THOMAS’THOMAS’ CALCULUS Twelfth Edition Based on the original work by George B. Thomas, Jr. Massachusetts Institute of Technology as revised by Maurice D. Weir Naval Postgraduate School Joel Hass University of California, Davis ‘Addison-Wesley Boston Columbus Indianapolis New York San Francisco Upper Saddle River ‘Amsterdam Cape Town Dubai London Madrid Milan Munich Paris Montréal Toronto Delhi Mexico City Sao Paulo Sydney HongKong Seoul Singapore Taipei TokyoEditor-in-Chief Deze Lynch Senior Acquisitions Editor: William Hoffian Senior Project Editor: Rachel S. Reeve Associate Fltor: Caroline Celano “Associate Projeet Editor: Leah Goldbere ‘Senior Managing Ealtor: Karen Weriolm ‘Senior Production Supervisor: Sheila Spinney ‘Senior Design Supervisor: Andrea Nix Digital Assets Manager: Marianne Groth -Media Producer: Lin Maboney Software Development: Mary Durawald and Bob Carll “Executive Marketing Manager: Je? Weidenaar ‘Marketing Assistant: Kendra Bass ‘Senior Author Support/Technology Specialist: Joe Vetere Senior Prepress Supervisor: Careline F ‘Manufacturing Manager: Evelyn Beaton Production Coordinator: Katy Diamond ‘Composition: Nesbitt Graphics, ne IMlustrations: Karen ley strech ‘Cover Design: Rokusck Design ‘Cover image: Forest Edge, Hokuto, Hokkaido, Japan 2004 © Michael Kenna About the cover: The ever image of a tee line on a snow-swept landscape, by the photographer Mishel Kenn, ‘was taken in Fiokkaido, Japan, The artist was not chinking of cleus when fe composed the image, bu rather, of visual haiku consisting ofa few elements that would spark the viewer's imagination. Similarly the minimal design ‘ofthis tex allows the central ideas of calculus developed in tis book to unfold to ignite the learners imagination. For permission o se copyrighted material, grateful acknowledgment is made to the copyright holders on page C-1, ‘whichis hereby made part ofthis copyright page. Many ofthe designations used by manufacturers and sellers to distinguish their products are claimed as trademarks ‘Where those designations appear in this book, and Addison-Wesley was ware ofa trademark elim, the designa- tions have been printed in intial eaps oral caps Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data ‘Weit, Mautee D. Thomas Calelus / Maurie D. Weir, Joel Hass, George B. Thomas. 12th ed, pen ISBN 978.0-321-38799-2 1. Caleulus~ Textbooks. 1 Hass, ool. IL Thomas, George B. (George Brinton), 1914-2006. IL Thomas, George B. (George Briton), 1914 2006, Caleahis, IV Tile V. Title: Cale (303.2. 20085 S15-de22 2009023069 ‘Copyright © 2010, 2005, 2001 Pearson Education, Ine. Al ights reserved. No par ofthis publication may be epreduced, stored in arereval system, or tansmitted in ay form or by any means, electronic, mechanical phosoeopying, recording, or atherwise, without the prior writen permission of the publisher. Priatd in the United States of America Fr information om obsiing permission for we of materi inthis work, please submit a writen request 1o Pearson Education, Ine, Righs and Contacts Department, $01 Boylston Steet, Suite 900, Boston, MA ‘2116, fax your request to 617-848-7047, or e-mail thy www pearsoned coeegalpermissions hm, 123456789 10-cRK—12 11 1909 ‘Addison-Wesley an imprint of, aT ele ISBN-10: 0-321-58799-5 sn peatsoned.com 1SBN-13: 978-0-321-58799-2CONTENTS 1 2 3 Preface ix |_Functions 1 1.1 Functions and Their Graphs 1 1.2 Combining Functions; Shifting and Scaling Graphs 14 13 Trigonometie Functions 22 14 Graphing with Catelators and Computers 30 Quisnions-0 Gurpe Your Review 34 Practice Exinersis 35 [ADDNTIONAL AND ADVANCED EXERCISES 37 |_Limits and Continuity 39 2.1 Rates of Change and Tangents to Curves 39 22 Limitof'a Funetion and Limit Laws 46 23 The Precise Definition of Limit $7 24 One-Sided Limits 66 25° Continity 73 2.6 Limits Iavolving Infinity; Asymptotes of Graphs 84 Quesnionst0 GutDe Your REVIEW 96 Practice Exercisis 97 [ADDITIONAL AND ADVANCED EXERCISES 98 |_Differentiation 102 3.1 Tangents and the Derivative at a Point 102 32 The Derivativeas «Function 106 33 Differentiation Rules 115 34 The Derivative aa Rate of Change 124 35 Derivatives of Trigonometc Funetions 135 36 The Chain Rule 142iv 4 5 6 Contents 3.7 Implicit Differentiation 149 38 Related Rates 155 3.9 Lincarization and Differentials 164 ‘Questions 70 Guis Your ReviEw 175 Practice EXERCISES — 176 ADDITIONAL AND ADVANCED EXERCISES 180 |_Applications of Derivatives 184 4.) Extreme Values of Functions 184 42. The Mean ValueTheorem 192 43 Monotonie Funetions and the First Derivative Test 198 44° Coneavity and Curve Sketching 203 45 Applied Optimization 214 46 Newton's Method 225 47 Antiderivaives 230 Questions To Guioe Your Revirw 239 Practicr ExrRcists 240 ADDITIONAL AND ADVANCED EXERCISES 243 |_Integration 246 | 5.1 Area and Estimating with Finite Sums 246 5.2 Sigma Notation and Limits of Finite Sums 256 53 The Definite Integral 262 54 ‘The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus 274 5.5 Indefinite Integrals and the Substitution Method 284 5.6 Substitution and Ares Between Curves 291 ‘Questions 19 Gupe Your Revisw 300 Practice EXERCISES 301 ADDITIONAL AND ADVANCED EXERCISES 304 | Applications of Definite Integrals 308 | 6.1 Volumes Using Cross-Sections 308 62 Volumes Using Cylindrical Shells 319 63° ArcLength 326 64 Areas of Surfaces of Revolution 332 65 Work and Fluid Forees 337 6 Moments and Centers of Mass 346 Questions 10 Guioe Your Review 357 Practice EXzRcises 357 ADDITIONAL AND ADVANCED EXERCISES 3597 8 9 10 Contens ov |_Transcendental Functions 361 7.1 Inverse Functions and Their Derivatives 361 72 Natural Logarithms 369 73 Exponential Functions 377 714 Exponential Change and Separsble Differential Equations 387 715. Indeterminate Forms and LHopital’s Rule 396 716 Inverse Trigonomeric Functions 404 7.) Hyperbolic Functions 416 78 Relative Rates of Growth 424 Questions 10 GutDE Your REVIEW 429 Practice Exexcists 430 [Anotriosat aN Avance Extncises 433, |_Techniques of Integration 435 8.1 Integration by Parts 436 82 Trigonometric Integrals 444 83° Trigonometric Substinitions 449 84 Integration of Retonal Functions by Partial Fractions 453 8.5 Integral ables and Computer Algebra Systems 463 86 Numerical Integration 468 8.7 IroproperInigrals 478 Questions 70 GUIDE Your REVIEW 489 Practice Exexcisis 489 [Anorrioat AND Avance Exists 491 |_First-Order Differential Equations 496 9.1 Solutions, Slope Fields, and uler’s Method 496 92. First-Order Linear Equations 504 93 Applications 510 94 Graphical Soltions of Autonomous Equstions 516 95 Systems of Equations and Phase Planes 523 Questions To GuIDE Your REVIEW 529 Practice Exencisis 529 [Anotriosat AND Avance Extncrsis 530 |_Infinite Sequences and Series 532 101 102 103, 104 10s Sequences $32 Infinite Series $44 ‘The Integral Test $53 Comparison Tests 558 ‘The Ratio and Root Tests 563Contents 11 12 13 106 10.7 108 109 10.10 ‘Alternating Series, Absolute and Conditional Convergence 568 Power Series 575 ‘Taylor and Maclaurin Series S84 Convergence of Taylor Series $89 ‘The Binomial Series and Applications of Taylor Series 596 Questions 70 Guibe Your REVIEW 605 Practice EXERoISES 605 ADDITIONAL AND ADVANCED EXERCISES 607 | Parametric Equations and Polar Coordinates 610 Md 2 13 4 us 16 na Parametrizations of Plane Curves 610 Calculus with Parametric Curves 618 Polar Coordinates 627 Graphing in Polar Coordinates 631 Areas and Lengths in Polar Coordinates 635 Conic Sections 639 Conies in Polar Coordinates 648 Questions 10 Guibe Your Review 654 PRACTICE EXERCISES 655 ADDITIONAL AND ADVANCED EXERCISES 657 |_Vectors and the Geometry of Space 660 RA 122 123 124 2s 126 Three-Dimensional Coordinate Systems 660 Vectors 665, ‘The Dot Product 674 ‘The Cross Product 682 Lines and Planes in Space 688 Cylinders and Quadric Surfaces 696 Questions 10 Guive You Review 701 Practice Exxacises 702 ApprTioNAL AND AbvANCED EXERCISES 704 |_Vector-Valued Functions and Motion in Space 707 BA 132 1B3 Ba BS 1B6 ‘Curves in Space and Their Tangents 707 Integrals of Vector Functions; Projectile Motion 715 ‘Are Length in Space 724 ‘Curvature and Normal Vectors of a Curve 728 ‘Tangential and Normal Components of Acceleration 734 ‘Velocity and Acceleration in Polar Coordinates 739 Questions 10 Guibe Your Review 742 Practice EXERCISES 743, ADDITIONAL AND ADVANCED BXERCISeS 74514 15 16 |_Partial Derivatives Contents ii 747 14 142 143 144 14s 46 147 148 149 14.10 |_Multiple Integrals Functions of Several Variables 747 Limits and Continuity in Higher Dimensions 755 Partial Derivatives 764 ‘The Chain Rule 775 Directional Derivatives and Gradient Vectors 784 ‘Tangent Planes und Differentials 791 Extreme Values and Saddle Points 802 Lagrange Multipliers 811 ‘Taylor's Formula for Two Variables 820 Partial Derivatives with Constrained Variables 824 QUESTIONS TO GUIDE Your REVIEW 829 PRACTICE EXERCISES 829 [ADDITIONAL AND ADVANCED ExERcises 833 836 Is 152 153 134 Iss 15.6 157 158 Double and Iterated Integrals over Rectangles 836 Double Integrals over General Regions 841 Area by Double Integration 850 Double Integrals in Polar Form 853, ‘Triple Integrals in Rectangular Coordinates 859 ‘Moments and Centers of Mass 868 ‘Triple Integrals in Cylindrical and Spherical Coordinates 875 Substitutions in Multiple Integrals 887 QuesTIONS To GuIDE Your Review 896 PRACTICE EXERCISES 896 ADDITIONAL AND ADVANCED EXERCISES 898 |_Integration in Vector Fields 901 16.1 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 Line Integrals 901 ‘Vector Fields and Line Integrals: Work, Circulation, and Flux 907 Path Independence, Conservative Fields, and Potential Functions 920 Groen's Theorem inthe Plane 931 Surfaces and Area 943 Surface Integrals 953 Stokes’ Theorem 962 ‘The Divergence Theorem and a Unified Theory 972 (QuEsTIONS To GuIDE Your Review 983 PRACTICE EXERCISES 983, ADDITIONAL AND ADVANCED EXERUISES 986% Contents 17 |_Second-Order Differential Equations 17.1 Second-Order Linear Equations 172 Nonhomogeneos incur Equations 173 Applications 174 er Eauations 173 Power Series Solutions Appendices AP-1 ‘AJ Real Numbers andthe Real Line AP-1 ‘82 Mathematical Induction AP-6 ‘A3 Lines, Circles, and Parabolas — AP-10 ‘Ad Proofsof Limit Theorems AP-18, ‘AS Commonly Occuring Limits AP-21 ‘A6 Theory ofthe Real Numbers AP-23 AT Complex Numbers AP-25 ‘AB The Distributive Law for Vector Coss Prodvets ‘9 ‘The Mixed Derivative Theorem and the Increment Theorem Answers to Odd-Numbered Exercises Ad Index I-1 A Brief Table of Integrals 1 Credits C1