INSTRUCTION MANUAL uop 6 BASIC WATER COOLING TOWER (10 PLATE) uoP 6 ISSUES DEC 1995ARMFIELD LIMITED OPERATING INSTRUCTIONS AND EXPERIMENTS UOP6 - BASIC WATER COOLING TOWER (10 PLATE) SAFETY SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM SYMBOLS AND UNITS SUFFIXES ‘USEFUL INFORMATION, INTRODUCTION [RECEIPT OF EQUIPMENT DESCRIPTION SPECIFICATION PRECAUTIONS AND WARNINGS PROTECTION DEVICES INSTALLATION AND ASSEMBLY PREPARATION FOR USE SHUTTING DOWN ROUTINE MAINTENANCE THEORY: Cooling Tower Terms Basic Principles Evaporation from a Wet Surface Cooling Tower Performance ‘THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES: Water Dalton’s and Gibb's Laws Humidity Effect of Air Velocity on the Indicated Wet Bulb Temperature WORKED EXAMPLE - ENTHALPY, SPECIFIC VOLUME AND MOISTURE CONTENT OF HUMID AIR PSYCHROMETRIC CHART SPECIFIC VOLUME OF AIR - EFFECT ON ORIFICE CALIBRATION Page No.ARMFIELD LIMITED OPERATING INSTRUCTIONS AND EXPERIMENTS (CONT/. APPLICATION OF STEADY FLOW ENERGY EQUATION 3 MASS BALANCE 32 SUMMARY OF EXPERIMENTS USING ‘THE BASIC WATER COOLING TOWER: En 1. Observation of the Processes within a Forced Draught Cooling Tower 35 2. Determination of all “end state” properties of the air and HO from charts and tables, and the application of the steady flow equation to selected systems to draw up energy and mass balances 7 3. Effect of Cooling Load on “Wet Bulb Approach” 8 44. Relationship between Air Velocity and l) Wet Bulb Approach Packing Pressure Drop 55. Relationship between Cooling Load and Cooling Range 6. Investigation of the Effect of Packing “Density” on. the Performance of the Cooling Tower 7. Investigation of Locally Designed and Manufactured Packings Use of Basic Water Cooling Tower UOPS in conjunction ‘with other Armfield Equipment aa 2B 8 ‘APPENDIX Specimen Observation Sheet Peychrometric chart Wiring Diagram ‘Transformer Wiring References BRaBe ADDENDUM. Packing Characteristics Column 6 GENERAL SAFETY APPENDIX‘SAFETY IN THE USE OF EQUIPMENT SUPPLIED BY ARMFIELD Before proceeding to install, commission or operate the equipment described in this instruction manual we wish to alert you to potential hazards so that they may be avoided. Although designed for safe operation, any laboratory equipment may involve processes or procedures which are potentially hazardous. The major potential hazards associated with this particular equipment are listed below. @ INJURY THROUGH MISUSE INJURY FROM ELECTRIC SHOCK POISONING FROM TOXIC MATERIALS (E.G. MERCURY) INJURY FROM INCORRECT HANDLING INJURY FROM ROTATING COMPONENTS BURNS FROM COMPONENTS AT HIGH TEMPERATURES SCALDING FROM BOILING LIQUIDS OR HOT VAPOURS (E.G. STEAM) DAMAGE 0 EYESIGHT DAMAGE TO CLOTHING RISK OF INFECTION THROUGH LACK OF CLEANLINESS ‘Accidents can be avoided provided that equipment is regularly maintained and staff and students are made aware of potential hazards, A list of general safety rules is included in this manual, to assist staff and students in this regard. The list is not intended to be fully comprehensive but for guidance only. Please refer to the notes overleaf regarding the Control of Substances Hazardous to Health Regulations.‘The COSHH Regulations: ‘The Control of Substances Hazardous to Health Regulations (1988) ‘The COSHH regulations impose a duty on employers to protect employees and others from ‘substances used at work Which may be hazardous to health. The regulations require you to rake an assessment of all operations which are lable to expose any person to hazardous slids, Tiguids, dusts, vapours, gases or micro-organisms. You are also required to introduce suitable procedures for handling these substances and keep appropriate records Since the equipment supplied by Armfield Limited may involve the use of substances which ‘can be hazardous (For example, cleaning fluids used for maintenance or chemicals used for particular demonstrations) itis essential thatthe laboratory supervisor or some other person in ‘tuthorty is responsible for implementing the COSHH regulations. ‘Part ofthe above regulations are to ensue thatthe relevant Health and Safety Data Sheets are ‘available for all hazardous substances used in the laboratory. Any person sing a hazardous {substance must be informed ofthe following: Physical data about the substance ‘Any hazard from fire or explosion ‘Any hazard to health “Appropriate First Aid treatment ‘Any hazard from reaction with other substances How to clean/dispose of spillage ‘Appropriate protective measures Appropriate storage and handling. Although these regulations may not be applicable in your county, it is strongly recommended ‘that a similar approach is adopted for the protection of the students operating the equipment. Local regulations must also be considered Water-Borne Infections ‘The equipment described in this instruction manual involves the use of water which under certain conditions can create a health hazard due to infection by harmful micro-organisms. For example, the microscopic bacterium called Legionella pneumophila will feed on any scale, rust algae or sludge in water andl wil breed rapily ifthe temperature of water is between 20 and 45°C. “Any water containing this bacterium which is sprayed or splashed creating alr-bome droplets can produce a form of preumonia called Legionnaires Disease whichis potenally fatal Legionella is not the only harmful miero-organism which can infect water, but it serves as a ‘useful example ofthe need for cleanliness, Under the COSHH regulations, the following precautions must be observed:- ‘Any water contained within the product must not be allowed to stagnate Le the water must be changed regulary. ‘Any rust, sludge, scale or algae on which micro-organisms can feed must be removed regularly, ice the equipment must be cleaned regularly. * ‘Where practicable the water should be maintained ata temperature below 20°C or above 45°C. If this Is ot practicable then the water should be disinfected if itis safe and appropriate to do so. [Note that other hazards may exist inthe handling of biocides used to disinfect the water. ‘A scheme should be prepared for preventing or controlling the risk incorporating all of the {actions listed above Further details on preventing infection are contained in the publication “The Control of ‘Legionellosis including Legionnaires Disease” - Health and Safety Series booklet HS (G) 70 i 1USE OF EARTH LEAKAGE CIRCUIT BREAKER AS AN ELECTRICAL SAFETY DEVICE ‘The equipment described in this Instruction Manual operates from a mains voltage clectrcal supply. ‘The equipment is designed and manufactured in accordance with appropriate regulations relating to the use of electricity. Similarly itis assumed that regulations applying to the operation of electrical equipment are observed by the end ser. However, to give increased operator protection, Armfield Ltd have incorporated an Earth Leakage Circuit Breaker (ELCB, alternatively called a Residual Current Cizcult Breaker or RCCB) as an integral part of this equipment. If through misuse or accident the equipment becomes electrically dangerous, an ELCB will switch off the electrical supply and reduce the severity of any electric shock received by an operator toa level which, under normal circumstances, will not cause injury to that person. At least once each month, check that the ELCB is operating correctly by pressing the ‘TEST button. The circuit breaker MUST trip when the buiton is pressed. Failure to trip means that the operator is not protected and the equipment must be checked and repaired by a competent electrician before it 5 used.UOP6 - BASIC WATER COOLING TOWER annoenid Hain aun -0) voIDeWWe)—sayomday | :SYMBOLS AND UNIT Symbol Quantity Fundamental Unit G Specie Heat Capacty 8 rig 8 Specie Enthalpy Tig! 4 Enthalpy ; a Enthalpy Rate w Ke Kinetic Energy 5 m ‘Mass kg m ‘Mass Rate kgs? M Molecules Mass egthg mote) P Pressure Nm P Power w 4 Heat Transfer per Unit Mase Tes? @ Heat Transfer Rate w R specific Gas Constant Tig a Ro Universal Gas Constant kg mole t Temperature (Customary) “< T Temperature (Absolute) K . Spedie Volume mig! , ‘ime Interval : x Orifice Dilferentia mm #0 « Specie Hoaniity kek! ° Relative fumidty : 4 Finite Change hy Presentation of Numerical Data In this manual, numerical quantities obtained during experiments, etc, are expressed in a non-dimensional manner. That is, the physical quantity involved has been Asanexample: Pressure 150 ‘This indicates that 50 150 105 N. Sh pe 1S0KN m2 alternatively “5;