Meat and Bones 65

Pathology: Muscular ■ myositis (mī-ō-sī-tihs) = inflammation of voluntary

System
Pathologic conditions of the muscular system include the fol-
lowing:
■ adhesion (ahd-hē-shuhn) = band of fibers that hold
structures together in an abnormal fashion.
■ ataxia (ā-tahck-sē-ah) = lack of voluntary control of
muscle movement; “wobbliness.”
■ atonic (ā-tohn-ihck) = lacking muscle control.
■ dystrophy (dihs-trō-fē) = defective growth.
■ fasciitis (fahs-ē-ī-tihs) = inflammation of the sheet of
fibrous connective tissue that covers, supports, and
separates muscles (fascia).
■ fibroma (fī-brō-mah) = tumor composed of fully devel-
oped connective tissue; also called fibroid (fī-broyd).
■ hernia (hər-nē-ah) = protrusion of a body part through
tissues that normally contain it.
■ laxity (lahcks-ih-tē) = looseness.
■ leiomyositis (lī-ō-mī-ō-sī-tihs) = inflammation of smooth
tissue.
■ myasthenia (mī-ahs-thē-nē-ah) = muscle weakness.
■ myoclonus (mī-ō-klō-nuhs) = spasm of muscle.
■ myopathy (mī-ohp-ah-thē) = abnormal condition or
disease of muscle.
muscles.
■ myotonia (mī-ō-tō-nē-ah) = delayed relaxation of a
muscle after contraction.
■ tendinitis (tehn-dih-nī-tihs) = inflammation of the band
of fibrous connective tissue that connects muscle to
bone.
■ tetany (teht-ahn-ē) = muscle spasms or twitching.
Procedures: Muscular
System
Procedures performed on the muscular system include the
following:
■ myectomy (mī-ehck-tō-mē) = surgical removal of muscle
or part of a muscle.
■ myoplasty (mī-ō-plahs-tē) = surgical repair of muscle.
■ myotomy (mī-oht-ō-mē) = surgical incision into a muscle.
■ tenectomy (teh-nehck-tō-mē) = surgical removal of a
part of a tendon (fibrous connective tissue that con-
nects muscle to bone).
■ tenotomy (teh-noht-ō-mē) = surgical division of a tendon
(fibrous connective tissue that connects muscle to
bone).

Review Exercises

Multiple Choice
Choose the correct answer.
1. A common name for the tarsus is the 4. A __________ is a fibrous band of connective tissue
a. elbow that connects bone to bone.
b. calcaneus a. fascia
c. hock b. tendon
d. wrist c. synovial membrane
d. ligament
2. The __________ joints are the freely movable joints 5. The acetabulum is the
of the body. a. patella
a. suture b. cannon bone
b. synovial c. large socket in the pelvic bone
c. symphysis d. crest of the scapula
d. cartilaginous
3. The correct order of the vertebral segments is 6. The three parts of the pelvis are
a. cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal a. ileum, pubis, and acetabulum
b. cervical, lumbar, thoracic, coccygeal, and sacral b. ilium, pubis, and sacrum
c. thoracic, lumbar, cervical, sacral, and coccygeal c. ilium, sacrum, and coccyx
d. thoracic, cervical, lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal d. ilium, ischium, and pubis

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66 Chapter 3

7. The digits contain bones that are called 14. Levator muscles __________ a body part.
a. carpals a. decrease the angle of
b. phalanges b. increase the angle of
c. tarsals c. raise
d. tarsus d. depress
8. Components of the axial skeleton include 15. A fibrous band of connective tissue that connects muscle
a. scapula, humerus, radius, ulna, and carpus to bone is
b. skull, auditory ossicles, hyoid, vertebrae, ribs, and a. cartilage
sternum b. tendon
c. pelvic girdle, femur, tibia, fibula, and tarsus c. ligament
d. scapula, pelvis, humerus, femur, tibia, fibula, radius, d. aponeurosis
and ulna
9. Another term for growth plate is 16. Looseness is called
a. physis a. laxity
b. shaft b. rigidity
c. diaphysis c. spasm
d. trophic d. tonus
10. Bones of the front limb include 17. Protrusion of a body part through tissues that normally
contain it is called a
a. humerus, tibia, fibula, tarsal, metatarsal, and
a. projection
phalanges
b. hernia
b. humerus, radius, ulna, carpal, metacarpal, and pha-
c. prominence
langes
d. myotonia
c. femur, tibia, fibula, tarsal, metatarsal, and
phalanges
d. radius, humerus, ulna, carpal, metatarsal, and
phalanges
11. Rectus means 18. A muscle that forms a tight band is called a(n)
a. ringlike a. purse-string
b. straight b. sartorius
c. angled c. sphincter
d. rotating d. oblique
12. Muscles may be classified as 19. Surgical removal of a muscle or part of a muscle is called
a. voluntary a. myositis
b. involuntary b. myotomy
c. cardiac c. myectomy
d. all of the above d. myostomy
13. A term for when a muscle becomes shorter and thicker is 20. Abnormal condition or disease of muscle is called
a. relaxation a. myodynia
b. contraction b. myography
c. rotation c. myasthenia
d. depression d. myopathy

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 Meat and Bones 67

21. Which term describes the shaft of a long bone? 26. The acetabulum is commonly called the
a. diaphysis a. collar bone
b. epiphysis b. patella
c. endosteum c. hip socket
d. periosteum d. knee
22. The tarsal bones are found in the 27. Muscles located above the pelvic axis are called
a. digits a. spinatus muscles
b. wrist b. orbicularis muscles
c. stifle c. epaxial muscles
d. hock d. inferior muscles
23. The manubrium is the 28. Muscles under voluntary control are known as
a. lower jaw a. involuntary
b. cranial portion of the sternum b. nonstriated
c. upper jaw c. skeletal
d. caudal portion of the sternum d. visceral
24. Which term describes the freely movable joints of the body? 29. Minimus is to maximus as
a. synarthroses a. longissimus is to gracilis
b. amphiarthroses b. biceps is to triceps
c. diarthroses c. oblique is to sphincter
d. articulations d. minor is to major
25. The opening in a bone through which blood vessels, 30. A muscle that bends a limb at its joint or decreases the
nerves, and ligaments pass is a(n) joint angle is called a(n)
a. fontanel a. flexor
b. foramen b. extensor
c. meatus c. supinator
d. lamina d. pronator

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68 Chapter 3

Matching
Match the bone or joint in Column I with its common name in Column II.

Column I Column II
1. _____________ P1 a. carpus in large animals
2. _____________ P2 b. hock
3. _____________ P3 c. coffin bone
4. _____________ tarsus d. short pastern
5. _____________ splint bone e. long pastern
6. _____________ fetlock joint f. metacarpal/metatarsal III in equine and metacarpal/metatarsal III and
IV in ruminants
7. _____________ pastern joint
g. collarbone
8. _____________ coffin joint
h. metacarpo-/metatarsophalangeal joint of equine and ruminants
9. _____________ knee
i. metacarpal/metatarsal II and IV in equine
10. _____________ stifle
j. connection between phalanx I and II in equine and ruminants
11. _____________ clavicle
k. distal interphalangeal joint of phalanx II and III in equine and ruminants
12. _____________ cannon bone
l. variable digit depending on species; digit I in dogs, digits II and V in
13. _____________ dewclaw
ruminants
14. _____________ sternum
m. synovial joint located between the femur and tibia
n. breastbone

Match the bone in Column I with the area it is located in Column II.

Column I Column II
15. _____________ humerus a. distal front limb
16. _____________ fibula b. proximal front limb
17. _____________ tibia c. proximal hind limb
18. _____________ ulna d. distal hind limb
19. _____________ femur e. joint in front limb
20. _____________ tarsus f. oint in hind limb
21. _____________ radius g. distal part of front and hind limbs
22. _____________ carpus
23. _____________ metacarpal
24. _____________ metatarsal
25. _____________ phalanx

Fill in the Blanks

1. ________________ and ________________ are terms used for displacement of a bone from its joint.
2. The ________________ is the tough, fibrous tissue that forms the outermost covering of bone.

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 Meat and Bones 69

3. A(n) ________________ is a curved fibrous cartilage found in some synovial joints.

4. Connections between two bones are called ________________ or ________________ .
5. The caudal portion of the sternum is called the ________________ .
6. A(n) ________________ is removal of all or part of a limb or body part.
7. A(n) ________________ is a piece of dead bone that is partially or fully detached from the surrounding healthy bone.
8. Inward curvature of a bone is called ________________ .
9. Visual examination of the internal structure of a joint using a fiberoptic instrument is ________________ .
10. ________________ is loss of mobility of a joint.
11. ________________ is abnormal softening of cartilage.
12. A muscle that straightens a limb at a joint is called a(n) ________________ .
13. Straightening of a limb beyond its normal limits is called ________________ .
14. A(n) ________________ is a band of fibers that holds structures together in an abnormal fashion.
15. Dogs with short, wide skulls are said to be ________________ .
16. Involuntary muscle is also called ________________ , ________________ , or ________________ .
17. Surgical removal of a claw is ________________ .
18. A(n) ________________ is a broken bone in which there is an open wound in the skin.
19. The ________________ is the fibrous band of connective tissue on the ventral abdominal wall that is the median attach-
ment of the abdominal muscles.
20. A(n) _______________ is the place where muscle ends that is the more movable end or portion away from the midline.
21. Inflammation of a tendon is called ________________ .
22. The opposite of extension is ________________ .
23. The opposite of contraction is ________________ .
24. A muscle that lowers or depresses a part is called a(n) ________________ .
25. The opposite of inferior is ________________ .
26. The term for crosswise is ________________ .
27. The term for slanted is ________________ .
28. The crackling sensation that is felt and heard when broken bones move together is called ________________ .
29. Broken bones that are splintered or crushed into multiple pieces are called ________________ .
30. Abnormal development of the pelvic joint causing the head of the femur and the acetabulum not to be aligned properly is called
________________ .

True or False
1. Arthrodesis is fusion of a joint or the spinal vertebrae by surgical means.
2. A craniotomy is a surgical incision into a joint.
3. An osteotomy is the surgical removal of a bone.
4. Ataxia is lack of voluntary control of muscle movement.
5. An adhesion is a band of fibers that holds structures together in an abnormal fashion.

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70 Chapter 3

Crossword Puzzle
Supply the correct term in the appropriate space for the definition listed.

3 4

5 6 7

8 9 10

11

12 13 14

15

16 17

18

19

20 21

22 23

Across Down
3 projection 1 trench or hollow depressed
6 sharp projection 2 small pit
11 low projection or ridge 4 surface projection
13 space or cavity 5 rounded projection (distal end of tibia and fibula)
15 projecting part 7 projecting part
16 rounded projection (that articulates with another bone) 8 opening
18 passage or opening 9 branch or smaller structure given off by a larger structure
19 tunnel 10 high projection or border projection
20 seam 12 broad, flat projection (on femur)
22 toothlike structure 14 groove
23 smooth area 17 thin, flat plate
21 major protrusion

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 Meat and Bones 71

Word Search
Define the following terms; then find each term in the puzzle.

G S N E S I T I S O Y M X O N
P T S I G R E N Y S I O I E O
S S E C O R P D I O H P I X I
I E L T S I N O G A T N A D T
Y S S C T M I A N I G I R O A
H A Y G O L O E T S O I O O T
P M S T B O E T A L U G N U O
O O G T N O I D S O O I H T R
R I Q U A D R U P E D I P G G
T D O G M Y O T O M Y I D O X
S T E O I T C I N O T A N O H
Y M N U U M T M A N D I B L E
D M V A L G U S M H H P O S A
M A X I L L A I H O I G O O A
D O L I C H O C E P H A L I C

defective growth ______________________________________

bent outward
things that work together
place where muscle begins
narrow, long skull
surgical incision into a muscle
inflammation of voluntary muscle
lack of muscle control
circular movement around an axis
small bone embedded in tendon
four-footed animal
study of bone
upper bone of jaw
lower bone of jaw
animal with hooves
caudal part of sternum
things that work opposite each other ______________________________________
______________________________________
______________________________________
______________________________________
______________________________________
______________________________________
______________________________________
______________________________________
______________________________________
______________________________________
______________________________________
______________________________________
______________________________________
______________________________________
______________________________________
______________________________________

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72 Chapter 3

Label the Diagrams

Label the Diagrams in Figures 3–31 and 3–32.
A
B

H
D

O
E I

K
F P
J
L

G Q

M R

Figure 3–31 Dog skeleton. Label the parts of the dog skeleton indicated by the letters.

F
B E
D

G P
S
H Q
R

I K
J T
L

M U

Figure 3–32 Bovine skeleton. Label the parts of the bovine skeleton indicated by the letters.

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