GENERAL LECTURE

TRANSPORTATION OUTLOOK
IN INDONESIA 2020

“Omnibus Law Challenge in Transportation"

Prof. Dr. Ir. Agus Taufik Mulyono, ST., MT.,IPU., ASEAN Eng.
Head of Center for Transportation and Logistic Studies (PUSTRAL) UGM
Head of Indonesia Transportastion Society (MTI)

Hall of the 2nd Floor Engineering Faculty, Universitas Sriwijaya

18th January 2020
Presentation Outline :
 Understanding the Nature of Transportation
 The Node-Space-Node Problem
 Road Transport Outlook and Evaluation in Indonesia
 Railway Transport Outlook and Evaluation in Indonesia
 Ferriage Transport Outlook and Evaluation in Indonesia
 Sea Transport Outlook and Evaluation in Indonesia
 Air Transport Outlook and Evaluation in Indonesia
 Challenges of the Industrial Era 4.0: Sustainable Civilized
Transportation
 Sustainable Civilized Transportation Policy for National
Transportation Grand Design

2
 MTI’s Perspective :
Understanding the Nature of Transportation

3
 Transportation : Access-Main Trip-Egress

Final Destination of the Trip

Origin of Trip

Desti
Origin
nation
Node
Node

Access Main Trip Egress

Space Problem Node Space Problem Node Space Problem

Problem Problem

Source : Agus Taufik Mulyono (2019)

4
 The Nature of Transportation
 Transportation: the process of moving people/goods/services
from the Origin of Trip to the Final Destination of Trip safely,
securely, comfortably, on time (effective), orderly and smoothly
as well as with affordable (efficient) operational costs, through 3
(three) important components:
▪ NODE (terminal, port, airport, station, toll gate, bus stop,
agent)
▪ SPACE (road & rail network, shipping lanes, flight lines)
▪ SERVICE (travel time, waiting time, safety, security, cost
affordability, smooth and order, comfort, equity, health, legal
certainty)
 The trip of NODE-SPACE-NODE through 3 segments :
▪ ACCESS (Origin of Trip - Origin Node)
▪ MAIN-TRIP (Origin Node - Destination Node)
▪ EGRESS (Destination Node – Final Destination of the Trip)
5
 MTI’s Perspective :
The Node-Space-Node Problem

6
 PROBLEM OF NODE-SPACE-NODE TRANSPORTATION MANAGEMENT
Public mode: Final Destination
Uncertain of Trip
travel time;
limited
Egress
service time Main Trip
Origin Destination
Node Road transport Node
Private mode: Modes choices are
ineffective Ferriage transport limited and rates
Railway transport are expensive/
Infrastructure Sea transport uncertain
: not eligible Air transport
The information
There is no certainty of the mode share, 75% of system and
Access passenger transport costs and 85% of freight transport infrastructure
costs are based on road modes, unfair intermodal/ capacity are
intermodal transport tariff competition, uncertain inadequate
travel time, public vs private, commercial vs
pioneering, competition vs intermodal integration

Origin of Trip The cost of access + egress can occur higher than the cost HR & DATA CRISIS :
of the main trip due to poor transport infrastructure and ▪ Planning
non-compliance with service standards
▪ Programming
Terminal overcapacity during peak hours, uncertain ▪ Design
waiting times, basic services are inadequate.
Intermodal/multimodal transportation is not optimal ▪ Implementation
Logistics handling costs at the node are expensive,
▪ Operation
uncertain handling time, and often mixed with ▪ Maintenance
passenger services. ▪ Regulating
The low basic services for people with physical disabilities, ▪ Controlling
the elderly, children, the poor, pregnant women. Low ▪ Enforcement
efforts to reduce GHGs due to transportation

Source : Agus Taufik Mulyono (2019) 7

 IMPLEMENTATION OF MORAL-ETHIC DATA
Moral-Ethic Data

Representative
Human Resources (HR)

Accessibility
Reliability

Relevance

Up to date

Tipology
Transportation

Validity
Honest
Infrastructure

Planning-Programmnig
Detailed Engineering Design
(DED)
Construction and Supervision

Operation Management

Maintenance (Preservation)

Evaluation of Performance

= Very good = Good = Enough

= Bad = Very bad

Source : Agus Taufik Mulyono (2019)
8
 ACADEMIC LEVEL AND COMPETENCE of HR

Human Resources (HR) Academic Level and Competence

Transportation Academic Courses/ Expertise Skill
Infrastructure Degree (Formal) Training Competence Competence

Planning-Programmnig
Detailed Engineering Design
(DED)
Construction and Supervision

Operation Management

Maintenance (Preservation)

Evaluation of Performance

= Fulfilled = Fulfilled enough = Less fulfill

= Very poorly fulfilled = Not fulfilled

Source : Agus Taufik Mulyono (2019)

9
Compliance Level of Think-Act SIDLACOM Application
Compliance level of SIDLACOM Application

Investigation

Construction

Maintenance
acquisition
Transportation Human

Operation
program
Resources

Design
Survey

Action
Land
Planning-Programming

Transportation Design

Physical implementation

Operations Management

Regulation Arrangement

Performance Control

Law Enforcement

= Highly considered = Considered = Quite considered

= Less considered = Not Considered

10
Source : Agus Taufik Mulyono (2019)
 Problem of “Transportation Spaces”
 MODE SHARE : there is no courage to set targets for mode
share, especially in the solid lane of transportation of goods
(logistics). Conditions of production of freight
transportation in Indonesia :
▪ Road Mode : 75,3%
▪ Railways Mode : 1,1%
▪ Shipping Mode: 24,2%
▪ Flight Mode : 0,2%
 TRAVEL TIME : still high, especially on national road and
railroad transportation (> 2,0 hours/100 km).
 FACILITIES-INFRASTRUCTURE CONDITIONS: lack of
attention on safety and security aspects, and inaccurate
maintenance, as well as low services for people with
disabilities, the elderly, children, the poor, and pregnant
women. 11
 Imbalance Number of Passenger Transport Trips in Each Mode

100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
Sumatera Java Kalimantan Sulawesi Bali NT Maluku-Papua Average

1,0% 0,5% 4,5% 5,0% 1,5% 43,7% 9,4%

0,0% 0,0% 0,1% 0,5% 0,6% 28,0% 5,0%

1,5% 6,6% 4,0%

97,5% 93,0% 95,4% 94,6% 98,0% 27,7% 84,3%

Source : Agus Taufik Mulyono (2018); IndII (2015)

There is no policy on Mode Share of passenger transportation, especially railroad

mode, sea-lines mode. Has the effect of increasing potential deficiencies in safety,
security, timeliness, and optimizing intermodal terminal capacity.
12
 Imbalance Number of Freight Trips in Each Mode

100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
Sumatera Java Kalimantan Sulawesi Bali NT Maluku-Papua Average

0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 1,1% 0,2%

2,7% 0,2% 58,8% 3,6% 0,2% 79,7% 24,2%

2,1% 0,1% 1,1%

95,2% 99,7% 41,2% 96,4% 99,8% 10,2% 75,3%

Source : Agus Taufik Mulyono (2018); IndII (2015)

The double track railroad and port development have not yet had a significant
impact on operators due to the poor integration of the infrastructure network
system and the intermodal freight terminal services. 13
 Imbalance of Transport Production for Each Passenger
and Freight Transportation Modals in Java Island
Freight Transportation Passenger Transportation
Transportation Modal Production Production
(million ton.km/year) (million seat.km/year)
Road:
• North Route (Pantura) 23,517.8 (74.7%) 6,285.6 (64.8%)
• Middle Route 4,439.1 (14.1%) 2,066.1 (21.3%)
• South Route 1,479.8 (4.7%) 632.4 (6.5%)
Railway 346.3 (1.1%) 628.6 (6.5%)
Sea 1,637.1 (5.2%) 29.1 (0.3%)
Air 62.9 (0.2%) 67.9 (0.7%)
Source: Mulyono and Kushari (2019)

Imbalance of freight load shall not be neglected since it will speed up the structural
damage rate of the north java national road during the design period due to high
loading time of freight heavy vehicle. If it is not handled seriously and properly, the
road service quality for road user will decrease; particularly due to increase on
vehicle operating cost and the need of (everlasting) road reconstruction project as
what currently happened. 14
Imbalance of Passenger Transport Production for Each Modal in Java Island

Imbalance of Passenger Transport Production in Java Island

Road
Rail Sea Air
North Route Middle Route South Route

64.8% 21.3% 6.5%

6.5% 0.3% 0.7%
92.6%

Source
Sumber : Agus Taufik
: Mulyono (2016) Mulyono (2019)

15
Imbalance of Freight Transport Production for Each Modal in Java Island

Imbalance of Freight Transport Production in Java Island

Road
Rail Sea Air
North Route Middle Route South Route
74.7% 14.1% 4.7%
1.1% 5.2% 0.2%
93.5%

Source: Mulyono
Sumber : Agus Taufik
(2016) Mulyono (2019)

5.000

16
 Problem of “Transportation Spaces”
 COMPETITIVENESS : The low competitiveness of
infrastructure and transportation services is triggered by some
conditions :
▪ Commercial vs. Pioneer routes : difficult to control?
▪ Mode competition vs. intermodal integration : lack of
infrastructure and service networks integration?
▪ Public vs private : congestion out of control?
▪ Transport capacity : ODOL (Over Dimension Over Load) is
difficult to solve?
▪ Safety: high accident fatality?
▪ Condition of facilities and infrastructure : improper function?
▪ Social impact : seamless conflict of interest?
▪ Environment: GHGs are increasing, lack of monitoring?
▪ Health & psychological users : no complaints?
▪ Affordability : the unfair subsidies?
▪ ICT system: online motorcycle taxi (OJOL) behavior is difficult to
control? 17
 Problem of “Transportation Nodes”
 WAITING TIME : Delays often occur, resulting in large losses
for users (public). OTP (on time performance) facts at node :
▪ Bus Terminal : 67.0% (vehicles, roads, management)
▪ Train Station : 90,0% (management, train facilities)
▪ Seaport : 75,0% (weather, ships, management)
▪ Airport Terminal : 80,0% (weather, airlines, management)
▪ All Nodes : 72,0% (far enough from the target)
 DWELLING TIME : generally still quite high (> 3.0 days), the
complexity of port services has not been resolved.
 OVERCAPACITY : some nodes experience greater density than
the carrying capacity/planned capacity due to planning and
field management errors.

18
 Problem of “Transportation Nodes”
 INTEGRATION : especially in intermodal and
multimodal transportation, do not yet have an indicator
of standardization of integration, and there is no
assessment of the effectiveness and efficiency of its
implementation in the field:
▪ Integration of networks : order of infrastructure,
facilities and services
▪ Integration of operations : order of operational
facilities, infrastructure, and services
▪ Integration of functions : order of function,
infrastructure, facilities, and services.
▪ Institutional Integration : synchronization of action
programs between institutions.
▪ Integrated Financing : one document-one time pay 19
 Problem of “Transportation Nodes”
 LOGISTICS COSTS : poor service conditions resulting in
high logistics costs, can be detrimental to public
spending. Field facts, logistics costs are greatly
influenced by:
▪ 10,0% (administrative costs for sending documents)
▪ 60,0% (handling and inventory costs at the node)
▪ 30,0% (inter node travel costs)
 MITIGATION-ADAPTATION of environmental impact:
related to health, safety and security services for people
with disabilities, children, elderly people, pregnant
women and poor people.

20
The Most Expensive Logistics Component: Processing Cost in the Node
Cost Comparison
Logistics Cost Components Field Findings Operator
1. Administration Cost of Delivery Documents:
• Customs
• Tax
• Packing list
• Insurance 10.0% 10.0%
• Security
2. Handling and Inventory Cost:
• Vessel Cost in the Port (Docking, Berthing, Pilot and tugboat)
• Wharfage
• Handling (container movement)
• Loading-unloading
• Cargo pile up
• Haulage
• Demurrage
• Container Rent 30.0%
• Repair Container 60.0%
• Equipment Rent (Fork lift, Container Crane, Rubber Tyred
Gantry, etc.)

3. Transportation Cost :
• Fuel (Producer → port – shipping – port → consumer)
• Ship Crew and truck driver/train
• Vessel and truck/train operation cost
• Entrance and exist cost in the port (land and sea)
30.0% 60.0%
Source: Agus Taufik Mulyono (2019) 21
The challenge of “Transportation Management”
 SUSTAINABLE TRANSPORTATION KPIs : currently do not have a
quantitative (measurable) sustainable development and operation
KPI, at the node and between nodes.
 TRANSPORTATION LAW : National Transportation System
(SISTRANAS) to regulate the legal certainty of integration and
synchronization:
▪ Efficiency : Integrating the order of facilities, operational, and
functional to the infrastructure and services network.
▪ Effectiveness : Integration of institutions and financing.
▪ Action solutions : ODOL, OJOL, traffic jams, travel time,
accident fatalities, Central-Regional connectivity, logistic lane.
▪ Collaboration between government interests, research
institutions, universities, industry, professional associations, and
the community.
 STANDARDIZATION OF INFRASTRUCTURE AND SERVICES
NETWORKS : not yet available comprehensively and integratively
in the implementation of intermodal / multimodal transportation.
22
 There no courage to standardize road class among road
status to increase national connectivity of logistics transport
National Road
Province Road
Consequence of Single
Local/City Road Class :
▪ Conflict Between the
Central and Local
▪ Unclear funding
allocation
▪ More aligned to goods
transporter with cheaper
transport cost
▪ Short Travel time
▪ Expensive infrastructure
cost that the government
should bear
▪ Shall amend Law
regarding Road and Law
regarding Authority
Distribution Between
Central Government and
Local Government
Single Class is suitable for
continuous road network
Field findings: terminal serving export goods
& handling cost shall be transport from producer to
performed? port/outlet.
23
Source: Agus Taufik Mulyono (2019)
 Omnibus Law of Transportation
(Tatranas – Tatrawil – Tatralok - Tatrakota)
"Unimoda" Transportation NOT YET Spatial planning

Problems of Synchronizing
Sector Intermodal / Multimodal
(UU 26/2007)
Transport Integration
UU No. 38/2004: Jalan
National Urban System:

the Functional Order

“…jalan sebagai bagian sistem
transportasi nasional mempunyai Road Network Master Plan • National City :
peranan penting….” National/Province/Regency/City (PKN/PKSN/ The Capital of
Prov)
UU No. 22/2009: LLAJ • Regional City :
“…LLAJ sebagai bagian dari sistem National General
(PKW/PKSP/ The Capital of
transportasi nasional ….” Safety Plan
Regency)
UU No. 23/2007: Perkeretaapian • Local City :
“…sebagai salah satu moda National Railroad (PKL)
transportasi dalam sistem Master Plan
transportasi nasional ….”
National Transportation
UU No. 17/2008: Pelayaran Network System :
“…merupakan bagian dari sistem National Port • Land Transportation
transportasi nasional yang harus Master Plan

Problems of Synchronizing
(Highways & Terminals,
dikembangkan….” Sinkronisasi Railway & Railway, SDP &

the Operational Order

Tatanan Fasilitas
UU No. 1/2009: Penerbangan Wharf)
National Airport
“…merupakan bagian dari sistem • Sea Transportation
transportasi nasional yang….” Master Plan
(Seaports & Shipping
Lines)
Problems of
National Development Planning • Air Transportation
Synchronizing the
System Facilities Order (Airport & Airspace/
(UU 25/2004) Aviation Lines
RPJPN, RPJMN, RAK-K/L
Local government RPJPD, RPJMD, RAK-SKPD
(UU 32/2014) Source : Agus Taufik Mulyono (2019)
 MTI’s Perspective :
Road Transport Outlook and Evaluation
in Indonesia

25
 Public mode:
Uncertain travel EVALUATION OF NON-TOLL ROAD SERVICE
time; limited Final
service time Destination
Origin Destination
Private mode: Node of Trip
Node
ineffective
Main Trip (Road Space)
Modes choices are
Infrastructure: not
limited and rates
eligible are expensive/
uncertain
Intra-modal transport competition is not healthy,
uncertain travel time, public vs private, commercial The information
vs pioneering, competition vs mode integration, and system and
there is no control over vehicle growth infrastructure
capacity are
Origin 93.0% of passenger transportation production and 95.0% inadequate
of freight transportation production relying on roads,
of Trip
the rest is divided into modes of ferriage, railway, sea, Terminal A type conditions
and air are more optimal than Type
Travel time decreased from 2.78 hours/100 km (2014) to B / C. Local governments do
2.30 hours/100 km (2018) as a result of the acceleration not intervene in type A
of toll road construction and national-provincial road terminal
connectivity, as well as the road improvements
The low basic services for
An increase in the number of vehicles 6.0%; trip 8.6%; people with physical
passengers 20.0%; and freights 16.0%; an increase in disabilities, the elderly,
the number of accidents (3.5%) but decreased in children, pregnant women,
fatalities (-20.0%). and poor people
The low basic services for people with physical There are no standardization
disabilities, the elderly, children, pregnant women, and of waiting times for loading
poor people and unloading of freight or
passengers transportation,
The cost of access + egress can be higher than the cost especially on regular
of the main trip, especially on regular transportation transportation

20.0% of private vehicle transportation and 10.0% of The lack of attention for
freight transportation on existing roads moved to toll safety and comfort
roads guarantees, especially in
Source : Agus Taufik Mulyono (2019) the transfer mode area
 Limited
information
EVALUATION OF TOLL ROAD TRANSPORTATION SERVICE
systems and Final
traffic jams
Destination
Entrance Toll Exit Toll of Trip
Poor integration
of toll entrance Main Trip (Toll Road Space) Poor integration
segment with of toll exit
regional roads segments with
regional roads

The lack of road lighting facilities, especially on inter- Limited

city toll roads, thereby reducing comfort, safety, information
security, and travel speed. systems and
traffic jams
Origin
of Trip In general the drivers exceeds the maximum allowable
speed, especially on inter-city toll roads.
During peak hours, the
number of gates is not
Operation of toll roads can reduce travel time from enough to serve the
2.78 hours/100 km (2015) to 2.30 hours/100 km (2018) on traffic volume.
the national road network.
The average volume of vehicles operating on inter-city The lack of basic services
toll roads does not reach 20.00% of the existing road for people with physical
volume, toll roads are considered as alternative routes. disabilities, the elderly,
The lack of public understanding related to the benefits children, pregnant
of decreasing travel time to decrease Vehicle Operating women, and the poor
Cost.

Geometric straight roads more than 3,000 meters on Limit on the number of
average, causing boring and sleepy for the driver. gates that serving E-Toll
refills for users who are
not disciplined or
Access + egress time can be longer than the main trip
technologically illiterate
time, especially in freight transportation.
Automatic toll payment
Drivers often do not check the condition of their sensors have not been
vehicles while operating on toll roads. implemented yet to avoid
Source : Agus Taufik Mulyono (2019) long queues at the toll gate
 Root Problem of Basic Competence in Road Transport HR

Compliance Level of Road Transportation Basic Competence

Reconstruction
Management

Preservation

Rehabilitation
Human Resources (HR)

Investment
Equipment
Geometric

Road Safety

Financing
Pavement

Toll Road
Structure
of Road Transportation

Bridge
Infrastructure

Traffic
Road

Road

Road

Road
Road
Planning-Programmnig
Detailed Engineering
Design (DED)
Construction and
Supervision
Operation Management
Maintenance
(Preservation)
Evaluation of Performance

= Fulfilled = Fulfilled enough = Less fulfill

= Very poorly fulfilled = Not fulfilled

Source : Agus Taufik Mulyono (2019)
28
 MTI’s Perspective : Outlook of Road Transportation 2020
N0. Road Transport Infrastructure and Services Improvement 2020
Improvements to Road Transport Infrastructure:
1 Improvements in deficiencies of road safety component and blackspot locations

2 Improvement on national road and provincial/regency/city road connectivity

3 Improvements on the safety of road components leading to eligible road

4 Installation of IT systems for monitoring traffic violations
Improvements to Road Transportation Services:
1 Limitation on the number of private vehicles operating on the road
2 Reducing travel time on important national road and provincial roads
3 Law enforcement on freight vehicles that are Over Dimension Over Load
Moda share policy on freight/passenger transportation especially in Java and
4
Sumatera Island
5 Reducing the number of accidents and fatalities on important traffic
6 Legal certainty of online taxi operation
7 Improving bus-based public transportation
= can be achieved as targeted = can be achieved but not as targeted = cannot be achieved
Source : Agus Taufik Mulyono (2019) 29
 MTI’s Perspective :
Railway Transport Outlook and Evaluation
in Indonesia

30
Public mode:
Uncertain travel
EVALUATION OF RAILWAY TRANSPORTATION SERVICE
time; limited Final
service time
Origin Destination Destination
Private mode: Node Node of Trip
ineffective
Main Trip (Railroad Space) Modes choices are
Infrastructure: not limited and rates
eligible are expensive/
uncertain

The information
There is no coordination of services between long- system and
distance trains and local (commuter) trains which results infrastructure
in not achieving seamless transfer of passengers capacity are
inadequate
Origin 5,0% of passenger transport production and 1,2% of
of Trip freight transportation relying on railroad tracks, have not
been effective in supporting the reduction of road loads Large station conditions
are more optimal than
1.109 railroad crossings are not maintained, causing
medium/small stations.
the potential for train and vehicle collisions. The
length of the 1.221 km rail network is insufficient to
serve passenger growth
The low basic services for
The number of long distance passengers is 8.1 million/ people with physical
year with a load factor of 90.0%. The number of short disabilities, the elderly,
distance passenger is 8.3 million/year with a load children, pregnant
factor>100%, an additional train capacity is needed. women and poor people

Need to improve basic services for people with physical The limited waiting room
disabilities, the elderly, children, pregnant women and has the effect of limiting
the poor
the waiting time to only
The cost of access + egress can be higher than the cost 30 minutes before the
of the main trip, especially on regular transportation train departs

The lack of attention for

Equipment on condition control of the railroad is safety and comfort
limited so that the technical data are inadequate guarantees, especially in
Source : Agus Taufik Mulyono (2019) the transfer mode area
 Root Problem of Basic Competence in Railway Transportation HR

Compliance Level of Railway Transportation Basic Competence

Railway Civil

Railway ICT
Engineering

Electronical
Human Resources (HR)

Mechanical

Operation

Operation
Electrical
of Railway Transportation

Planning

Business

Finance
Railway
Railway

Railway

Railway

Railway

Railway

Railway
Staiton
Infrastructure

Planning-Programmnig
Detailed Engineering
Design (DED)
Construction and
Supervision
Operation Management
Maintenance
(Preservation)
Evaluation of Performance

= Fulfilled = Fulfilled enough = Less fulfill

= Very poorly fulfilled = Not fulfilled

Source : Agus Taufik Mulyono (2019)
32
 MTI’s Perspective : Outlook of Railway Transportation 2020
N0. Railway Transport Infrastructure and Services Improvement 2020
Improvements to Railway Transportation Infrastructure:
1 Revitalizing rail width to 1,350 mm and railway facilities
2 Improvement on dual track and reactivation of the railroad network
3 Reducing the number of railroad level crossings on highways
4 Improvement on provision of web-based train transportation information systems

5 Improvement of station buildings and railway operational buildings

Improvements to Railway Transportation Services:
1 Reduction in the number of accidents on railway mode
2 Improvement in online ticketing system for railway users
3 Decreasing "travel time" on the main railway transport modes
4 Implementation of GPS and CCTV based railroad monitoring system
5 Increasing the number of freight trains to reduce road loads
6 The accuracy of "on time performance" <75% in the railway mode
= can be achieved as targeted = can be achieved but not as targeted = cannot be achieved
Source : Agus Taufik Mulyono (2019) 33
 MTI’s Perspective :
Ferriage Transport Outlook and Evaluation
in Indonesia

34
Public mode:
Uncertain travel EVALUATION OF FERRIAGE TRANSPORTATION SERVICE
time; limited Final
service time
Origin Destination Destination
Private mode: Node Node of Trip
ineffective
Main Trip (Ferriage Space) Modes choices are
Infrastructure: not limited and rates
eligible are expensive/
uncertain

Frequent overcapacity and overdimensional freight The information

transport which have been compounded by lack of system and
maintenance of ferry vessels, has the potential to cause infrastructure
accidents capacity are
inadequate
Origin 6,0% of passenger transport production and 1,1% of
of Trip freight transportation use ferriage transportation, not
The condition of the first-
effective in reducing road loads
class ferriage terminal is
The number of ferry passengers is more likely to more optimal than II/III
decrease to 6,27% per year due to inconvenience and class
historically frequent accidents. In general, most of the
ferry vessels is old.
The low basic services for
The limited capacity of the ready-to-fit parking lot has people with physical
an impact on the queue to the ship or tends to disabilities, the elderly,
scramble, this can disrupt the process of loading children, pregnant
passengers women and poor people

Need to improve basic services for people with physical The waiting time is often
disabilities, the elderly, children, pregnant women and uncertain, compounded
the poor by the limit of the waiting
The cost of access + egress can be higher than the cost room so that it becomes
of the main trip, especially on regular transportation uncomfortable

The lack of attention for

safety and comfort
Source : Agus Taufik Mulyono (2019) guarantees, especially in
the transfer mode area
Root Problem of Basic Competence in Ferriage Transportation HR

Compliance Level of Ferriage Transportation Basic Competence

Ferriage Port

Ferriage Port
Ferriage Port

Ferriage Port

Ferriage Port
Civil Engineering

Shipping Side

Ferriage Port
Electronical
Human Resources (HR)

Mechanical

Operations
Operations
Land Side
Ferriage Port

Electrical
of Ferriage Transportation

Planning

Business

Port ICT
Ferriage

Finance
Infrastructure

Planning-Programmnig
Detailed Engineering
Design (DED)
Construction and
Supervision
Operation Management
Maintenance
(Preservation)
Evaluation of Performance

= Fulfilled = Fulfilled enough = Less fulfill

= Very poorly fulfilled = Not fulfilled

Source : Agus Taufik Mulyono (2019)
36
 MTI’s Perspective : Outlook of Ferriage Transportation 2020
N0. Ferriage Transportation Infrastructure and Services Improvement 2020
Improvements to Ferriage Transportation Infrastructure:
1 Revitalization of ferriage transport facilities on the main lane
2 Improvements in optimizing of new dock construction
3 Improvements in optimizing the ready-to-fit parking lot arrangement
4 Improvements in standardization of infrastructure integration in the transfer area

5 Improvements of safety facilities on the main ferry line

Improvements to Ferriage Transportation Services:
1 Reducing the number of ferriage transportation accident
2 Improvements in the online ticketing system for ferry users
3 Reducing "travel time" on the main line of ferriage transportation
4 GPS and CCTV-based on ferriage transportation monitoring system
5 Modernization on integration of certainty weather conditions with BMKG
6 The accuracy of "on time performance" <75% in the ferriage mode
= can be achieved as targeted = can be achieved but not as targeted = cannot be achieved
Source : Agus Taufik Mulyono (2019) 37
 MTI’s Perspective :
Sea Transport Outlook and Evaluation
in Indonesia

38
Public mode:
Uncertain travel EVALUATION OF SEA TRANSPORTATION SERVICE
time; limited Final
service time
Origin Destination Destination
Private mode: Node Node of Trip
ineffective
Main Trip (Shipping Space) Modes choices are
Infrastructure: limited and rates
not eligible are expensive/
uncertain

The information
Frequent overcapacity and overdimensional freight system and
transport which have been compounded by lack of infrastructure
maintenance of ship, has the potential to cause accidents capacity are
inadequate
Origin 7,0% of passenger transport production and 25,1% of
of Trip freight transportation use sea transportation, not The condition of the
effective in reducing road loads warehouse and the
number of goods is
The number of sea transport passengers is more likely imbalance, which impact
to decrease to 4.98% per year because they cannot high cost of loading
compete with air transportation intermodal goods
The low basic services for
The number of freights transport (containers) tends to people with physical
increase up to 46.7% per year due to increased import disabilities, the elderly,
activity, increasing the load or reducing the capacity of children, pregnant
the road in the intermodal process women and poor people
Need to improve basic services for people with
physical disabilities, the elderly, children, pregnant The waiting time for
women and the poor ships is often uncertain
due to the limited
The cost of access + egress can be higher than the cost capacity of the port pond
of the main trip, especially on regular transportation
The lack of attention for
safety and comfort
Source : Agus Taufik Mulyono (2019) guarantees, especially in
the transfer mode area
Root Problem of Basic Competence in Sea Transportation HR

Compliance Level of Sea Transportation Basic Competence

Sea Port Civil

Sea Port ICT

Shipping Side
Engineering

Electronical
Human Resources (HR)

Mechanical

Operations
Land Side
Operations
Electrical
of Sea Transportation

Planning

Business
Sea Port
Sea Port

Sea Port

Sea Port

Sea Port

Sea Port
Finance
Infrastructure

Planning-Programmnig
Detailed Engineering
Design (DED)
Construction and
Supervision
Operation Management
Maintenance
(Preservation)
Evaluation of Performance

= Fulfilled = Fulfilled enough = Less fulfill

= Very poorly fulfilled = Not fulfilled

Source : Agus Taufik Mulyono (2019)
40
 MTI’s Perspective : Outlook of Sea Transportation 2020
N0. Sea Transportation Infrastructure and Services Improvement 2020
Improvements to Sea Transportation Infrastructure:
1 Revitalization of sea transportation facilities on the main lane
2 Improvement in loading and unloading facilities of sea freight goods
3 Improvements in optimizing the ready-to-fit parking lot arrangement
4 Improvements in standardization of infrastructure integration in the transfer area

5 Improvements of safety facilities on the main shipping line

Improvements to Sea Transportation Services:
1 Reducing “dwelling time” for loading and unloading of sea freight goods
2 Improvements in the online ticketing system for sea transportation users
3 Reducing "travel time" on the main line of sea transportation
4 GPS and CCTV-based on sea transportation monitoring system
5 Modernization on integration of certainty weather conditions with BMKG
6 The accuracy of "on time performance" <75% in the sea transportation mode
= can be achieved as targeted = can be achieved but not as targeted = cannot be achieved
Source : Agus Taufik Mulyono (2019) 41
 MTI’s Perspective :
Air Transport Outlook and Evaluation
in Indonesia

42
Public mode:
Uncertain travel EVALUATION OF AIR TRANSPORTATION SERVICE
time; limited Final
service time
Origin Destination Destination
Private mode: Node Node of Trip
ineffective
Main Trip (Air Space) Modes choices are
Infrastructure: not limited and rates
eligible are expensive/
uncertain

The information
system and
High delay due to air space capacity and VVIP/military infrastructure
activity capacity are
inadequate
Origin 11,0% of passenger transport production and 1,5% of
of Trip freight transportation using air transportation, not
effective in reducing road loads
Apron capacity is
inadequate during peak
The number of air transport passengers is more likely hours and tends to wait
to decrease to 12,5% per year due to mobility needs due long to take off
to promo ticket prices
Overcapacity on
The number of goods transportation (cargo) tends to departure terminal
increase up to 6.8% per year, especially for domestic during peak hours or
cargoes that have increased, such as TIKI, JNE delivery when there is a departure
services, etc. delay

Lack of control to check the validity of facilities related The lack of attention for
to safety and security on the airplane board safety and comfort
guarantees, especially in
the transfer mode area
The cost of access + egress can be higher than the cost
of the main trip, especially on regular transportation
Lack of customs,
immigration and
Source : Agus Taufik Mulyono (2019) quarantine services
 Indonesia Air Transportation
 Total of 181 airports, 153 managed by MoT (UPT), 28 managed
by airport companies – only 18 % handle international traffic
 Handle more than 234 million passenger (2018), almost 2.2
million AC movement and 1.85 million tonne cargo
 Stabil growth at more than 8% for AC movement, pax and
cargo

AC movement Pax movement Cargo movement

Source : Pustral UGM (2019)

44
 Airports in Indonesia

> 10 mill pax

5 – 10 mill pax
1 – 5 mill pax INTERNATIONAL
< 1 mill pax DOMESTICS

Source : Pustral UGM (2019)

Most airport with high traffic are at Western Part of Indonesia, while
at the eastern part there are many remote airports
45
 Airports over Maps of Celular Access

> 10 mill pax

5 – 10 mill pax
1 – 5 mill pax
INTERNATIONAL
< 1 mill pax DOMESTICS

https://www.eastspring.com/us/insights/fintech-indonesia-making-investing-more-accessible

Celular access enable people to use internet anywhere, this is corelated with the
potential of using smart system
46
 Airports over Maps of Internet Penetration

> 10 mill pax

5 – 10 mill pax
1 – 5 mill pax
INTERNATIONAL
< 1 mill pax DOMESTICS

https://www.eastspring.com/us/insights/fintech-indonesia-making-investing-more-accessible

More than 75% internet access are at Java and Sumatra, while on eastern part of
Indonesia there are only 10% access. The chance of smart airport system work fine
are better on western part of Indonesia
47
Airports over Maps of Social Media Activities

> 10 mill pax

5 – 10 mill pax
1 – 5 mill pax
INTERNATIONAL
< 1 mill pax DOMESTICS

http://budi.rahardjo.id/indo-internet.html

Social media activities can show how frequent people access their gadget thus
related to how the smart airport system
48
 Progress on Airport Technology in Indonesia

Okbab, Papua Okaba (OKQ) Solo (SOC) Makassar (UPG) Jakarta (CGK)

LEAST ADVANCED MOST ADVANCED

Very low • Limited technology • Already using • Already using • Using high
technology in in airport technology in technology in airport technology in airport
airport • Scheduled airport, but • Scheduled, with
• Scheduled, with
Unscheduled • Depend on weather, sometimes many passenger and many passenger and
Depend on some already install breakdown flight availability flight availability
weather equipment • Scheduled, with • Handle wide body • Handle wide body
Very few • Few passenger and many passenger and aircraft aircraft
passenger and flight availability flight availability • Using Baggage
flight availability • Using manual Handling System
baggage handling (BHS)
• Using mobile apps
Source : Pustral UGM (2019)

49
 The Evolution of Airport

Airport Airport Airport Airport

1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0
Manual and Self-service Digitalisation to Focus on connectivity
analog processing optimise flow and realtime
processing automation on key monitoring and information by
efficient, but lack of flow processes eg, processing connecting all
focus on customer self-check in, self- eg, mobile apps stakehol-ders in one
experience bag drop
fully integra-ted
digital ecosystem

Where are we now in Indonesia?

Remote JOG, SOC SRG SUB, BPN, CGK, DPS
airports KNO
Ilustrative, based on self observation by the author

Source : Pustral UGM (2019)

50
 Airport Problems in Indonesia (1)

• ‘Traditional’ airport problems:

– provision of more networks, lack of capacity/capability,
unoptimize process, undiverse revenue sources, lack of
passenger experience-based approaches, lack of excellent
land connectivity
• Different stages of Indonesia airports in
adapting the smart system
– from the most advanced to the least advanced airports still
in operation, sometimes in the same networks
• Different level of internet penetration (as
required by smart airport system) across the
country
51
 Airport Problems in Indonesia (2)

• Currently, ‘focus on passenger experiences’ could means

longer distances to walk to the departure gate and many
terminal commercials
– Need to balance between the passengers comfort and airport revenue
generator approach → Indonesia need to have its own comfort level
standard
• The accepted level of automation in airports:
– airports create jobs, automation could reduce the jobs, need to
determine the automation level in the airports that implement smart
airport that still create many jobs
• Verbal communication as a way to communicate in most
Indonesia area:
– prefer to ask rather to read
– airports need to improve its information credibility provided in its
PIDS
52
Root Problem of Basic Competence in Air Transportation HR

Compliance Level of Air Transportation Basic Competence

Engineering

Electronical
Human Resources (HR)

Airport ICT
Mechanical

Operation

Operation
Electrical

Landside
of Air Transportation

Planning

Business

Finance
Airport
Airport

Airport

Airport

Airport

Airport
Airport

Airside
Infrastructure

Planning-Programmnig
Detailed Engineering
Design (DED)
Construction and
Supervision
Operation Management
Maintenance
(Preservation)
Evaluation of Performance

= Fulfilled = Fulfilled enough = Less fulfill

= Very poorly fulfilled = Not fulfilled

Source : Agus Taufik Mulyono (2019)
53
 MTI’s Perspective : Outlook of Air Transportation 2020
N0. Air Transportation Infrastructure and Services Improvement 2020
Improvements to Air Transportation Infrastructure:
1 Modernization of ATC antisipating air traffic growth
2 Provision of test equipment for air side maintenance
3 Apron expansion to accommodating the aircraft parking
4 Improvement of inter mode facility standard to connect with other modes
5 Expansion of overcapacity waiting room terminal
Improvements to Air Transportation Services:
1 Air fare competition monitoring among airlines
2 The improvement of integrated inter airport terminal services
3 Reduction of air accident
4 Aircraft movement optimalization
5 Modernization of weather information from BMKG to increase certainty
6 On time performace improvement for airline
= can be achieved as targeted = can be achieved but not as targeted = cannot be achieved
Source : Agus Taufik Mulyono (2019) 54
Perspective on Smart Airport Technology Implementation

• Focus on passenger rather than on airport

management and operation
– Need to identify and understand the passenger need from
various background and location
– e.g change departure gate: easy for airport, discomfort for
passenger
• The gap between the advance and the least
advance is very high, usually the least advance will
determine the speed of the whole process
• The HR capacity of managing the smart technology
need to be improved

55
 Challenges of Air Transportation in Indonesia
 Implementation of Airport 4.0 must consider the gap between
airport technology that happen across the country
 the system still need to develop two approaches: advanced and
least advanced
 The infrastructure for supporting smart airport service is not
distributed well across the country → Java will be leading in this
term, while Papua could be the last one (need political will support
from government)
 In term of profesionalism, the readiness of human resources is
extremely important not only at the airport but also at all supporting
activities, while also must consider the gap between areas (KBI-
KTI)
 Basic competence in airport human resources need to be improve
in implementation of smart airport
 Smart airport implementation (internet, software) highly depend on
data ethics 56
 MTI’s Perspective :
Challenges of the Industrial Era 4.0
Sustainable Civilized Transportation

57
Challenges of Industrial Era 4.0 → Civilization of Transportation
Transportation
Society :
Paradigm :
Function
Obedience

Effective
Sustainable
Civilized
Transportation
Facilities Operation
Integrity ▪ Useful Integra
▪ Equitable tion
▪ Humanist

Efficient
▪ High competitiveness
Ethics ▪ Environmentally
friendly
Institution Cost

Moral Safe

Orderly & Smoothly

Culture

Creative, Innovative

Competitiveness
Innovative capital
Politic will
Sustainable
Secure & Comfortable

Research

Professional,
Integrity,
HR
Habit Eligible Function

Basic Values of Basic Values of

Religion Pancasila Industrial Era 4.0
Source : Agus Taufik Mulyono (2019) 58
 Industrial Era 4.0: Intermodal & Inter-space Harmonization

INTEGRATION
OF NETWORKS
(facilities orders
of infrastructure,

Effective
services)
INTEGRATION INTEGRATION
OF OPERATIONS OF FUNCTIONS
(operational orders (functional orders
of infrastructure, of infrastructure,
services) services)

Efficient
INSTITUTIONAL INTEGRATED
INTEGRATION FINANCING
(the suitability of
(one document &
action programs
between
one time pay)
institutions)

Source : Agus Taufik Mulyono (2019)

SYNCHRONIZATION OF INTER-
MODE INTER-SPACE
TRANSPORTATION POLICY 59
Industrial Era 4.0: Answering the Civilization of Sustainable Transportation
• Available, Complete, Non-Inhibiting, Legal
Regulation • Anticipate technological and geopolitical acceleration
• Professional Value : integrity and ethics
• Personal Value : discipline, vision, passion,innovative,
HR conscience
• Honest, Valid, Relevant, Reliable, Accessible, Representative
Data • Research : actual
• Competitiveness : novelty, sophisticated (IT), user friendly
Technology • Benefits : income, welfare, environment

• Pro-Active : anticipate the impact of future risks

Risk Mitigation • Re-Active : direct repair of the impact of risks
• Fast paced : responsive, effective & efficient
Decision • All Right : fair, transparent

• Connectivity : global, regional, national, island, local

Infrastructure
• Fast and Safe, Affordable, Comfortable, Orderly and
Service Smooth, KPI achievements
Source : Agus Taufik Mulyono (2019) 60
Industrial Era 4.0: Answering Acceleration Connectivity
What is the indicator
of connectivity? Global
▪ Number 0f network Connectivity

▪ Scope of network
▪ Travel time Regional Regional
Connectivity Connectivity
▪ Interconnections
External

Industrial
National National
Connectivity Era Connectivity

4.0

Internal
Inner Inner
Island Island
Connectivity Connectivity

Local
Connectivity

Source : Agus Taufik Mulyono (2019) 61

 Interconnections of Global Connectivity Nodes

30 links
Overseas dummy nodes

Challenges of IT Systems Develpoment in Industrial Era 4.0

:
✓ Monitoring and Evaluation of KPI achievement for each
Node-Link-Node between Countries.
✓ Accuracy of connectivity Scores between countries, as
input and technological solutions and national economy
improvement.
Source : Agus Taufik Mulyono (2018) ; Berlian Kushari (2015)
 Interconnections of National Connectivity Nodes (between Islands)

65 nodes ; 1006 links

node = national cities

Challenges of IT Systems Develpoment in Industrial Era
4.0 :
✓ Monitoring and Evaluation of key performance
indicators (KPI) for each Node-Link-Node, between
Islands and between national cities.
✓ Quick and precise connectivity score so that it can be
given technological solutions and improvements to
civilization in an effective and efficient transportation. 63
Source : Agus Taufik Mulyono (2018) ; Berlian Kushari (2015)
 Inter-connectedness Node Between National Cities Within Island
Region 1: Sumatera and Region 3: Kalimantan and
surrounding areas surrounding areas
14 nodes 17 nodes
78 links 36 links

Region 2: Java and

surrounding areas
11 nodes 55 links 64
node = national cities
Source : Agus Taufik Mulyono (2018) ; Berlian Kushari (2015)
 Inter-connectedness Node Between National Cities Within Island

Region 6: Kep. Maluku - Papua

10 nodes 28 links

Region 4: Sulawesi and

surrounding areas
6 nodes 15 links

Region 5: Bali-NTB-NTT
7 nodes 3 links
65
node = national cities
Source : Agus Taufik Mulyono (2018) ; Berlian Kushari (2015)
 MTI’s Perspective:
Sustainable Civilized Transportation Policy for
National Transportation Grand Design

66
 Transportation Policy : Collaboration Approach
Central
Government
(Ministry/State
Local Government Institution)
Research Institute
(Agency/Office
(Independent)
related)

Business Entity Professional &

Sustainable Civilized
(BUMN, BUMD, Corportation
Transportation Policy :
BUMS) Associations
Publicly Accepted

Non-Governmental Political Institutions

Organization (DPR, DPRD, DPD,
(NGO) Political Parties)
Universities
(PTN/PTS)
67
Source : Agus Taufik Mulyono (2019)
National Transportation Policy : Macro-Meso-Micro
Transportation Bill : Single Law or Omnibus Law
Macro
Order Transport Industry : Globaly Open or National Player only
Policy Transport Service : Service Standards refer to Global Standar or
National Standar

Grand Design of national Transportation Safety and Security

Big Data System of National and Local Transportation
Grand Design of Human Reseource in Transportation (number,
competency)
Mapping of Impact of Transportation Infrastructure Development on
Gross Domestic Product
Grand Design of Energy Needs for Transportation Sector
Meso
Business Model for Transportation Management Partnership
Order
Policy KPI (Key Performance Indicator) for Developing Sustainable Civilized
Transport Nodes-Space-Services
KPI for the Operation of Sustainable Civilized Transportation
(Economic, Socio-Culture, Environment, Operations)
Standardization of Integrating Facility-Infrastructure-Service Network
on Intermodal/ Multimodal Transportation.
Mapping of function and role of related institution to anticipate
development and application of autonomous vehicle
Source : Agus Taufik Mulyono (2019) 68
National Transportation Policy : Macro-Meso-Micro
Production of Freight and Passenger Transportation for Each Link
(Inner Island and Inter Island)
Proportion of Mode Sharing of Transport Production : priority Java
and Sumatera Island
Development of National Transportation Network to Support
Activities of New Indonesia Capital
Operation Standards and Guidelines for Intermodal/Multimodal
Transportation
Big Data of travel time of Each Link in Transportation Space. Big
Data of waiting time and dwelling time of Each Transportation Node
Micro
Order Big Data of Origin-Destination (O-D) Based on Mobile GPS
Policy Punishment Scheme for ODOL Operator & ODOL Violation Negligence

Mass Rapit Transit (MRT) & TOD (Transit Oriented Development) : Priority

Model to Determine Optimum Quota of Online Taxi (Motorcycle and Car);

Evaluation of Driving Behaviour of Online Taxi.
Battery Technology for Electric Car : safe, affordable, enviromental friendly,
and recycleable
Development of green transport infrastructure design and utilization of
recycled material to support green transportation infrastructure
Mapping of alternative energy availability for transportation energy needs
Source : Agus Taufik Mulyono (2019) 69
 MRT : Civilized Mass Transportation
Humanist and Environmentally Friendly
Civilized Mass Safety and Legal Certainty
Transportation Security, Smoothness and Dicipline

Integration of Intra/Intermodal
Infrastructure Networks
Fast Mass Integration of Intra / Intermodal Service
Transportation Networks
Priority in the Use of Transportation Space

Efficient Use of Transportation Space

Mass Rapid Transit Space Effectiveness & Capacity

(MRT) Integration of Intermodal Infrastructure-Service

Service Level (Tariff, Time, Method/IT)

● HRT (Heavy Rail Transit) ● LRT (Light Rail Transit)

● Metro & Commuter Rail ● BRT (Bus Rapid Transit)
Source : Agus Taufik Mulyono (2019)
70
 Civilized Mass Transportation

Public transportation : the best choice of transportation system, capable

in providing efficient, environmentally friendly transportation and the
lowest travel energy use per person ratio, and optimal use of road space,
especially on mass public transportation. 71
 Thank You
Outlook for Achievement of Future Transportation Performance Certainty
Must Consider the Gaps Between Regions in Indonesia, and Also Very Much
Depends on the Availability of Data that is Honest, Reliable, Up to Date,
Representative, Valid, Accessible, Integrated, Transparent, and Credible.
(Agus Taufik Mulyono, 2020)

72