HYBRID BICYCLE

CHAPTER 1

1.1 INTRODUCTION

Main reason to identify the need of finding and modifying E-Bike is to overcome the
issue of the pollution because of vehicles in metro towns & urban zones is swelling
uninterruptedly. Considering the all class of society it is not reasonable for all to purchase
(scooters, mopeds or motorcycles). So, combining issues, environmental progress supporting
and economical affordable alternative would be the best solution.

Typical parts of E-bike (Electric Bicycle) are Brushless DC Motor (Hub Motor),
Throttle (Accelerator), Battery Storage (12 V), Chain Drive, Frame and other common
bicycle parts (fig.1). There are two parts of electric bicycle as per their functions and
working: Power on Demand and Pedal Assist. The motor is activated by a throttle with
power-on-demand, customarily handlebar-mounted as well as on general scooters or
motorcycles. By pedaling electric motor can be controlled with pedal-assist. The pedal-assist
augments the efforts of the rider when they are pedaling. The e-bikes are known as pedelecs
have a sensor to identify the pedaling force, the pedaling speed, or both. Disabling the motor
is the brake sensing action.

Future e-bike is the best technical application as a visionary solution for the better
world and upcoming generation. E-bike comprises the features like high mobility efficiency,
compact, electrically powered, comfortable riding experience, light weight vehicle.

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1.2 LITERATURE SURVEY

REFRENCE YEAR AUTHOR METHODOLOGY OUTCOME
PAPERS NAME
1. Self-sustaining 17 JUNE Pierfrancesco The main idea is to In this work, the
Strategy for a 2013 Spagnol, consider the load- concept of full
Hybrid Electric Matteo Corno, dependent efficiency hybrid bike is
Bike Roberto Mura of the cyclist and let presented. With
and Sergio M. the electric motor research in further
Savaresi assist the cyclist in development of e-
low efficiency regions bike by introducing
while letting the a charge sustaining
cyclist recharge the device.
battery in high
efficiency regions.
2. A Safety 2010 Ming-Yi Dai, This paper attempted In this paper,they
System for Hsin-Tsung Ho, to develop a safety have been
Intelligent Chih-Ching system for intelligent developed a safety
Portable Hybrid Hsiao portable hybrid system that
Electric Bicycle electric bicycle. The includes an Anti-
safety system includes crash warning
two functions: system and a
(1). Anti-crash Balanced tire
warning system pressure monitoring
(2). Balanced tire system. This
pressure monitoring system is an easy
system. way, low cost and
less power
consumption.
3. Battery December Kishore Naik This paper explores This paper reviewed
Charging 2018 Mude the through review of the battery-charging
Method for battery charging infrastructure for
Electric infrastructure from the Electric vehicle
Vehicles: wired connection to and power
From Wired to on-road wireless infrastructure for
On-Road charging for an the wired charging.
Wireless Electric vehicle.
Charging
4. A full hybrid June 27-June P. Spagnol, An experiment This paper presents
electric bike: 29,2012 G. AlIi, performed in cycling the design of a self-
how to increase C. Spelta, track compares the sustaining hybrid
human efficiency P. Lisanti, mechanical and electric bike for
F. Todeschini, metabolic results improving human
S. M. Savaresi between traditional efficiency.
and A. Morelli and hybrid electric
bike.

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1.3 PURPOSE OF THIS PROJECT

The increasing demand for pollution free transportation and to reduce the use of non-
renewable petroleum products therefore we are leading to a development of electric-bicycle.
Establishment of E-Bicycle helps to maintain personal mobility, substitute short car journeys and
promote health and wellbeing-bikes use rechargeable batteries that can travel up to 25 to 45
kmph, much faster than most people would cycle, getting you to your destination in quicker and
in better shape. In a nutshell they offer affordable-cost, energy efficient and emission-free
transportation which also has physical and health benefits.

1.4 PROBLEM DEFINITATION

In present scenario, owing to the increasing number of automobiles the need for
petroleum products is reaching its peak point. Petroleum products are non-renewable and may
possibly get exhausted in future, so it is better to move to alternate energy sources. To design a
hybrid human powered vehicle which gives the rider optimum amount of comfort for riding over
long distances also keeping in mind the durability of the vehicle.

1.5 OBJECTIVES
To overcome the problem and the weakness, this project need to do some research and
studying to develop better technology. To make it success there are several thing that we need to
know such as what will be the prime mover, how to stored it and the advantages of this new
vehicle. In that case, these are the list of the objective to be conduct before continue to proceed
on this project:
1. To design battery (Li-ion) assisted motor to drive a bicycle for the benefit of Senior citizens.
2. The hybrid bicycle enables substantially longer distance power assisted cycling by
regenerating power from pedaling energy and charging it in the Battery.
3. To develop low speed bicycle, but for a longer distance.

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1.6 SCOPE and LIMITATION

Scope
This project is consists of two part that is hardware and software. The hardware will be
the bicycle and the software is the program of the controller to control the operation of the
bicycle. To be more specific about this project, there will be using several things that are:
1. Use solar energy to recharge the battery.
2. Use PIC Microcontroller for charging system.
3. Use high torque motor to drive the bicycle
Limitation
1. It’s heavy, which makes it difficult to store and very difficult to pedal up a hill if you run
out of a battery power.
2. Short battery life and long charging time.
3. Price of motor and battery increases with the increase in energy demand of consumer.
4. Both pedaling and dynamo cannot always provide the sufficient amount of power to
recharge the battery.

1.7 Relevant field, type

 Relevant field = General
 Type = product

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CHAPTER 2

METHODOLOGY

Fig 2.1 block diagram of hybrid bicycle

Fig 2.2 hybrid bicycle model

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2.1 COMPONENTS REQUIRED

I. HARDWARE:-
1.Lithium-ion battery
2.Motor controller
3.Throttle controller
4.Wall charger
5.DC motor
6.Power brakes
7.Buzzer
II. SOFTWARE:-
1. Arduino IDE

2.2 SPECIFICATIONS

1. Lithium-ion battery= lithium-ion batteries are a family of rechargeable batteries having high
energy density and commonly used in consumer electronics. Unlike the disposable lithium
primary battery, a lithium-ion battery uses intercalated lithium compound instead of metallic
lithium as its electrode. This term is also known as a Li-ion.the electrodes of a lithium-ion
battery are made of lightweight lithium and carbon. Lithium is also a highly reactive element,
meaning that a lot of energy can be stored in its atomic bonds. This translates into a very high
energy density for lithium-ion batteries.

All lithium-ion batteries work in broadly the same way. When the battery is charging up, the
lithium-cobalt oxide, positive electrode gives up some of its lithium ions, which move through
electrolyte to the negative, graphite electrode and remain there. The battery takes in and store
energy during this process. When the battery is discharging, the lithium ions move back across
the electrolyte to the positive electrode, producing the energy that powers the battery.

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Fig 2.3 Lithium-ion phosphate battery

2. Motor controller= A motor controller is a device or set of device that help in regulating the
manner in which a motor works. There are two modes through which motor control components.
Can start or stop the motor, either manual or automatic. The controller is also able to engage the
motor into forward or reverse rotation as well as regulating and limiting the rotary speed, torque,
and protecting against electrical falls and overloads.

Fig2.4 Motor controller

4. Throttle controller= A throttle controller is a process responsible for regulating the rate at
which application processing is conducted, either statically or dynamically. A pedal position

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sensor is connected to the vehicle accelerator pedal that sends signals to the ECU of the vehicle
which controls the throttle valve.

We can define electronic throttle controllers as tech devices that sharpen a vehicles throttle
response by modifying the voltage signal from the wire pedal assembly. The driver can then tune
the response from the accelerator pedal and eliminate throttle accelerator lag.

Fig2.5 Throttle controller

5. Wall charger= The wall charger generally gives more output and hence is more efficient for
charging. Though now mostly all the manufacturers give USB cable and a wall charger with a
USB port, they are also equally efficient.

Fig2.6 Wall charger or USB pin charger

6. DC Motor= DC motor were the first form of motor widely used, as they could be powered
from existing direct-current lighting power distribution systems.a DC motors speed can be

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controlled over a wide range,using either a variable supply voltage or by changing the strength of
current in its field windings. Small dc motors are used in tools,toys and applicances.a large DC
motors are currently used in electric vehicles,elevators and hoists.

Fig2.7 DC motor

7. Power Brakes=Power brakes are a system of hydraulics used to slow down or stop most
vehicles. It uses a combination of mechanical components to multiple the force applied to the
brake pedal by the driver into enough force to actuate the brakes and stop a vehicle that can
weigh several tons. Most bicycle brake systems consist of three main components: a mechanism
for the rider to apply the brakes, such as brake, levers or pedals.

8. Buzzer= A buzzer or beeper is an audio signalling device, which may be mechanical,

electrometrical and piezoelectric. Typical uses of buzzers and beepers include alarm devices,
timers and confirmation of user input.

Fig2.8 Buzzer

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9. Microcontroller=A microcontroller is a small computer on a single metal-oxide-

semiconductor integrated circuit chip. A microcontroller contains one or more CPU’s along with
memory and programmable input/output peripherals. Microcontrollers are designed for
embedded application, in contrast to the microprocessors used in peripheral computers or other
general purpose applications consisting of various discrete chips. Microcontrollers are used in
automatically controlled products and devices such as automobile engine control systems, remote
controls, etc.

Fig2.9 Arduino IDE Microcontroller

2.3APPLICATIONS

1. hybrid powered bicycles can be used as transportation vehicle in cities instead of petrol
Vehicles; because of small in size it can avoid traffic jam.
2. Young, aged and also physically challenged people can use it for short distance travelling.
3. Any bicycle can be hybrid powered electric bicycle.
4. Since the use of lithium-ion battery is non toxic in nature it can be used in automobile
Industries.

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2.4 BUDGET
Budget Amount
1.Wall Charger 200.00
2.Lithium-Ion Battery 3400.00
3.DC Motor 2250.00
4.Throttle Control Handlebar 690.00
5.Microcontroller 450
6.Buzzer 18
7.Motor controller 990
7.Report 400.00
8.Miscellaneous 500.00
Total 8890.00

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

[1] Pierfrancesco Spagnol, Matteo Corno, Roberto Mura and Sergio M. Savaresi “Self-sustaining
Strategy for a Hybrid Electric Bike” 2013 American Control Conference (ACC) Washington,
DC, USA, June 17-19, 2013.
[2] Ming-Yi Dai,Hsin-Tsung Ho,Chih-Ching Hsiao “A Safety System for Intelligent Portable
Hybrid Electric Bicycle” 2010 International Conference on System Science and Engineering.
[3] Kishore Naik Mude “BatteryCharging Method for Electric Vehicles:From Wired to On-Road
Wireless Charging” Chinese Journal of Electrical Engineering, Vol.4, No.4, December 2018.
[4] P. Spagnol, G. AlIi, C. Spelta, P. Lisanti, F. Todeschini, S. M. Savaresi and A. Morelli “A
full hybrid electric bike: how to increase human efficiency” 2012 American Control
Conference Fairmont Queen Elizabeth, Montreal, Canada June 27-June 29,2012.s
[5] Prashant Kadi, Shrirang Kulkarni “Hybrid Powered Electric Bicycle” IJSRD - International
Journal for Scientific Research & Development| Vol. 4, Issue 05, 2016 .

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