 Alliteration - helps viewers remember

the product; use

words beginning with same
M.I.L letters or with the
same sounds.
 Repetition - strengthen the product’;
Visual Text Media words or images shown
repeatedly.
- composed of text and images in sending
messages.  Superlatives - highlight the
superiority of the
Words : can be literal, inferential, and
product; uses
evaluative
“best”,”fastest”, etc.
1. Title - main topic
Purpose:
2. Headline- attention grabber
1. Attract
3. Captions- additional information
2. Promote
Image
3. Convince
 Relevance - of the image to the
4. Persuade
message
5. Educate
 Emotional content/value - of the
image used
 Effect - of the image to the
message
Lay-out
 Top - attention grabber
 Bottom - new information
 Left - information that is easily
Brochure
understood
 Right - presents information
Lay-out:
Typographical Features
- short bond paper (8 1/2 x 11”), folded into
1. Size
thirds
2. Font
- front panel : attention grabber
3. Italics
- back panel : conclusion, contact info.,
4. Capital Letters bibliography
5. Quotation Mark Characteristics:
6. Color (additional feature) 1. Accurate and relevant to the topic.
Techniques 2. Strong introduction (simple but engaging)
 Glamorization - hide negative 3. Information are presented in well organized
aspects;use many matter
positive and
4. Words are written within the knowledge
beautiful words.
level
 Hyperbole - emphasizes positive
of the reader(use footnotes not define
aspects; use
terms)
exaggerated
words or images 5. Main points are supported by strong
to make it memorable evidences based on facts
6. Free from spelling, grammatical, and 2. Receiver’s background / culture /
typographical error experience

Guidelines: Media Language - a way of constructing media

text to communicate ideas and impressions for
1. Understand your customer/ audience
an audience.
a) Put yourself in your readers shoes
2. Plan and organize your brochure for AIDA
Conventions - Things that we expect to see
a) Attention - cognitive stage happening in a particular genre/film/picture

b) Interest- Affective Stage

c) Desire - Affective Stage Codes - elements that create meanings.

d) Action - Behavior Stage

3. Break-up/ Divide information by important Technical codes- use technology to create
sections meaning

4. Use images that are important or familiar to

your readers
A. Sounds:
5. Use benefit-oriented content (Emphasize
i. Diegetic Sounds - Sounds
and focus on the benefits or advantages
within the scene
for your readers; Its okay to use 1st POV)
ii. Non - Diegetic - sounds that is
6. Use headlines and graphics your audience
not within the scene
care about
- audience can
7. Focus on readability (Use easy to read
hear not the
formats)
characters
8. End by giving them a reason to act now
B. Editing
i. Jump cut - cut between 2 similar
Color Formulas: shot

1. Monochromatic - saturation and lightness of ii. Cut-aways - shot that interrupts a

same color scene and go back

2. Complementary - use of two opposite colors iii. Flashback - shot of an event that
happened earlier/
3. Triadic - use three equally spaced colors in the past.
4. Split complementary - use one color and iv. Freeze Frame - stopping of the
two adjacent to its complementary film in order to
5. Tetradic - ise of two complementary pairs focus on one
event.
v. Eye-line match - what the
Media and Information Languages character
Is looking at
“Language is the source of misunderstanding.” vi. Graphing match - shot of two
- Antoine de Saint-Exupery different objects
of the same shape
are dissolved into
Interpretation may be affected by: the other.

1. How the message is received - use for

transitions
 vii. Match-on-action - shot that Symbolic Codes - use and arrangement of
emphasizes properties to create
continuity of meaning
space and time by
matching the
preceding A. Verbal language - words spoken/
shot repeatedly shown
C. Lighting/Light Effects B. Visual language
i. Natural Light i. Connotation - associations/
emotional
ii. Artificial Light - shows significant
suggestions
effects in a scene
related to the image
iii. High-key - brightest and most
ii. Props and costume - objects/
dominant that gives focus on the subject
clothing
iv. Low-key - creates shadow associated with the
character
v. Hard - illuminates areas.
iii. Color
- brings out details
C. Action and Movement
vi. Soft - covers a wide area
i. Facial Expression
D. Angles and Shots
ii. Body Language
i. Framing - selection of elements
that appears within a shot. D. Iconic Symbol - easily understood and
has visual likeness to
ii. Iconography - objects within a shot
the things they represent
used to take/invoke a particular meaning
E. Indexical - signs that has direct
iii. Enigma - question or mystery
connection to what is being
iv. Disequilibrium - gives instability shown
and insecurity
Audio Information Media (AIM)
v. Basic Shots:
- how to use sound and silence to
- Extreme close-up emphasize and de-emphasize a
scene.
- Medium close-up
Elements:
- Close up
1. Pitch - highness and lowness
- Medium shot
2. Melody - rising or falling pattern
- Medium long shot
3. Rhythm - arrangement of sound
- Long shot (normal view)
4. Timbre - quality of sound (tone
- Extreme long shot (setting) color)
vi. Camera Angles: 5. Dynamics - loudness or softness
- Top Angle/Birds eye view Uses:
- High Angle (looking down) 1. Background music
-Straight angle (eye level) 2. Soundtrack
- Low angle (looking up) 3. Dialogue
- Bottom Angle/worms eye view 4. Sound Effects
5. Cues and transitions
Process in creating 8. Create Contradiction
1. Spotting - finding the precise - create a feeling that something
timing where the sound is not right or about to happen
will begin and end
2. Structuring - conceptualizing the
elements of the EARTH SCIENCE
sound to be placed in
Weathering
the scene
- breaking down of rock and sediments
3. Syncing - plotting of the sound to over time
the scene
Types:
Roles:
1. Mechanical - physically breaks into
1. Title Audio - audio at the
smaller pieces
beginning of the film.
- Purpose: establishes
the mood
2. Mood underscore audio
- establishes the mood of a
particular scene
Types:
3. Mickey Mousing Audio
1. Frost wedging
- audio that closely
-water gets into fracture
matches the action
then freezes, it expands
4. Character theme audio and break the rocks
- audio reflecting the other 2. Exfoliation/Unloading
5. Source Audio -rock weathers and
erodes away
- audio visible to the screen
3. Organic Activity
- real sound that is heard
-plants: cause of
Functions:
breakage of rocks
1. Commenting
2. Chemical - occurs when rock reacts
- creates judgment in a scene to air, water, and other
chemicals
2. Illustrating Movement
Types:
-accenting the movement
1. Oxidation
3. Plot Relationship
-rocks containing iron is
-giving certain identities exposed to O2 and H2O
4. Create Atmosphere 2. Acid Reactions
- set tone -reacts with CO2
5. Portray Emotions Soil Formation
-evoke emotions  Regolith - layer of sediments
6. Time/Period References - turns into soil overtime
-establishes time/period Regolith + Organic matter = soil
7. Connect Scenes Regolith - Breaking = soil
- glue scenes together
Soil Composition 4. Construction Sites
1. sediments / organic matter Reducing Soil Erosion:
2. Minerals / rock segments 1. Contour Farming
3. Water 2. Terracing
4. Air 3. No-till farming
4. Vegetation
5 major factors Mass Wasting
1. Climate - downward movement of earth material
under gravity
2. Slope of the land
Types:
3. Types of rock weathering
1. Slumps - downward movement of
4. Types of vegetation in the region
material along a curved
5. Amount of time rock has been surface
weathered
2. Creeps - very slow down hill
movement
3. Rockslides -triggered by raining or
melting
4. Rockfall -free fall of loose materials
5. Mudflows - similar to Lahars/misture
Soil Profile : cut-away look at layers of soil of sediments and water
built up over time flowing downhill
Horizon: each layer Magma - molten rock found below the
Major soil horizons: surface

1. A. Horizon - “top soil” - Greek: “thick ointment”

2. B. Horizon - less organic/fertile - Ranges to:

3. C. Horizon - “parent rock” 1200F - 2400 F

Erosion 700 C - 1300 C

-movement of earth by: 3 parts:

1. Wind - picks up loose materials 1. Liquid part - melt

1.1 Deflation - lifting up of 2. Solid part - crystallize

small sediments 3. Gaseous component - volatile
1.2 Saltation - movement of Factors that affect the melting:
larger sand-sized
particles 1. Temperature

2. Water - most common: soil 2. Pressure

3. Ice 3. Presence of water

Types:

Ways: 1. Basaltic - likely shield volcanoes

1. Rill Erosion - low viscosity

2. Overgrazing 2. Andesitic - intermediate viscosity

3. Deforestation 3. Rhyolitic - high silica content
 - likely cinder cones - Evidences:
1. Fossils
Lithosphere- outermost shell of the earth 2. Climate
made up of the earth’s crust
3. Land forms (jigsaw puzzle)
Plate Tectonics Theory
Asthenosphere - magma chamber
- structure of the earths crust and many
associated phenomenon as a resulting
from the interaction of rigid lithospheric
Magma Composition
plates that moves slowly over the
1. Carbon dioxide underlying mantle.

2. Water vapor
3. Minerals Plate Boundaries:

4. Hydrochloric acid 1. Divergent - moving away

5. Hydrogen sulfide 2. Convergent - towards each other

6. Sulfuric acid - oceanic-continental

- oceanic-oceanic

Easiest way to increase magma: Increase -continental-continental

temperature
3. Transform - slides past each other
Geothermal Gradient - increase in depth by
25C every 1 kilometer
Mantle Convection - slow creeping motion
Factors:
Magma Form:
1. Thermal properties
1. Mid-ocean Ridges
2. Viscosity
-underwater mountain ranges form
3. How deep
2. Mantle Plumes (Hot spot)
Earth moves because:
-rising hot mantles rocks heat the
base of lithosphere 1. shifting and sliding of plates
3. Plate Subduction Zones 2. Heat of the earth
-seafloor lithosphere is puled down
into the mantle
Sedimentation - heavier components in a
Intrusive Igneous Rocks mixture settles
- magma cools and crystallizes Decantation - process of removal water
Jules Verne - author of the book Filtration - separation of impurities
Mount Kilauea - most active volcano Plate Subduction Zone - plates of seafloor is
pulled down into the mantle
- in Hawaii

Continental Drift Theory

- Alfred Wegener
- movement of the Earth’s continents
Relative to each other by appearing to
drift across the bed
Ocean - vast bodies of water that separate - measured by: Tide Gauge
the continents
- Geoid - imaginary surface of
- covers 71% of earths surface mathematical surface of the
earth
2 main theories:
Mean Sea Level (MSL)
1. was formed with water and came
from inside out -”sea level”
2. Brought by other sources -computed average height of high and
low tides at a location
Sources of water:
-changes overtime
1. comets - brought a large portion of
the earths water
2. Volcanic outgasing - came from Basin Topography:
volcanic eruptions condensing
1. Shore - strip of land
Three phases:
2. Beaches-ever-changing place that
1. only water vapor in the atmosphere extends underwater beyond the shore
2. Cooling of atmosphere led to 3. Shoreline -edge of water at any given
condensation time
3. Further cooling of ground surface 4. Berm - highest tides/storm waves can
reach
People behind our knowledge about the
ocean: 5. Beach Face - zone between the high
and low tide shoreline
1. Oceanographers
6. Continental shelf - submerged edges
2. Marine biologist
of continental plates
3. Metereologist
7. Continental slope - steeper incline
4. Chemists
8. Submarine Canyon - complex
5. Physicist underwater erosional (part of the land that is
forming a new land through erosion) feature
6. Marine Engineers found in continental slope
9. Continental rise - smooth transition
Ocean Basin - origin of the oceans from continental slope to the deep relatively
flat ocean floor
- old earth view
10. Abyssal plain - relatively flat deep
5 ocean basins: seafloor
1. Pacific - all that remain from 11. Seamounts - submerged volcanoes
Phantalassa (global sea) and hills
2. Atlantic  Guyots - flat types of volcanoes
3. Indian  Trench - deep notch in the ocean floor
4. Arctic formed when oceanic plates slid below
continental plate in convergen subduction
5. Southern zones
Sea - large section of the sea  Challenger Deep - deepest point in any
ocean

Local Sea Level 12. Island Arcs - long curved strings of

volcanic islands
- always changing height of the ocean
surface at a given location. 13. Coral reefs - accumulated skeletal
material
 14. Fringing reefs - coral reefs that grow
right up along a coastline
15. Barrier reefs - farther from the land
16. Atoll - ring of low coral islands and
reefs surrounding a central lagoon
Seafloor Spreading
- process in which the ocean floor is
extended when two plates move apart.
- Harry H. Hess, 1960
-formation of underwater mountains and
new ocean floors
2 causes:
1. spreading of plates
2. Subduction of plates
 Mid-ocean ridge
- creates a long chain mountains
-varying rate of 1-2 in per year
 Zone of divergence - oceanic plates are
moving away from each other
 Sonar - devices that bounces sound
waves off underwater objects and then
records the echoes of this soundwaves
Evidence:
1. Molten Material - rises up from the
mantle and spreads out, pushing the older
rocks
 Rock pillows - molten materials that
has erupted
2. Drilling samples
3. Magnetic stripes
Sedimentary rocks - contains fossils
Relative Dating - use to arrange geological
events
 Stratigraphy - method used
 Strata - layers of rock
Principles:
1. Superposition - oldest: bottom,
youngest: top
2. Horizontality - laid down flat
horizontally
3. Lateral continuity - extend sideways in
the same order
 Biostratigraphy - studied the order in
which fossils appeared and
disappeared through time
 Index Fossils - fossils of an organisms
that exist for only a sort period of time
and lived in many places
 Correlation - rocks of same age match
even though they are very far apart
Fossils are created:
1. Mold - sediments bury an organism and the
sediment change into rock in the shape of an
organism
2. Cast - rock is filled with sand or mud that
hardens
3. Petrified-”Permineralized”; minerals soak
into the buried remains and changing to rock
4. Preserved - prevenetd from decaying by
being trapped in rocks, ice, amber
5. Carbonized - preserved between later of
soft mud or clay
6. Trace - mud or sand hardens to stone
where footprints of an organism is left behind
Absolute Dating
- process of determining an age on a
specified chronology
- specific and exact
- “chronetic”
-”calendar dating”
 Radiometric method - Radiocactive
dating
- age of a
material by comparing
the amount of
radioactive shemay!!
Types:
1. Radio-active decay
2. Carbon-14
3. Uranium
 4. Half-life
Mesozioc Era -”Age of reptiles”
Geologic time scale - Reptiles (dominant animal)
-record of life forms and geological events Cretaceous(65) Dominant of
in history flowering plants
Jurassic(145) Reptiles; DINO!!!!
Divisions: Triassic(208) First dino
Era - Periods - Epochs -beginning: continents joined (Pangea)
We are in: -middle: Pangea broke up
Cenozoic Era - Quaternary Period - Holocene -end: mass extinction (65 mil, yrs ago)
Epoch
: believed to be caused by a comet
:huge cloud of smoke = blocks out
Palezoic Era - “age of fish” sunlight = plants die =herbivores
die = carnivores die = sad :(
- 88% of earths history
:flowering plants evolved
- Amphibians (dominant)
-explosion of life in the ocean
Cenozoic Era- “Age of Mammals”
Permian(245) Radiation of reptiles
Carboniferous(286) Ferms(dominantplant)
Quarternary (1) Modern species of
Devonian(360) Age of fish
mammals
Silurian(408) Invasion of land plants
Tertiary (54) Rise of birds and
Ordovician(438) Appearance of vertebrates placental mammals

Cambrian(505) Apperance of invertebrate

(trilobites)
- began 65 mil years ago
Opened with the break up
- Ice Age - occured late cenozoic era
of Rodinia (world
continent) - Humans believed to appear 3.5 mil
years ago

Napakacute ni luira omg talaga

- largest mass extinction in history
MAG-ARAL MUNA BAGO LANDI!!!!!!!
Causes:
<3 hehehe go lang ng go mga bebs lablab
1. lowering of sealevels
2. volcanic activity
3. Climate change

 Trilobites - extinct before the dinosaurs
 Brachiopods - resembles clams
 Early Fish - did not have jaws
 Frilled shark - “living fossil”
PHILOSOPHY
What is Man?
Pre-Socratic view of man-6th B.C.
(Thales, Anaximenes, Heraclitus,
Anaximander)
THALES- “man has 80% water in his brain
and 70% in his body, or a man with a water
stuff”; according to Thales the primary
composition of everything was moist, and that
if water evaporates it becomes either mist or
air, and if frozen, could become earth.
ANAXIMENES-“man is a body with
condensed air…” To him the primary
elements is determinate-air; he thus
introduced the idea of condensation and
rarefaction (e.g. to make thin or less dense);
air when condensed can become “wind,
cloud, water, earth, and finally stones,” and
when rarefied can become fire.
HERACLITUS- “man has a fire stuff in his
body in a form of heat…”
ANAXIMANDER- to him, the primary element
is determinate, to him neither water or air but
infinite, eternal, and ageless the source of all
world; man is a human being that has evolved
from animal of another species which is lower
than his…”; he talks of the evolution of animals
from sea to the adaptation to environment and
origin of man.
What is Man?
-Philosophers defined as any human being
endowed with reason.
What man is the ultimate metaphysical
question. Doctors see man a neurological and
biological system. Mathematicians consider
man a collection of logic and computational
devices, Intelligent Computer Experts call
them interactive robots. Artist see human
as a God, while some just as animal.
What is a Debate?
Debate is an extended argument. Two groups
of people dispute whether a statement is true
or false
Affirmative- team in the round supports the
statement
Negative- team opposes it
Elements in debating:
Debate is a method of formally presenting an
argument in a structures manner. Through
logical consistency, factual accuracy and
some degree of emotional appeal to the
audience are elements in debating, where one
side often prevails over the other party by
presenting a superior “context” and/or the
framework of the issue.
Importance of Debate:
 Debates are a wonderful, high interest
way to teach a number of skills to
students
 They provide students with the ability
to research a topic
 Work as a team
 Practice public speaking
 Use critical thinking skills
 Help in making informed judgments
necessary to maintain a democratic
society
What sort of things are debated?
Three types of statements that are suitable
for argumentation:
1. Proposition of facts
2. Proposition of value
3. Proposition of policy
PROPOSITION OF FACT
Characteristics:
Debates of this sort hinge on whether
something is true or false. Simplest form of
debate disputed in courts of law.
Example Statements:
“Rock music leads to devil worship”
“Sex outside marriage is sin?”
“Jesus Christ was dead long time ago”
“Death is the end of everything”
The man was seen inside the house. He is the
killer.
PROPOSITION OF VALUE
Characteristics:
Suggest the relative worth of one or more
things; factual propositions buried within them
Example statements:
“Government funding for abortion is immoral”
“Wearing school uniform is relevant in
education”
PROPOSITIONS OF POLICY
Characteristics:
Concern what we as a society ought to do; are
often used in academic debate; policy debate
questions always contain the word “should”;
issues of fact and of value are embedded in
policy questions.
Example Statements:
Should the Philippines allow a join venture in
the Spratly Islands?
Should driver’s license necessary to drive car?
KIND OF DEBATES
1. Lincoln-Douglas debate (the two men
debate)
2. The rebuttal debate
3. The one-rebuttal type of debate
4. Oregon-oxford debate that is also
called as the cross-question debate
LINCOLN-DOUGLAS
Also called as the two men debate; one
speaker in the side of affirmative as well as in
the side if the negative; the speaker in the
affirmative side opens the debate then
followed by the negative speech.
REBUTTAL
Each team from the affirmative and the
negative side is composed of about 2 to 3
members; as the debate starts the affirmative
speaker opens the constructive speech and
the negative speaker starts the rebuttal; every
speaker is allowed to deliver a rebuttal
speech, debate is closed with the affirmative
side delivering the last rebuttal.
ONE-REBUTTAAL
Modified from the lincon-Douglas type of
debate; 2 to 3 members; all of the speakers
have a chance to refute the argument of the
opponent with the exception of the first
affirmative speaker who is given the
opportunity to close the debate in his or her
rebuttal speech.
OREGON-OXFORD
Allows 2 to 3 speakers; first speaker in the
affirmative side delivers the entire affirmative
case; after the delivery, the first affirmative
speaker will be interpelled by the first speaker
of the negative side; after this the second
speaker of the negative side will present the
entire negative case; then, the second
negative speaker well be interpollated by the
second or the first affirmative speaker.
t@n6!N4 pH!L0sOPhy p4p@p0w3R(!!!)
-From debating groups
-submission of argumentative statements from
each group
-poster
-DATE: time, place, group name, topic, format
 Pre-post survey
 Research material validated
 Documentation
 Portfolio
 Rubrics
 Submission of research materials
REASONS THAT BROUGHT ABOUT
SOCIAL CHANGE IN THE PHILIPPINES 18th
CENTURY:
1. Opening of the Philippines to world
trade-laizzes faire (free trade) vs
mercantilism
2. Opening if Suez Canal in 18 69-travel
was from 90 days vs 30 days
3. The rise of middle class-propagandist
vs revolutionist
4. The clamor of the secular vs regulars
priest
5. Spanish revolutionist in spain 1868
spanish republic vs bourbon
monarchy
6. The influx of liberal ideas
abroad-monarchy vs republic
7. The democratic government of Gov.
Gen. Carlos dela Torre vs despotic
Gov. Gen. Rafael de Izquiriedo
8. The martyrdom of father Gomez,
Burgos and Zamora
Theories of Social Change
1. Evolutionary theory- society evolves
from simple to complex and advance
form by Herbert Spencer, English
philosopher, revolutionary theorist
Ex. 50 ys ago Makati, Quezon city were all
talahiban, but today it is a mega city
2. Conflict Theory- societies progress
as opposed groups struggle to
improve their lot. Capitalist vs. Masses
 By Karl Marx, German thinker
E. Communism, failed
3. Cyclical theory- Decay is inevitable.
Society is born, matures and dies
* Oswald Spengler, pessimistic
cyclical theorist Ex. Roman Empire
4. Structural-Functional- balance
system of institutions. Social
institutions. Are: Family, church, state,
education, economics, and social
class
- Social change as a process thru
which societies in a given period,
lose and gain their equilibrium and
stability.
 By Talcott Parson, American
sociologist E. War, food, typhoon,
earthquake.
THEORIES ABOUT THE RISE AND FALL
OF SOCIETY (EMPIRES)
1. Irrigation- Ex. Mesopotamia, Nile,
Pasig, Society overgrowth of
administration of the requirements of
irrigation system
2. Population growth- ex. Growth creates
unlimited needs
3. Circumscription- ex. Physical barriers,
social barrier, geographical barrier
4. Wear- ex. Territory, environmental
degradation, natural resources, greed.
Hatred, political ambition
5. Local and long-distance trade-
stimulated bureaucratic growth;
requires organizational requirements
to sustain activity
The Philosophy of Colonialism:
Civilization, Christianity and Commerce
Colonialism is a practice of domination, which
involves the subjugation of one people to
another
Etymology
Colonus meaning farmer; this root reminds
us that the practice of colonialism usually
involved the transfer of population to a new
territory, where the arrivals lived as permanent
settlers while maintaining political allegiance to
their country of origin
The Philosophy behind colonization:
The philosophy inderpinning the “White
Man’s Burden” consisted of the “Three C’s of
colonialism: Civilization, Christianity, And
Commerce.”
CIVILIZATION- “the triumph and development
of reason, not only in the constitutional,
political, and administrative domains, but in the
moral, religious and intellectual spheres… the
essence if French achievements compared to
the uncivilized world of savages, slaves and
barbarians”
- During the late 19th century,
European nations increasingly
vied for global power. In an
attempt to for global power, In an
attempt to argument political and
regional influence, nations like
Great Britain and France needed
a justification for expansion.
What is White Man’s Burden?
A term popularized in Rudyard Kipling’s
poem to morally justify imperialist expansion; it
was Kipling’s belief that Africans must be
pulled toward the “light” in order to see the
error of their, in his view, savage nature.
Berlin Conference:
In 1884, the berlin conference marked the
official beginning of colonialism in Africa. One
of the justifying principles behind colonialism
was the need to civilized the purportedly
backward peoples of Africa.
CHRISTIANITY- was one justification that
European powers used to colonize and exploit
Africa; through the dissemination of Christian
doctrine, European nations such as Great
Britain, France and the Netherlands sought to
educate and reform African culture; essentially
Christianity was a guise by which Western
governments justified the exploitation and
conquest of African nations
COMMERCE- while European powers justified
colonialism in Africa as a moral obligation to
bestow modern civilization and Christianity on
African societies, the potential for commerce
and natural resources provided the true
impetus for the colonization of Africa
Industrialization: “Scramble for Africa”
To further compound the potential for
aggressive completion, the industrial
revolutions and mechanization of European
industries ignited an unprecedented demand
for natural resources.
THE IMMORTALITY OF THE SOUL
The immortality of the soul is not biblical rather
Satanic; Death is the cessation of life. It is the
Wall of life…opposite of life; while the bible
talks about the immortality of the soul which is
called resurrection. In resurrection man can
attain immortality of the soul. It will happen
only when he comes the second time.
- Metempsychosis
- Rosicrucians
“Be good cheer about death and know as a
truth, that no evil can happen to a good man,
either in life or after death” –Socrates
“Death does not concern us, because as long
as we exist, death is not here, and once it
does come, we no longer exist.” –Epicurus
Nature of Man:
 - Does anyone have immortality? - all real positive
God has only immortality 1st integers.
Timothy 6:13-16 Complex
- What is the source of immortality? Numbers
Jesus bought immortality through
the Gospel-2 Tim 1:10 Real Imaginary
Numbers Numbers
- If the person accept the gospel,
when can he expect to be given
Rational Irrational
immortality? Mortal to immortality
1 Cor. 15:51-54
Non-
Integer
Where are the Dead? Integer

- Man was formed from the dust of Zero Negative Positive

ground- Genesis 2:7
- What happened when God Natural
breathes into the nostril? Become Zero
Numbers
a living soul Gen. 2:7
- What happens when man dies?
Dust returned to the earth as it
was and the spirit shall return unto Arithmetic Sequence
God who gave it- Ecclesiastes : An = A1 + (n-1) d
12:27 Geometric Sequence
When will the righteous ever go to heaven? : An = A1rn-1 (r = ratio)
Sum of AS when An is unknown
- The dead in Christ shall rise first 1 𝑛
: Sn = 2 [2𝐴1 + (𝑛 − 1𝑑]
Thessalonians 4:16:17
Sum of AS when An is known
What does the bible say about man’s life? 𝑛
: Sn = 2 (𝐴1 + 𝐴𝑛 )
- Man is mortal – Job 4:17 GS when r is not equal to 1
- Man’s life is even a vapor, that 𝐴1 (1−𝑟 𝑛 )
: Sn = 1−𝑟
appeareth for little time, and then
If = 1
vanished away – James 4:14
: Sn = 𝑛𝐴1
- Man’s life is a “wind” – Job 7:7
Summation Notation
- Man’s life is transitory and 5
perishable- Luke 13:2,3 and John Stop (Upper
∑(3𝑘 + 2)
3:16 Boundary)
𝑘=1
Start (Lower Formula
Boundary)
GABRIELLE H. PADILLA
HashtagMediaLiterate = (3 (1) + 2) + (3 (2) + 2) + (3 (3)
+ 2) + (3 (4) + 2) + (3 (5) +2)
= 5 + 8 + 11 + 14 + 17
FOR INSPIRATION
= 55
(tinanggal ni luira kasi lagot si gab)
*Often we want to sum the terms in a
#Verdana12withHeader sequence, so summation notation is a
short-hand way to express this.
PRE-CALCULUS
Example:
1 + 3 + 5 +7 + …+ [2 (12) – 1]
Arithmetic Sequence
PRE-CALCULUS
An = A1 + (n-1) d 12
An = 1 + (n-1) 2 ∑(2𝑛 − 1)
Sequences and Series
An = 1 + 2n – 2 𝑛=1
- function in which the domain is
An = 2n - 1
the set of all natural numbers.
- numbers that starts
Properties of Summation
with number one
1.) For any constant c,
𝑛 𝑛

∑(𝑐𝑥𝑖 ) = c ∑(𝑥𝑖 )
𝑖=1 𝑖=1
Example: Evaluate
4 4
2 2
∑ (−= 𝑛) − ∑ (𝑛)
3 3
𝑛 =1 𝑛 =1
2
= − 3 (1 + 2 + 3 + 4)
2
= − 3 (10)
20
= − 3
2.) 𝑛

∑ (𝑐 , for any constant c

𝑛
𝑖 = 1
= 𝑛𝑐) ∑ (𝑐 = 𝑛 − 𝑚
𝑖 = 1

Example: Evaluate + 1) 𝑐)
48

= (48 – 11 + 1) (–57)
∑ (−57)
𝑖 = 11 = (38) (–57)
= –2166
3.)
𝑛 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛

∑(𝑥𝑖 + 𝑦𝑖 + 𝑧𝑖 ) =∑(𝑥𝑖 ) +∑(𝑦𝑖 ) +∑(𝑧𝑖 )

𝑖=1 𝑖=1 𝑖=1 𝑖=1

Example: Evaluate
4 𝑛 𝑛

∑(𝑥 2 − 2𝑥) =∑(𝑥 2 ) −∑(2𝑥)

𝑥=1 𝑥=1 𝑥=1

= (12 + 22 + 32 + 42)
– 2 (1 + 2 + 3 + 4)
= 30 – 20
= 10
4.) 𝑛 𝑛
∑ (𝑥𝑖 ± =𝑐) ( ∑ 𝑥𝑖 ) ± 𝑛𝑐
𝑖= 1 𝑖 =1
Example: Evaluate
5 5 5 BINOMIAL THEOREM
∑(5𝑛3 − 12)∑(5𝑛3 ) −∑(12)
=
𝑛=2 𝑛=2 𝑛=2
= 5 (23 + 33 + 4−3 + 53)
12
(5 – 2 + 1)
= 5 (8 + 27 + 64 +
125) – 48
= 5 (224) – 48
= 1120 – 48
= 1072

MATHEMATICAL INDUCTION
CREDITS SA NOTES NI PAM AT
LUIRA. SALAMAT SA NOTES PAM
AT LUIRA.