MICRO PERSPECTIVE OF TOURISM AND in space

HOSPITALITY - Travel to space is limited activity

Micro-perspective - is a perspective, or form of Sports Tourism

analysis, which focuses on the individual and their
subjectivity, rather than focusing on the structures of
society thought to be external and constraining on the
individual.
Tourism- the act and process of spending time away
from home in pursuit of recreation, relaxation, and
pleasure, while making use of the commercial provision
of services.
- Appreciation and involvement in sports
event or competition
Urban Tourism
- Travel of people to metropolitan areas for
Sightseeing, Shopping and Recreation
Rural Tourism
- Traveler set their sites on the countryside
where trees, farms and animals are highlighted

Hospitality- is the relationship between a guest and a Educational Tourism

host, wherein the host receives the guest with goodwill, - Participants’ objective is not just for leisure but also to
including the reception and entertainment of guests, enhance their knowledge and to learn.
visitors, or strangers.
Festival Tourism
Hospitality Industry- is a broad category of fields - Areas which hold colorful fiestas and spectacular
festivals
within the service industry that
includes lodging, food and drink service, event Events Tourism
planning, theme parks, transportation, cruise - Focuses on Meetings, Convention, Conferences,
line, traveling, airline and additional fields within Congress and Exhibit
the tourism industry.[
TYPES OF TOURIST
TYPES OF TOURISM PLOG’S MODEL
1. PSYCHOCENTRIC
Adventure Tourism • Non adventurous
- Risk and Excitement • Prefer the familiar travel
- Remote and Exotic Destinations • Non risk takers
-Soft and Hard Adventure • Passive type of travel

Culinary Tourism 2. ALLOCENTRIC

- Offer a Gastronomical experiences • Try new products
- Lectures on food History • Adventurous
• Prefer the off beaten tracks
Disaster Tourism • Self-confident
-Travel to disaster places out of curiosity
- Merely observe and watch 3. MIDCENTRIC
• Dwell between allocentric and psychocentric
Dark Tourism • Most Tourist belong to this category
- Areas that were once sites of events involving deaths,
suffering and grief. COHEN’S MODEL
1. ORGANIZED MASS TOURIST
Eco Tourism • Prefer tours
- Advocates and promotes the protection and • Prefer the familiar environment
preservation of ecosystem.
2. INDIVIDUAL MASS TOURIST
Heritage Tourism • Tourist has some control over his/her itinerary
- Pursues the appreciation of different attributes of and time allocations
society. • Remains with environmental bubble home
country
LGBT Tourism
- Pride Marches and Parades, Gay Festival, Gay Square 3. EXPLORER
Dance Convention and Same Sex Marriage • Usually plan his/her own trip
• Avoids developed tourist attractions
Medical Tourism • Mixes with local but still protected by
- Seek healing and relief from adverse health Conditions environmental bubble
to find cure from their ailments
4. DRIFTER
Nautical Tourism • Plan his/her own trip
- Undertaken by tourists through sailing and boating • Avoids tourist attractions and lives with locals
• Mixes with local but still protected by
Space Tourism environmental bubble
- People are given the opportunity to travel • Immerses in the host culture
PEARCE’S TRAVELERS CATEGORY
TOURIST – take photos, buys souvenirs, goes to
famous places
TRAVELER – take photos, stays briefly in one place,
and experiments with local food and explore privately
HOLIDAYMAKER – takes photos, goes to famous
places, alienates from society and buys souvenirs
JETSETTER – lives a life of luxury, is concerned with
social status, seeks sensual pleasures, and prefer
interacting with people of his/her own kind
BUSINESS PERSON – is concerned with social status,
contributes to the local economy
MIGRANT – has language problems, prefers interacting
with people of his/her own kind
CONSERVATIONIST – interested with environment,
does not buy souvenirs explore privately and explore
privately
EXPLORER – explores privately, interested with
environment, takes physical risk and does not buy
souvenirs
MISSIONARY – Keenly observe the visited society
OVERSEAS STUDENT – experiments with the local
food, explores privately, interested with environment
and takes physical risk
ANTHROPOLOGIST – takes photo, interested with
environment, does not buy souvenirs explore privately
and explore privately
HIPPIE – does not take photos, does not buy souvenirs
and does not contribute to the society
INTERNATIONAL ATHLETE – does not understand
the local people, explores privately
OVERSEAS JOURNALIST – explores privately,
interested with environment, takes physical risk and
does not buy souvenirs
RELIGIOUS PILGRIM – searching for the meaning of
life
PURPOSE OF TRAVEL
1. PLEASURE/VACATION
- To have HOLIDAY
- To RELAX and ENJOY
- To have FUN
2. BUSINESS / PROFESSIONAL
- Usually representative of companies, institutions,
schools or organization to attend seminar, convention
meeting or event.
VISITING FRIENDS or RELATIVES
- Socializing, dining in and dining out, home
entertainment
MOTIVATION AND DESIRE TO TRAVEL
ABRAHAM MASLOW (1943, 1954) stated that people
are motivated to achieve certain needs and that some
needs take precedence over others. Our most basic need
is for physical survival, and this will be the first thing
that motivates our behavior. Once that level is fulfilled
the next level up is what motivates us, and so on.
MASLOW HIERARCHY OF NEEDS
• Tourism Suppliers will address and anticipate
the tourist want and desire
• Businesses can plan the services and amenities
that will be more attractive and will provide
comfort to tourist
• Businesses industry will reassure the safety of
clients.
• Establishments will inform their clients that
safety and security is one of their utmost concern
• Industry can offer to clients to visits those
destinations which promotes a particular hobby
or sport that will bring them together and to
share same interest at the same time.
• This form of human need is widely addressed in
the tourism industry.
• Rewarded by an incentive tour as recognition to
his/her valuable contribution to the company.
• This level drives or compels the person to travel
in order to achieve his/her ultimate desire or to
fulfill his/her dream.
DISCIPLINARY APPROACHES TO TOURISM
1. INSTITUTIONAL APPROACH
• Looks at the business side of tourism industry
and analyzes the risk factors and operational
method of the different entities
2. HISTORICAL APPROACH
• Focuses on the historical growth or decline of
activities and institutions
• Observe the industry as its starts and evolves
through time
3. MANAGERIAL APPROACH
• Studies the industry focusing on management
activities such as planning, research, advertising,
pricing, control, and other aspects essential in
operating tourism-related businesses.
4. ECONOMIC APPROACH
• The focus is on tourism’s contribution to the
country’s economic development and finances.
5. SOCIOLOGICAL APPROACH
• Analyzes the impact of tourism to the
community based behavior, habits traditions,
and customs.
6. INTERDISCIPLINARY APPROACHES
• It is a fusion of different fields that cross and are
brought together in order to bring about a
phenomenon.
• Disciplines including arts, sciences, technology,
medicine, culture, music and even politics affect
the tourism industry.

7. SYSTEM APPROACH
• Rationalizes and simplifies complex ideas and
presents them in an organized and synthesized
manner
8. GEOGRAPHICAL/DEMOGRAPHICAL
APPROACH
• Involve the subject educational attainment,
social status, general age grouping, and
population size.
9. PRODUCT APPROACH
• Focus on the product of tourism, its component
as well as it compatibility to the tourist
preferences
1 5 H O SP IT A LI TY AN D T O U R ISM
M A NA G EM E NT C AR E E R O P TIO NS
The travel & tourism industry makes up 9.8 % of global
GDP, and it’s still growing. Responsible for one out of
every eleven jobs worldwide, the industry is the world’s
largest employer according to the World Tourism
Organization UNWTO. Every day, a new idea is
hatched, big investment firms sign off on the designs of
a five-star luxury resort or some mom and pop diner
opens its doors.
HOTEL OPERATIONS
1. BANQUET & CONFERENCES
A demanding, yet high energy career working in hotels,
resorts and conference centers setting up rooms and
servicing events. If you enjoy seeing an event executed
from the initial planning stages through to its end, this
may be for you. From organizing a 500-guest NGO Gala
to raise awareness for humanity aid to political
receptions and corporate holiday parties, your clientele is
always changing, creating a unique environment that is
never boring.
2. FOOD & BEVERAGE MANAGEMENT
Responsible for all things related to food and beverage
from ordering products to hiring staff and balancing profit
and loss sheets. The career requires exceptional social and
analytical skills. The ideal candidate is organized, calm
under pressure, service oriented and business minded.
3. FRONT OFFICE RECEPTION
From the very first moment of a guest’s arrival, the front
office serves as the face of the company and its standards
of service. Knowledgeable not only about the products they
offer, these individuals are friendly, customer service
oriented and can give insights on the surround area.
4. RESORT MANAGEMENT
Oversee all operations departments from the front desk and
security to housekeeping and food and beverage.
Responsible for the overall success of the facility, this is a
very diverse position that manages a wide variety of people.
A strong leader, that is both service oriented and business
savvy, will exceed in this management role.
5. RESTAURANT MANAGEMENT
A dynamic position leading a team of employees servicing
food and beverage. A day in the life of a restaurant
manager can go from tasting wines with different
distributors to bussing tables on a busy night. Also
responsible for the overall function of the operation,
inventory, ordering and budgeting often top the list of a
manager’s to-do list.
6. SPA AND WELLNESS MANAGEMENT
Responsible for the day-to-day operations of a health or
beauty spa. Based on the size of the operation the position
can be customer service focused or more business based,
handling all the marketing, schedules, and training.
EVENT MANAGEMENT
7. CONCERTS, FESTIVALS & EXHIBITIONS
Event planning and project management dealing with large
scale events. This role involves studying the brand,
identifying the target audience, devising the event concept
and coordinating all the technical aspects before launching
or hosting an event.
8. WEDDING COORDINATION
It all comes down to the details and building relationships.
Brides want to have confidence in their wedding
coordinator and in doing so, this individual needs to be
extremely organized and love executing special events with
many moving components, balancing a need for both
structure and creativity in the workplace. A rewarding
career for the right individual, making lasting memories.
OTHER AREAS
9. AIRLINES
Jump on board and travel the world as a flight attendant.
Manage the inflight services taking care of food and
beverage, duty free and other customer service requests.
Upon landing you are in a new location, traversing the
globe on a regular basis.
10. AMUSEMENT PARKS
Make every child’s eyes light up. Manage the overall
operations as a member of the leadership team or be ready
to welcome amusement park goers behind the desk selling
tickets, supervising a food and beverage outlet or
controlling the rides themselves.
11. CASINOS
The gaming service industry is huge and jobs are typically
found in casinos or at the racetrack. Someone interested in
this career may work as a dealer, slot machine attendant, pit
boss or an overall operations manager dealing with the
activities, in addition to any lounges or food and beverage
outlets offered to the players.
12. CATERING
A mash up of sales, project management and food and
beverage, this is a fun and vigorous career. Whether you’re
a chef creating the menu or coordinator organizing the
vendors, this position is constantly on-the-go fielding
queries and giving instructions. A great position
incorporating sales with event planning.
13. CRUISES
Head out to sea. Very similar to a hotel, but you are
floating from port to port. Work in sales, food and beverage,
housekeeping, maintenance or security. Maybe you strive
to be the big boss, in which case there are a lot of moving
parts to oversee 24 hours a day.
14. CONSULTING
Work for a firm or start your own business, this career
requires a base of experience in order to advise your clients.
Whether in hotels, restaurants or travel, becoming an expert
in your trade will allow you to give the soundest guidance.
15. START YOUR OWN BUSINESS
16.
STAKEHOLDERS IN TOURISM
DEVELOPMENT
Definition of stakeholder
A stakeholder is a person, group, or organization that can
affect or be affected an organisation. According to
Johnson, Scholes & Whittington (2006) stakeholders
refer to individuals or groups who depend on the
organisation to fulfil their own goals and on whom, in
turn, the organisation depends.
Stakeholders in tourism development
Participation of stakeholders in the decision-making
process is very important for sustainable tourism
development. According to UNWTO (2005) there are a
number of stakeholders who may impact directly or
indirectly on tourism planning and development. They
play a wide variety of roles and may sometimes have
competing aims and objectives.
The roles of stakeholders in tourism development
National governments
National governments play an important role in tourism
development. They plan tourism activities at national
levels. Planning at national levels require appropriate
policies being designed and implemented. National
governments’ roles include but not limited to developing
and maintaining infrastructures such as roads, railways,
and ports; promoting destinations to local and
international tourists; and ensuring safety and security of
tourists. In 2016, the UK government made an
announcement of £40 million investment to deliver new
tourism outside London and ease travel around Britain,
which is aimed at helping local and international visitors
to explore the wealth of tourism opportunities across the
country.
Local governments
Local governments with specific competence in tourism
matters also play in important role in tourism
development. Councils promote local tourist attractions,
provide infrastructure and services to support tourism
and manage the impacts of tourism. They are also in a
better position to understand unique characteristics of a
destination and can create an authentic experience for the
people who want to visit it.
Tourism establishments and enterprises
Tourism establishments and enterprises play a variety of
roles in tourism development. For example, airlines,
trains, and buses transport tourists from one place to
another, restaurants provide them with food and drinks,
and hotels provide accommodation. Tour operators,
travel agencies, and tourist information centres also fall
in to this category. In fact, travelling abroad is almost
impossible without tourism organisations.
Tourists
Travelers, including business travelers, and visitors to
tourism destinations, sites and attractions are perhaps the
most important stakeholders. Tourists visit attractions;
spend money; and may promote the attractions through
word of mouth and social media if their experience is
positive. If the experience is not positive, tourists may
not return to the attractions again, and may even spread
negative word of mouth.
Local people
Local people are also very important in tourism
development. They may have legitimate concerns and
may resist any tourism development. Therefore, they
need to be involved in the decision-making process
where appropriate. Local people with their distinct
values and cultures can add value to any tourist
destinations. Tourists may also benefit from local people
in many different ways.
Employees and professionals
Tourism employees, professionals and consultants also
play a very important role in tourism
development. According to Visit Britain (2017) tourism
has been the fastest growing sector in the UK in
employment terms since 2010. Tourism is expected to
support almost 3.8 million jobs, which is around 11% of
the total UK number by 2025. These figures demonstrate
how important tourism employees and professionals
are. Restaurants, hotels, airlines, buses, trains, and others
will certainly struggle should they employ an inadequate
number of employees, or there are shortages of skilled
people in the market.
Other stakeholders
There are some other stakeholders tourism planners
should consider. For example, institutions engaged in
financing tourism projects, trade unions of employees
and professionals working in tourism, tourism
educational centres, and other tourism specialist
organisations play a variety of roles in tourism
development.