Available online at www.sciencedirect.

com

ScienceDirect
Procedia Engineering 171 (2017) 191 – 200

6XVWDLQDEOH&LYLO(QJLQHHULQJ6WUXFWXUHVDQG&RQVWUXFWLRQ0DWHULDOV6&(6&0

([SHULPHQWDOHYDOXDWLRQRIPDVRQU\LQILOOZDOOVRI
5&IUDPHEXLOGLQJVVXEMHFWHGWRF\FOLFORDGV
0RFKDPDG7HJXKD 
a
Islamic Univerity of Indonesia, Kaliurang Street KM 14.5, Yogyakarta, 55584, Indonesia

$EVWUDFW

0DVRQU\LQILOOZDOOVRIUHLQIRUFHGFRQFUHWHIUDPHVWUXFWXUHVDUHFRPPRQO\XVHGIRUQRQHQJLQHHUHGDQGHQJLQHHUHGEXLOGLQJV)RU
WKLVHVWDEOLVKPHQWH[WHULRUZDOOVDQGLQWHULRUSDUWLWLRQVDUHPDGHRIPDVRQU\IRUSURGXFLQJDFRVWHIIHFWLYHVROXWLRQIRUEXLOGLQJ
SXUSRVHV$OWKRXJKZDOOVDUHXVXDOO\FRQVLGHUHGDVDQRQVWUXFWXUDOHOHPHQWRIUHLQIRUFHGFRQFUHWHIUDPHVWUXFWXUHVWKHPDVRQU\
LQILOOZDOOVFRQWULEXWHVLJQLILFDQWO\WRWKHVHLVPLFEXLOGLQJSHUIRUPDQFH7KHLQWHUDFWLRQHIIHFWEHWZHHQERXQGLQJIUDPHDQGLQILOO
ZDOOLVDFRPSOLFDWHGLVVXHLQWKHH[SHULPHQWDOWHVW7KLVSDSHUSUHVHQWVH[SHULPHQWDOLQYHVWLJDWLRQVRIPDVRQU\LQILOOZDOOVRI5&
IUDPHEXLOGLQJVXQGHUF\FOLFLQSODQHORDGV7KUHHW\SLFDOUHLQIRUFHGFRQFUHWHIUDPHVZLWKDQGZLWKRXWLQILOOPDVRQU\ZDOOVZHUH
H[SHULPHQWDOO\FRQGXFWHG WR VHHN WKHLU VWUXFWXUDO EHKDYLRU LQ WHUPV RI VWLIIQHVVVWUHQJWKDQG GXFWLOLW\ RIWKH VWUXFWXUHV ,Q WKLV
UHVHDUFKWLHEHDPDQGWLHFROXPQSUDFWLFDOEHDPDQGFROXPQFRPSRQHQWVDSSOLHGWRQRQHQJLQHHUHGEXLOGLQJVZHUHDGRSWHGWR
SHUIRUPW\SLFDOUHLQIRUFHGFRQFUHWHIUDPHV7KHLUK\VWHUHWLFEHKDYLRURI5&IUDPHVDVZHOODVWKHHIIHFWRIJDSVEHWZHHQWKHIUDPH
DQGWKHLQILOORQWKHVWUXFWXUDOEHKDYLRUDUHEULHIO\GLVFXVVHG
‹7KH$XWKRUV3XEOLVKHGE\(OVHYLHU/WG
© 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
3HHUUHYLHZXQGHUUHVSRQVLELOLW\RIWKHRUJDQL]LQJFRPPLWWHHRI6&(6&0
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
Peer-review under responsibility of the organizing committee of SCESCM 2016.
Keywords:VWUXFWXUDOEHKDYLRUVWLIIQHVVVWUHQJWKDQGGXFWLOLW\LQILOOPDVRQU\ZDOOF\FOLFLQSODQHORDGQRQHQJLQHHUHGEXLOGLQJ

,QWURGXFWLRQ

6HLVPLFUHVSRQVHRIEXLOGLQJVWUXFWXUHVWRVWURQJHDUWKTXDNHIUHTXHQWO\SURGXFHVLQH[FHVVLYHDQGXQFRQWUROODEOH
ODWHUDOGLVSODFHPHQWVDVZHOODVVHULRXVGDPDJHVWRVWUXFWXUDODQGQRQVWUXFWXUDOHOHPHQWV&RQVHTXHQWO\WKLVPD\
DFFXPXODWHGDPDJHVXVWDLQHGXQGHUUHSHDWHGORDGUHYHUVDOVDIIHFWLQJWRWKHODWHUDOVWDELOLW\RIWKHEXLOGLQJGXHWRWKH
ORDGGLVSODFHPHQWHIIHFW>@5HLQIRUFHGFRQFUHWHVWUXFWXUHVIRULQVWDQFHDFFXPXODWHGDPDJHUHVXOWLQJIURPF\FOLF

7KHLPDJHSDUWZLWKUHODWLRQVKLS,'U,GZDVQRWIRXQGLQWKHILOH



&RUUHVSRQGLQJDXWKRU7HOID[
E-mail address:PWHJXK#XLLDFLG

1877-7058 © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
Peer-review under responsibility of the organizing committee of SCESCM 2016.
doi:10.1016/j.proeng.2017.01.326
192 Mochamad Teguh / Procedia Engineering 171 (2017) 191 – 200

LQHODVWLFGHIRUPDWLRQVLQDZD\WKDWLVFRPSOHWHO\GLIIHUHQWIURPWKDWIRUVWHHOVWUXFWXUHV*LYHQWKLVFRQGLWLRQGULIW
FRQWUROUHTXLUHPHQWLQWKHGHVLJQRIPXOWLVWRU\EXLOGLQJVKRXOGEHFRQVLGHUHGWROLPLWRYHUDOOGULIWLQGH[RRULQWHU
VWRU\GULIWLQGH[dLQRUGHUWRPHHWWKHEXLOGLQJFRGHVOLNH61,>@ZKHUHGULIWFDQEHGHWHUPLQHGEDVHG
RQWKHPDJQLWXGHRIWKHODWHUDOGLVSODFHPHQWDWWKHWRSRIWKHEXLOGLQJUHODWLYHWRLWVEDVH&RQVLGHULQJWKHFRQFHSWRI
HDUWKTXDNHUHVLVWDQWGHVLJQIRUWKHKLJKULVHEXLOGLQJVWUXFWXUHHDUWKTXDNHORDGGRPLQDWHGWHQGVWRRFFXUUDWKHUWKDQ
JUDYLW\ORDGGRPLQDWHG>@
,QVRPHVHLVPLFSURQHFRXQWULHVUHVLGHQWLDOEXLOGLQJVDUHFRQVWUXFWHGXVLQJERWKUHLQIRUFHGFRQFUHWH5&DQG
XQUHLQIRUFHGPDVRQU\ZDOOV'HVSLWHRIWKHLUSRSXODULW\WKHUHLVDJHQHUDOODFNRINQRZOHGJHFRQFHUQLQJWKHVHLVPLF
EHKDYLRU RI VXFK PL[HG V\VWHPV DQG WKH\ DUH RIWHQ GHVLJQHG XVLQJ RYHUVLPSOLI\LQJ DVVXPSWLRQV %XLOGLQJV ZLWK
PDVRQU\ LQILOO ZDOOV LQ UHLQIRUFHG FRQFUHWH 5& IUDPHV DUH FRPPRQO\ XVHG LQ DOO DURXQG WKH ZRUOG >@ 0RVW RI
PDVRQU\LQILOOZDOOVDUHZLGHO\XVHGDVSDUWLWLRQZDOOVEHFDXVHRIWKHLUOLJKWZHLJKWQDWXUHHDVHRIFRQVWUXFWLRQFRVW
SHUIRUPDQFHHIILFLHQF\DQGDUFKLWHFWXUDODWWUDFWLYHQHVV7KHUHKDVEHHQDWOHDVWWZRFRQWURYHUV\DVVXPSWLRQVLQWKH
GHVLJQRIPDVRQU\EXLOGLQJVLHILUVWO\LQILOOZDOOVDUHXQDFFRXQWHGIRUWKHGHVLJQDVVXPLQJWKH\VHUYHDVDGGLWLRQDO
HOHPHQWVWKDWPD\LQFUHDVHWKHVWLIIQHVVRIWKH5&IUDPHDQGSURYLGHEHWWHUGHIRUPDWLRQFRQWUROIRUWKHVWUXFWXUH
VHFRQGO\WKHSUHVHQFHRILQILOOZDOOVPD\HQGDQJHUWKHVHLVPLFGHVLJQSKLORVRSK\IRUIUDPHDFWLRQGXHWRWKHGDPDJH
LPSRVHGRQWKHERXQGDU\HOHPHQWV%RWKDUJXPHQWVDUHSUREDEO\WUXHZKHQWKHOHYHORIODWHUDOGHIRUPDWLRQGHPDQGV
LV WDNHQ LQWR DFFRXQW LQ WKH GHVLJQ FRQVLGHUDWLRQ 8WLOL]LQJ LQILOO ZDOOV LQ IUDPH VWUXFWXUHV FDXVHV WKHLU VWUHQJWK
VWLIIQHVVDQGGLVSODFHPHQWGXFWLOLW\LQFUHDVHG
7KH VHLVPLF UHVSRQVH RI 5& IUDPHV ZLWK PDVRQU\ LQILOO ZDOOV KDV EHFRPH D PDMRU LQYHVWLJDWLRQ WRSLF $Q
H[SHULPHQWDOLQYHVWLJDWLRQRIPDVRQU\LQILOOZDOOVRI5&IUDPHEXLOGLQJVXQGHUF\FOLFLQSODQHORDGVSUHVHQWHGLQWKLV
SDSHULVXQGHUWDNHQWRVHHNLWVVWUXFWXUDOEHKDYLRULQWHUPVRIVWLIIQHVVVWUHQJWKDQGGXFWLOLW\RIHDFKVWUXFWXUH%DVHG
RQWKHH[SHULPHQWDOWHVWVWKHVWUXFWXUDOSHUIRUPDQFHRI5&IUDPHVFDQEHHYDOXDWHGE\FRPSDULQJWRHDFKVWUXFWXUDO
EHKDYLRU0RVWLPSRUWDQWO\WKLVUHVHDUFKILQGLQJPD\KHOSHQJLQHHUVLQXQGHUVWDQGLQJWKHFRQWULEXWLRQRILQILOOZDOOV
EDVHGRQH[SHULPHQWDOGDWDIRUPRUHDFFXUDWHVHLVPLFDVVHVVPHQWRI5&IUDPHVDSSOLHGWRQRQHQJLQHHUHGEXLOGLQJV
7KLVUHVHDUFKLVPRWLYDWHGWRGHYHORSVWUXFWXUDOGHVLJQRIDSSURSULDWHPDVRQU\EDVHGFRQVWUXFWLRQPHWKRGLQXUEDQ
DUHDVHVSHFLDOO\LQ,QGRQHVLD

1.1. Masonry Materials and Construction System

$YDULDWLRQRIUDZEXLOGLQJPDWHULDOVZLWKGLIIHUHQWFRPSRVLWLRQVLVZLGHO\XVHGIRUWKHSURGXFWLRQRIWUDGLWLRQDOO\
DQGLQGXVWULDOO\PDGHPDVRQU\XQLWV0RUWDULVXVXDOO\FRPSRVHGRIOLPHFHPHQWDQGVDQGLQYDULHW\RISURSRUWLRQV
DQGPL[HGZLWKZDWHU,QIDFWWKHPRUWDUFDQEHDGGHGZLWKRUZLWKRXWDGGLWLYHVGHSHQGLQJRQLWVDSSOLFDWLRQ7R
UHLQIRUFHWKHPDVRQU\ZDOOVWHHOUHLQIRUFLQJEDUVRIGLIIHUHQWVKDSHVDQGTXDQWLWLHVHPEHGGHGDQGFRQQHFWHGWR5&
FROXPQVLQPRUWDUDUHRIWHQXVHGWRLQFUHDVHWKHLUVWUHQJWKFRQWULEXWLRQ(YHU\PDVRQU\ZDOOKDVLWVRZQVSHFLILF
PHFKDQLFDOFKDUDFWHULVWLFVWKH\DUHJHQHUDOO\H[SHFWHGWRSURGXFHDKRPRJHQHRXVVWUXFWXUDOPDWHULDOLQUHVLVWLQJWR
SHUPDQHQW DQG WHPSRUDU\ DFWLRQV 1RW DOO PDWHULDOV KRZHYHU FDQ EH HQFRXQWHUHG WRJHWKHU GHSHQGLQJ RQ ZKLFK
PDWHULDOV PD\ EH FRPSRVHG WRJHWKHU LQ D VWUXFWXUH ,Q SUDFWLFH WKH PDVRQU\ FRQVWUXFWLRQ V\VWHP FRQVLVWV RI D
XQUHLQIRUFHGSODLQPDVRQU\FRQVLVWLQJRIPRUWDUDQGPDVRQU\XQLWVEFRQILQHGPDVRQU\XWLOL]LQJPDVRQU\XQLWV
PRUWDUUHLQIRUFLQJVWHHODQGFRQFUHWHFUHLQIRUFHGPDVRQU\FRPSRVLQJPDVRQU\XQLWVPRUWDUUHLQIRUFLQJVWHHO
DQGFRQFUHWHLQILOO,QIDFWWKHXQUHLQIRUFHGPDVRQU\KDVPHFKDQLFDOSURSHUWLHVVXFKDVVWUHQJWKDQGGXFWLOLW\LQIHULRU
FRPSDUHGWRFRQILQHGPDVRQU\DQGUHLQIRUFHGPDVRQU\
7KHPDVRQU\XQLWVHLWKHUIURPEULFNRUFRQFUHWHEORFNFDQEHVROLGRUKROORZDQGPDGHIURPILUHGFOD\FRQFUHWH
FDOFLXPVLOLFDWHRUQDWXUDOVWRQH7KHPRVWFRPPRQPDVRQU\XQLWVXVHGRYHUWKHZRUOGDUHEXUQHGFOD\EULFNDQG
FRQFUHWHEORFN0RUWDUVWUHQJWKFDQEHVSHFLILHGEDVHGRQLWVYDULDWLRQFRPSULVLQJOLPHRUDPL[WXUHRIFHPHQWOLPH
VDQGDQGZDWHU'LIIHUHQWPRUWDUYDULDWLRQSURGXFHVPDVRQU\SURSHUWLHVYDU\IURPRQHVWUXFWXUHWRRWKHUVGHSHQGLQJ
RQWKHSURSHUWLHVRIWKHLQWHUDFWLRQEHWZHHQFRPSRQHQWVW\SHRIXQLWVDQGPRUWDUXVHG,QWKLVUHVHDUFKWKHPDVRQU\
LQILOOZDOOVZHUHPDGHRIFOD\EULFNDQGFRQFUHWHEORFNPRXQWHGZLWKPRUWDUXVLQJUDWLRRIFHPHQWFRDUVHVDQG
DQGPL[HGZLWKZDWHU,QDGGLWLRQWRWKHFOD\EULFNPDWHULDOLWLVPDGHRIFOD\H\HDUWKFRQVLVWLQJRIFOD\DQG
HDUWKZKLFKLVPL[HGZLWKZDWHU6WUDZLVRIWHQDGGHGWRWKHPL[RIFOD\DQGHDUWKNJSHUPRIHDUWK
LQRUGHUWRSUHYHQWFUDFNLQJ,QDQDWWHPSWWRLPSURYHWKHFRPSUHVVLYHVWUHQJWKRIWKHXQLWVFHPHQWRUJ\SVXPRUIO\
 Mochamad Teguh / Procedia Engineering 171 (2017) 191 – 200 193

DVKLVRFFDVLRQDOO\VXEVWLWXWHGDVVWDELOL]HUDQGRUILOOHU>@7KHFOD\EULFNDQGFRQFUHWHEORFNDUHXVXDOO\GULHGXQGHU
WKHVXQIRUDFRXSOHRIGD\V
,QWKLVUHVHDUFKDOOPDWHULDOVHQFRPSDVVHGFRQFUHWHEORFNFOD\EULFNPRUWDUFRQFUHWHPDWHULDOFHPHQWFRXUVH
VDQGDQGJUDYHODQGUHLQIRUFLQJVWHHOZHUHXVHGGRPHVWLFSURGXFWV7KLVUHVHDUFKLQYHVWLJDWHVVWUXFWXUDOSHUIRUPDQFH
RI ZDOOLQJ V\VWHPV FRQVLGHULQJ WKHLU FRQVWUXFWLRQ PHWKRGV ZKLFK DUH DSSOLFDEOH WR QRQHQJLQHHUHG KRXVHV 7KHVH
PDVRQU\SURGXFWVDUHFRPPRQO\SURGXFHGHLWKHUE\KDQGRUPDFKLQHPDGHIDEULFDWHGDQGWKH\PD\FDXVHPDWHULDO
TXDOLWLHVGLIIHUHQWO\&RQVHTXHQWO\HDFKPDVRQU\SURGXFWSURGXFHVUDQGRPTXDOLW\RQLWVFKDUDFWHULVWLFDQGSUHFLVLRQ
+DQGPDGHFRQFUHWHEORFNVDQGIDEULFDWHGFOD\EULFNVZHUHXVHGWRSUHSDUHVSHFLILHGVSHFLPHQV)RUWKHEHVWZDOO
UHVLVWDQFHLWVKRXOGEHVHOHFWHGIDEULFDWHGFRQFUHWHEORFNVRUEULFNPDVRQU\IRUZDOOLQJV\VWHP>@)XUWKHUPRUHHDFK
PDWHULDOXVHGLQWKLVUHVHDUFKZDVFDUHIXOO\REVHUYHGDVOLVWHGLQ7DEOH

1.2. Structural Behavior of Confined Masonry Wall

7KHPDVRQU\ZDOOVKDYHDPDLQHFRQRPLFLQWHUHVWDQGFRQWULEXWHVLJQLILFDQWO\WRWKHEXLOGLQJSHUIRUPDQFH(YHQ
WKRXJK LQILOO ZDOOV GR QRW UHVSRQG WR ORDGEHDULQJ IXQFWLRQ KRZHYHU WKH\ JLYHVLJQLILFDQW FRQWULEXWLRQ WR VHLVPLF
EHKDYLRURIEXLOGLQJV*LYHQWKLVFRQGLWLRQDGHTXDWHVWUXFWXUDOSHUIRUPDQFHRIWKHPDVRQU\ZDOOVLVHVVHQWLDOWRDYRLG
WKH RFFXUUHQFH RI VHYHUH LQSODQH GDPDJH UHVXOWLQJ YHU\ ODUJH HFRQRPLFDO ORVVHV DQG WKH RXWRISODQH H[SXOVLRQ
DIIHFWLQJWRDGGLWLRQDOODUJHULVNRIKXPDQOLIH7ZRGLIIHUHQWFRQVWUXFWLRQV\VWHPVRIPDVRQU\ZDOOLHFRQILQHG
PDVRQU\DQG5&IUDPHLQILOOZDOOPDVRQU\KDYHEHHQLQYHVWLJDWHGE\VRPHSUHYLRXVUHVHDUFKHUV>@,QWKLV
UHVHDUFKDFRQVWUXFWLRQV\VWHPRIFRQILQHGPDVRQU\ZDVXVHGLQDOOVSHFLPHQVH[FHSWIRUWKHEDUHIUDPH0DVRQU\
VWUXFWXUDOZDOOVDUHJHQHUDOO\UHVWUDLQHGRQIRXUVLGHVZLWK5&WLHEHDPVDQGWLHFROXPQVZKLFKDUHLQWHQGHGWRFDUU\
YHUWLFDO DQGRU KRUL]RQWDO ORDGV DQG WKH\ DUH GHVLJQHG WR SHUIRUP DV D PRPHQW UHVLVWLQJ IUDPH :KLOVW LQ WKH
FRQVWUXFWLRQV\VWHPRI5&IUDPHLQILOOZDOOPDVRQU\LVFRQVWUXFWHGLQYLFHYHUVD%RWKFRQVWUXFWLRQV\VWHPVSURGXFH
GLIIHUHQWVWUXFWXUDOEHKDYLRULQZLWKVWDQGLQJVHLVPLFDFWLRQV,QWKLVUHVHDUFKWKHH[SHULPHQWDOWHVWVZHUHFRQGXFWHG
WRHYDOXDWHWKHVWUXFWXUDOEHKDYLRURIHDFKVSHFLPHQVXEMHFWHGWRF\FOLFORDGV
%DVHGRQWKHH[SHULPHQWDOLQYHVWLJDWLRQVDQGOHVVRQVOHDUQHGDIWHUHDUWKTXDNHVWKHFRQILQHGPDVRQU\SURGXFHVLQ
LPSURYLQJ WKH FRQQHFWLRQ EHWZHHQ VWUXFWXUDO ZDOOV WKH VWDELOLW\ RI VOHQGHU VWUXFWXUDO ZDOOV DQG WKH VWUHQJWK DQG
GXFWLOLW\ RI PDVRQU\ SDQHOV ,Q FRQWUDVW LJQRULQJ WKH HIIHFW RI WKH LQILOO SDQHOV RQ WKH VWUXFWXUDO EHKDYLRU PD\
XQGHUHVWLPDWHWKHVWUHVVHVWKDWGHYHORSLQVRPHHOHPHQWV GXULQJVHLVPLFDFWLRQV&RQVHTXHQWO\VXFKDQRYHUVLJKW
FRXOG OHDG WR SUHPDWXUH IDLOXUHV DQG LQFUHDVHV OLIH VDIHW\ ULVNV ,Q DGGLWLRQ WKLV V\VWHP KDV UHGXFHG WKH ULVN
GLVLQWHJUDWLRQRIPDVRQU\SDQHOVGDPDJHGE\WKHHDUWKTXDNH,QWKLVFDVHYHUWLFDODQGKRUL]RQWDOFRQILQLQJHOHPHQWV
VKRXOGSUHFLVHO\PHHWDWWKHFRUQHUVDQGUHFHVVHVRIWKHEXLOGLQJDQGDWDOOMRLQWVDVZHOODVZDOOLQWHUVHFWLRQV,QRWKHU
ZRUGVWKHUHLQIRUFHPHQWGHWDLOVKRXOGEHZHOOGHVLJQHGFRQVLGHULQJWKHFRQFHSWRIHDUWKTXDNHUHVLVWDQWEXLOGLQJ>@

([SHULPHQWDO3URJUDP

2.1. Material Properties

7KHIRXQGDWLRQFRPSRQHQWZDVUHLQIRUFHGDQGFRQILQHGZLWKUHEDUGLDPHWHURIPPKDYLQJDFRQILQHPHQWSLWFK
RIPP7KHFRPPRQGLPHQVLRQRIWLHEHDPVDQGWLHFROXPQVZDV[PPZLWKDOHQJWKRIPP
KHLJKWRIPPDQGWKHUHVWGLPHQVLRQLVGHWDLOHGLQ)LJ7KHWLHEHDPVDQGWLHFROXPQVZHUHUHLQIRUFHGZLWK
IRXUORQJLWXGLQDOEDUVRIPPGLDPHWHUDQGFRQILQHGZLWKDEDURIPPGLDPHWHUJLYLQJDFRQILQHPHQWSLWFKRI
PP
,QSUHSDULQJIRUWKHEHVWH[SHULPHQWDOWHVWVHDFKVSHFLPHQZDVUHVWUDLQHGZLWKDVWURQJIRXQGDWLRQFRPSRQHQW
ZKLFKZDVVXIILFLHQWO\EROWHGDWWKHULJLGIORRULQRUGHUWRDYRLGWLOWLQJSUREOHPVGXULQJWKHVSHFLPHQWHVWHG*LYHQ
WKLV UHDVRQ WKH IRXQGDWLRQ ZDV UHLQIRUFHG ZLWK KLJKHU FRPSUHVVLYH VWUHQJWK RI FRQFUHWH DQG WHQVLOH VWUHQJWK RI
UHLQIRUFLQJVWHHOWKDQRWKHUFRPSRQHQWVVXFKDVWLHEHDPVDQGWLHFROXPQV:LWKUHJDUGWRVHHNPRUHFRQWULEXWLRQRI
WKHFRQILQHGPDVRQU\ZDOOWKHFRPSUHVVLYHVWUHQJWKRIFRQFUHWHRIWKHWLHEHDPZDVSURYLGHGOHVVVWUHQJWKFRPSDUHG
WRWKHWLHFROXPQ7DEOHEULHIO\SUHVHQWVPDWHULDOSURSHUWLHVXVHGLQWKLVUHVHDUFK
194 Mochamad Teguh / Procedia Engineering 171 (2017) 191 – 200

,W ZDV REVHUYHG WKDW WKH PDVRQU\ ZDOOV ZLWK DQG ZLWKRXW SODVWHU ZHUH DOVR WHVWHG ZLWK WKHLU GLPHQVLRQV RI
[[PPDQG[[PPUHVSHFWLYHO\7KHFRPSUHVVLYHVWUHQJWKRIERWKZDOOVDUH03DDQG
03D7KHVHDUHFRPSDUDEOHZLWKWKHFRPSUHVVLYHVWUHQJWKRI03DZKLFKLVFRPSXWHGXVLQJDQHPSLULFDOIRUPXOD
'HSHQGLQJRQWKHFRPSUHVVLYHVWUHQJWKRIPDVRQU\ZDOOWKHPRGXOXVRIHODVWLFLW\FDQEHDFFRXQWHGIRUDW
03DDQG03DUHVSHFWLYHO\7KHDYHUDJHVWUHQJWKRIPRUWDULV03DZLWKUDWLRRIFHPHQWFRDUVHVDQG
ZKLFKLVYHU\JRRGIRUFRQVWUXFWLQJWKHPDVRQU\ZDOO$OOPDWHULDOVXVHGLQWKLVUHVHDUFKLQFOXGLQJWKHLUXVDJHDUH
EULHIO\SUHVHQWHGLQ7DEOHH[SODLQLQJWKHLUVWUHQJWKDQGPRGXOXVRIHODVWLFLW\

7DEOH2EVHUYHGPDWHULDOSURSHUWLHV

1R 0DWHULDOV 'LDPHWHU $YHUDJHWHQVLOH $YHUDJHFRPSUHVVLYH 0RGXOXVRI 'HVFULSWLRQ

PP VWUHQJWK03D VWUHQJWK03D HODVWLFLW\03D
 5HLQIRUFLQJ    [ )RXQGDWLRQ
VWHHOV
     [ 7LHEHDP WLHFROXPQ
     [ 6KHDUUHLQIRUFHPHQW
 &RQFUHWH    [ )RXQGDWLRQ
     [ 7LHEHDP
     [ 7LHFROXPQ
 &OD\EULFN    [ :LWKSODVWHU
 &RQFUHWHEORFN     /RZVWUHQJWKPDWHULDO
 0RUWDU     0L[WXUHUDWLR
FHPHQWFRXUVHVDQG

)LJVKRZVDW\SLFDOLQSODQHLQVWUXPHQWDWLRQLQVWDOOHGDWHDFKVSHFLPHQ7KHLQVWUXPHQWDWLRQFRQVLVWVRIVWUDLQ
JDXJHDQG/LQHDU9DULDEOH'LIIHUHQWLDO7UDQVIRUPHU/9'77KHVWUDLQJDXJHLVDGHYLFHXVHGWRPHDVXUHVWUDLQRQ
DQREMHFWZKLOVWWKH/9'7LVDZHOOHVWDEOLVKHGWUDQVGXFHUGHVLJQZKLFKKDVEHHQXVHGWKURXJKRXWPDQ\GHFDGHVIRU
WKHDFFXUDWHPHDVXUHPHQWRIGLVSODFHPHQWDQGZLWKLQFORVHGORRSVIRUWKHFRQWURORISRVLWLRQLQJ7DEOHGHVFULEHV
WKHLQVWUXPHQWDWLRQXVHGLQWKLVUHVHDUFK'LIIHUHQWSRVLWLRQLQJRIWKHLQVWUXPHQWDWLRQRQWKHEDUHIUDPHZDVPDGH
ZLWKOHVVQXPEHUVRILQVWUXPHQWDWLRQLQVWDOOHG0HDQZKLOHWKHLQVWUXPHQWDWLRQRQERWKFRQILQHGFRQFUHWHEORFNDQG
FOD\EULFNPDVRQULHVZHUHLQVWDOOHGPRUHGHYLFHV


)LJ)UDPHGLPHQVLRQVDQGW\SLFDOLQSODQHLQVWUXPHQWDWLRQ
 Mochamad Teguh / Procedia Engineering 171 (2017) 191 – 200 195

,Q JHQHUDO WKH VWUDLQ JDXJHV DQG WUDQVGXFHUV ZHUH SODFHG DW VSHFLILHG REMHFWV WR PHDVXUH WKH VWUDLQV DQG
GLVSODFHPHQWV DW FHUWDLQ ORFDWLRQV 7KH PHDVXUHG REMHFWV ZHUH SRVLWLRQHG DW WKH ORQJLWXGLQDO UHLQIRUFHPHQW
FRQILQHPHQWFRQFUHWHDQFKRUDJHDQGRWKHUFULWLFDOSRLQWV7KHPRVWLPSRUWDQWHIIHFWVRIWKHLQWHUDFWLRQEHWZHHQWKH
LQILOOPDVRQU\DQGWKHIUDPHZHUHFUDFNGHYHORSPHQWHLWKHULQWKHIUDPHRULQWKHZDOOORDGGLVSODFHPHQWUHVSRQVH
DQGFUDFNGHYHORSPHQWFUHDWLQJWKHULVNRIEULWWOHIDLOXUH

7DEOH$OORFDWLRQRIGHYLFHVLQVWDOOHG
 1R 7\SHRI ,QVWDOOHG ,QVWDOOHG 'HVFULSWLRQ
 VSHFLPHQ VWUDLQJDXJH /9'7
 6* 7UDQVGXFHU
  %DUHIUDPH  
 6*¶VLQVWDOOHG
 &RQILQHG  
LQFRQFUHWHDW
 FRQFUHWHEORFN
HDFKEFMRLQW
  &RQILQHGEULFN  

2.2. Experimental Setup

7KHDLPRIWKHH[SHULPHQWDOFDPSDLJQLVWRHYDOXDWHVWUXFWXUDOEHKDYLRURIWKHSUDFWLFDO5&IUDPHVXVHGLQQRQ
HQJLQHHUHGEXLOGLQJVZLWKDQGZLWKRXWLQILOOPDVRQU\ZDOOVFRQVWUXFWHGDFFRUGLQJWRWKHWUDGLWLRQDOEXLOGLQJSURFHVV
7KUHHVSHFLPHQVFRQVLVWLQJRIDEDUHIUDPHDFRQILQHGFRQFUHWHEORFNPDVRQU\DQGDFRQILQHGEULFNPDVRQU\ZHUH
LQYHVWLJDWHG XQGHU LQSODQH F\FOLF ORDGV XQWLO WKH\ UHDFKHG D SUHGHWHUPLQHG YDOXH  GULIW  )LJ  GHSLFWV
H[SHULPHQWDOVHWXSVIRUWZRGLIIHUHQWW\SHVRIVSHFLPHQ7KHPDLQFRPSRQHQWRIWKHWHVWLQJIDFLOLWLHVDVZHOODVWKH
K\GUDXOLFHTXLSPHQWDQGORDGLQJIUDPHDUHVKRZQLQ)LJ












D E
)LJ([SHULPHQWDOVHWXSVDEDUHIUDPHEW\SLFDOFRQILQHGPDVRQU\ZDOOV

2.3. Test Procedure

$OOVSHFLPHQVKDYLQJWKHVDPHGLPHQVLRQDQGUHLQIRUFHPHQWZHUHH[DPLQHGVXEMHFWHGWRIXOO\UHYHUVHGTXDVL
VWDWLF F\FOLF ORDGV ZLWK QRUPDO UDWH RI ORDGLQJ 7KH ODWHUDO ORDGV ZHUH LPSRVHG XWLOL]LQJ GLVSODFHPHQWFRQWUROOHG
PRYHPHQWV RI WKH K\GUDXOLF MDFN IROORZLQJ WKH VSHFLILHG GLVSODFHPHQW KLVWRU\ 7HVWLQJ ZDV VWRSSHG ZKHQ WKH
PD[LPXPODWHUDOORDGDWVSHFLILHGF\FOHZDVUHGXFHGXSWRRIWKHXOWLPDWHORDGDVVXPLQJWKDWORVVLQODWHUDO
ORDGUHVLVWLQJFDSDFLW\$WHDFKORDGF\FOHWKHFUDFNSURSDJDWLRQZDVUHFRUGHGWRSORWWKHFUDFNLQJSDWWHUQVDWIDLOXUH
IRUDOOVSHFLPHQV2WKHUGDWDZHUHSUHFLVHO\PHDVXUHGXVLQJWKHLQVWDOOHGGHYLFHVDQGVWRUHGLQWKHGDWDORJJHUDQG3&
XQLWIRUIXUWKHUGDWDSURFHVVLQJ
196 Mochamad Teguh / Procedia Engineering 171 (2017) 191 – 200

5HVXOWVDQG'LVFXVVLRQ

'XULQJVWURQJJURXQGPRWLRQVVXEMHFWHGWRHDUWKTXDNHVWUXFWXUHVVXIIHUVHYHUDOF\FOHVRIODUJHUHYHUVDOVRIODWHUDO
IRUFHV>@,QWKHGHVLJQRIVHLVPLFSKLORVRSK\WKHPHPEHUVDUHXVXDOO\DOORZHGWREHVWUHVVHGEH\RQGWKHLUZRUNLQJ
VWUHVVOLPLWDQGDWWKLVFRQGLWLRQWKHPHPEHUVH[SHULHQFHFUDFNLQJDQG\LHOGLQJ7KHLQWHUDFWLRQEHWZHHQWKHLQILOO
ZDOOVDQGWKH5&IUDPHPHPEHUVVXEMHFWHGWRLQSODQHF\FOLFORDGVZDVH[DPLQHGH[SHULPHQWDOO\LQWKLVVWXG\>@
7KUHH5&IUDPHVSHFLPHQVRQHRIZKLFKZDVIHDWXUHGZLWKRXWLQILOOZDOOVZKLOHWKHRWKHUWZRZLWKLQILOOZDOOVZHUH
WHVWHG7KHIUDPHVSHFLPHQVZHUHGHVLJQHGLQVXFKDZD\XWLOL]LQJSUDFWLFDOGLPHQVLRQVRI5&FROXPQDQGEHDP
PHPEHUV VR FDOOHG WLHFROXPQ DQG WLHEHDP PHPEHUV LQ RUGHU WR VLPXODWH WKH IDLOXUH RI WKH VWUXFWXUDO DQG QRQ
VWUXFWXUDOFRPSRQHQWVGXHWRODWHUDOF\FOLFORDGV7KHIUDPHVSHFLPHQVZHUHTXDVLVWDWLFDOO\SXVKHGDQGSXOOHGLQ
KRUL]RQWDOGLUHFWLRQDWWKHWRSRIFHQWHUEHDPFROXPQMRLQWXQGHUGLVSODFHPHQWFRQWUROWRLQYHVWLJDWHWKHVWUXFWXUDO
EHKDYLRU RI WKH 5& IUDPHV ZLWK D IRFXVRQ WKH HIIHFWV RI LQILOO ZDOOV$ VSHFLDO DWWHQWLRQZDV HPSKDVL]HGRQ WKH
SK\VLFDOTXDQWLWLHVDQGSKHQRPHQDRIJUHDWLQWHUHVWLQWKLVVWXG\LQFOXGHWKHFROODSVHUHVLVWDQFHIRUFHDQGPHFKDQLVP
VWUDLQYDULDWLRQDQGFUDFNGHYHORSPHQWLQVWUXFWXUDODQGQRQVWUXFWXUDOFRPSRQHQWVDQGIDLOXUHPRGHVRIWKHLQILOO
ZDOOVDQGWKHIUDPHV
7KHPDVRQU\ZDOOVKDYHEHHQZLGHO\HPSOR\HGLQH[LVWLQJ5&EXLOGLQJVWUXFWXUHVHLWKHUDVH[WHUQDOLQILOORULQWHUQDO
SDUWLWLRQV$OWKRXJKWKHPDVRQU\ZDOOVSUDFWLFDOO\LQWHUDFWZLWKWKHPDLQVWUXFWXUDOPHPEHUVDQGWKHUHIRUHWKH\DIIHFW
WKH VHLVPLF UHVSRQVH RI 5& IUDPHV KRZHYHU WKH PHFKDQLFDO FRQWULEXWLRQ RI PDVRQU\ LQILOO ZDOOV DUH JHQHUDOO\
QHJOHFWHGLQSUDFWLFHRULHQWHGVWUXFWXUDODQDO\VHV6LPXODWLQJWKHDFWXDOG\QDPLFEHKDYLRURIWKHVHFRPSRQHQWVDQG
HYDOXDWLQJWKHLUHIIHFWRQWKHJOREDOVHLVPLFUHVSRQVHRI5&VWUXFWXUHVKDYHUHFHQWO\EHFRPHDJUHDWDWWHQWLRQE\WKH
VFLHQWLILFFRPPXQLW\>@QHYHUWKHOHVVWKHSURFHGXUHKDVQRWEHHQHVWDEOLVKHGVRIDUIRUFRQVLGHULQJWKHLU
FRQWULEXWLRQRIPDVRQU\LQILOOVLQSUDFWLFHRULHQWHGVHLVPLFDQDO\VHVRI5&IUDPHV

3.1. Hysteretic Behavior of Bare Frame

7KHPRGHRIIDLOXUHRIWKHEDUHIUDPHZDVJHQHUDOO\FRPELQHGIOH[XUDO\LHOGLQJDWFROXPQEDVHVDQGDWEHDP
FROXPQMRLQWVDQGERQGGHWHULRUDWLRQRIWKHEHDPUHLQIRUFHPHQWLQWKHFRQILQHGFRUHRIWKHMRLQWUHJLRQ)LJSUHVHQWV
WKHORDGGLVSODFHPHQWK\VWHUHWLFEHKDYLRURIWKHEDUHIUDPHUHSUHVHQWLQJDIXOOVFDOHJUDSK)LJDDQGD]RRPHG
K\VWHUHWLFORRS)LJE)LJGHSLFWVWKHPD[LPXPGLVSODFHPHQWRIPPDQGWKHODWHUDOORDGUHVLVWLQJFDSDFLW\
RIN1

 
6KHDUIRUFHN1

6KHDUIRUFHN1

 

 

 
                     
 /DWHUDOGHIOHFWLRQPP  /DWHUDOGHIOHFWLRQPP

 

 

D       E
)LJ+\VWHUHWLFORRSVRI5&IUDPHDEDUHIUDPHE]RRPHGK\VWHUHWLFORRS

,WVKRXOGEHQRWHGWKDWWKHWLHEHDPVDQGWLHFROXPQVXVHGWRIRUPDEDUH5&IUDPHZHUHVPDOOFURVVVHFWLRQVLH
[PPDQGWKHFROXPQKHLJKWLQWRWDOZDVPP)RUWKLVFRQGLWLRQWKHFROXPQVZHUHYXOQHUDEOHWREXFNOH
LQSODQHIUDPHGLUHFWLRQVXEMHFWHGWRF\FOLFVKHDUIRUFHV&RQVHTXHQWO\WKHEDUHIUDPHZDVYHU\ZHDNWRUHVLVWWKH
 Mochamad Teguh / Procedia Engineering 171 (2017) 191 – 200 197

ODWHUDOORDGVDQGLWVVWUHQJWKZDVDOVRYHU\ORZGXHWRWKHKLJKVOHQGHUQHVVUDWLRRIWKHLUFROXPQV,QDGGLWLRQWKH
VPDOOFROXPQVWLIIQHVVRI5&EDUHIUDPHILUVWVSHFLPHQFRQWULEXWHGWRVLJQLILFDQWODWHUDOGHIOHFWLRQVIROORZLQJWKH
VKHDUORDGLQFUHDVHG

3.2. Hysteretic Behavior of Masonry Infilled Frame

)LJSUHVHQWVK\VWHUHWLFEHKDYLRURIERWKFRQILQHGPDVRQU\ZDOOVVKRZLQJWKDWWKHFRQFUHWHEORFNPDVRQU\LV
PRUHEULWWOHFRPSDUHGWRWKHEULFNPDVRQU\ZKHQWKH\DUHVXEMHFWHGWRF\FOLFLQSODQHORDGV%DVHGRQWKHK\VWHUHWLF
ORRSVIRUERWKVSHFLPHQVLWFDQEHFRQFOXGHGWKDWWKHFRQILQHGEULFNPDVRQU\ZDOOSURGXFHVKLJKHUGLVSODFHPHQW
GXFWLOLW\WKDQWKHFRQILQHGFRQFUHWHEORFNPDVRQU\ZDOO$WWKHLQLWLDOVWDJHVERWKVSHFLPHQVGHPRQVWUDWHDOLWWOHELW
ULJLGDQGOLQHDUO\HODVWLFEHKDYLRUUHVXOWLQJUHODWLYHO\KLJKFDSDFLW\IURPLQILOOZDOOFRQWULEXWLRQKRZHYHUWKHLUUDSLG
VWUHQJWK DQG VWLIIQHVV GHJUDGDWLRQ DUH RFFXUUHG ZKHQ WKH LQILOO ZDOOV VWDUW FUXVKLQJ ,Q RWKHU ZRUGV WKH YHU\ ORZ
FRPSUHVVLYH VWUHQJWK RI FRQFUHWH EORFN VLJQLILFDQWO\ FRQWULEXWHG WR VWUHQJWK GHJUDGDWLRQ RI WKH VHFRQG VSHFLPHQ
*LYHQWKLVFRQGLWLRQWKHVHFRQGVSHFLPHQSURGXFHGGLIIHUHQWXOWLPDWHORDGVZKHQTXDVLVWDWLFDOO\SXVKHGDQGSXOOHG
ODWHUDOORDGVZHUHF\FOLFDOO\DSSOLHGWRLW
0RVW LPSRUWDQWO\ DOWKRXJK WKH PDVRQU\ ZDOOV ZHUH QRW SODVWHUHG DW ERWK VLGHV WKH FRQILQHG FRQFUHWH EORFN
PDVRQU\ZDOOVHFRQGVSHFLPHQDQGWKHFRQILQHGEULFNPDVRQU\ZDOOWKLUGVSHFLPHQH[KLELWHGW\SLFDOPDVRQU\
LQILOOHGIUDPHEHKDYLRUV7KHK\VWHUHWLFEHKDYLRURIPDVRQU\LQILOOHGIUDPHWKHUHIRUHFDQEHVXPPDUL]HGEDVHGRQD
W\SLFDOIDLOXUHDFFRPSDQLHGE\H[FHVVLYHVZD\GHIRUPDWLRQV


6KHDUIRUFHN1

6KHDUIRUFHN1



 

 

 
                     
 /DWHUDOGHIOHFWLRQPP  /DWHUDOGHIOHFWLRQPP

 

  
D     E
)LJ+\VWHUHWLFORRSVDFRQILQHGFRQFUHWHEORFNPDVRQU\EFRQILQHGEULFNPDVRQU\

,WZDVREVHUYHGLQWKHVHFRQGVSHFLPHQWKDWWKHPD[LPXPGLVSODFHPHQWZDVPPDQGWKHODWHUDOORDGUHVLVWLQJ
FDSDFLW\ZDVN1DVVKRZQLQ)LJD:KLOVWWKHWKLUGVSHFLPHQVOLJKWO\UHDFKHGKLJKHUYDOXHVRIWKHPD[LPXP
GLVSODFHPHQWDQGWKHODWHUDOORDGUHVLVWLQJFDSDFLW\FRPSDUHGWRWKHVHFRQGVSHFLPHQ7KHPD[LPXPGLVSODFHPHQW
DQGWKHODWHUDOORDGDVGHSLFWHGLQ)LJEZHUHPPDQGN1UHVSHFWLYHO\

3.3. Strength Contribution of Confined Masonry Wall

,WKDVEHHQGLVFXVVHGLQHDUOLHUVHFWLRQVWKDWLQILOOZDOOVDUHJHQHUDOO\JLYHQIRUIXQFWLRQDODQGDUFKLWHFWXUDOSXUSRVHV
DQGWKH\DUHFRQVLGHUHGDVQRQVWUXFWXUDOHOHPHQWV*LYHQWKLVUHDVRQWKHLUVWUHQJWKDQGVWLIIQHVVFRQWULEXWLRQVDUH
LJQRUHGLQWKHGHVLJQSUDFWLFHGXHWRWKHGLIILFXOW\LQYROYHGLQDQDO\VLVDQGGHVLJQDVZHOOWKHXQFHUWDLQW\RIWKHQRQ
LQWHJUDODFWLRQEHWZHHQLQILOOZDOODQGWKHIUDPH$QLQILOOZDOOKRZHYHUWHQGVWRLQWHUDFWZLWKWKH5&IUDPHZKHQ
VXEMHFWHGWRVHLVPLFIRUFHVZKHQWKHVWUXFWXUHSHUIRUPDQFHLVVLJQLILFDQWO\LQFUHDVHGLQVWUHQJWKDULVLQJIURPWKHQRQ
VWUXFWXUDOFRPSRQHQWVDFFRPSDQLHGZLWKWKHLQFUHDVHLQLQLWLDOVWLIIQHVVRIWKHIUDPHVWUXFWXUH7KLVQRQVWUXFWXUDO
HOHPHQW DOVR VKRZV HQHUJ\ GLVVLSDWLRQ FKDUDFWHULVWLFV )LJ  XQGHU HDUWKTXDNH ORDGLQJ DV WKH IUDPH FRPSRQHQWV
FRPSUHVVWKHLQILOOVDWVRPHORFDWLRQVSURGXFLQJVWUXWDFWLRQWRWKHIUDPH)LJDQG)LJ
198 Mochamad Teguh / Procedia Engineering 171 (2017) 191 – 200

)LJSUHVHQWVHQYHORSVRIK\VWHUHWLFORRSVIRUDOOVSHFLPHQVVKRZLQJWKDWWKHVKHDUIRUFHVUHVLVWLQJFDSDFLW\IRU
WKHLQILOOZDOOVRQERWKVHFRQGDQGWKLUGVSHFLPHQVDUHTXLWHVLPLODUDWWKHGLUHFWLRQRISXVKHGORDGVEXWWKH\DUH
FRQWUDULO\GLIIHUHQWWKHLUPD[LPXPVKHDUORDGVDWWKHGLUHFWLRQRISXOOHGORDGV7KHVWUHQJWKIRUDOOVSHFLPHQVLVQRW
FRPSDUDEOHVLQFHWKHEDUHIUDPHLVYHU\ZHDNLQZLWKVWDQGLQJWKHVKHDUIRUFHZKLOVWRWKHUWZRVSHFLPHQVRILQILOO
ZDOOVGHPRQVWUDWHVLJQLILFDQWFRQWULEXWLRQWRWKHLUVWUHQJWKDQGGXFWLOLW\WRSUHYHQWVXGGHQGDPDJHVRQWKHZDOOV














)LJ(QYHORSVRIK\VWHUHWLFORRSVIRUDOOIUDPHV


3.4. Typical Damage and Failure Mode

5HIHUULQJWRQXPEHUVRIOLWHUDWXUHVWKHLQILOOZDOOVFRQWULEXWHLQVWLIIHQLQJRIWKH5&IUDPHDQGFDQLQFUHDVHWKH
VWLIIQHVVRIWKH5&IUDPHWRWLPHV7KHLULQSODQHDFWLRQYDU\ZLWKWKHOHYHORIODWHUDOORDGVDSSOLHGWRWKHIUDPH
7KHLQILOOVDQGWKHIUDPHVDUHH[SHFWHGWRKDYHFRPSRVLWHDFWLRQDWYHU\ORZODWHUDOORDGVDQGWKXVWKHVWLIIQHVVRIWKH
V\VWHPLVWRRODUJH:KHQWKHODWHUDOORDGLQFUHDVHGWKHLQILOOVVWDUWFUDFNLQJDWWKHIUDPHLQILOOLQWHUIDFH)XUWKHUPRUH
WKHVHSDUDWLRQEHWZHHQIUDPHDQGLQILOOWDNHVSODFHDWWKHORFDWLRQVZKHUHWKHUHLVWHQVLRQ$WWKHORFDWLRQVZKHUHWKH
LQILOOJHWVFRPSUHVVHGWKHUHIRUPVDGLDJRQDOVWUXWDFWLRQ
)LJWR)LJVKRZFRQILJXUDWLRQVRIWKHDOOVSHFLPHQVDQGFUDFNLQJSDWWHUQVDWIDLOXUH$VGLVFXVVHGLQHDUOLHU
VHFWLRQVWKDWWKHEDUHIUDPHSURGXFHVPD[LPXPODWHUDOGHIOHFWLRQVXSWRPPVXEMHFWHGWRYHU\ORZODWHUDOORDG
RIN1&RQVHTXHQWO\FUDFNVSURSDJDWHGDWERWKFROXPQVDORQJWKHLUKHLJKWVDWWKHWRSEHDPFROXPQMRLQWDQG
WKHFROXPQEDVHZHUHWRWDOO\FROODSVHGXHWRWKHPD[LPXPRIFRQFUHWHVWUDLQRIZDVUHDFKHGDQGWKHVWUDLQRI
PDLQUHLQIRUFHPHQWDWWKHEHDPFROXPQMRLQWZDVRYHUWKH\LHOGVWUDLQRIUHLQIRUFLQJVWHHORIDVVKRZQLQ)LJ
D7KHVWUDLQYDOXHVZHUHPHDVXUHGXVLQJWKHVWUDLQJDXJHLQVWDOOHGDWVSHFLILHGORFDWLRQV)LJD$VPDUNHGDUHG
FLUFOHDWWKHWRSEHDPFROXPQMRLQW)LJEWKHVWUHVVVWUDLQUHODWLRQVKLSVKRZVWKHIOH[XUDOUHLQIRUFHPHQWKDVDOUHDG\
\LHOGHG VLQFH WKH IUDPH SURGXFHV VLJQLILFDQW ODWHUDO GHIOHFWLRQ )OH[XUDO FUDFN SDWWHUQV KDYH GRPLQDWHG DW ERWK
FROXPQVDQGWKHWRWDOIDLOXUHVRFFXUDWWKHWRSDQGERWWRPEHDPFROXPQMRLQWV
'LIIHUHQW W\SLFDO GDPDJH FRQGLWLRQV ZHUH RFFXUUHG DW ERWK LQILOO ZDOOV )LJ  DQG )LJ  GXH WR PDQ\ IDFWRUV
LQYROYHGLQWKHLQILOOZDOOV7KH\LHOGVWUDLQRIUHLQIRUFLQJVWHHOVDWWKHFROXPQEDVHLVVKRZQLQ)LJD0HDQZKLOH
WKH IDLOXUH PRGHV RI WKH VHFRQG VSHFLPHQ KDYH RFFXUUHG LQSODQH DQG RXWRISODQH GLUHFWLRQV DV D UHVXOW RI ORZ
FRPSUHVVLYHVWUHQJWKRIFRQFUHWH)LJE,QWKLVVSHFLPHQWKHFRQFUHWHEORFNPDVRQU\ZDOODQGWKHOHIWFROXPQ
EDVHZHUHWRWDOO\FROODSVH7KHWKLUGVSHFLPHQ)LJJDYHKLJKHUVWUHQJWKFRQWULEXWLRQDQGVWLIIHUZDOOFRPSDUHGWR
WKHVHFRQGVSHFLPHQEHFDXVHRIWKHFRPSUHVVLYHVWUHQJWKRIFOD\EULFNZDVKLJKHUWKDQFRQFUHWHEORFN$WERWKFROXPQ
EDVHVZHUHQRWVHULRXVO\GDPDJHEXWDWWKHERWKWRSEHDPFROXPQMRLQWVVXIIHUHGVHULRXVGDPDJH7KH\LHOGVWUDLQRI
UHLQIRUFHPHQW)LJDDVZHOODVWKHPD[LPXPFRQFUHWHVWUDLQ)LJEZHUHUHDFKHGSURGXFLQJPRGHVRIIDLOXUHRQ
WKHEULFNZDOO)LJDVKRZVKRZWKHVWUHVVDQGWKHVWUDLQRIWKHPDLQUHLQIRUFHPHQWDWWKHMRLQWZHUHDFKLHYHGRYHU
WKH\LHOGVWUHVVDQGVWUDLQ7KHIDLOXUHPHFKDQLVPGHSHQGVYHU\PXFKRQWKHVWUHQJWKVRIWKHIUDPHDQGWKHLQILOOZDOO
)DLOXUHPHFKDQLVPVRIPDVRQU\LQILOOHGIUDPHVZLWKULJLGFRQQHFWLRQDUHFRPSOLFDWHGGXHWRWKHXQFHUWDLQW\RILQILOO
 Mochamad Teguh / Procedia Engineering 171 (2017) 191 – 200 199

ZDOOIUDPHLQWHUDFWLRQ7KHIDLOXUHPRGHVDSSUR[LPDWHO\LQFOXGHGLDJRQDOFUDFNKRUL]RQWDOVOLSFRUQHUFUXVKLQJDQG
VRPHFRPELQDWLRQRIWKHDERYHIDLOXUHPRGHV

 

6WUHVV03D


 
 
 
 
     
 6WUDLQ








D       E
)LJ&RQILJXUDWLRQRIWKHILUVWVSHFLPHQDQGWKHFUDFNLQJSDWWHUQVDWIDLOXUHD\LHOGHGIOH[XUDOVWHHODWWRSMRLQWEGHIRUPHGVKDSH


 

6WUHVV03D

 



 
 6WUDLQ
 
  
   

 



D       E
)LJ&RQILJXUDWLRQRIWKHVHFRQGVSHFLPHQDQGWKHFUDFNLQJSDWWHUQVDWIDLOXUHD\LHOGHGIOH[XUDOVWHHODWERWWRPMRLQWEPRGHRIIDLOXUH

 
6WUHVV03D

 



 
6WUDLQ
 

      


 
 
 
     

D       E
)LJ&RQILJXUDWLRQRIWKHWKLUGVSHFLPHQDQGWKHFUDFNLQJSDWWHUQVDWIDLOXUHD\LHOGHGIOH[XUDOVWHHODWWRSMRLQWEPRGHRIIDLOXUH
200 Mochamad Teguh / Procedia Engineering 171 (2017) 191 – 200

&RQFOXVLRQV

7KH LQILOO ZDOOV SURYLGH VLJQLILFDQW FRQWULEXWLRQ LQ WKH LPSURYHPHQW RI ZKROH ODWHUDO VWLIIQHVV RI WKH VWUXFWXUH
6WURQJLQILOOZDOOVKDYHRIWHQSUHYHQWHGFROODSVHRIUHODWLYHO\IOH[LEOHDQGZHDN5&IUDPHV7KHVWUXFWXUDOEHKDYLRU
RI5&IUDPHVZLWKFRQFUHWHEORFNDQGEULFNPDVRQU\LQILOOVGHSHQGRQWKHFRPSRVLWHDFWLRQRIWKHIUDPHDQGWKHLQILOO
7KHVWUXFWXUDOUHVSRQVHLVTXLWHFRPSOH[DVLWLQYROYHVDQLQWHUDFWLRQRILQILOOEHKDYLRU5&IUDPHVEHKDYLRUDQGOHQJWK
RIFRQWDFWEHWZHHQLQILOODQGIUDPH
7KHWHVWUHVXOWVVKRZHGWKDWWKHLQILOOZDOOVFDQSURYLGHDOWHUQDWLYHORDGSDWKVIRUWUDQVIHUULQJWKHORDGRULJLQDOO\
RQO\VXSSRUWHGE\WKHEHDPVDQGWKXVLPSURYHWKHFROODSVHUHVLVWDQFHFDSDFLW\RIWKH5&IUDPH7KHLQILOOZDOOV
KRZHYHUPD\UHGXFHWKHGXFWLOLW\RIWKH5&IUDPHDQGPD\FKDQJHWKHIDLOXUHPRGHRIWKHIUDPH7KHHIIHFWRILQILOO
ZDOOVLQWKH5&IUDPHVFDQEHVXPPDUL]HGDVIROORZVDHQKDQFHPD[LPXPUHVLVWDQFHEXWUHGXFHGXFWLOLW\RIWKH
IUDPHVEFKDQJHVWUDLQVGLVWULEXWLRQVLQWLHEHDPDQGWLHFROXPQPHPEHUVFFKDQJHWKHFUDFNVGHYHORSPHQWDQG
IDLOXUH PRGH RI WKH IUDPHV ,W LV FRQFOXGHG WKDW WKH LQILOO ZDOOV PD\ DIIHFW LH HLWKHU LPSURYH RU LPSDLU WKH
SHUIRUPDQFHRI5&IUDPHVDJDLQVWFROODSVHLQGLIIHUHQWDVSHFWV7KHLQILOOZDOOVFDQKDYHDEHQHILFLDOHIIHFWRQWKH
VWUXFWXUDOUHVSRQVHSURYLGHGWKDWWKH\DUHSODFHGUHJXODUO\WKURXJKRXWWKHVWUXFWXUHDQGWKDWWKH\GRQRWFDXVHVKHDU
IDLOXUHVRIWLHFROXPQV

$FNQRZOHGJHPHQWV

7KLVVWXG\LVSDUWRIWKH..0DPXOWL\HDUUHVHDUFKSURMHFW7KHDXWKRUZRXOGOLNHWR

DFNQRZOHGJHWKH'LUHFWRUDWH*HQHUDORI+LJKHU(GXFDWLRQ0LQLVWU\RI5HVHDUFK7HFKQRORJ\DQG+LJKHU(GXFDWLRQ
IRUWKHILQDQFLDOVXSSRUWRIWKLVUHVHDUFKDQGWKH'HSDUWPHQWRI&LYLO(QJLQHHULQJ)DFXOW\RI&LYLO(QJLQHHULQJDQG
3ODQQLQJ,VODPLF8QLYHUVLW\RI,QGRQHVLDIRUJLYLQJWKHXWLOL]DWLRQRIH[SHULPHQWDOGHYLFHV

5HIHUHQFHV

>@ 77XUJD\0&'XUPXV%%LQLFL*2]FHEH(YDOXDWLRQRIWKHSUHGLFWLYHPRGHOVIRUVWLIIQHVVVWUHQJWKDQGGHIRUPDWLRQFDSDFLW\RI5&
IUDPHVZLWKPDVRQU\LQILOOZDOOV-6WUXFW(QJ$6&(9RO1R
>@ (0DUWLQHOOL&/LPD*'6WHIDQR$VLPSOLILHGSURFHGXUHIRUQRQOLQHDUVWDWLFDQDO\VLVRIPDVRQU\LQILOOHG5&IUDPHV(QJ6WUXFW

>@ %613URFHGXUHRIHDUWKTXDNHUHVLVWDQFHIRUDEXLOGLQJVWUXFWXUHDQGQRQEXLOGLQJ61,-DNDUWD%613UHVV
>@ 07RPD]HYLF6HULHVRQLQQRYDWLRQLQVWUXFWXUHVDQGFRQVWUXFWLRQ±YROHDUWKTXDNHUHVLVWDQWGHVLJQRIPDVRQU\EXLOGLQJV)XOVODQG2IIVHW
3ULQWLQJ6LQJDSRUH
>@ $)XUWDGR+5RGULJXHV$$UHGH+9DUXP([SHULPHQWDOHYDOXDWLRQRIRXWRISODQHFDSDFLW\RIPDVRQU\LQILOOZDOOV(QJ6WUXFW

>@ )&KULVW\'7HQVLQJDQG06KDQWKL³([SHULPHQWDOVWXG\RQD[LDOFRPSUHVVLYHVWUHQJWKDQGHODVWLFPRGXOXVRIWKHFOD\DQGIO\DVKEULFN
PDVRQU\´-RXUQDORI&LYLO(QJLQHHULQJDQG&RQVWUXFWLRQ7HFKQRORJ\YRO
>@ 07HJXK6WUXFWXUDOEHKDYLRXURISUHFDVWUHLQIRUFHGFRQFUHWHIUDPHVRQDQRQHQJLQHHUHGEXLOGLQJVXEMHFWHGWRODWHUDOORDGV,QWHUQDWLRQDO
MRXUQDORIHQJLQHHULQJDQGWHFKQRORJ\LQQRYDWLRQYROQR
>@ +-LDQJ;/LX-0DR)XOOVFDOHH[SHULPHQWDOVWXG\RQPDVRQU\LQILOOHG5&PRPHQWUHVLVWLQJIUDPHVXQGHUF\FOLFORDGV(QJ6WUXFW

>@ -6.XDQJ<3<XHQ(IIHFWRIRXWRISODQHORDGLQJRQLQSODQHEHKDYLRURIXQUHLQIRUFHGLQILOOHG5&IUDPHV3URF2IWKHLQWHUQDWLRQDO
FRQIHUHQFHRQFRPSXWLQJLQFLYLODQGEXLOGLQJHQJLQHHULQJ8QLYHUVLW\RI1RWWLQJKDP8.
>@'-.DNDOHWVLV&*.DUD\DQQLV,QIOXHQFHRIPDVRQU\VWUHQJWKDQGRSHQLQJVRQLQILOOHG5&IUDPHVXQGHUF\FOLFORDGLQJ-(DUWKTXDNH
(QJ±
>@+.DWR7*RWRDQG+0L]XQR&\FOLFORDGLQJWHVWVRIFRQILQHGPDVRQU\ZDOOHOHPHQWVIRUVWUXFWXUDOGHVLJQGHYHORSPHQWRIDSDUWPHQW
KRXVHVLQWKH7KLUG:RUOG(DUWKTXDNHHQJLQHHULQJWHQWKZRUOGFRQIHUHQFH%DONHPD5RWWHUGDP
>@3*$UWHULV/DWHUDOVWLIIQHVVRIEULFNPDVRQU\LQILOOHGSODQHIUDPHV-RXUQDORIVWUXFWXUDOHQJLQHHULQJ$XJXVW
>@&8PDUDQL6%*QDQDSSD6WUXFWXUDOEHKDYLRURIUHLQIRUFHGFRQFUHWHIUDPHVZLWKFRQILQHGLQILOOXQGHUF\FOLFORDGLQJ,QWHUQDWLRQDOMRXUQDO
RIHDUWKVFLHQFHVDQGHQJLQHHULQJYRO1R
>@07HJXKDQG/0DNUXS0RGHOGHVLJQRIDQHDUWKTXDNHUHVLVWDQWSUHFDVWQRQHQJLQHHUHGKRXVHDQGGHYHORSPHQWRIUHWURILWWLQJPHWKRGRQ
SRVWHDUWKTXDNHGDPDJH5HVHDUFK5HSRUW1R..0'LUHFWRUDWH*HQHUDORI+LJKHU(GXFDWLRQ0LQLVWU\RI(GXFDWLRQDQG&XOWXUH
RI,QGRQHVLD8,,3UHVV6HSWS