Lecture 4 for the 4th Long Exam

Math 14 - Differential Equations

INVERSE OPERATORS

Theorem I.
1 𝑎𝑥 1
𝑒 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑒(𝐷) 𝑒(𝐷 + 𝑎)
Theorem II. For 𝑓(𝑥), a polynomial of degree 𝑛,
1 1 𝐷 𝐷2 𝐷3 (−1)𝑛 𝐷𝑛
𝑓(𝑥) = [1 − + 2 − 3 + ⋯ + ] 𝑓(𝑥)
𝐷+𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎𝑛
Theorem III.
1
[𝑓(𝑥)] = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝐷
1
[𝑓(𝑥)] = ∫ [∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥] 𝑑𝑥
𝐷2
Theorem IV.
1 1
sin 𝑎𝑥 = [ sin 𝑎𝑥]
𝑒(𝐷) 𝑒(𝐷) 𝐷 2 =−𝑎2
Theorem V.
1 1
cos 𝑎𝑥 = [ cos 𝑎𝑥]
𝑒(𝐷) 𝑒(𝐷) 𝐷 2 =−𝑎2

1
Example 1. (cos 2𝑥)
𝐷2
−𝐷+1
1
=[ 2 (cos 2𝑥)]
𝐷 −𝐷+1 𝐷2 =−𝑎2 =−22 =−4
1
=[ (cos 2𝑥)]
−4 − 𝐷 + 1 𝐷 2 =−4
1 −1
=[ (cos 2𝑥)] =[ (cos 2𝑥)]
−3 − 𝐷 𝐷 2 =−4 𝐷+3 𝐷 2 =−4
−1 𝐷−3
=[ (cos 2𝑥)] ∙
𝐷+3 𝐷2 =−4 𝐷 − 3
−𝐷 + 3
=[ 2 (cos 2𝑥)]
𝐷 −9 𝐷 2 =−4
−𝐷 + 3 −𝐷 + 3
= (cos 2𝑥) = (cos 2𝑥)
−4 − 9 −13
1
= [−𝐷(cos 2𝑥) + 3 cos 2𝑥]
−13
1
= [2 sin 2𝑥 + 3 cos 2𝑥]
−13

Example 2. Solve the ff. differential equation:

𝑑2 𝑦
− 4𝑦 = 𝑥 2
𝑑𝑥 2
(𝐷 2 − 4)𝑦 = 𝑥 2
𝑦 = 𝑦𝑐 + 𝑦𝑝
𝑚 = +2, −2
𝑦𝑐 = 𝑐1 𝑒 −2𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑒 2𝑥
 For 𝑦𝑝
(𝐷 2 − 4)𝑦𝑝 = 𝑥 2
1
𝑦𝑝 = 2 𝑥2
( 𝐷 − 4)
1
= 𝑥2
(𝐷 − 2)(𝐷 + 2)
1 1
= [ 𝑥2]
(𝐷 − 2) (𝐷 + 2)
1 1 𝐷 𝐷2 2 1 1 𝐷 𝐷2 2
=[ ] ( ) [1 − + 2 ] 𝑥 = [ ] ( ) [1 − + ] 𝑥
(𝐷 − 2) 2 2 2 (𝐷 − 2) 2 2 4
2 2 2
1 1 𝐷𝑥 𝐷 𝑥
=[ ] ( ) [𝑥 2 − + ]
(𝐷 − 2) 2 2 4
1 1 2𝑥 2 1 1 1
=[ ] ( ) [𝑥 2 − + ]=[ ] ( ) [𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + ]
(𝐷 − 2) 2 2 4 (𝐷 − 2) 2 2
2
1 1 𝐷 𝐷 1
= ( ) ( ) [1 − + ] (𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + )
2 −2 −2 (−2)2 2
1 𝐷 𝐷2 1
= − [1 + + ] ( 𝑥2 − 𝑥 + )
4 2 4 2
1 1 1 1 1 1
= − [𝑥2 − 𝑥 + + 𝐷 (𝑥2 − 𝑥 + ) + 𝐷2 (𝑥2 − 𝑥 + )]
4 2 2 2 4 2
1 1 1 1
= − [𝑥2 − 𝑥 + + (2𝑥 − 1) + (2)]
4 2 2 4
1 1 1 1
= − 4 [𝑥2 − 𝑥 + 2 + 𝑥 − 2 + 2]
1 1
= − [ 𝑥2 + ]
4 2
1 1
𝑦𝑝 = − 𝑥2 −
4 8
𝑦 = 𝑦𝑐 + 𝑦𝑝
1 1
𝑦 = 𝑐1 𝑒 −2𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑒 2𝑥 − 𝑥 2 −
4 8

Example 3. (𝐷 2 + 4)𝑦 = 𝑒 −𝑥 sin 3𝑥

𝑚 = ±2𝑖
𝑦𝑐 = 𝑐1 cos 2𝑥 + 𝑐2 sin 2𝑥
1
𝑦𝑝 = 2 𝑒 −𝑥 sin 3𝑥
𝐷 +4
1
𝑦𝑝 = 2 𝑒 −𝑥 sin 3𝑥
𝐷 +4
1
= 𝑒 −𝑥 sin 3𝑥
(𝐷 − 1)2 + 4
1
= 𝑒 −𝑥 2 sin 3𝑥
𝐷 − 2𝐷 + 5
1
= 𝑒 −𝑥 [ 2 sin 3𝑥]
𝐷 − 2𝐷 + 5 𝐷2 =−𝑎 2 =−32 =−9
1
= 𝑒 −𝑥 [ sin 3𝑥]
−9 − 2𝐷 + 5 𝐷2 =−9
 1
= 𝑒 −𝑥 [ sin 3𝑥]
−9 − 2𝐷 + 5 𝐷2 =−9
1 −1
= 𝑒 −𝑥 [ sin 3𝑥] = 𝑒 −𝑥 [ sin 3𝑥]
−2𝐷 − 4 𝐷2 =−9 2𝐷 + 4 𝐷 2 =−9
−1 2𝐷 − 4
= 𝑒 −𝑥 [ sin 3𝑥] ∙
2𝐷 + 4 𝐷 2 =−9 2𝐷 − 4
−(2𝐷 − 4)
= 𝑒 −𝑥 [ sin 3𝑥]
4𝐷 2 − 16 𝐷 2 =−9
−(2𝐷 − 4) (2𝐷 − 4)
= 𝑒 −𝑥 [ sin 3𝑥] = 𝑒 −𝑥 [ sin 3𝑥]
4(−9) − 16 52
2𝐷(sin 3𝑥) − 4 sin 3𝑥 2(3 cos 3𝑥) − 4 sin 3𝑥
= 𝑒 −𝑥 [ ] = 𝑒 −𝑥 [ ]
52 52
6 cos 3𝑥 − 4 sin 3𝑥
= 𝑒 −𝑥 [ ]
52
3 cos 3𝑥 − 2 sin 3𝑥
𝑦 = 𝑐1 cos 2𝑥 + 𝑐2 sin 2𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥 [ ]
26

Example 4. (𝐷 2 + 1)𝑦 = sin 𝑥

𝑚 = ±𝑖
𝑦𝑐 = 𝑐1 cos 𝑥 + 𝑐2 sin 𝑥
1
𝑦𝑝 = 2 sin 𝑥
𝐷 +1
sin 𝑥 is the imaginary part of 𝑒 𝑖𝑥 = cos 𝑥 + 𝑖 sin 𝑥
1
𝑦𝑝 = 2 𝐼{𝑒 𝑖𝑥 }
𝐷 +1
1
𝑦𝑝 = 𝐼 {𝑒 𝑖𝑥 (1)}
(𝐷 + 𝑖)2 + 1
1
𝑦𝑝 = 𝐼 {𝑒 𝑖𝑥 2 (1)}
𝐷 + 2𝑖𝐷 + 𝑖 2 + 1
1 1
𝑦𝑝 = 𝐼 {𝑒 𝑖𝑥 2 (1)} = 𝐼 {𝑒 𝑖𝑥 2 (1)}
𝐷 + 2𝑖𝐷 − 1 + 1 𝐷 + 2𝑖𝐷
1 1 1
𝑦𝑝 = 𝐼 {𝑒 𝑖𝑥 (1)} = 𝐼 {𝑒 𝑖𝑥 ( ) (1)}
𝐷(𝐷 + 2𝑖) 𝐷 𝐷 + 2𝑖
1
𝑦𝑝 = 𝐼 {𝑒 𝑖𝑥 (1)}
𝐷(𝐷 + 2𝑖)
1 1 1
= 𝐼 {𝑒 𝑖𝑥 ( ) (1)} = 𝐼 {𝑒 𝑖𝑥 ∫ ( ) 𝑑𝑥}
𝐷 2𝑖 2𝑖
1 −𝑖
= 𝐼 {𝑒 𝑖𝑥 𝑥} = 𝐼 {(𝑒 𝑖𝑥 ) ( 𝑥)}
2𝑖 2
−𝑖 −𝑖 𝑥cos 𝑥 𝑖 2 𝑥 sin 𝑥 −𝑖 𝑥cos 𝑥 𝑥 sin 𝑥
= 𝐼 {(cos 𝑥 + 𝑖 sin 𝑥) ( 𝑥)} = 𝐼 { − } = 𝐼{ + }
2 2 2 2 2
− 𝑥cos 𝑥
𝑦𝑝 =
2
𝑥cos 𝑥
𝑦 = 𝑐1 cos 𝑥 + 𝑐2 sin 𝑥 −
2