age (6 to 11 years)
Basic Conflict: Industry vs. Inferiority
Important Events: School
Outcome: Children need to cope with new social and academic
demands. Success leads to a sense of competence, while failure
results in feelings of inferiority.
Stage: Adolescence (12 to 18 years)
Basic Conflict: Identity vs. Role Confusion
Important Events: Social Relationships
Outcome: Teens need to develop a sense of self and personal
identity. Success leads to an ability to stay true to yourself, while
failure leads to role confusion and a weak sense of self.
Stage: Young Adulthood (19 to 40 years)
Basic Conflict: Intimacy vs. Isolation
Important Events: Relationships
Outcome: Young adults need to form intimate, loving relationships
with other people. Success leads to strong relationships, while
failure results in loneliness and isolation.
Stage: Middle Adulthood (40 to 65 years)
Basic Conflict: Generativity vs. Stagnation
Important Events: Work and Parenthood
Outcome: Adults need to create or nurture things that will outlast
them, often by having children or creating a positive change that
benefits other people. Success leads to feelings of usefulness and
accomplishment, while failure results in shallow involvement in the
world.
Stage: Maturity(65 to death)
Basic Conflict: Ego Integrity vs. Despair
Important Events: Reflection on life
Outcome: Older adults need to look back on life and feel a sense
of fulfillment. Success at this stage leads to feelings of wisdom,
while failure results in regret, bitterness, and despair.
===================================
✔LEV VYGOTSKY -- "the teacher must orient his work not on
yesterday's devt in the childs but on tomorrow's.
SCAFFOLDING -- is the systematic manner of providing
assistance of the learners to effectively acquire skills.
MKO(More Knowledge Others) -- higher level of performance.
===================================
✔JEAN PIAGET -- " the school should be creating men &
women who are capable of doing new things not simply repeating
what other generation have done.
STAGES OF COGNITIVE DEVT.
SENSORY MOTOR (BIRTH - 2y/o) -- infants knowledge.
PRE-OPERATIONAL ( 2-7y/o) -- pretent to play but still struggle
with logic,mental symbols interest.
CONCRETE OPERATIONAL (7-11) -- think logically,
hypothetically and concepts, solve problems
FORMAL OPERATIONAL (11-UP) -- deductive reasoning and
understanding of abstract ideas, think symbolically.
===================================
✔LAWRENCE KOHLBERG -- "right action tends to be defined
in terms of general individual rights and standards that have been
critically examined & agreed upon by the whole society.
LEVELS OF MORAL DEVT.
PRE-CONVENTIONAL -- obidience & punishment
(consequences) , individualism & exchange
CONVENTIONAL --interpersonal relationship, maintain social
order.
POST-CONVENTIONAL -- social contract and individual rights ,
universal principles, set of values and beliefs.
===================================
✔URIE BROFENBRENNER --
ECOLOGICAL SYSTEM THEORY
MICROSYSTEM -- sorroundings of individual: family, friends,
neighborhood
MESOSYSTEM -- connections between context, school
experiences to church experience.
EXOSYSTEM -- includes other people and places that the child
herself may not interact with often herself but that still have a
large effect on her.
MACROSYSTEM -- which is the largest and most remote set of
people and places and things to a child but which still has a great
influence over the child.
===================================
✔ALBERT BANDURA -- SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY
: environment affects child's personality : learninh occurs by
simply observing people, people learned from what they see and
the consequences of what they did
®®®®®®®®®®®®®®®®
PART 7
FOUR PILLARS OF LEARNING
✔LEANING TO KNOW -- focuses on combining broad gen.
knowledge and basic educ. with the opportunity to work on a
small number of subjects in the light of rapid changes brought
about by scientific progress ang new forms of economic and
social acitivity.
❇Learning how to learn and to discover, as to benefit from
ongoing educational opportunities continuously arising throughout
life.
❇Developing the faculties of memory, imagination, reasoning
and problem solving.
❇Understanding about one's environment.
❇Communicating with others.
✔LEARNING TO DO -- emphasizes on the learning of skills
necessary to practice a profession or trade.
❇applying in practice what has been learned.
❇developing vocational / occupational and technical skills
❇developing social skills in building meaningful interpersonal
relationships.
❇developing competence, social behavior, aptitude for
teamwork
❇enhancing the ability to communicate and work with others
❇managing and resolving conflicts.
✔LEARNING TO BE -- prioritizes the development of the
human potencial to the fullest.
❇tapping the talents hidden with individual.
❇developing personal commitment and responsibilty for the
common good.
✔LEARNING TO LIVE TOGETHER -- emphasizes
understanding of others, their history, tradition and cultures, and
also living and interacting peacefully together.
❇appreciating diversity of human race
❇being receptive to others and encounter others through
dialogue and debate.
❇caring about others
❇working toward common objectives in cooperative
undertakings.
❇managing and resolving conflicts.
®®®®®®®®®®®
PART 8: COGNITIVE PERSPECTVE : GESTALT PRINCIPLE
✅German word means "whole, form, pattern or configuration"
✅the focus of this theory is on Perception and how people
assign meaning to visual stimuli "The whole is more than the sum
of all parts"
LAW OF PROXIMITY -- elements that are closer together be
percieved as a coherent object.
LAW OF SIMILARITY -- similar will percieved as part of the same
form.
LAW OF CLOSURE -- ignoring gaps in the figure.
LAW OF CONTINUATION -- patterns establish an impled
direction, people tend a good continous line.
LAW OF PRAGNANZ -- stimulus will be organize into a good
figure as possible.
LAW OF FIGURE/GROUND -- we tend to pay attention and
percieved things in the foreground first.
INSIGHT LEARNING -- Gestalt adheres to the idea of learning
takes place by discovery.
PART 9
✔Ripple Effect -- spreading effect of series of consequences
caused by singlr action or event.
✔Hawthorne Effect -- type of reactivity effect in which
individuals improve an aspect of their behavior in response to
their awareness of being observed.
✔Halo Effect -- cognitive bias which an observer overall
impression of a person, influences the observers feeling and
thoughts about the entity's character or property
✔Pygmalion Effect -- Shows the teacher's expectation (self-
fulfillment)
✔Golem Effect -- low expection leads to decrease in
performance.
REINFORCEMENTS
Positive -- presence of stimulus
Negative -- absence of stimulus
Escape -- removes stimulus
Avoidance -- prevents stimulus
Reinforcement -- increase of behavior
Punishment -- weakens response.
Best General Education
1. He is the first Asian writer to receive the Nobel Prize.
(Rabindranath Tagore)
2. He is considered as the greatest English writer and also known
as the “Bard of Avon”. (William Shakespeare)
3. This Shakespeare’s play is a story of a man whose downfall
was caused by overwhelming ambition for power. (Macbeth)
4. He is known as the father of horror stories. (Edgar Allan Poe)
5. He is known as the Father of English Essays. (Francis Bacon)
6. This Omar Khayam’s work has the theme “Grasping pleasure
while you can”. (Rubaiyat)
7. This short story by Edgar Allan Poe has the theme which is
similar to the theme of “Poison Tree”. (The Cask of Amontillado)
8. He is a Filipino writer whose stories and poems depict Filipino-
Spanish cultural beliefs and traditions. (Nick Joaquin)
9. He was the first Filipino National Artist for Literature awarded in
1973. (Jose Garcia Villa)
10. He is a Filipino migrant whose fiction stories reflect the
Filipino’s concept of American culture. (Bienvenido Santos)
11. He is called a “comma poet” because he used commas
extensively in his works. (Jose Garcia Villa)
12. This is a collection of Indian beast fables originally written in
Sanskrit. (Panchatantra)
13. This is the first great work of English literature. (Beowulf)
14. This is the greatest lyric poem in the literature of the world.
(Psalms of King David)
15. This is a folk song that originated in Pampanga. (Atin Cu
PungSingsing)
16. He is known as the greatest Indian writer of all time.”
(Kalidasa)
17. He is called the “Morning Star” of English literature;
Canterbury Tales. (Geoffrey Chaucer)
18. He is the first man to replace myth with natural laws. (Thales
of Miletus)
19. This is a collection of Indian sacred hymns. (Rig Veda)
20. This is a collection of Indian religious text. (Upanishad)
21. He is regarded as the greatest haiku poet. (Matsuo Basho)
22. He is recognized as the father of American literature.
(Washington Irving)
23. He was the first mythical geographer who was recognized due
to his vivid descriptions of lands and people encountered by his
hero, Ulysses. (Homer)
24. He is a famous composer from Angono, Rizal, and was given
a National Artist Award. (Luis San Pedro)
25. This is regarded as the most influential book in the history of
English civilization. (The King James Bible)
26. This is a popular Philippine secular poetry in octosyllabic
quatrains. (Korido)
27. It is a medieval German epic. (Nibelungenlied)
28. He is known as the master of “local color” because of his
Pickwick Papers. (Charles Dickens)
29. It is a story of a man’s effort to save his King from a monster.
(Beowulf)
30. It is Jonathan Swift’s satire on human folly and stupidity.
(Gulliver’s Travel)
31. He is a Philippine National Artist awardee for Literature, and
used free verse and espoused the dictum, "Art for art's sake“.
(JoseGarcia Villa)
32. This is known as epic of Ifugao. (Hud-hud)
33. These poems are often erotic and espouse CARPE DIEM or
“seize the day”. (Cavalier Poems)
34. This is known to be the very first successful short story in
English written in 1925 by Paz Marquez Benitez. (Dead Stars)
35. She wrote the most exquisite love poems of her time in
“Sonnets from the Portuguese”. (Elizabeth Barrett Browning)
36. This is a very long poem about a pilgrimage from London to
Canterbury. (Canterbury Tales)
37. He is a Japanese poet who won the Nobel Prize for literature
in 1968. (Yasunari Kawabata)
38. This Indian epic which is considered as the longest poem ever
written is made up of almost 100,000 couplets divided into 18
parvans or sections. (Mahabharata)
39. This was the era of knights, chivalry, and castles in English
literature. (Middle Ages)
40. This is known as epic of Visaya. (Maragtas)
41. This a popular Philippine secular poetry in dodecasyllabic
quatrains. (Awit)
42. He is popularly known as “HusengSisiw”. (Jose Dela Cruz)
43. This period of English literature literally means “rebirth” in
French. (Renaissance)
44. This is the first novel in English written by a Filipino writer in
1921. (Child of Sorrow, ZoiloGalang)
45. From which Francis Bacon’s essay is this line taken “Some
books are to be tasted, others are to be swallowed, and some few
to
be chewed and digested”? (Of Studies)
46. This is the National Epic of England. (Beowulf)
47. He is known as the Father of English Tragedy. (Christopher
Marlowe)
48. From which Shakespeare’s play are these lines taken “Good
night, good night! Parting is such sweet sorrow that I shall say
good night till it is morrow”? (Romeo and Juliet)
49. He is the first black Nigerian writer to be awarded the Nobel
Prize for literature in 1986. (Wole Soyinka)
50. This is an epic of Ilocanos. (Biag Ni Lam-Ang)
51. What is Stevan Javellana's 1947 novel that captured the
moving tale of the cruelty and the bravery of the war years?
(Without Seeing the Dawn)
52. What is Carlos Bulosan’s 1946 literary work that tells about
the painful reality of the American dream? (America Is in the
Heart)
53. He has been described as "arguably the most distinguished
man of letters in English history”. (Samuel Johnson)
54. This is the National Epic of America. (The Song of Hiawatha)
55. This poem commemorates the life of a public leader, Abraham
Lincoln. (O Captain! My Captain!)
56. This literary work is believed to have triggered the American
Civil War. (Uncle Tom’s Cabin)
1. Manila Bulletin- the oldest existing newspaper since 1900 in the
Phil.
2. Aliguyon- the hero of Ifugao epic Hudhud.
3. Bantugan- the hero of Maranaw epic Darangen.
4. Book burning- the event marked the 1st literary demonstration
in Phil.
5. Balagtas- Fil.poet snobbed by Huseng Sisiw.
6. Ladino- a person who could read and write in Spanish and
Tagalog.
7. Poet of the Love- Jose Corazon de Jesus
8. Mi Ultimo Adios- Rizal's best work
9. 17- letters of Alibata
10. Ninay- 1st Fil.social novel by Pedro Paterno
11. Pascual Poblete- Father of Fil. Newspapers
12. Genoveva Edroza Matute- 1st Palanca Awardee for short
story.
13. Kwento ni Mabuti- written by Genoveva E.M. which won
Palanca Awards for short story.
14. Dionisio Salazar- 1st Palanca Awardee for Play.
15. Social Aspect- focus of MAKAMISA.
16. Ambrosio Bautista- author of Declaration of Phil.
Independence.
17. Leona Florentino- 1st Poetess of the Phil.
18. Angel Magahum- called Literary Colussus of the Visayas.
19. Tomas Pinpin- Prince of Fil. Printers
20. Severino Reyes- Father of Fil. Drama
21. Epifanio delos Santos- Greatest among the Great Fil.
Scholars.
22. Pedro Serrano Laktaw- Filipino Tutor of Spanish King
23. Clemente Zulueta- Historian of the Revolution.
24. Theogony- origin of gods in mythology
25. Theomachy- battle among the gods of supremacy between
good and evil in mythologies.
26. Titanomachy- the war between the Titans and Olympian gods.
27. Theophany- visible appearance of a god to a man.
28. Amphion- son of Zeus and Antiope who built a wall around
Thebes by charming the stones into place with a lyre.
29. Ahasuerus- the Wandering Jew in Eugene Sue's novel.
30. August Strindberg- a Norwegian writer best known for his
problem/social play like "Ghosts".
31. Li Po- Greatest Chinese Poet before Revolution.
32. Tolstoy- great Russian short story writer ( God sees the truth
but waits).
33. Tagore- Greatest Indian writer.
34. Goethe- wrote the Tragedy of Faust.
35. Eugene O' Neill- dramatist known as The Most Modern of
Moderns.
36. Oresteia- the only extrant trilogy
37. Kabuki- the drama of Japanese bourgeoisie.
38. Kalidasa- India's Shakespeare.
39. Eris- Greek goddess of Discord
40. Athena- Zeus' favorite daughter; goddess of cities, civilization,
and wisdom.
41. Lope de Vega- established the National Theater in Spain.
42. Elizabeth I - during golden age in England
43. Pericles- during golden age in Greece.
44.Lethe- the river of forgetfulness in Greek Myth.
45. Argos- the dog that guards the entrance to Hades.
46. Song of Hiawatha- epic of US.
47. Hemingway- writer of Snows of Kilimanjaro and The Killers.

48. Flaubert- writer of Madame Bovary

49. Sartre- writer of Le Stanger.

50. Pirandello- an Italian who established the Teatro del Speechio

and whose plays used mirrors for effect.

51. Hauptman- German playwright and exponent of Theater of the

Absurd and Happy Days.

52. Arthur Miller- American playwright on expressionism and

wrote The Glass Menagerie.
100 GREATEST WORK IN LITERATURE
53. Edict of Nantes- the law that granted religious tolerance to
1. The Pilgrim’s Progress by John Bunyan (1678)
Protestants.
A story of a man in search of truth told with the simple clarity and
54. Robinson Crusoe- often called the first true novel in English.
beauty of Bunyan’s prose make this the ultimate English classic.
55. Princess of Cleves- 1st important French novel by Marie de la
2. Robinson Crusoe by Daniel Defoe (1719)
Fayette.

56. Faust- a character based on true-to-life person. By the end of the 19th century, no book in English literary history
had enjoyed more editions, spin-offs and translations. Crusoe’s
57. Emily Dickinson- a poet that had an eccentric use of world-famous novel is a complex literary confection, and it’s
punctuations, making use of dashes liberally for emphasis. irresistible.

58. Madame Bovary- showpiece of French realism. 3. Gulliver’s Travels by Jonathan Swift (1726)

59. War and Peace- a historical novel about Napoleonic invasion
of Russia in 1812.
60. Leo Tolstoy- become the leader of religious cult.
61. Chekhov- implied his works of pessimism.
62. James Joyce- best identified with modernism.
63. Virginia Woolfe- an ardent feminist.
64. Franz Kafka- known for his work The Metamorphosis
65. 100yrs. Of Solitude- novel by Gabriel Marquez.
66. Battle Horn- most cherished weapon of a boy in The Song Of
Roland.
67. Mercutio- Romeo's bestfriend who was slain by Tybalt, Juliet's
relative.
68. Antigone- child of Oedipus who helped him during his last
days.
69. Carmen- a novel which became one of the worlds famous
operas.
70. Children of God- a novel tells the story of Joseph Smith and
how he founded the Mormon religion in Utah.
71. Jane Eyre- a psychological romance by Charlotte Bronte.
About a young orphan who becomes a governess and catches
the attention of her employer.
72. Charon- he ferries the dead in the river Acheron.
73. Frankenstein- the creator of the monster.
74. Cupid and Psyche- a beautiful maiden achieves immortality
becoz her love and faith triumphs over mistrust.
A satirical masterpiece that’s never been out of print, Jonathan
Swift’s Gulliver’s Travels comes third in our list of the best novels
written in English
4. Clarissa by Samuel Richardson (1748)
Clarissa is a tragic heroine, pressured by her unscrupulous
nouveau-riche family to marry a wealthy man she detests, in the
book that Samuel Johnson described as “the first book in the
world for the knowledge it displays of the human heart.”
5. Tom Jones by Henry Fielding (1749)
Tom Jones is a classic English novel that captures the spirit of its
age and whose famous characters have come to represent
Augustan society in all its loquacious, turbulent, comic variety.
6. The Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy, Gentleman by
Laurence Sterne (1759)
Laurence Sterne’s vivid novel caused delight and consternation
when it first appeared and has lost little of its original bite.
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7. Emma by Jane Austen (1816)
Jane Austen’s Emma is her masterpiece, mixing the sparkle of
her early books with a deep sensibility.
8. Frankenstein by Mary Shelley (1818)
Mary Shelley’s first novel has been hailed as a masterpiece of
horror and the macabre.
9. Nightmare Abbey by Thomas Love Peacock (1818)
The great pleasure of Nightmare Abbey, which was inspired by
Thomas Love Peacock’s friendship with Shelley, lies in the delight
the author takes in poking fun at the romantic movement.
10. The Narrative of Arthur Gordon Pym of Nantucket by Edgar
Allan Poe (1838)
Edgar Allan Poe’s only novel – a classic adventure story with
supernatural elements – has fascinated and influenced
generations of writers.
11. Sybil by Benjamin Disraeli (1845)
The future prime minister displayed flashes of brilliance that
equalled the greatest Victorian novelists.
Inspired by the author’s fury at the corrupt state of England, and
dismissed by critics at the time, The Way We Live Now is
recognised as Trollope’s masterpiece.
23. The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain (1884/5)
Mark Twain’s tale of a rebel boy and a runaway slave seeking
liberation upon the waters of the Mississippi remains a defining
classic of American literature.
24. Kidnapped by Robert Louis Stevenson (1886)

A whirlwind success … Jane Eyre
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A whirlwind success … Jane Eyre.
12. Jane Eyre by Charlotte Brontë (1847) Charlotte Brontë’s
erotic, gothic masterpiece became the sensation of Victorian
England. Its great breakthrough was its intimate dialogue with the
reader.
13. Wuthering Heights by Emily Brontë (1847) Emily Brontë’s
windswept masterpiece is notable not just for its wild beauty but
for its daring reinvention of the novel form itself.
14. Vanity Fair by William Thackeray (1848) William Thackeray’s
masterpiece, set in Regency England, is a bravura performance
by a writer at the top of his game.
15. David Copperfield by Charles Dickens (1850)
A thrilling adventure story, gripping history and fascinating study
of the Scottish character, Kidnapped has lost none of its power.
25. Three Men in a Boat by Jerome K Jerome (1889)
Jerome K Jerome’s accidental classic about messing about on the
Thames remains a comic gem.
26. The Sign of Four by Arthur Conan Doyle (1890)
Sherlock Holmes’s second outing sees Conan Doyle’s brilliant
sleuth – and his bluff sidekick Watson – come into their own.
Helmut Berger and Richard Todd in the 1970 adaptation of The
Picture of Dorian Gray.
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Helmut Berger and Richard Todd in the 1970 adaptation of The
Picture of Dorian Gray.

David Copperfield marked the point at which Dickens became the 27. The Picture of Dorian Gray by Oscar Wilde (1891)
great entertainer and also laid the foundations for his later, darker
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masterpieces.
Wilde’s brilliantly allusive moral tale of youth, beauty and
16. The Scarlet Letter by Nathaniel Hawthorne (1850)
corruption was greeted with howls of protest on publication.
Nathaniel Hawthorne’s astounding book is full of intense
28. New Grub Street by George Gissing (1891)
symbolism and as haunting as anything by Edgar Allan Poe.
George Gissing’s portrayal of the hard facts of a literary life
17. Moby-Dick by Herman Melville (1851)
remains as relevant today as it was in the late 19th century.
Wise, funny and gripping, Melville’s epic work continues to cast a
29. Jude the Obscure by Thomas Hardy (1895)
long shadow over American literature.
Hardy exposed his deepest feelings in this bleak, angry novel
18. Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland by Lewis Carroll (1865)
and, stung by the hostile response, he never wrote another.
Lewis Carroll’s brilliant nonsense tale is one of the most influential
30. The Red Badge of Courage by Stephen Crane (1895)
and best loved in the English canon.
Stephen Crane’s account of a young man’s passage to manhood
19. The Moonstone by Wilkie Collins (1868)
through soldiery is a blueprint for the great American war novel.
Wilkie Collins’s masterpiece, hailed by many as the greatest
31. Dracula by Bram Stoker (1897)
English detective novel, is a brilliant marriage of the sensational
and the realistic. Bram Stoker’s classic vampire story was very much of its time but
still resonates more than a century later.
20. Little Women by Louisa May Alcott (1868-9)
32. Heart of Darkness by Joseph Conrad (1899)
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Joseph Conrad’s masterpiece about a life-changing journey in
Louisa May Alcott’s highly original tale aimed at a young female
search of Mr Kurtz has the simplicity of great myth.
market has iconic status in America and never been out of print.
33. Sister Carrie by Theodore Dreiser (1900)
21. Middlemarch by George Eliot (1871-2)
Theodore Dreiser was no stylist, but there’s a terrific momentum
This cathedral of words stands today as perhaps the greatest of
to his unflinching novel about a country girl’s American dream.
the great Victorian fictions.
34. Kim by Rudyard Kipling (1901)
22. The Way We Live Now by Anthony Trollope (1875)
In Kipling’s classic boy’s own spy story, an orphan in British India
must make a choice between east and west.
35. The Call of the Wild by Jack London (1903)
Jack London’s vivid adventures of a pet dog that goes back to
nature reveal an extraordinary style and consummate storytelling.
36. The Golden Bowl by Henry James (1904)
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American literature contains nothing else quite like Henry James’s
amazing, labyrinthine and claustrophobic novel.
37. Hadrian the Seventh by Frederick Rolfe (1904)
This entertaining if contrived story of a hack writer and priest who
becomes pope sheds vivid light on its eccentric author –
described by DH Lawrence as a “man-demon”.
38. The Wind in the Willows by Kenneth Grahame (1908)
The evergreen tale from the riverbank and a powerful contribution
to the mythology of Edwardian England.
39. The History of Mr Polly by HG Wells (1910)
The choice is great, but Wells’s ironic portrait of a man very like
himself is the novel that stands out.
40. Zuleika Dobson by Max Beerbohm (1911)
The passage of time has conferred a dark power upon
Beerbohm’s ostensibly light and witty Edwardian satire.
41. The Good Soldier by Ford Madox Ford (1915)
Ford’s masterpiece is a searing study of moral dissolution behind
the facade of an English gentleman – and its stylistic influence
lingers to this day.
42. The Thirty-Nine Steps by John Buchan (1915)
John Buchan’s espionage thriller, with its sparse, contemporary
prose, is hard to put down.
43. The Rainbow by DH Lawrence (1915)
The Rainbow is perhaps DH Lawrence’s finest work, showing him
for the radical, protean, thoroughly modern writer he was.
44. Of Human Bondage by W Somerset Maugham (1915)
Somerset Maugham’s semi-autobiographical novel shows the
author’s savage honesty and gift for storytelling at their best.
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45. The Age of Innocence by Edith Wharton (1920)
The story of a blighted New York marriage stands as a fierce
indictment of a society estranged from culture.
46. Ulysses by James Joyce (1922)
This portrait of a day in the lives of three Dubliners remains a
towering work, in its word play surpassing even Shakespeare.
47. Babbitt by Sinclair Lewis (1922)
What it lacks in structure and guile, this enthralling take on 20s
America makes up for in vivid satire and characterisation.
48. A Passage to India by EM Forster (1924)
EM Forster’s most successful work is eerily prescient on the
subject of empire.
49. Gentlemen Prefer Blondes by Anita Loos (1925)
A guilty pleasure it may be, but it is impossible to overlook the
enduring influence of a tale that helped to define the jazz age.
50. Mrs Dalloway by Virginia Woolf (1925)
Woolf’s great novel makes a day of party preparations the canvas
for themes of lost love, life choices and mental illness.
Carey Mulligan and Leonardo DiCaprio in The Great Gatsby
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Carey Mulligan and Leonardo DiCaprio in The Great Gatsby’s film
adaptation by Baz Luhrmann.
51. The Great Gatsby by F Scott Fitzgerald (1925)
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Fitzgerald’s jazz age masterpiece has become a tantalising
metaphor for the eternal mystery of art.
52. Lolly Willowes by Sylvia Townsend Warner (1926)
A young woman escapes convention by becoming a witch in this
original satire about England after the first world war.
53. The Sun Also Rises by Ernest Hemingway (1926)
Hemingway’s first and best novel makes an escape to 1920s
Spain to explore courage, cowardice and manly authenticity.
54. The Maltese Falcon by Dashiell Hammett (1929)
Dashiell Hammett’s crime thriller and its hard-boiled hero Sam
Spade influenced everyone from Chandler to Le Carré.
55. As I Lay Dying by William Faulkner (1930)
The influence of William Faulkner’s immersive tale of raw
Mississippi rural life can be felt to this day.
56. Brave New World by Aldous Huxley (1932)
Aldous Huxley’s vision of a future human race controlled by global
capitalism is every bit as prescient as Orwell’s more famous
dystopia.
57. Cold Comfort Farm by Stella Gibbons (1932)
The book for which Gibbons is best remembered was a satire of
late-Victorian pastoral fiction but went on to influence many
subsequent generations.
58. Nineteen Nineteen by John Dos Passos (1932)
The middle volume of John Dos Passos’s USA trilogy is
revolutionary in its intent, techniques and lasting impact.
59. Tropic of Cancer by Henry Miller (1934)
The US novelist’s debut revelled in a Paris underworld of seedy
sex and changed the course of the novel – though not without a
fight with the censors.
60. Scoop by Evelyn Waugh (1938)
Evelyn Waugh’s Fleet Street satire remains sharp, pertinent and
memorable.
61. Murphy by Samuel Beckett (1938)
Samuel Beckett’s first published novel is an absurdist
masterpiece, a showcase for his uniquely comic voice.
Humphrey Bogart, Lauren Bacall in The Big Sleep.
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Humphrey Bogart, Lauren Bacall in The Big Sleep.
62. The Big Sleep by Raymond Chandler (1939)
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Raymond Chandler’s hardboiled debut brings to life the seedy LA
underworld – and Philip Marlowe, the archetypal fictional
detective.
63. Party Going by Henry Green (1939)
Set on the eve of war, this neglected modernist masterpiece
centres on a group of bright young revellers delayed by fog.
64. At Swim-Two-Birds by Flann O’Brien (1939)
Labyrinthine and multilayered, Flann O’Brien’s humorous debut is
both a reflection on, and an exemplar of, the Irish novel.
65. The Grapes of Wrath by John Steinbeck (1939)
One of the greatest of great American novels, this study of a
family torn apart by poverty and desperation in the Great
Depression shocked US society.
66. Joy in the Morning by PG Wodehouse (1946)
PG Wodehouse’s elegiac Jeeves novel, written during his
disastrous years in wartime Germany, remains his masterpiece.
67. All the King’s Men by Robert Penn Warren (1946)
A compelling story of personal and political corruption, set in the
1930s in the American south.
68. Under the Volcano by Malcolm Lowry (1947)
Malcolm Lowry’s masterpiece about the last hours of an alcoholic
ex-diplomat in Mexico is set to the drumbeat of coming conflict.
69. The Heat of the Day by Elizabeth Bowen (1948)
Elizabeth Bowen’s 1948 novel perfectly captures the atmosphere
of London during the blitz while providing brilliant insights into the
human heart.
Richard Burton and John Hurt in Nineteen Eighty-four
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Richard Burton and John Hurt in Nineteen Eighty-four.
70. Nineteen Eighty-Four by George Orwell (1949)
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George Orwell’s dystopian classic cost its author dear but is
arguably the best-known novel in English of the 20th century.
71. The End of the Affair by Graham Greene (1951)
Graham Greene’s moving tale of adultery and its aftermath ties
together several vital strands in his work.
72. The Catcher in the Rye by JD Salinger (1951)
JD Salinger’s study of teenage rebellion remains one of the most
controversial and best-loved American novels of the 20th century.
73. The Adventures of Augie March by Saul Bellow (1953)
In the long-running hunt to identify the great American novel, Saul
Bellow’s picaresque third book frequently hits the mark.
74. Lord of the Flies by William Golding (1954)
Dismissed at first as “rubbish & dull”, Golding’s brilliantly observed
dystopian desert island tale has since become a classic.
75. Lolita by Vladimir Nabokov (1955)
Nabokov’s tragicomic tour de force crosses the boundaries of
good taste with glee.
76. On the Road by Jack Kerouac (1957)
The creative history of Kerouac’s beat-generation classic, fuelled
by pea soup and benzedrine, has become as famous as the novel
itself.
77. Voss by Patrick White (1957)
A love story set against the disappearance of an explorer in the
outback, Voss paved the way for a generation of Australian
writers to shrug off the colonial past.
78. To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee (1960)
Her second novel finally arrived this summer, but Harper Lee’s
first did enough alone to secure her lasting fame, and remains a
truly popular classic.
79. The Prime of Miss Jean Brodie by Muriel Spark (1960)
Short and bittersweet, Muriel Spark’s tale of the downfall of a
Scottish schoolmistress is a masterpiece of narrative fiction.
80. Catch-22 by Joseph Heller (1961)
This acerbic anti-war novel was slow to fire the public imagination,
but is rightly regarded as a groundbreaking critique of military
madness.
81. The Golden Notebook by Doris Lessing (1962)
Hailed as one of the key texts of the women’s movement of the
1960s, this study of a divorced single mother’s search for
personal and political identity remains a defiant, ambitious tour de
force.
Malcolm Macdowell in A Clockwork Orange
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Malcolm Macdowell in Stanley Kubrick’s A Clockwork Orange film.
82. A Clockwork Orange by Anthony Burgess (1962)
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Anthony Burgess’s dystopian classic still continues to startle and
provoke, refusing to be outshone by Stanley Kubrick’s brilliant film
adaptation.
83. A Single Man by Christopher Isherwood (1964)
Christopher Isherwood’s story of a gay Englishman struggling with
bereavement in LA is a work of compressed brilliance.
84. In Cold Blood by Truman Capote (1966)
Truman Capote’s non-fiction novel, a true story of bloody murder
in rural Kansas, opens a window on the dark underbelly of
postwar America.
85. The Bell Jar by Sylvia Plath (1966)
Sylvia Plath’s painfully graphic roman à clef, in which a woman
struggles with her identity in the face of social pressure, is a key
text of Anglo-American feminism.
86. Portnoy’s Complaint by Philip Roth (1969)
This wickedly funny novel about a young Jewish American’s
obsession with masturbation caused outrage on publication, but
remains his most dazzling work.
87. Mrs Palfrey at the Claremont by Elizabeth Taylor (1971)
Elizabeth Taylor’s exquisitely drawn character study of
eccentricity in old age is a sharp and witty portrait of genteel
postwar English life facing the changes taking shape in the 60s.
88. Rabbit Redux by John Updike (1971)
Harry “Rabbit” Angstrom, Updike’s lovably mediocre alter ego, is
one of America’s great literary protoganists, up there with Huck
Finn and Jay Gatsby.
89. Song of Solomon by Toni Morrison (1977)
The novel with which the Nobel prize-winning author established
her name is a kaleidoscopic evocation of the African-American
experience in the 20th century.
90. A Bend in the River by VS Naipaul (1979)
VS Naipaul’s hellish vision of an African nation’s path to
independence saw him accused of racism, but remains his
masterpiece.
91. Midnight’s Children by Salman Rushdie (1981)
The personal and the historical merge in Salman Rushdie’s
dazzling, game-changing Indian English novel of a young man
born at the very moment of Indian independence.
92. Housekeeping by Marilynne Robinson (1981)
Marilynne Robinson’s tale of orphaned sisters and their oddball
aunt in a remote Idaho town is admired by everyone from Barack
Obama to Bret Easton Ellis.
Nick Frost as John Self Martin Amis's Money.
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Nick Frost as John Self Martin Amis’s Money.
93. Money: A Suicide Note by Martin Amis (1984)
Martin Amis’s era-defining ode to excess unleashed one of
literature’s greatest modern monsters in self-destructive antihero
John Self.
94. An Artist of the Floating World by Kazuo Ishiguro (1986)
Kazuo Ishiguro’s novel about a retired artist in postwar Japan,
reflecting on his career during the country’s dark years, is a tour
de force of unreliable narration.
95. The Beginning of Spring by Penelope Fitzgerald (1988)
Fitzgerald’s story, set in Russia just before the Bolshevik
revolution, is her masterpiece: a brilliant miniature whose peculiar
magic almost defies analysis.
96. Breathing Lessons by Anne Tyler (1988)
Anne Tyler’s portrayal of a middle-aged, mid-American marriage
displays her narrative clarity, comic timing and ear for American
speech to perfection.
97. Amongst Women by John McGahern (1990)
This modern Irish masterpiece is both a study of the faultlines of
Irish patriarchy and an elegy for a lost world.
98. Underworld by Don DeLillo (1997)
A writer of “frightening perception”, Don DeLillo guides the reader
in an epic journey through America’s history and popular culture.
99. Disgrace by JM Coetzee (1999)
In his Booker-winning masterpiece, Coetzee’s intensely human
vision infuses a fictional world that both invites and confounds
political interpretation.
100. True History of the Kelly Gang by Peter Carey (2000)
Peter Carey rounds off our list of literary milestones with a Booker
prize-winning tour-de-force examining the life and times of
Australia’s infamous antihero, Ned Kelly.
The Aenied - Vergil
Apprenticeship of Duddy Kravitz - Mordecai
Richler
The Awakening - Kaye Chopin
Death of a Salesman - Arrhur Miller
The Divine Comedy - Dante Alighieri
Heart of Darkness - Joseph Conrad
Metamorphosis - Franz Kafka
oedipus Rex - Sophocles
Pygmalion - George Bernard Shaw
The Scarlet Letter - Nathaniel Hawthorne
Things Fall Apart - Chinua Achebe
The Things They Carried - Tim O'Brien
 1. EKSISTENSYAL – mayroong isa o higit pang tao

Halimbawa: Mayroon daw puno sa bakuran.

2. MODAL – nais/pwede/maari (Gusto ko matulog.)

3. PANLIPUNAN – pagbati, pagbigay galang atbp.

4. SAGOT LAMANG – “Talaga?”, “Oo”

5. SAMBITLA – masidhing damdamin (Aray!)

FILIPINO🌸 6. TEMPORAL – panandaliang kalagayan o panahon

🇵🇭JULIAN FELIPE- Composer of the Philippine National Hymn. KAYARIAN:

1. PAYAK – iisang kaisipan

🇵🇭MANUEL GUERRERO- Filipino doctor who discovered Tiki-
Tiki. 2. TAMBALAN – dalawang sugnay na ‘di makapag-iisa
🇵🇭PEDRO BUCANEG- The earliest Ilocano poet on record. 3. HUGNAYAN – madalas nagsisimula sa kung, dahil sa

🇵🇭DEL SUPERIOR GOBIERNO- First Newspaper in the 4. LANGKAPAN – mahabang pangungusap

Philippines.
🇵🇭Quijano de manila- pen name of Nick Joaquin
🇵🇭ANAHAW- The National Leaf of the Philippines.
🇵🇭Mark twain- pen name of samuel clemens
🇵🇭JOSE PALMA- Filipino poet who set words to the National
Hymn. 🇵🇭Pedro Bukaneg- father of ilokano literature

🇵🇭APARTHEID- complete segregation of white from black. 🇵🇭Lola basyang- pen name of severino reyes

🇵🇭AGUSTINIAN CHURCH- First church in the Philippines. 🇵🇭Manila bulletin- oldest existing newspaper in the country.

🇵🇭TAGAILOG- Pen name of Antonio Luna. 🇵🇭Jose corazon de jesus- father of tagalog poetry

🇵🇭PINEAPPLE- The newest source of alcohol in the Philippines. 🇵🇭Alejandro Abadilla- father of modern tagalog poetry

🇵🇭KOHAUTEK- comet of the century 🇵🇭Noli me tangere- rizals literary crowning achievement

⭐SINTAKS/SINTAKSIS/PALAUGNAYAN - sangay ng barirala 🇵🇭Mahabharata- longest epic in the world

na tumatalakay sa masistemang pagkaka-ayus-ayos ng mga
salita sa pagbuo ng mga parirala at pangungusap 🇵🇭Alibata- first filipino alphabet

⭐PEN NAMES OF FILIPINO PROTAGONISTS 🇵🇭Kundiman- song about love

⭐ANDRES BONIFACIO – May Pag-asa, Agapito, Bagumbayan 🇵🇭Ambition- cause of Macbeth's tragic end

⭐ANTONIO LUNA – Taga-Ilog 🇵🇭Steven javellana- author " Without seeing the dawn

⭐EMILIO AGUINALDO - Magdalo 🇵🇭Paz m. Benitez- author " dead stars

⭐EMILIO JACINTO – Di Masilaw, Tingkian 🇵🇭Ares- god of war

⭐GRACIANO LOPEz JAENA – Diego, Laura 🇵🇭Stratosphere- layer of the ozone

⭐JOSEMA. PANGANIBAN ¬– JoMaPa 🇵🇭Food web- system of food chain

⭐JOSE RIZAL – Dimas alang, Laon laan 🇵🇭Sahara desert- largest ecosystem

⭐JUAN LUNA – Buan 🇵🇭Skin- largest organ

⭐MARCELO DEL PILAR – Plaridel, Dolores Manapat, Piping 🇵🇭Dinoflagellates- cause red tide
Dilat
🇵🇭Philippines- ring of fire
⭐MARIANO PONCE – Tikbalang, Naning, (Satanas),
Kalipulako 🇵🇭Type O- universal donor

MGA URI NG PANGUNGUSAP: 🇵🇭Teoryang pooh- pooh- tunog mula sa silakbo ng damdamin
🇵🇭Teoryang bow wow- tunog mula sa likha ng kalikasan
🇵🇭Scanning- pahapyaw na pagbas
🇵🇭Skimming- pinakamabilis na pagbasa
🇵🇭Francisco lopez- sumulat ng unang balarilang ilokano
🇵🇭Mariano perfecto- ama ng panitikang bisaya
🇵🇭Santiago magean- ama ng moro-moro sa pangasinan
6. TREATY ON GENERAL RELATIONS - recognition of U.S. to
Philippine freedom
7. UNDERWORLD-SIMMONS ACT – full free foreign trade
8. PAYNE ALDRICH ACT – partial free foreign trade
MISSIONARIES AND EXPEDITIONS
1. AUGUSTINIANS – most intelligent
2. FRANCISCANIANS – sends medical aids

🇵🇭Jorge fajardo- ama ng panitikang pampango 3. DOMINICANS – richest

🇵🇭Eriberto gumban- ama ng panitikang bisaya 4. JESUITS

🇵🇭Pascual poblete- ama ng pahayagan, unang nagsalin ng noli
sa tagalog
🇵🇭Amado hernandez- makata ng mga manggagawa
🇵🇭Graciano lopez jaena- fray botod
🇵🇭Liwayway arceo- uhaw ang tigang na lupa
5. RECOLETOS – most killed schools
MARTYR PRIESTS
1. BURGOS – youngest, mastermind of secularization
2. GOMEZ – Oldest, likes “sabong” and hid there.🙂

🇵🇭Narciso reyes- lupang tinubuan

🇵🇭Severino reyes- walang sugat

🇵🇭Lope k. Santos- banaag at sikat

🇵🇭Zoilo galang- a child of sorrow

🇵🇭Aurelio tolentino- kahapon, ngaun at bukas

🇵🇭UST- pinakamatandang university

♦️Monalisa- most famous work of art of leonardo da vinci

SOME TYPES OF GOVERNMENTS

1. COMMUNIST – classless society - State plans and controls

economy

2. PARLIAMENTARY – majority of people voted

3. REPUBLICAN – power comes from people

PHILIPPINE PRESIDENTS

(AgQueLaOsRoQuiMagGarMaMarAquiRaEsArAquiDut)

ACTS

1. ASSOCIATION OF SE ASIAN NATIONS (ASEAN)

- Myanmar, Cambodia, Laos, Brunei, Philippines, Singapore,

Thailand, Indonesia, Vietnam, Malaysia

2. BELL TRADE (PHILIPPINE TRADE ACT) – bet. Phil. & U.S.

3. KYOTO PROTOCOL (UNNCC) - fight global warming

decreasing greenhouse gases

4. RIO DE JANEIRO CONVENTION - environment and

sustainable development

5. TEJEROS CONVENTION – election - Bonifacio elected as

Director Imperator

ROFESSIONAL EDUCATION SUBCATEGORIES OF TEACHER
MOVEMENT/MOVEMENT MANAGEMENT THRUST –
proceeding without assessing
DANGLING – hanging activity by giving another
TRUNCATION – leaves activity
FLIP-FLOP – returns to a left activity while currently doing an
activity
STIMULUS-BOUND – distracted
OVERDWELLING –overtime in one topic
OVERLAPPING – multitasking results negatively
DOUBLE EFFECT – sacrifice for the good or bad
FORMAL COOPERATION – cooperation with will
LESSER EVIL – choice of the less one from two bad things
MATERIAL COOPERATION – cooperation without will
CENTRAL TENDENCY -Central (middle location) Tendency
MEAN – Average MODE – most occurring
RANGE – highest score minus lowest score
LOW SD–Homogenous, scores near to mean(almost same)
HIGH SD – Heterogenous, scores far to mean (scattered)
DECILE – 10 grps (D1…D10)
QUARTILE – 4 grps (Q1…Q4)
SUSPENSION – time
REVOKATION –condition
DIFFICULTY INDEX
0-0.20 VERY DIFFICULT (reject)
0.21-0.40 DIFFICULT (revise)
0.41-0.60 MODERATE (retain)
0.61-0.80 EASY (revise)
0.81-1.00 VERY EASY (reject)
POSITIVELY SKEWED (LEFT FOOT) low scores, mean
greater than mode
NEGATIVELY SKEWED (RIGHT FOOT) high scores, mean is
lower than mode
HORN/HALO EFFECT overcoming other trait, either bad/good
FORMAL GENERATIONS OF COMPUTER
VACUUM TUBES (1940-1956)
TRANSISTORS (1956-1963)
INTEGRATED CIRCUITS (1964-1971)
MICROPROCESSORS (1971-present)
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE (present-future)
MISTAKEN GOALS
1. ATTENTION SEEKER – “teacher, notice me”
2. REVENGE – “teacher, I am hurt”
3. POWER-SEEKING – “teacher, may I help?”
4. INADEQUACY – “teacher, don’t give up on me”
ERIKSON’S PSYCHOSOCIAL TASKS
1. TRUST VS. MISTRUST (0-12 months) infancy
2. AUTONOMY VS. SHAME/DOUBT (1-3 years old) Early
childhood
3. INITIATIVE VS. GUILT (3-6 years old) Late childhood
4. INDUSTRY VS. INFERIORITY (6-12 years old) School age
5. IDENTITY VS. ROLE CONFUSION (12-18 years old)
Adolescence
6. INTIMACY VS. ISOLATION (early 20s-early 40sYoung
adulthood
7. GENERATIVITY VS. STAGNATION (40s-mid 60s)Adulthood
8. INTEGRITY VS. DESPAIR (mid 60s-death) Maturity
PIAGET’S COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT THEORY
1. SENSORY – senses
2. PRE-OPERATIONAL - imagination
3. CONCRETE - tangible/real
4. FORMAL – theoretical base
• BRUNER’S THREE MODES OF REPRESENTATION
ENACTIVE (0-1 yrs. old) – action-based information
ICONIC (1-6 yrs. old) – image-based information
SYMBOLIC (7+) – code/symbols such as language
FREUD’S PSYCHOSEXUAL/PSYCHOANALYTICAL THEORY
• ORAL (0-1 yrs. old) – Infant
• ANAL (1-3 yrs. old) – Toddler
• PHALLIC – Preschool
• LATENCY – School Age
• GENITAL – Adolescense
• OEDIPUS – son to mom
• ELECTRA –daughter to dad
KOHLBERG’S THEORY OF MORAL DEVELOPMENT
LEVEL 1: PRE-CONVENTIONAL MORALITY
• Stage 1: Obedience and Punishment Orientation
• Stage 2: Individualism and Exchange
LEVEL 2: CONVENTIONAL MORALITY
• Stage 3: Good Interpersonal Relationships
• Stage 4: Maintaining the Social Order
LEVEL 3: POST-CONVENTIONAL MORALITY
• Stage 5: Social Contract and Individual Rights
• Stage 6: Universal Principles
PHILOSOPHY/FOUNDATIONS OF EDUCATION
✔John Locke — tabularasa , empiricism:"Father of Liberalism"
✔Francis Bacon — "Father of scientific method" "Father of
empiricism"
✔Jean Jacques Rousseau -- "Hollistic education"(physical,
moral, intellectual): nature of child.
✔Edgar Dale - "Cone of Experience" aka "Father of Modern
Media in Education"
✔Erik Erickson — Psychosocial development Theory
✔Edward Lee Thorndike = “satisfaction” “the law of effect”."
Father of Modern Educational psychology; connectionism;
✔Friedrich Frobel — "Father of kindergarten"
✔Johann Herbart — founder of pedagogy as an academic
discipline.
✔Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi — symmetrical and harmonious
devt of child: motto " Learning by head, hand and heart"
THEORIES AND THEIR PROPONENTS
✔Sigmund Freud — psychosexual , psychoanalytic
✔William Sheldon – Physiological
✔John Dewey – Learning by doing: education for all.
✔David Froebel – Father of kinder garten
✔Wilhelm Woundt = german psycologist “father of modern
psychology’.
✔Ivan Pavlov = classical conditioning: involuntary behavior
✔Burrhus Frederic Skinner — operant cond.
✔Jean Piaget —cognitivist/ Cognitive dev’t Theory, info
processing , dynamic interrelation.
✔David Ausubel — meaningful learning theory, graphic
organizer, assumption
✔William Kohler — insight learning theory
✔Lawrence Kohlberg — moral dev’t theory
✔Albert Bandura —Modeling: Social learning Theory,"bobo doll"
experiment, neo – behaviorism
✔Robert Gagne — Cumulative Learning Theory: sequence of
instruction
✔Abraham Maslow — hierarchy of needs , motivation theory
✔Brofenbrenner's - Ecological System Theory (microsystem,
mesosystem, exo, macro and chrono)
✔Benjamin Bloom — bloom’s cognitive taxonomy
✔David Krathwohl — affective domain
✔Simpsons / Anita Harrow — psychomotor domain
✔Jerome Bruner — Discovery Learning Theory/Inquiry method:
Scaffolding Theory :constructivist, spiral curr, instrumental
conceptualism
✔Lev Vygotsky — constructivist :Social Constructivism; Zond of
Proximal Development (ZPD) : More knowledgeable others
(MKO)
✔Edgar Dale — cone of exp. (20% remember)
✔John Locke — tabularasa , empiricism:"Father of Liberalism"
✔Howard Gardner — multiple int.
✔John Flavel — metacognition
✔John Watson — behaviorial theory: “Father of Behaviorism”,
psychological school of behaviorism.
✔Kurt Lewin - The Father of Social Psychology; his work
pioneered the use of scientific methods to study social behavior.
✔Charles darwin = theories to mental characteristics as human
think, feel & behave(” evolutionary psychology”)
✔Max Wertheimer = gestalt psychology
✔Wolfgang Ratke — used vernacular for approaching the class.
✔Edward Tolman — purposive behaviorism and goal oriented 👉Focuses on self/individual: (subjectivity of selfhood )

✔Plato --- Idealist/Idealism(own ideas) nothing exist except in

the mind of a man.
● Language analyst
✔Aristotle-- Realist/Realist (experience) mastery of organized
subject matter. 👉 Communication

✔Cunfucios – Great philosopher, analects, golden rule, society,

name (essence) rule. ● Perennialism - Robert Hutchins (Teacher-centered)
✔Mencius — idealistic wing of confucianism; love covers all 👉Permanent, constant, unchanged
(good, right)
👉focuses on unchanging/universal truths (great books,
✔Hzun tzu — realistic wing of confusianism humanities, history and bible)
✔Lao tzu — taoism: Go with the flow. 👉have survived the test of time

👉curriculum like this contains values that are constant and

PHILOSOPHICAL FOUNDATIONS OF EDUCATION universal.

● Naturalism – Thales; Anaxinander

● Progressivism - John Dewey (Learner-centered)
👉natures reality:
👉Process of development (learning by doing)
👉harmonize yourself;
👉Change and development
👉learn how to adapt themselves in the environment.
👉Emphasizes the needs and interests of the children

● Idealism - Plato (own ideas) 👉Active participation

👉 Mental and spiritual 👉problem solving activity /experiment, learning never stops,

👉nothing exist except in the mind of a man/ what we want the 👉Growth
world to be GOD, Spiritual values

👉what’s in the mind is the only reality. ● Essentialism – William Bagley (Teacher-centered)

👉Focuses on basic skills and knowledge: (advocates curricular

● Realism – Aristotle; St. Thomas Aquinas reform basic 3RS reading, writing ,arithmetic)

👉 To see is to believe 👉 Traditional method(lecture, drills, memorization, paper and

pencil assessment)
👉Put into action

👉Actualize it into reality

● Social Reconstructionism - Theodore Bromeld: George Counts
👉Physical objects
👉Change the society
👉 fully mastery of knowledge ( concerns with what is real,
👉Various social and economic problems that require urgent
actual, concept, imparted)
solutions

● Pragmatism – William James 👉Schools are the agent of change.

👉Constant practice
● Behaviorism - Pavlov: Skinner
👉 Habitual doing
👉Learning environment
👉Changing world (things are constant changing)
👉A theory of learning based on idea that about all the behavior.
● Existentialism - Kierkegaard; Sartre; (Learner-centered)

👉Freedom of choice, uniqueness and individuality

● Constructivism – David Ausubel / Lev Vygotzky (Learner-
centered)
👉Learners who will construct their own learning
👉meaningful learning (prior knowledge)
👉 Scaffolding/Guide on the side.
👉moment of reflection , past experience, "Learning is the
process of retrieving prior
learning", (Constructivist)
• RA 7836 – Phil. Teachers Professionalization Act of 1994
• RA 9155 – BEGA (Basic Educ.) or DepEd Law
• RA 9293 – Teachers Professionalization Act
• RA 10533 – K-12 Law ACT NO. 2706 – “Private School Law”
COMMONWEALTH ACT NO. 578 – “persons in authority”
KAUTUSANG PANGKAGAWARAN BLG 7 -PILIPINO NatlLng
PROKLAMA BLG 12 - Linggo ng Wika (Balagtas,Mr29-Ap4)
PROKLAMA BLG. 186 – Linggo ng Wika (Quezon,Ag13-19)
PROKLAMA BLG. 1041 – Buwan ng Wika (Ramos) PHIL.

CONSTITUTION ACT 14 – ESTACS mRA 1079 – no limit of Civil

●Nationalism Service eligibility
👉 Glorification of the state • RA 6655 – “Free Public Secondary Educ. Act of 1988”

• RA 6728 – “Act Providing Government Assistance to Students

and Teachers in Private Education
●Hedonism
• RA 7277 – Magna Carta for PWD
👉Pleasure, engagement, happiness and YOLO
• RA 7610 – Anti-Child Abuse Law (Amendment: RA 9231)

• RA 7743 – establishment of public libraries

●Epicureanism
• RA 7877 – “Anti Sexual Harassment Act of 1995”
👉Form of Hedonism
• RA 7880 – “Fair and Equitable Access to Education Act”

● Empiricism
➡Convergent questions - are those that typically have one
👉Senses correct answer.

➡Divergent questions - also called open-ended questions are

● Rationalism used to encourage many answers and generate greater
participation of students. Higher order thinking skills; to think more
👉Mind/Intellect creatively.

👉Creating new idea connecting (old-new) The acronym SMART is used in goal setting to call attention to the
five components of a well written goal. The five components are:

S: Specific
● Humanism
M: Measurable
👉Wholeness (loving oneself) A: Attainable
👉Full potential ( Cognitive, affective and psychomotor) R: Reasonable
👉Stresses to “live life to the fullest”. making the most of your T: Time-Bound
life”

●Formative testing - kind of test is for mastery of learning in a

LAWS IN EDUCATION PRC BR 435 – Code of Ethics for
Professional Teachers PD 1006 – Decree Professionalizing
Teachers
• RA NO. 1425 – inclusion of the works of Jose Rizal
• RA NO. 4670 – “Magna Carta for Public School Teacher”
• RA 7722 – CHED
• RA 7796 – “TESDA Act of 1994”
certain subject.
●Criterion reference testing - Test designed to measure student
performance against a fixed set of predetermined criteria or
learning standard; may include multiple-choice questions, true-
false questions, “open-ended” questions. EX. NEAT/NSAT
●Aptitude testing - evaluates how you accomplish tasks and react
to situations you face in your daily environments. The tests
include questions about your interests, talents and hobbies.
●Norm reference testing - Test refers to standardized tests that
are designed to compare and rank test takers in relation to one
another.