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    10 views13 pages

    Turbin Francis058 PDF

    Uploaded by

    Ardy Purbo

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
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    of 13
    520 Hydraulic Turbines The surface of the runner is made very smooth, ‘The runner may be cast in one piece or may be made of separate steel plates Welded together. For low heads, the runner_may be ‘made closet iron. But for high heads, the runner is made of steel or allo the water is chemically impure, the runner is made of special 1723. Draft Tube The water, after passing through the! runner, flows down Ahrough a tube called draft tube. It is, generally, drowned aprrorh, Frately Lm below the tail race level. A'draft tube has the following functions : 1. “It increases the head of water by an amount equal to height of the runner outlet above 2. It increases efficiency of the turbi Difference between an Impulse Turhine and Reaction Turbine Following are the few points of difference betw turbine and an impulse turbin« a7 S.No. Impulse surbine 1 available encrey of | ‘The available energy, of is first converted into | water is et Tae presi of the towing | watts Bates as, Sanne core a | flowing is essential that the whee | ld always run fll, and key of water. “umferen the whole’ circumference ‘of the Wheel, Itis possible to regulate the Now i oss. ‘The work is done par ge In the vel Hydraulic Turbines Jai 1725, Inward Flow Reaction Turbines _ Fired ‘guide blades ig. 178. Inward flow reaction tufbine ward flow reaction turbine, as the name indicates, is that bine in which the water enters the wheel at the outer Periphery and then flows inward over the vanes (ie, towards the entre of the wheel) as shown in Fig, 17-8, , As ava ow reaction turin, a ts simplest form, sonst ed guide blades, which guide the water to. enter into the revel ‘i f:for the shockless entry of water, (TB to the relative velo- le gliding ce, which increases due to tity of water flowing over the the entry is educed. It the power produced by the turbine. inward flow rea to the required ed, when the vel possible, ff the turbine runner ing the inlet and outlet velocity triangles, 179, y of wheel at (also 1s peripheral velocity at inlet) 520 Hydraulic Turbines The surface of the runner is made very smooth, ‘The runner may be cast in one piece or may be made of separate steel plates ade of cast Welded together. For low heads, the runner may be iron. Bi heads, the runner is made of steel or the water is chemi 1723. Draft Tube ‘The water, a rough a tube called draft mately 1m below the functions flows down ied approxi- e following 1, It increases the head of water bj icight of the runner outlet above 3. | The water impinges on the ‘buckets, with netic cnet. ies, over the ‘with pressures ‘The pressure of ‘the 8. | The work is done only by the Kinetic eneray of th Hydraulic Turbines 521 17-25, Inward Flow Reaction Turbines __Fuyed ‘guide blades 17, Inward flow reaction tufbine ‘The inward flow reaction turbine, as the ‘which the water enters the wheel rard over the vanes (he. the outer wards the implest form, cor ter to enter into the re ing whe ale, ‘done by adjusting the vane angle tang city of id the revolving wh lover the ¥. the vanes are fixed. This force revolve, higher speed. The et tends to r and Fig. 173, Vi, Dy Wy From the inlet Hydraulic Tarbines — Relative velocity of water, tothe wheel, at inlet, V, = Velocity of flow at i bow ie “al sy es for inward flow reaction turbine Vix = Corresponding values at outlet. & = Angle, at which {also known as B = Angle, at which the water leaves the wheel, @ = Angle of the blade tip at inlet (also known as vane angle at outlet (also. Ds water, under whieh the tur~ igle, we find that V cos a Hydraulic Turbines ‘ , 523 ‘and from the outlet, triangle, we find that wi = Va 008 B and Va= Vi sin ‘We know that the force per kg of water = A change of velocity of whirls z = Vet Vea) ma (ha this case, Vou is negative, because Vex isin the opposite sivesfon ab that 75 | Work gne per x of water | = Force x Distance : z sc Tesperat Walon of let x Tangential velocity of wheel at outlet) Vet Vout, a4 Werhan) = ? eal) Notes, 1. If there is no loss of energy, then Ver! Waist ae te 2 2. If the discharge of the tur! ne is radial, then B=; Kx 0 and A= ha then work done per ke of watet = Yu Yer, ve 2 0 tn Ht — VE om gt — Ue 2 a 2s 2 outlet oF both, then the Example 17-7. An inward flow reaction turbine, having an ex~ ternal diameter of 1°5 metre runs at 400 r.p.m. The velocity of flow at inlet is 10 metres|sec. If the guide blade angle is 15°, find (@) the absolute velocity of water, (®) the velocity of whirl at inlet, (©) the inlet vane angle of the 1unner, and (d) the relative velocity at inlet. (Madurai University, 1977) 524 Hydraulic Turbines N= 40rpm © Velocity of flow at iY ns Guide blade angle % the velocity of vane at inlet, N15 400 EMSA ee Absolute velocity of water Let From the inl water, Vou = V cos 15° = 38-64 x 0:9659 m/sec = 3732 m/sec Ans Inlet vane angle of the runner Let @ = Inlet vane angle. From le, we also find tan @ @ = 59°27" Ans. Relative velocity at inlet Let V; = Relative veloci From the inlet triangle, we also find that 1 inlet, eet eee Hydraulic Turbines 525 Example 17:8 (SL. ‘An inward flow reaction turbine has outer and inner diameters of the wheel as 1 metre and O°S metre res. Sectively. ‘The vanes are radial at inlet and the discharge is radial aectet and the water enters the vanes at an angle of 10°. Assuming the selocity of flow to be constant, and equal to 3 metres|sec, find the speed of the wheel, and ‘the vane angle at outlet. (Calcutta University, 1977) Solution. Given. Outer dia Inner diameter, D, =05m Angle, at which the water enters the Since the vanes are radial at inlet » therefore velocities of whi at inlet and outl the shapes. of the Il be as shown in Fi ‘Speed of the Let = Speed of the wheel in r.p.m. From the jangle we find that the tangential velocity of 3 = qe = I mise ial velocity of wheel at inlet, Let We know that X0SK3207 _ g. BH OSR SINT = 85 mjsee From the out . we find that 3 2 tang = om Gy = 03529 = 19° 26" Ans. ee ae ee Hydraulic Turbines: Hydraulle Turbines reactién turbine is supplied water ity of flow of 2 m/sec. The 24 misee and 18 1726. Outward Flow Reaction Turbines ty of periphery and velocity of respectively. Assuming the discharge to be ra the velocity of flow to be c (Z) vane angle at inlet, Discharge, Q = 600 litresjsee = 06 miJsec Yelocity of flow at Yelocity of periphery at ‘Velocity of w Vane angle at inlet Let From ixed guide blades se of an outward flow the fixed guide blades or Head on the wheel e discharge is radial at outlet, therefore the velocity of decreased, ccentrifugal fo ster and faster. jow reaction turbine. Thus every eto be governed by a turbine governor. jad reaction turbine are the same ie inner diameter , diameter at 01 ious angles and other data will | a Hydraulic Turbines 7 17°26. Outward Klow Reaction Turbines Firee Y guide blades _revaivin wheel ‘, Fig: 1713 outward Slow reaction turbine An outward flow reaction turbine, as the name indicates, is that reaction turbine, in Which the water enters at the centre of the wheel and then flows outward over the vanes (ie. towards the outer periphery of the wheel) as shown in Fig. 17°13, ‘An outward flow reaction turbine, in its simplest form, consists of fixed guide blades, which guide the water to enter into the rex ‘yolving wheel at correct angle i.e. for. shockless entry of watee (This ig done by adjusting the vane angle tangentially to. the relative velocity of water and the revolving wheel). The water, while gliding ver the vanes, exerts some force on the revolving wheel to which tthe vanes are fixed. This force causes the revolving wheel to revolve, ‘The only difference, between the inward flow reaction turbine and aan outward flow reaction turbine, is that in case of an inward flow 7 reaction turbine, the revolving wheel is inside the fixed guide blades as shown in Fig. 17-8; whereas in the case of an oulward flow reaction turbine, the revolving wheel is ouside the fixed guide blades = as shown in Fig. 17°13. = It may be noted, that whenever the load on the turbine is decreased, It causes the shaft to rotate at a higher speed. The centrifugal foree, which increases due (0 the higher speed, tends to {increase the quantity of water flowing over the vanes, and thus the ‘wheel tends to run faster and faster. It is the only” disadvantage Of an outward flow reaction turbine. Thus every outward flow reaction turbine has to be governed by a turbine governor. All the notations for an outwad reaction turbine are the same ‘ag those for iaward flow reaction turbines. ‘The inner diameter ofthe wheel will be denoted as D (ie. diameter at inlet) and the outer diameter will be denoted as Dy (i.e. diameter at outlet). Alb the relations, for finding out the various angles and other data will hhold good for an outward turbine also. 528 Hydraulic Turbines The efficiency or the power developed by the turbine, may ‘be found out, by drawing the inlet and outlet velocity triangles as usual as shown in Fig. 17-14. Centre of Wheet Fig. 17-14 Triangle of velocities for outward flow reactionturbine Example 17:10. An outward flow reaction turbine has inner and outer diameters of the wheel as 1 metre and 2 metres respectively. The the vanes at an angle of 20° and leaves the vanes radially. Ifthe velocity of flow remains constant as 10. metresjsec and the speed Of the wheel be 300 r.p.m., find the vane angles at inlel and outlet. (abalpur University, 1977) Solution. i Given. Inner dia. of wheel, ischarge at outlet. ty of flow, y V;, = Vn = 10 m/sec Speed of wheel, 300 r.p.m, Wane angle at inlet Let on ine angle at t. a Hydraulic Turbines We know that the velocti From the inlet triangle, we find that the velocity of whirl at inlet, : ; 1 Vom cae

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