1. There are ______________ 15.

A _______ is a data
Internet service providers. 8. The information to be communication system
A) regional communicated in a data within a building, plant, or
B) local communications system is campus, or between nearby
C) national and international the _______. buildings.
D) all of the above A) Medium B) Protocol A) LAN B) MAN
C) Message D) Transmission C) WAN D) none
2. ______ refers to the
physical or logical 9. ________ defines how a 16. _______ refers to two
arrangement of a network. particular pattern to be characteristics: when data
A) Topology interpreted, and what action should be sent and how fast
B) Mode of operation is to be taken based on that it can be sent.
C) Data flow interpretation. A) Semantics B) Timing
D) None of the above A) Syntax B) Semantics C) Syntax D) none
C) Timing D) None
3. A ______ is a data 17. This was the first network.
communication system 10. Frequency of failure and A) CSNET B) NSFNET
spanning states, countries, or network recovery time after C) ARPANET D) ANSNET
the whole world. a failure are measures of the
A) MAN B) WAN _______of a network. 18. Devices may be
C) LAN D) none A) Performance B) Security arranged in a ______
C) Reliability D) Feasibility topology.
4. A _______ connection A) mesh B) ring
provides a dedicated link 11. A television broadcast is C) bus D) all o.t. abv
between two devices. an example of _______
A) primary transmission. 19. _______ is the protocol
B) multipoint A) half-duplex B) simplex suite for the current Internet.
C) point-to-point C) full-duplex D) automatic A) UNIX B) NCP
D) secondary C) TCP/IP D) ACM
12. Data flow between two
5. Which topology requires a devices can occur in a 20. ________ is a collection of
multipoint connection? _______ way. many separate networks.
A) Bus B) Star A) simplex B) half-duplex A) A WAN
C) Mesh D) Ring C) full-duplex D) all o.t abv B) An internet
C) A LAN
6. A ________ is a set of rules 13. _______ are special- D) None of the above
that governs data interest groups that quickly
communication. test, evaluate, and 21. In a ________ connection,
A) protocol standardize new three or more devices share
B) forum technologies. a link.
C) standard A) Standards organizations A) point-to-point
D) none B) Regulatory agencies B) multipoint
C) Forums C) (a) and (b)
7. In a ______ connection, D) All of the above D) none of the above
two and only two devices
are connected by a 14. Which agency 22. Which organization has
dedicated link. developed standards for authority over interstate and
A) multipoint physical connection international commerce in
B) point-to-point interfaces and electronic the communications field?
signaling specifications? A) FCC
A) ISO B) ITU-T B) IEEE
C) ANSI D) EIA C) ITU-T
D) ISOC
23. In the original ARPANET,
_______ were directly
connected together.
A) routers
B) host computers
C) networks
D) IMPs
24. Communication between
a computer and a keyboard
involves ______________
transmission.
A) simplex B) half-duplex
C) full-duplex D) automatic
25. Which topology requires
a central controller or hub?
A) Mesh B) Bus
C) Star D) Ring
26. The _______ is the
physical path over which a
message travels.
A) Protocol B) Signal
C) Medium D) All
27. In a _______ connection,
more than two devices can
share a single link.
A) multipoint B) point-to-point
C) primary D) secondary
28. _______ refers to the
structure or format of the
data, meaning the order in
which they are presented.
A) Semantics
B) Syntax
C) Timing
D) All of the above
29. An unauthorized user is a
network _______ issue.
A) Security B) Reliability
C) Performance D) All
30. ________ is an idea or
concept that is a precursor
to an Internet standard.
A) RCF B) ID
C) RFC D) none of the
above
31. In _______ transmission,
the channel capacity is
shared by both
communicating devices at
all times.
A) simplex B) half-duplex
C) full-duplex D) half-simplex
NETWORK MODEL
1. The ______ layer adds a
header to the packet
coming from the upper layer
that includes the logical
addresses of the sender and
receiver.
A) data link B) network
C) physical D) none above
2. Which of the following is
an application layer service?
A) File transfer and access
B) Mail service
C) Remote log-in
D) All the above
3. When data are transmitted
from device A to device B,
the header from A’s layer 4 is
read by B’s _______ layer.
A) Transport
B) Application
C) Physical
D) None of the above
4. __________ provides full
transport layer services to
applications.
A) UDP B) TCP
C) ARP D) none above
5. The process-to-process
delivery of the entire
message is the responsibility
of the _______ layer.
A) Transport
B) Application
C) Physical
D) Network
6. The ______ layer is
responsible for moving
frames from one hop (node)
to the next.
A) transport
B) data link
C) physical
D) none of the above
7. The _______ layer is
responsible for delivering
data units from one station to
the next without errors.
A) physical
B) data link
C) transport
D) network
8. The session, presentation,
and application layers are
the ______ support layers.
A) user
B) network
C) both (a) and (b)
D) neither (a) nor (b)
9. The physical, data link,
and network layers are the
______ support layers.
A) network
B) user
C) both (a) and (b)
D) neither (a) nor (b)
10. The ________ layer is
responsible for the process-
to-process delivery of the
entire message.
A) transport B) physical
C) network D) data link
11. The _______ layer lies
between the network layer
and the application layer.
A) Data link
B) Transport
C) Physical
D) None of the above
12. The Internetworking 20. The _______ layer 27. As the data packet
Protocol (IP) is a ________ changes bits into moves from the upper to the
protocol. electromagnetic signals. lower layers, headers are
A) connection-oriented A) Physical B) Transport _______.
B) reliable C) Data link D) None A) Rearranged
C) both a and b B) Removed
D) none of the above 21. IPv6 has _______ -bit C) Added
addresses. D) Modified
13. The _______ layer links the A) 128 B) 32
network support layers and C) 64 D) variable 28. The physical layer is
the user support layers. concerned with the
A) session B) transport 22. The_____ address movement of _______ over
C) data link D) network identifies a process on a the physical medium.
host. A) dialogs
14. ICMPv6 includes _______. A) specific B) port B) protocols
A) IGMP B) ARP C) IP D) physical C) bits
C) RARP D) a and b D) programs
23. The_________ layer is
15. The ____ address uniquely responsible for the delivery 29. To deliver a message to
defines a host on the of a message from one the correct application
Internet. process to another. program running on a host,
A) IP B) port A) transport B) network the _______ address must be
C) specific D) physical C) physical D) none consulted.
A) physical
16. The _______ layer 24. The _________ layer B) port
coordinates the functions enables the users to access C) IP
required to transmit a bit stream the network. D) none of the above
over a physical medium. A) application
A) data link B) transport B) physical 30. Ethernet uses a ________
C) network D) physical C) data link physical address that is
D) transport imprinted on the network
17. The ______ layer is interface card (NIC).
responsible for the source- 25. The TCP/IP _______ layer is A) 32-bit
to-destination delivery of a equivalent to the combined B) 6-byte
packet across multiple session, presentation, and C) 64-bit
network links. application layers of the OSI D) none of the above
A) network B) physical model.
C) data link D) transport A) data link 31. The _______ layer is the
B) network layer closest to the
18. Mail services are C) physical transmission medium.
available to network users D) application A) Network
through the _______ layer. B) Transport
A) Transport B) Physical 26. When a host on network C) Physical
C) Data link D) Application A sends a message to a host D) Data link
on network B, which address
19. The ____ created a model does the router look at? 32. The OSI model consists of
called the Open Systems A) logical _______ layers.
Interconnection, which allows
B) physical A) eight
diverse systems to
communicate.
C) port B) seven
A) IEEE B) ISO D) none of the above C) five
C) OSI D) none of the D) three
above
33. The ________ address,
also known as the link
address, is the address of a
node as defined by its LAN or
WAN.
A) IP B) port
C) specific D) physical
34. Layer 2 lies between the
physical layer and the
_______ layer.
A) Data link B) Transport
C) Network D) None of
35. Why was the OSI model
developed?
A) The rate of data transfer
was increasing exponentially
B) Standards were needed
to allow any two systems to
communicate
C) Manufacturers disliked
the TCP/IP protocol suite.
D) None of the above
36. In the OSI model, as a
data packet moves from the
lower to the upper layers,
headers are _______.
A) removed B) added
C) rearranged D) modified
37. In the OSI model, when
data is transmitted from
device A to device B, the
header from A’s layer 5 is
read by B’s _______ layer.
A) session B) physical
C) transport D) presentation
38. The seven-layer _______
model provides guidelines
for the development of
universally compatible
networking protocols.
A) ISO B) OSI
C) IEEE D) none
39. The Internet model
consists of _______ layers.
A) Eight B) Seven
C) Five D) Three
40. In the OSI model, what is 46. The ________ address,
the main function of the also known as the link
transport layer? address, is the address of a
A) process-to-process node as defined by its LAN or
message delivery WAN.
B) node-to-node delivery A) logical
C) synchronization B) port
D) updating and C) physical
maintenance of routing tables D) none of the above
41. _______ is a process-to- 47. The _______ model shows
process protocol that adds how the network functions of
only port addresses, a computer ought to be
checksum error control, and organized.
length information to the A) ANSI
data from the upper layer. B) CCITT
A) IP B) TCP C) ISO
C) UDP D) none D) OSI
42. The ______ layer 48. The _______ layer ensures
establishes, maintains, and interoperability between
synchronizes the interactions communicating devices
between communicating through transformation of
devices. data into a mutually agreed
A) session upon format.
B) physical A) network
C) transport B) presentation
D) network C) transport
D) data link
43. A port address in TCP/IP is
______ bits long.
A) 16 B) 32
C) 48 D) none
44. In the OSI model,
encryption and decryption
are functions of the ________
layer.
A) application
B) presentation
C) session
D) transport
45. TCP/IP is a ______
hierarchical protocol suite
developed ____ the OSI
model.
A) five-layer; before
B) six-layer; before
C) seven-layer; before
D) five-layer; after
TELECOMMUNICATION - communication at a
distance
DATA - information presented in whatever form
is agreed upon by the parties creating and
using the data.
DATA COMMUNICATIONS - exchange of data
between two devices via some form of
transmission medium such as a wire cable
NETWORK -set of devices (nodes) connected
by communication links.
NODE - computer, printer, or any other device
capable of sending and/or receiving data
generated by other nodes on the network.
LINK - cable, air, optical fiber, or any medium
which can transport a signal carrying
information.

NETWORK CRITERIA
Eeffectiveness depends on:
 PERFORMANCE
 Depends on Network Elements
 Measured in terms of Delay and
Throughput
 TRANSIT AND RESPONSE TIME
- TRANSIT TIME- time rqd for a message to
travel from1 device to another
- RESPONSE TIME- elapsed time from inquiry
and response
 RELIABILITY
 Failure rate of network components
Figure 1.1 Components of a data communication system  Measured in terms of
availability/robustness
 SECURITY
 Data protection against
corruption/loss of data due to:
 Errors
 Malicious users
PHYSICAL STRUCTURES
 TYPE OF CONNECTION
 POINT TO POINT - single transmitter and
receiver
 MULTIPOINT - multiple recipients of
single transmission
DATA REPRESENTATION  PHYSICAL TOPOLOGY
- TEXT  Connection of devices
- NUMBER  TYPE OF TRANSMISSION - unicast,
- IMAGE mulitcast, broadcast
- AUDIO TYPES OF CONNECTIONS: POINT-TO-POINT AND
- VIDEO MULTIPOINT

Data flow (simplex, half-duplex, and full-duplex)

CATEGORIES OF TOPOLOGY
A fully connected MESH TOPOLOGY (five devices)
- Point-to-point link to every other device
- n(n-1)/2
ADVANTAGES
- use of dedicated links guarantees each
connection carries its own data
- robust
- adv or privacy and security
- make fault identification and fault
isolation easy
DISADV
- difficult installation and reconnection
- bulk/large space needed
- espensive
A STAR TOPOLOGY connecting four stations
- has central controller called hub
- disadv is dependent on hub, if it fails all
will fail
- adv is robust and one connection cannot
affect the other;cheaper
- often used in LANs
A BUS TOPOLOGY connecting three stations
- multipoint
- long cable- backbone
- DROP LINE- connection between main
cable and devices
- TAP – splice the main cable or puncture
the sheath of cables to crate contact to
the core
- ADV- ease of installation; less cabling;
redundancy eliminated;
- DISADV- difficult reconnection and fault
isolation ; a fault stops all
- Ethernet LAN
A RING TOPOLOGY connecting six stations
- Point to point on 2 adjacent sides
- Easy to install and config
- Media and traffic considerate
- Unidirectional traffic is a disadv
A HYBRID TOPOLOGY: a star backbone with
three bus networks
CATEGORIES OF NETWORKS
 LOCAL AREA NETWORKS (LANS)
 Short distances
 Designed to provide local
interconnectivity
 Bus, ring , star
 WIDE AREA NETWORKS (WANS)
 Long distances
 X.25
 Provide connectivity over large areas
 METROPOLITAN AREA NETWORKS (MANS)
 Provide connectivity over areas such
as a city, a campus
INTERNET - communication system that has
brought a wealth of information to our
fingertips and organized it for our use.
ARPANET (1967-initial at meeting; 1969-
final),acm- firs internet
- UCLA,UCSB, STANFORD RESEARCH INST,
UNIV OF UTAH – 4 nodes connected via
IMPS(interface message processor)
- NETWORK CONTROL PROTOCOL(NCP)-
provide communication
HIERARCHICAL ORGANIZATION OF THE INTERNET
PROTOCOL - rule. NETWORK MODELS
- consists of a set of rules that govern data
TASKS INVOLVED IN SENDING A LETTER
communications.
- determines what is communicated, how it is
communicated and when it is communicated.
ELEMENTS OF A PROTOCOL
 SYNTAX
 Structure or format of the data
 Indicates how to read the bits - field
delineation
 SEMANTICS
 Interprets the meaning of the bits
 Knows which fields define what action
 TIMING
 When data should be sent and what
 Speed at which data should be sent or
speed at which it is being received
STANDARDS

2 CATEGORIES OF STANDARD
- DE FACTO- BY FACT/ BY CONVENTION
- DE JURE- BY LAW OR BY REGULATION
STANDARD ORGS

1947, the INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS

ORGANIZATION (ISO) is a multinational body
dedicated to worldwide agreement on
international standards.
OPEN SYSTEMS INTERCONNECTION (OSI)
MODEL. - ISO standard that covers all aspects
of network communications
- It was first introduced in the late 1970s.

ISO is the ORGANIZATION.

OSI is the MODEL.

SEVEN LAYERS OF THE OSI MODEL

FCC; FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS

COMMISSION- regulatory agency over
interstate and international commerce
relating to communication
 DATA LINK LAYER
The interaction between layers in the OSI model

The DATA LINK LAYER is responsible for moving

frames from one hop (node) to the next.
Hop-to-hop delivery

AN EXCHANGE USING THE OSI MODEL

LAYERS IN THE OSI MODEL

 Physical Layer
 Data Link Layer
 Network Layer
 Transport Layer
 Session Layer
 Presentation Layer
 Application Layer

NETWORK LAYER
PHYSICAL LAYER

The NETWORK LAYER is responsible for the

delivery of individual packets from
The PHYSICAL LAYER is responsible for
the source host to the destination host.
movements of individual bits from one hop
RESPONSIBLE FOR
(node) to the next.
-LOGICAL ADDRESSING
-ROUTING
SOURCE-TO-DESTINATION DELIVERY
TRANSPORT LAYER
The TRANSPORT LAYER is responsible for the
delivery of a message from one process to
another.
RELIABLE PROCESS-TO-PROCESS DELIVERY OF A
MESSAGE
SESSION LAYER
The SESSION LAYER is responsible for dialog
control and synchronization.
PRESENTATION LAYER
The PRESENTATION LAYER is responsible for
translation, compression, and encryption.
APPLICATION LAYER
The APPLICATION LAYER is responsible for
providing services to the user.
TCP/IP PROTOCOL SUITE
The layers in the TCP/IP protocol suite do not
exactly match those in the OSI model. The
original TCP/IP protocol suite was defined as
having four layers: host-to-network, internet,
transport, and application. However, when
TCP/IP is compared to OSI, we can say that the
TCP/IP protocol suite is made of five layers:
physical, data link, network, transport, and
application
TCP/IP and OSI model PORT ADDRESSES

PHYSICAL ADDRESSES will change from hop to hop,

Four levels of addresses are used in an internet
employing the TCP/IP protocols: PHYSICAL,
LOGICAL, PORT, AND SPECIFIC.
ADDRESSES IN TCP/IP
LOGICAL ADDRESSES usually remain the same.
A port address is a 16-bit address represented
by one decimal number as shown.

Relationship of layers and addresses in TCP/IP

In Figure 2.19 a node with physical address 10 sends a

frame to a node with physical address 87. The two nodes
are connected by a link (bus topology LAN). As the figure
shows, the computer with physical address 10 is the
sender, and the computer with physical address 87 is the
receiver.

Most local-area networks use a 48-bit (6-byte)

physical address written as 12 hexadecimal digits;
every byte (2 hexadecimal digits) is separated by a
colon, as shown below: