For quick Revishen of Elecbras SB 2 runes Le RCD a wipoet: Equal & oj cite chorge sepried ty mou cldtone onent 20 GG Sos, Ear Earl fot , Torgue on Dipole: 2, Eand Von Equito [> eee en ” Ertnessr gene © eee 2x aqrh, ap aatoGt)? ines GEO af _ | For shout atfpole v4 TREAD | — (aivection &) to) Vevntve =. 2% 1 a sien | . eG wuss THEOREM; PE the charge encli 12 Linens chaseye aunsity A=%, 2 E Dus to charged Plane sheet | Se! Surjace charge density © = Yq E-ah' lop nto | Gnto(sraa}} = Ere TRE RI For shen Dipole URE T3| Diveetion eo” Ve vatves1t4st -4 | Ee nl %. coo Secs = $= Vee | table equlltortum e-0 _—a ed ey Torque = Force x 1 distance FQexGe [eeezsin | = 4E2Lsme 2 £(2q1) sino | TaPesine = xe ‘Tmax = PE For 8290" WOrK_ Dome hn Rotating Difel weftae = (-cose)pE Energy Of Dipotes Ecos unstable equitivr’ wra 0 = Ie" 3 U= PE SEIECRIE Flax (EOE a. SATIN OF THN) emerges Hay cTorem seapate. CS Tg, By iE Dut charged Hallow Sphere > Volume cherge - BEE, |rerroneerauctnge ite 7@"| a THEY P= Vy JEU 4 fedsat [bass [ones te + 3 | jBds = Veo 2 | 2Jeds = Ye, 44 Eds = Vien Fordsi¥dss sae i a "cosa | Efass aye, Vee Fox curved surgace efsy'0 2 8 | + b "OE = i on suriow + EFAS = S/ae eases} © (anad) = */e0 | outsids Bed. 20 For conducting shut |e 2 ei Envi€s “xHEDT | auctingsnut lesz [Ihe ak - : #Z is Inaepenacet of alatanall, ae,| © - é b_—__insidlns eae] (Ketone ; ‘APACITOR: P=CV oF C= O/y Farad , C clepemets on clirnenaions er itor. capoitonce for paral plate apa) 2 With Dlelechxie_ Sta ab [z. 4 Capote a 1 pains: capa “ray erie dome, lt ‘onside Il plate eapacteer ith ringing charges! St ‘r petal Ve and Abt bet plates d are of plate A ee a8. ect EL fr changect stent & = & Jor surface change derslhy c7EA fea vest Hf cthetectyte with déetectete constant eG gtuted between dhe plots, Sune, chang ena edt Orn corto 1 Ea + Eaiueetic fre Et Be fotemtfot Vo ex Lvs Says S e4 ? a a Re, aie Seatmeste BOW eH) VES (att ly) cA Non ¢ ahs Veet = Sool, eat (ergy remu *) Een LExd)™ Volum =AxD Foue/m Let]Master Card for quick revision of 2.Currene le -te& ik ve Babi cma 5 ee iy 7 . e TS Ver a Cument T= ne Avy (Fas 0 Crelanatten th Va= at (toa) Temen QVT alo maz eb =€ ot aceg ™t ™ Ze neTA “Nu eet € 10S) = - Mes Too8 FL ceryrent KR deumhy Cve ctor) Colour Cock -—____—~_,, ‘ Temperadure > Cha Pane O°" £&? Benes Comlorwakim ol Resihimee Re RiRLcawent Rane E=Vily Patel Cemivenadaon m, Qesahna Lye b, ay ‘ PM Millage some |g ay is Choong ext Reviemes Wign R34 [oases Det (Cet Kemer % poralle tone . ai rm ime Melted Renee tiga ra7R [BEE E — weltn WHEArsTeNE BRI METRE BRIDGE: ae 13 * cht, ex RA ebalance eat Dyas 1 [ke ROAD] Peotinty e=B @Pol- ct Nag sane ab tell ple & = Ser re © Rodin ©] Galvanametey & loablery | aaa iandqe 2p mock -Ataiine cole mueel Pht | San be Wwlerclunged at mutt pe |r earctdlds Aenbfe | POTENTIOMETERS prnuple — 16 const exurerd Boudin Ree oF CH PLOTENTIOMETER 2 prnuple Cee Atchien then pelea! dvop d dnectr, prpsdrmal & hogte ak Ped | aver vollmet ree @ = 1 ge onl ead = ae Senshviky wnexcarcd by ee F seee" KTR? | aN Heath = a pain erkeu eh pat quclrend Pa sided Acblect, only ky Inger ee Ky timer DECE Nl) rpg when ky tneQed brik BL, in vedted and viskorce R teikon from RO then Fo NaraatMagnetic era + Procuucect by” aaa ‘moving charge, Veto quuamdity- Unit - Testa (webtt/mn) , Gaus (more yern?) 1T = Jo%en Oested Experiment: Curent Courying conductor produces magnotic pera, Bin Savart Law: tt gives mefe Arapere’s Cirubtal Law: §6.d1 =10t at apeimt ciownd uuunt hy The une integrat of mag nettc ere Bawur counying tonductor. t any clesech ckurit Li equal to Ue time the P : - tuuent £ Haeesling thinugh the cleseel oft dB= Me jatsime eset wing 8g eat chai ax Te & collicl Arapeion Loop. wo = 10? TmAt B. due to _Infinétely Long Were; an . 7 Mo ~ Permeapitiny of furspace Magnetic. qiddl at Pole to mie Direction of: Perpenctimtar to dl andr. fd-cl = uot " re tf sin <0 ie. oneonductos®® Bf db = oh me . cS ax Simb=4 6-80" Lr B(2AT) = Mol —- ro whe. 1, |B =Me 2t as Direction: Rigrt Hamd Thieme Rule: tualy finger ghuss fled aiveorton | g i grt hamd pound ums | . Uf thumb of rignt hamd. po me ectes| truth VeCroR FORM, Piet At Centre of Cotl :- B= ie iat ginget re B. clue To Sotenotd L 2 Bicue To Soienoid :- B= soe — L Dt xat JBor= B.dl cosO a i i N- Toran tuum sme t (nr) foc = sot 4n Tt a faut ok [ose | Sloat s Siku + [feat + ffe.cu = ue (Nt) or 2 JP edt #01040 = Mo(NL) Direction. : Right Hamd. Thumb Rite. (8 <0") (O-aeCoutsiete)4 (8: Go") Outstate, > <> Plame of B. [Pat = wont Pape . clockwsre Anticdocleusire _ B =Honi| B.Due to Toroict : (closed Solemoicl) Buokk = Lot Bann) = Mone B= ue Ni new } an ane = Moitana) ane % sine =9 } a8 «038 B= Monta? 2(@er Qa Mianetin fod Boner meen ~ak PForce on Charge in Electric féeld = Magnetic Piert, Feqe (both for aestdmnttion| 6. a vocime Cony for change Um otiord Up >> nie —" v | . SE € E nn el Straight Line. parabouie Faraboulc | Straijat Uns Hettcot diveclon— FLIR Fatt ecimindlés lorentg Force : F:96 + gvBsin@ = @(€4vosino) LY sata CYCLOTRON + Used to accelerate charge] Ourrent Senstivily : Depection per unit ansine Pexticles, (3s Bad > Ban) Racion, frinetple: me rpeoted motion of cnangea | LC) ven feariclus uma nag. Relec. fetal | Voltage Senstivity: Deflection per unit voitage beeciexates it. CF. provi t.Pe chamges duiection. emegy white “Construction : pees, Souce, My cn Re, Oscfltator *Worleing? max KE = 14 mvt, “hh ) Ke, Force B/W 2 Parallel Current ‘antiga’ aE) Force acting on @& die bo P. fs) Fe (HO 24) int aiman’ Fane (43) whe CF: Busine) §, Nornitt Leng oP le By Flemings LAR fore G of attraction for Sort dlitertton ef unumt amd fore of Agpuusion, fer opposite circetion of cunt. ti then Moving Coil Galvanometer St See Device tp cletect & measure Ceettve cummed *brineiple: curtent Loop ercperieres torque Gn ani and re * Construction: concame mag. pous pants Uignt cake. + Theory: Pesiecting Torque «Restoring force (lomus) 5 __ Gin 2 Wine = OF ain «of ct Torque Experienced Conversion of Galvanometer tnto Ammeter. BAN) Rastiown Aropena x Only charged panticly canbe axeuicatal ‘ous LiKe e carint be accelerahd ay ght Kero Sa Dare = 2a wae 3, Tome Poutodl = Dis/velcity + Peequeney of Revelation F f= 4 = 28 equeneg za lication: For ructeen aunetion & Cran estes -rtstoudh PUpose _ a.turrent Joop knttniform | Fi el NTs }, | E=sinaseal T=P XL. customer bitxbsnd i Asin S eipss tee 5, | Rests ce of AD A (0s Sx) Lt fonveesion Inte Voltmeter :- _ ey darunsctlng hight ausstamee tm Serves; —~ © = —o- velg need 0 (RAGD 5s [ays - {for taint Voltmeter ,¢=00} {for Tatat Ammeter R= 0} coment carrnying conductor -, oe 2 1aProperties of Magnet: Ds Magnits have north pot amd south pote. 2. LIKLS poles wpe 4 umLiKe attracr cach othr. 3), Faulty suspemeteel magnet arses tin NS cliicetion. 4) Manoel do not exits. 2. N Magnet Dépole Moment : ee Beet uni M9 Pote Strength: elo Current Loop : when aukemt iu passecl trough a leep it, Dthawes LiKe a magnst. (m1 =f8) = tanent xArea , [Mental “M2 & (mAa)t = a EU = ef for evy = anny} Ky] $ ma Magnetic Dipole Movernent of a Revolving e7: MAGNETESM Mog. tmgih od eq, Wo 6.84 inmes of train geomatric Unyin, 5 2). Angle of Declination : Angle plus geogr- aphicat minidian & mog. Tmanician at | @ pount G cattecl Angte of Declination. 3). Horizontat Intensity of Earth Mag. field The hovigontal comporem® of £0- Fant Yarns | Fetal at amy point v cattecl havigentat Entemaity. BV = Bsns _ 2 wisest BH Bere 7S C2 towsaad B= Jenova Maogqnetce Fietd 04 Earth: » ( © Umrag autre south) (Magnenc Nentaion ; (Geographicat Mein 9 (nad = OW (fon ecvve anvie) 7 quater) — Bete magnate Ue n= a eam “| Magnentes (magnetic Equater) Magnetic Field Intensity due to Magnelle Dipole: (asics $ wae ee = = (Geographical ) Pots On Artat Line: ‘Hl On —_____“srgrephicet ) Pate __ ~— aR PS Magnetic Material 2), On Equatorial | Faramegnatic) Dimmgnetic! Fercomegnatie, 1) Odd no.0 fe" ur} 19 Ever no! Of] 1) Lt comsints of ——______— = = + puter mostorbill and possess | domiafn seprate Acting on Dipole in Mag. Pretd A posseasnetclipl ner auipett mo-| Hy omatin sell Te Pxdis, = Ma2tsmé = “M2iBsine Moment. ment oO __| MBain@ ——AILgns to |2) Alkign 1 to [2 strong fom . . [T= Masine Fietaé get wutnt] erct.frett. | of fara magneton torque i Lte mag. fel ama amgy: ctipole momuntthy-ly ragnetisect Ic J 7 Tmax = MB =(SinO <1) ,O= 90" { Due to Torque rotan) Along extfiela.| B) 4 tmin = 0 = (sime=0) ,6: 6 | Monon atinear, AOE _ — ___“).Mag. fret paas [20 Mag. field |3) Ternp. abvanith Horkdone in Rotating the Dipole through geuostona| repeal et by siubs| Forrromagnetie ih so | tenet. Slub. becomes ae MB [cos@; - CoS 2} 8 (s— = koe panammagmetic Permanent Magnets are Made up of Steet » Ihaeate wun oS aay | Cate cunie Hystersis Loop/tuswe: Tae graph plotted blus exter, PeeeeaseiterPl increas iy temp] Termperatenns Htetd (H) ae mag, incluetion (6) Us tolled "BH Curve” or Itystetsis Loop, Emevgy Loss : Worketone (energy Loss) th a amd cemagnetisation U eq. lo ata of BH unye a —______| Elements of Earth's Magnetic Fietd : D Angle of Dip: Angu blur horjgontat wre 2 mag Marten a5 ao feuy suspended ‘mag net, Electromagnehs: Are prepantet by passins electare, CUAERE 110 SOlenetdl The magnebisrs lasts sill tu uitumt & parsed. It can be increased bys D. Imceeas no. Of wut 2). Imereing Cuuent B). Levnig, soft tori core ig an 6 mased tren Mit4, Eecrro MagweTrc INpUCTION The. fhenomina in Foxedoy Law}~ ti) achonge. in Wy pay ies we produced . a ® ae~ £9 Saas of conan er wuutent 6 due 48 which it _ fw induced magnetic feo’ called elechomagnetic dnduction dinduuction . etic frolic, cuswiert swhich wl hole i Bange e= de Methacl er ifl chuye sion of ona ae siege de a oi Moti is The emp unduced due 40 mation paca a Jn mefield . + y= ab Motional 4mp:- ends Ratating sed \- ez a8 : it me +48 8 Ss erp . r-Da © ee x x aay =, : * e@2 BAA el 1 a : He “at ytdrty: [es-Bva) \ * Mae * e= Tea a oF -lnae ton — re.of Apakos ia incvensed | tb He biake A] sn ih ustientt Jina cail, i Je) opuent Jb peace which ingmeca “aint oe edn | Cet Cie Main eae ih units L=iH tH Deteomuka+ L= tm! alien, Solensid’: gz Li Cine Nj ¢ = BAN = (HoMiA)N Am semain some . = Mo Mata Pi BAN, G = (te yin AM Gemi, mi > toni mAli, Lis Henian Men at come four dimea (L oe Cledaical Resonance : Le Pawen in Ac. deutt? Pe LVelo Corp a. Pz Molo corp Bar [r= Vas! ams O# | br2]ALTERNATING CURRENT, + TRANSFORMER +H is | + ALC. Generate '- ein |e lies a device we te change a device wthich convesct _ “a AG voltage. . | mechanical eres into | jek & oe Principle 5 Ie IA hosed | electrical . i see | Paincile : Bade bdr rragritucle ‘rsa mr” Semaburction~ tuso cont ‘aug Puimasiy 9 weconday) ® i Youn odo & 5 !Thenease. vottas fe eee é a ard decease avd, Van 24 Peter] diner docxeane (Buuhos, | Yur GE [coan-varo] y= ae ov Lay = 240 Sand dnoneaser asec | cr 36. IE, siepup Stepdoun Vou = J V do meg = BA (sind) Yuug> t fiosn odo fu = sata « 10] 3 : Vag e Ye Clone)” : Ne (-14 Vang = Ye (-eorans cor?) “Me Hy) Vem Led, [aid x 1a pevwol ry Voms= e = -2 P? [Jaro-n] Pune oesiatiecaparttor circuit | saat ei a Vams= = (Bey bho ony) OL 3 a edt, Ts ed Cusindlt) ‘ion eo Senion COR Cineuit> Ch d sindt » CVeOcm) + —_ va. Ve +(e uy te Ne gin (Od +1/, ) Ph Gay*s afr Bort oe Yi hu z= [ee] [ee as] R dan ge X~Xe Mow tanta a BI, [tarde N M (di = Me fwindt dt = Vo [-t0s04)= <= = < + x ~ 34 7 wR OE. 2mm | ina ta gabe (© Analysis of oe details of sopecae and a 4 = iysion Yalve or magna “sdiodeg ~ «| atoinic structure. (on valve, Np Petgene (© Sitice A=33e10-? im, useful for demonstra » 5 __ [Mba oll wave propenties on macroscopic fi 3 : ya 4 as Salk | EERE! P vibration of som aid S oe Sey Fe BS) | Visible Bent; ae | 760 sumvto, | Electrons. in atoms emit y hy | (i albasty ohaaies Cea * oe 3 pee 00a | Phooawophté de eoatyes pai ste gs aig & 8 Sc 's a = y S yh : sae spaconid for sates) om “ q 2 >. 2 | wana [sete settee | nowate mapa sey a eye FEE 2 Kier . SpindSsieine | 18 le Byer E - ey 3 | xs [ad ow | i ‘Scaay aes or inne el) | Phovographde Slnv Geiger | (a) Penetats atx (eg, adlogmaphy) eG: z é EA ,) ion elecrons. -- Be etetendhnce @loniet gates $ } sé 3g = | Root, : $3 5 “ieee au gud = Related and dittadedby eysalgenabting |S* 5S ad a ae ‘ fence pacing and (or wavelength) © | 2 33° S| vd es s @« $) | Gamma.’ |-10to 10-]< 1073 nin | maaonctive iid the:| Phologriphe lo Geiger Silas t0 Xerays, a zi 2 rays ; mucous. on Saber | it 3a fi \[peeqnel] oh * tres ow Wise CASE Be & ener oe) : Cov pagakne) Kye etn (ex-ve) ~ Conasg Feld ~ _ AE 29g as ~~ = aD Em waves carry energy & Monch. > Cue vediehen premuey P se Conboy6. RAY OPTLCS Fy Magnitigatton ™ 6 otonven Minor +f met amd negative > Concave Murior =f uw — Atal Unvteted, + Virtual eruet. £ ML (ertarged) met mort. Ud, both 4k Comal) z 5 Refraction of Light : i Maeda ow oA kL sink mR aye ee Total Internat Reflection (i) Denser—> Raret ii) Lote simi = (4) a i] Thin tens Formuta: — | Refraction through Sphevcal Sutjoce DSsumprion: a) Object AB image A'a’ ” 9 8 SABP = BAB'P ABE = APEN ea Sn 2, Smatl Aperture 2. Point size object sw ow a, AB. AB 2 FB Lud ¥ (ster iby outvery, PR one! PF Te AA'B'F = AMFP i+ Me. AB LPR eS gy vs . ra eqn ana cay, ae = 4G From eu) and (2) pariy By sign convenblen uw.f art Ve. Sou any = AUB-Y) She Luss eS) _ a BA PE as | Bt OH o- yn Conver ru At ne Pe uv-ug guage striae eave Si af my FR uve uf avg. VE = Cw ~ CUD: 2b = ww Divieting by uv vg =-uvs uf | | MAL e ab 4 ine “a Ph uy = ug-ve Vou RR uw} aw: ae. fri; Dlvieuing by uve a1. Ge edith v $ vou ~hoe du Gombinect Focal Length: wee > ~ a = Muustpuydigy, iy xt a) hoot 17 dew 2 tat iw UV vee JAst lens ovens image 1/0f 0 adding eq (1) 4 UU. FAN Teas owen mage eb L - -4, Rvwa 5-4 = Ue (e> Me) g it — tacts as object jor tecond ley , 1 oe ey (hi ame final vege 6 formecl FY ests asam object feusecond | | ¢ = UA) (R.-7e,)) | Od Fee ee murgect Go that final tmage is Retin @ formed at T, 50 sor cicond surpace, || Power of Lens: . Oe ce Ww i” P= L 2 Joo. Diopter pany 09 tnd hw Mas-t Sim Fm Lot bad vo RagTr quodfiataat Amr LY 90 4LP+ 90" = 2607 | A490 § Ibo - (rt det0-360 Ae Mitt, —— l= sin (A sro) bE LOD verticnuy % ise > AtS sin (A) ee rin y FT opposite rngus At minimus deviation See —— a. | b For Hum prism ise = Cntradt Gay) —— 0 bes tere P Sry ate A+ Sm aa= Asm, s Y oteubr Lis equae sds (846m) —or Sm fe swrn of interior = T Pe 1Bo-(m ergy prom Fe (9/2) — n- Frisen Angie : _ - Ai Refract tre Amgutar Dispersion: = Sv-Se = (Ulv-le) A ‘spersth _ voted Dipersine Powers wy-8 - Sv-Se Cavwoe _— [is. UivolE Sy SY Gay A RevEES) Scattenin SY opprany blue. Redalish appearance of Sttn-ause., suemset OS Lights Se 1 (Ray veign) a Danger signats Rea. x [RavLeLeH LAS) OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS : Sfmple Microscope ; Convex Lens of Low focal length and high bowser —— i), Lmage at 0. sy aaret Object placed blue Fetuh oma tems iy + ~—t tO Mirtat etngel) \y Image NN W) mage at oo . Magnifying Povees sma. ngueieiytmag] OEE lated om fou \ mid angle macte byob iifyik > | % Alun rept on posinen) — MegMYtng forter fm F — 03 tmnoge. Compound Microsvope : Objective — Ctonven lent of lor Sota! dunqrh ame small opetue) Eyetens — Ceonvex tems of high focat Lingth amd lange apenturr)- i) Lrmage at Dd. w Tmage_at Infinit Fina Vatu tna tig mage ot tnpinty Pinal Pmage at Empini ty fem meve (2) wb io wo 2) de Se Length ef xube [= vo teAstronaumical Telescope} Objective : (twnver lems of high focal Lumgth b lange opchiit) Eyerens i(Convex tens of lon focat tumgth 4 smatt ap extuat.) i) Image at Infinity | 1) Image at Peretiay c 6 Pome, Sys /\— 3, —> Hp & a f\— fe dete bye ~y Pp , te ~] fe Se — = Se $e ~\) fii thnaggnie” Enlarged Lmage m: to ae (t+ dey fe | D-Diawelér 4 RP Length of the Tube L = fot ue ak a objective Ls fotfe (length of tube) Reflecting Telescope: Cone mirtor acts as am objectéve. Nenitonion - - r Terex Spe A OD ae yo ADVANTAGES | 1) Bright frnage Us formed - 2) Crnage fret from chrowmatis abbersition, uli Sf optical jmabuument jo fom & distinct ahage of 00 object yitunted lake 9 s eachathor Resolving power of - micnoncm fo f _ selene. [ern autaine | [@, . Bs A L22A _# } i RP oh ie of seaetetion Gz Es Be Tascintly ingest polosised Polarised (Motto Renate) N\A. 6 Breeoster§ lacdGs Unit, Wave Oprtees "A umelet is she point of disturbance due to propagation of tight. +A wavefwont is the Jew of points in the some phase of esctitation ‘A ime porferelicular fo a wsaeproret wb Labledt a ‘say, é AA. Fe indbitnd tof Plame w.$. Sphexical Wf. froma Dinoay epuxce Huyocn's PrInereLe i find sho hohe usudfront af ary poxticular Jmteunce the iw® fasbuulate ave- @) fach paint on pi usme-f. acts ara ounce ON recondlany us, shih _, Dawe dn alt disection with haved of, tight . WH) the fowsoxd ervelobe as commen naw) “osareperda , ae “f eemanag 8 gle dae ripe ORS tt vo Source Reflection by Huygen' Principle iv FeSsaction_by Hyygen's einciple 3 a (m1) il ve x T AMPHond BMON | mon=mN commen wile P20 ; PN= Vit EPoLO% 90", P= MO (disk eaverel macy, t ght isonet Ba oMPN SAMON . (ay sas) §, 50-6 ¥ Me A aah a - fo ovophng a nonce of Light> Vauiation ef intensity Light due dap pi Sulesjovence of Nett tue Otght quctues . ¢ of ie Comatectie - Remttant jneseant amd party Qf a fpomed . fen si AKO ASDA, ~ eae te Destauctiie (Priel an2A,, , 34, . Sort Phare di. ABE oO , 2k, UR, 6R- ~ ant Praredifs- ab=x , an, $x Pesbuictive ~ “Resultant jy minimum « BG = 2h DK A iment (YDS)'- A monachseomedtic sight tam is incident sin double wit the ~palteoon obtain en weseen caraist of alternate bxiakt and doxkbomds, cabled pingos . =— -Anyr Young's double slit 6Expression fox Toterevence. Tatlemnt ot Me tuso Inkesfestonce ware rea tindst Y= a, Cain (049) Epp by Pe Susporfaasition - . Y=tVYe Y= aainds + a sin (t+) = V caainds+ a,sinds dorg +a,cast ain Yo sindt (a t-a,corg) +0 ,cor Dt cing y RSinDE MOr9 + cost [ a,r0,can p= Rear RNB | gs uing= RUNS Y= Rain (Ot +0) + Og CO +a,einf = RCO B+RYND Suave bath vice . arta; card taped = irate e's ‘ . 2 (gine +102” 8 ara cote ir? = Re Ee Taeorvaanse | Rena = (Oit%) FO Rain = (iO) _ © = 180 [Baatad Tledorence Pattern the. indenaity . of atl aight pond i equal. “2A 4,” “A, © My By, 2A HUR-SR Hw pn aK UE Expression foo Ssdimpe usd th + 52M = s,P-GP F from AS.PC { 3 SPevioeade af thom Ds, BP, o SP = DY (aed)? L, “apts 2 ond G2P-S,P) (s,P45,P) =2xd (8?-S1?) (D+D) = 9Xd S$, P-S\P2 oxd Fea heb Jutngo fer fash diffewnce , SaP- sana Beni =, Send pe” 6» WH)ADdD nad we QnA Be%Inu~ Xn 2 =Qort)- Dene} y= On-JaADdD p Dob pe XT] L | Cohswerct Saunce ~The 20% tight bowne - Ihave ike cohoxent sounce ji be Je dome fasent sowie. || Diffraction- Th in bencling. of Light ot Shop LOND ar edges.Cwrr-W ~ DUAL Nature of mMarter. mms AND RADTATION — = The emission of electron due $0 achien ep Aight 4 Suitable nod is called photaelecbc “omission | The © emitletf ane catled -photaclectons , sition of Phaton- (a) Photon is o sundle erexpy -(E= hd (b) Phatton travetl with ape” tik i Ez he (e) Rest mors Of phaton 4s @) momumtium ve is’ mei the 2 rick soon i cuutable operas ta om it d phateclectx abholi metals Stke 1, Wo, K shew tpheinteole affect with vatble igh metal ike Zn m9 Co sespond fe wltrmialer “L laws of ie nba, oe — to) minimum ere x ate i tle [ioetiakel toy au a wank e THe: fap om roforiing Se ‘Or W we Qy = Hwteshatel frequency b photon interact lth a le election, © ioe ‘e dhe enmegy 0f incident a dhe Kinetic enssegy of & emistert incwot , Effect of Tntensity + a wee, “le ‘on, Det, ‘Sutera (foveq,= constant ) i Effect _of Frequency iZ = cment| mer freq, wot ¥,79, i Ps sage ingensity constart rate rab Delpertilion 4 Phomk', Constant | FiSamig Rinastel Photaclectric equation — hI = h® +KE ee = RE nd ME. 51 ze* "Only these orbit ae cultoutEs fai uthieh the ang iuax mementeem (mvr) i integral mult “ipl of Man + Tue na4,2.a Quantum NO. mi) Electrons evolving in huts stamonory omit de Tee roatase enegy {nen andiodie eri eveehis) ombies IV) Uf the e° goes from erbit of eneigy E1 teeth orbit of energy Ex trena photon ch energy Vv radiated such tat. Tad> EE. Lyman Series + Electron jump from higher Lyman serte jump 9 orbit to fist orbit. myth) mF 3 eR(4-L)=9 Sei Garde) = at hues voiter Region. Nae 1 1 . 8 aeR( LL) 2 B98 Bodmer + Vistole kegien Pashen, Bracivett, PFund :- Far infrad-Volume hos 2tN Electron Volt (ev) = Unit of energy Mass = Atomic +No. oF ine “LA ND. -NEMrOH fev = L6 x10" 8S. Lamu = 931 Mev NUCLEBR DENSITY : Lo'? Icy Imo3 2 % on 26 Ro = 14x10 Nueleons = Protons eNeurrend) Nuclear oe tqars Mo. : Ya (BC )= 666 x10 eg 8 xo] tremi: 10 p, Tholepem dent ef matsno.amd same rarer tp Tor que elements e es = sm re - Fateege i goede eae EsotoPes + Same protons (2) but apathy Bx) HY, HES GHG aH, ate, gag = No. 0f Newton pirat ESObArS: Same (4) but olygeumrt (2) Ct Wats ye mel wet teh? Ls0toNes: same no. neutrons, : Car ately gO; ett Mass Energy Relation :[E=ame?] | Variation ih BC). 44, Mth mass no. Energy & rmass cat ineexconvevtible 1 BE/p ts very uns Mass Detect + Differences vn maues 6 - Of Mucckeoms & nucte! its msgt ET dom = [ZMp + (1-2) Mn}]-pmased 2665 a "1 [Sect neieau apeee Binding Energy: Energy equivaune| = 120 formes degece. DE. =0m1.c> — [ Manimaim ie = 30 to A130 BEsNucteon (He i i i i 1 1 5 Pocicing Fraction: 6.6 perntecteon. 6 Rass Nayth) 08 Ape king Traction 4) Pete for ge", (cl, golf abe estabiuit he 86) 20"eLe ameiteate mov 5). Mare & GE/y , more ts Atability of amasccens MUCLEAR FISSION; Sp dltting OF uanry raudlaus , 407% gn > qb geen Binlad eh NUCLEAR FUSCON : Fusing hu OF mete tighter nuctel. IH 't H!—> HA e490 RADLOACTIVITY : Spontaneous emission ef radiation (c,p,V) from radioactive nuctel. Laws of Radioactive Deca % (pHe*) P telectron) | Y (photon) 1) Spontaneous. ax he tole = Lex tole ° 2) Rate of ells integration U dreclyl mers:| 4x 167 x10 hy QtKlos! eg | Restmass O proportional to no,oj storm at Hast Hone 3). Indepemcumt of tempuatuu, pressuse etc, WE Nob eomizte aimaattarsety ngietd| Desiectect by clectric. of Mag. field | Noejfeet Les thon ¥ Spend of Ug rt decay foe Loctivity of 1g siceticem) N= Ne + Becquerel (64) - 1decny /sce ($2 unit of roctionetivity) Hoty fe Pn sRutherford (R4) - 10% Decay /see Fon yen tet N= No ( [eras] N= Ne (LE) tty, | be teuteut Birt we . att = ih Th reste tN pee pm - 2 Lpense 9) pitscayECE} 11895 Be COE {fonduckins By «| SeratconBu dor Exon : Vinsdalow Gy mew Dk, bm Se) benpunitg, [es to"! (tinpune sernicenauetor) Cpeeepiee Tyee) Mivetent LB Majong cosntes holes Type © (Donen Type) Pentovosent ( Bt, Ar, 82) Majority Canales electrons Doping: Mixing Suitabte brapuaity in Sf,be Net CHARGE “On PORE oR CMIPURE SEMICONDUCTOR, 15 0 ZERO. PN Junebion: Teo Ce oH Reverse uuntert Undies te Tez, $ ate re Po omen aya Pett] Aion —rercanOsing fer ag 2 Depletion Layer: Layer near jumetion, hevingmo free ches taser Layer near jumetion heving-no free chaage US) 4 * Width of Depletion layer decreases with £0. and Vice versa Potential Barrier: Potential Dev etopect, acrors jundtion, r cy Bo. Ghia: Ricenaeea ee Seon an Piva ineovet lads 5 voltage stabuige. oe e lator + Produce electvonie pti-| Transistor as Swlteh ~~ Arnplifier (CE Mode) L Os A Yo = Veo~ ieR tome a" sana tae [7 ctreue MiG, ous ummoble snus A Poe Vo =Meeo ei "1s revadbost coud ste/sy 2g Rectifiers! gonversion of a. into elt elas Hal} Wave Arequernts Sot, voltage ain = Ve aes Curvent Goin, Principle: Small cnamge on inp wore 7 fn nasal imtarge chang nO] TED CED ight emtiting Dlods + Uned TAG EG produced dia €-F combination. ehpairs gemexatecl cut lo dreidunt photon hd 5 Fp, srierovione GY RB ~ ign 1.50. high opltal absention a soian cell 0! Convert saan emengy int cleclica 2D]: [Bike Onbeaies Logie Gates Cleetrone denies whith give ona O/P for ont ou mou™ Basic Logie Gate, Hi wp.or,wor — pNIveesht GATE. WAND, NOR 4h] = oF -] ie =D festyete leestos le fy ate : Barr veagion Bvenyihin and] & © : ! tots OfP eunuseemt- ° 4 D o__| uy AT sumer lors10. COMMUNICATION SYSTEM ” (5 Marks) ELEMENTS OF COMMUNSCATION SYSTEM: Communication & Me act ef transmits on ef Unformation. Every communication. SYSECM hoy Mure essentent elements. Tromsmitter. , Medium | Chamnet| Unk , Receiver Message Signal Transmitte, Tpestination Baste “Modes of Communication; «Point to Pomt : Lint betuuen singe hansmitter and a receiver . + Broaceast + Large ne. of Hecelvers covrespo: Boste Terminotogy: Transdecer: Device converts onc foom of Attenuation: toss of strengin of signat on tnergy fo othr, 7 Propogation: ‘enat " mplification: Tryeneaaions rude. Signal! Information im electri¢ form. Amplification; Ineneoring ampti tude Pnateg-continious Drgital— Dist centinious| Repeater Combination of receiver and & : on framsmitter urstel to ere! = Unwanted Signed of tornmuenicacion + nema Bandwidth of signals: Bondusidth xepers te He frequency range cur Uthich wignal’ es Lam equipment operates - + Speech Siqnal s S00H2 to 3too He Cletephonic Communication) cling HG sungle transmitter, BR 3100-200 = 2B00H2 + Music Signal: 204 to 20KH2 Bi + Vidleo Signal GW: > 4.2MHe V. Signals (Voice 4 Picture) - EMH + Digital Data (Computer ata) ~ coomuez 2OKH2 (approx) Bandwidth of Transmission Mectium : Wireless BM = 540-1600 Kia Wire [ Cable. PM =88-108 MHz Coaxial Cab, - 350 mu2 7 TV = 54- agora Cnormatty opesoted belov 186#2 ‘ i Mobi a 2 Optical Fibre - teoane obile = 896-939 MH _ — Sarewite -6.4GH2 Propogation ef EM Waves :— nos phint (BE) + Grounet Wave -(0-2MHz) For AM bread cast Broumel wave moves Cet EUXface Of Hue earth. Higher fq, Low Wartes camit be AUME as ground Wave oLuut to Heit absorption — oun wage by €outh. + Sley Wave-(2MH2*JeHHa)- By ionospheric suplection. of 4adio hones back to earth + For Sw broadcast . Paequumey hight than ToMH2 pemetrate. thro tyr inosphine & cant be aint ad shy wave. &. TY Signal. 98 tine of sight ~ btiectly fone tramsmnftter ment en + Space Wavem (Frequency greater than seme) [ Jarettite Commumication-Via Sateluee Terms Retated to Sky Wave sCribiendt Frequency : Hightit frequency of Aadio wares which amt normally te tones pint gets’ secptected. fe = 9 (Nmox)”? N- No. Demsity of electron) m > «Maximum Useble Frequency MUP: Righett frequency ef roslioware Wich WL sunt al Some angie t thwarile ionesphine gets repietteet. MOF > fysectKange of KV. Iransm : O1t= ort 4 p7? (Rth)*- 5 The maxiemumn Uns ef Signt dlestames eum betwen uo cuntemnas having heights hr the Above the CAath G guuun by + do Rt ht aRh= Rat dm-= J2Rh, +/PRHg HR ht ob meguigebe Exequtnry Modulation, Kez oj carrion wart chauges atarding Menage signals Carney sig — total Vavialiin tn freqrents teat = Rag Mods tedone 28 Production of AM Wave! antenna ¥ » Height of amtimna sugqurttel is | I5lom. (Avy) Whichth immposi bie. Denptitaae | OM awe ye | Mectuxlation: x 2. Ponur raciateat o 4 Neen et : Bip F low freq. &gnat wide. damping: ote TRANSMITTER 3. Mixing of lows. freq. Aignat. Bid. of AM Ware = (Wet tym) = (We-WOm) + Mocutlalion Us superpetition ef low frea» * iden auctio signat ener shigh freq courrier wave for dong clistorner Propegattens a ae ¥? uD prevoanve, Doe tn ~) Moca tati 5 Cegied, AWA Signal fl Amplitude Modulation! Variation un amplitusle Of COU wave cuccorcling DEMODULATION } Democtiilatien Us revense bo information signed. Procesof modulation. Lt is torecover ti - = t Message Signal - 70 (t) = Brn Sunt metunge signal at xectivirg ond Caraier Wave — C(t)= Ae sim Ute t Moctutoted dtymat Cm(t) = mCt)4 CLE) . . : v s Cm(t) = (Act Am Stn Wmt) Sin wet ss é oe 2 Modulation Umgtere» = Am yareanin | es lz Ae Cem(t) = Ae aim wet 4 teAe atin Wit sim et RECERVER. 1 opt -AnRA | ut Cr lt) = Aedintvet + UAccos (e-usm)E — oorrer z ' Frequency Spectrum: t E Ae LSB = Loven stele Good quatty © High Fidelity Bamel 3) High, ektraent. BEB Upper ide ne Tilernet; www - wold wide weds . * LAN 7 Local Area nj WAN. Wide hw