STPM SHEMISTBY THEBMREHEMISTBY— « Ghagier | Thetmochern ctr Exothen mic ~ {ease heat and causes Yhe decrease if the emthalpy of he System p Endothermic - Absorb heat and causes the incease in the enthalpy of the system | i-Enthalpy change of Reactions i} | AH, Reaction sy Masti Name iad 1 eer Standard enthalpy change of formation | gyn jie Gtondard enthalpy change Of combustion | Ex, | iii, | Meut | ctondard enthalpy change of peutralication | Ey 5 iv. | atom | ctandard enthalpy change of atomisation | Endo V. | Be — | Enthalpy change of bond energy Endo | WM. le Enthalpy change of onication energy Endo vie | ex [erhalpy change of Electun affinity — | Eye Ce, Endo Wi. | LE [enthalpy change of lattice energy Exo ix | hyd |Enthalpy change of hydration Ex0 x | Soln | Standard enthalpy change of Roth | SolutionMieGtandard Entratpy Change of Form ation, Atte a 3 —Heat change when one Mole of compound is fumed fiom its element © Under chandard condition more exothermic, the aHe, ut More Stoble the product formed c+ 0,09) = 0,69) 7, (More heat released) More reactive Hald) +300) > Hoo ay / Ltroiuet must be one mol SN tz% > NOL) - state of mater must mentioned Cac, CoH 3C@+3Halg)+ 026g) > Cts CH. Coon() CoH Og GEO) + G Halg) +3269) — Gta 0G (s) | Co, (9) 5+ 430, (9) — 60,@) Pu, O19 (8) Ful) + 50,63) 9 Pro (9) H Aly in thy element’s most Stable form is Zevor Alixn = & dHe (products) — Sats (reactants) On O ANAS)+50,@) > HT | how) 4 OOM), eg eHL) AN oa hole) Ree Na : a % ry BY =-1090.0kT Sof CO(N), : 320.5 -| v of CO; : Ale of NO: +460k)mol"! eats | ale of Myo = -286.0kymol" OF NHS + -81.9 | =? | Gllailate Ate of NH5¢g) ok | Blan= Zale (products) - Salty reactants) | Abia = 4 alle (enc |lo00= [h.(446.0) + 6(-286 ok a feos aa ’ (Ate) + 571 reaaNe : — Hp (NHs)) t+ 2.0 fore ee ‘He (NHS) == [10.5 ky mo|! | as carte & Ae (o) = Ok /mo)# metal + Or A organic CW) 40, will form Solid oxide % Non-Metal +0, will form noni colid oxide compound +2 wilh form CO, and HO Se(s) + 92lq) > 860,04) P4(S)+ 02g) > F010) N.G@)+ 20:(9) 24.0, (9) 9) > @,@) 1-12 Standard enthalpy change of Combustion ; AH% ~ the heat released when ane Mol of culsstance is burnt Uih excess ait (oxygen) under Ctandara Condition Sitnple Bomb Glontierer Galorimeter Oq=mee | Oma Aa ® qemicxmo! et. Bae Oake = 5] 4 1) The combuction of 0-659 of benzoic ig acid Couses the femperature of water inthe bomb Calorimeter 4o increace by 7-30K, while the combustion of |.25g of ethane -1,2-dio), CH (Ory Couces an ingease of |-B0K. Glulate AN? for ethane -!,2- dio | COiven ab,° for benzoic Acid, GHgCO0H, is - 3230 kI/mol J Jotg(00H COFTGGG) FLO: Ga) +6 H0(2) Mol of = 0-625 __ Qa= CO, Colyouh Toa cng) 4:6) 19)(I.80) = S.138x1g7 mo} ge-tstoxs.nsnp? 245K = 16.5k3 42 6® mol = sae b= C(240) DHe= 18.0 C=7.14 KK" cece ETS) =~ 642k mal) i Ss @Aauonlity of 436g oF naphthalene Mol oF _ 1-435. CHL IOH) +5050) COs) + Bi 02) | Cole ~ wOHED CCip He’) , 0 pungent smnelling Substance 4ced in moth repellents, Wac burned iN @ Constant-volume bottla Glorimeter, Concequently, he fempetature OF the Water foce fom 20.28°C to 26.96%. TE the heat Capacity of the bomb Plus the Watev was 10.17 k3/*C, Calculate the heat of Combustion of naphthalene = 0-01|2) mo} = 10.11(15.45-2028) 2 51-664) t Dvea al pape ~ poll =-5it4kSmo 7,13 Standard Enthalpy Change of Neutralisation, nea ~ the heat released when one mole a? Watey is formed by hydregen io”? from acid reacted with hystoxide ion from alkali under standard Condition M O4rmee —> @ m=; > © hag» ot crew mole of StpetonceCmre)) s 3 7 © S0.0cm* of 2.90 mol dm’ NaOH Soliton is added 4y So ca ae Moro | dim? WeS0q. in plastic Cup at 24f)°C Temperature of i Asc 10°C - the reaction (ai: Yo 42.0% Calculate the Ate for the feaction above. CAs eume aa the density of water = lq/em® , Specific heat Copacity of waite SOe- HeS0q shigag te '] Qur + => He SOqljt Na OHa\—9 NoS0y (x4)-+H> 0 (2), Mv - =mce ingle Imol of Hedy: © FETE 469 0)(hI8) neat 2.001500) 2mof of Ht (.0-79.0) logo 4 Mol of H = SHShT = 0-100 mol S O.0d60.0 N is i) Atoet > Mo) = COUCGo-6 + Naok-(6.100 mal ee ie a Wimitont ae 4 0100 mo) mol ot NagH: 2 mol of Ho0 Bhan 3 ol of H0 = 0. 100 mo) g/m OA quantity of To0cm* of 0. 500 Mo} dm* HCl was mixed With oven of 0-500 mj dmv KoH in a Constant preccure Calorimeter of Negligible heat capacity. The initia) tempetatwe of the Hcl and Koy coludions was same, 22.50°C, and the final “temperature of the mixeg Solution Was 25.6%. Calculate 4he enthalpy change for the Neutralization reaction Qe mee Hela) + KoH(aq) 3 KCla)+ HOoCL) ~ (lun t!00) (2586-12-50) (418) | mot of Hct = |mol of 10 = 1908 467 Mol of H.0 = 0.0500 mof y= My mol of Dog Kor MV osndcion) = @Swilu ia 1000 Tovo > 0.0500 m\ =0:0500 mo] (Both can be Vimitant) {en ze - aPie Standard. enthalpy Change of atomisation, AH‘atom- ond Bond energy, ANE @ Ad%etom ~ Heat absorbed when one mole of gaseous atom is formed from its element under Standard condition tc4@ > <1) Ng —> MgC) e Sls) Sly) «Tris exothermic process Since heat is abcarbed +o overcome 4he electrostatic attraction forces’ between each atom + AHain for Noble ~ gas is Okg @ Bond energy heat absorbed to break 4 Covalent bond between a Covalent Compound SiCly. a cl =C= a Allg) +34) O=C=0 Cig) + 20g) a’ Xo aaa) 2C=0 i: -! Aiag Cnt 4M Olgml!) | “Hes Ex Tha okt =H 482kJ wan = +1#80kI (ax4940): |45=Gtandard-enthalpy change of (onication enegy, AH: — the ej absorbed to remove one mole of elections from 4 Gaseous atom under Candard condition Mag (a) 3 MgGte™ Isite Mg*CQ) > Mg) te7 Ind TE ¥ Heat is absorbed +0 Overcome electrostatic aHraction forces between e” and nucleused Enttoly Change of electron affinity , AHes . = the energy Feleased when one Mole of electrons is accepted by a gaseous 1007. niet sors contin Why in Ind electron Due to repulsion coused by mutual charge abrinity , the Hen between anion and electron to be accepted iS endothermic + heat is absorbed to Overcome Such a epulsion fotces, -. the 1nd electron afnity is much endothermic thon expected Ea Ist = nen oO €30°G) 4H- Ata) kyo) SOD FES OF Ug) a= +24bk ma) larer=Gnlelpyrahanesohalad icons: —energy released when one mole of Cohd crystal lattice is formed from “the Oppositely charged gaseous ion No“G) +1) ~ Nacics) Mg?*(g) + 0*(g) 4 MgOcs) Ae Lobice energy x 20 iS hice LL-B-Enthalpy change of hydration, Atnya, ~ the energy Feleased when one mole of gaceove ions is disselved in excess water to form aqueous ion Colutions HP (g) +water 9H (ag) + form a ion -dipole FG) + watery —> F (aq) iMeratera ction More Stable thon VOW Fore’) ionic tadius |, charge, Polarity of ions with water moleculec f , Mote exothermic the hydration i+ is, Atnya— ee | pee Grandavd emthalpy change OF Colutien aH = x Soin a the energy. change when one Mole of Solute Cucually cold) is discolved iN ON exess quanti under Gandard condition ty of Water 40 form an infinde dilute Solution Tonic: Nact (6) + HeOl}> Nat dag) + CI aq) Covalent: Ce ttia0 (8) + HeO—> -CeMinOs 4) ka Hees’ Low > When feactants are converted to form products the enthalpy Chonge of reaction ic the came whether the feaction takes place © 2NO6s)+ 0,9) -7.2N0,69) in one Step OF iN a Series of Stepe & Revere | \ ine my % No (9) +'4Q,(g) > NOG) ‘Alig = + 46-0 k3/mo\ A) Ya No.9) + 0, 1g) NO,(g) alge +33-0 ka/mo| fet ZNO(q) 3 “Nata) + Me -M0K J} > “A 50 0, (4) 9 YNOs(g) aH «+66.01° | NOG) . +.02(9) > 2NOxlg) Ane -26 DesIma) DIG Ori) > Walt) ug (Ha0) = -286 kT / Mo} As (acl) = 38+ KI/ Mol (iugg 440s) 9 < %40 U2 Aik=286) | ( Feu +acheg) > HeV(g) Mig 384 Km yy mH.0 (L, > Dietq) + OG) m= +6129 a ants if 4.0 Nacg) #90,(q) (gy /k Deg (a) + 2Clalg)40, adsig) #214008) 153 +46 LHetgIF2Clalq) > 4 HCN)” aH=-168bky, C\g(g) + 1HoO(l) > 4HCICg) + 0,(9) AKA o/mo ancl 4d,@ A+ c-@ -CH,@+ch@) Famiaggr | Maton (ED) cx SAD) HEL aa Law) ee sation sClCQ) > COG)43H 9) + CLG) Bansal EHD. Se dane” FH (Hs) > C6) 43H. (9) Ado = +30¢K5 Cla) 42H) + c1G) =) > CIQ) > /anttaen= + lak x kel HOD > CPG Tgy| | | OH Ceay+3H109) 3 -Gtigcq) Aer Stlstgy alone ee pide) Hs 1-3 CH yah Gyiensiig Cislg) tla ee AWE (Cahn OH) © ~3820 5 / mo) ® AWCO, 1-348 Ky/mol —omoushon Energy ‘Au’ CH) 286 k1/mo) GH OH 2) 150,09) — 5 €0,q) 1G tho) San 2 Ale =-4320 ka/mo| Ft CL —> C0,(g) a = 295k Loot ZH) + 4) > oi) aK, .-286 1a) mol “SEO EGO) > CoPNOH OEY, OW 4427015 BEOPSD HEP ASGEOHQ) AH = “146513 SilaQrinbOstqnesidticalt) OH = -In16k3 | Segistiuii GEC): 15314).— > GohloH (OA DOGAR,sslksintc| ———— ® Giyc=CHH= CH (2) ghOOt) 5 CH, la CH COW) CH ce (t) ‘4 CHSC CH CH=CH < aK \ < Enegylks Hee Sioa can ainc4) 2) 3h Ho in rial COHAN + 7 eee, CHcth OUCOHDENG CHecH=cHch=cHe(®) #105(q) + > ae . 5Eoztay+ +06) -an=-2410 kr /nc Eblg( He CHEOH) Crh OH) CHy (2) 16,0 COM GY EUV (2) OH= +3190 ka/mo| Revette RS a es =i: a W,6 (0) Chic =CHG = Cale) + 250 ef ave nan! CiesesGH CoH) Gl OH) Cis (7) ino [SCC BH (q) + BO. -%l| | Coton) #240) 5 Lay] SCO Ha $3044coubility * 5) Avaya (Pb?*) =-142 ky/me) pean Abiga ( ay) 2 165 kg/mo | yg (968) = “1242 ksi Enetgy /kJ Pb (g) + woler oe (aq) My ta Ga water = Br (aq) AH « 65 Pog) 4L67G) > POE ay nee fee as 1m PNG) Fweler > (Mog) ah Sm _| By ts) + Water — r6r'laq) OH PBI) —3 PLC) 28/Uq) oH = 4 330k) anak ~ PbBr, cs) + water > Pb (oq) 42 Brilag) Pbbrls) AH Haka /me) —> Glubilityot Group 2 Sulphate VY Altsoin = AHyg - Hue V The more negative the AHssin, the More Solble the Solution V Site of Group 2 ion increased (from...) v However , Atnys is More Signiticant than Ste (v ince the Size of Sy ion is large v Both Atnys and Sie decreaced down Atoup 2 Culph ate V Mote negative in’ AHeen vate, mere exothermic the eaction V BeSO, IMgS0y dissolve in water / CaS0y [Sr S0y /BaSO, X discelve in Water E-R.Qi- __ ght ar vi bys - AS /EleSeaTher Bort-Habey Cycler ; 7 —AMp = BHP ie + CAH'otam of metal atom + Atloton Non-meta aten-+ DH of metal atom + DH‘eq fon- metal Kexo- One endo- Nee ~eneigylk3 HK AW \oy ea = exothermic % ALE mol WE HE (CAlletom , SHze /DMes ) MN(a) +m. @) te" eps matgu;| Mee | aRiok lg) 1 Mite M@4Sme(q)_| ot ¥4(9) x = _ J w+ mG) meatdm,¢| oe) Ate aq DMrg of MG) Sd Mm) Oe NO 4 Mag? Mm, MEG) 4 Mola) +36" Seatia ax 2K #*(9) + ala) ter bai (sect of Ms )) enc of MIG) . M(q) +M2(q) ee — fb WG@ + IMG) Mo)+M2(q) AH atom af MG) a ale Ase Ate of Mm, Cs) Mme) — OO 4Bo MXL — gM@4dh@> MB OH Energy /kI x 4s uv) Ma) + et , ‘Attanaes (endo) tna eA of (q)* Mg) Bolg tre" | Ate of BG) AHig of MiB(S) AHaton OF Big) aM yi sbu te | 4 |_3M(q)-t 2 85/9) Ay Atha xe of MCS) 2% AH ob MCs) ‘Ory of M;B(S) MsBCs) 9MG)4 380g) © Mw GR) yar energy /IJ ‘ M i m > Mn fe ' M"'@+ mG) Ald ES of mo il tem) +20"| Alle em oF mlq) x tty Beegict M4) MAG) +7m,.@) He can © DHand te of MY) + kg arupl DYis4 se ob (g) MOTE Mag) | 2° Haren of Ms) alte of Mm (5) gob Nu Mn) Abc of Mm(c)2M(ay+ 01 la) 104 nergy {kJ . MG) +30" @ 3% BHina ep of O"(Q)+- 34 2 KDHit en of 0 ) MG) +306) + 3e7 MENG) + 4 alg) +36" anges Atie of axnHoare ot MO'G)} | Ma03(S) T plead MO KAN te oP M a IMG) + 3-02 (9) DéAHotom of Ms)