Purpose of the Module

To describe the relationship of light and color and the

different source color characteristics
Module 2 To discuss the basic principles involved in lighting and
how they meet the physiological and psychological
needs and responses of the people to the luminous
environment.
Light and Lighting Fundamentals To enumerate the 5 lighting metrics, namely, luminous
(3 hours) flux, illuminance, luminous intensity, luminance and
luminous exitance.
To present important technical terms and terminologies
used in the lighting system.

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Outline Light and Color

Light and Color Light is defined as “visually evaluated radiant energy”
Light and Color Light is a form of energy, transmitted by radiation, and
Use of Light that it is energy to which the human eye is sensitive.
Direction of Light Newton (1600s): All heated bodies emit energetic
Source Color Characteristics corpuscles, each having the same very high velocity and
Quantity a size dependent upon its color; postulated to travel in
straight lines and could be reflected and refracted.
Light, Vision and Perception
Huygens (1670): Every point on an advancing wavefront
Lighting Metrics serves as a source of secondary wavelets, sent out
Terminologies radially
Maxwell & Hertz (19th century): Showed that all radiant
energy consists of electromagnetic waves travelling at
the velocity of light.
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Light and Color Light and Color

Best natural source of light is the sun
The visible portion of the electromagnetic spectrum Ability To See Color
includes all wavelengths between 380 nm and 770 nm Subtractive primaries
– basis for the
Incandescent – tend to produce light with greater amounts development of all
of power in the longer wavelength ends of the spectrum manufactured paints
(reds & oranges); accounts for warm appearance and dyes
Additive primaries –
what the eye uses in
the process of seeing
light and color

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 Use of Light Direction
Accessibility to electric light is almost taken for granted, Directionality of the lighting can enhance and
even in the most remote locations emphasize an object’s perceived shape or form
Challenge is not only to provide light in an energy Techniques used:
efficient manner but to provide also a high quality of light. Key
Factors that can be controlled in the design of a lighting Fill
system Grazing
• Direction Wall washing
• Color Silhouette
• Brightness (luminance) Uplight
• Quantity (illuminance) Others

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Direction Direction
Grazing
Key Light
Occurs when light strikes a surface at a sharp
Single point source of light
angle, nearly parallel to a rough surface
Provides highlights and casts shadows
Enhances any variations in surface depth,
providing contrast and producing definite
revealing texture Grazing
focus
Will also emphasize flaws and unevenness in
Fill Lighting surfaces
Multi-directional or diffuse light
Wall Washing
Reduces shadows on an object caused by the
Occurs when light strikes a surface at a wide
key light
angle
If totally diffuse, creates a cloudy day feeling
Provides even lighting on a vertical space,
and minimizes shadows, which may be
increase luminances of wall surfaces, and extend Wall
desirable for certain tasks
the space. Washing

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Direction Ideal Direction of the Lighting

Silhoutte
Light source is used not to illuminate an object itself, but its
background
Applicable when one aims to reveal the outline of an object
against a brighter surface and to create separation between the
object and its background
Uplight
Places a light source below an object
Produces shadows that are reversed from how an object is
shadowed in daylight
Creates an eerie, unnatural effect because it replaces the more
familiar overhead orientation of the light source.
Should be determined by the space function or tasks
Shadows at a work task may be irritating
Excessive concentration and constant readaptation of
the eye can cause visual fatigue and a loss in
performance or increase in accidents
Highlights and shadows must be used sparingly
depending on the task to prevent the introduction of
negative factors
Highlights and shadows, on the other hand, provides a
pleasant visual environment located away from the major
tasks

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 Source Color Characteristics Correlated Color Temperature (CCT)
Represents the relative
Color is defined with a variety of whiteness of a light source,
metrics but the 2 most common are: whether the source appears
warm, cool or neutral
Correlated Color Temperature (CCT) Measured in Kelvin (°K)
Acceptable range of CCTs for
Color Rendering Index (CRI) indoor environments is
between 2500°K and 5000°K,
with the higher value
representing a cooler source
Often the first criterion
considered in the development
of a space’s image

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Correlated Color Temperature (CCT) Color Rendering Index (CRI)

CCT of a lamp refers to the
absolute temperature of a
blackbody when its visible
radiation most closely matches
the color of the lamp.
Major mood-setting element of
the space
Warm color helps to create an
intimate or cozy space
Cool color associated with a
business like environment
CRI rating indicates how well an object’s colors are
rendered by a source.
It is a comparison of 8 specific test colors under an ideal
light source in question.
When color rendering is important, a source with a high
CRI (e.g. 3500°K fluorescent with a CRI of 85) should be
selected
If not important, a CRI in the mid 70s is less expensive
and may meet the client’s needs
If extremely important, a CRI in the 90s may be
recommended

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Quantity (Illuminance) Light, Vision and Perception

Quantity of light is commonly described in illuminance Light interacts with
surfaces and objects in
levels because these are easy to measure space and with the
In order to effect a noticeable increase in light level, the human visual system,
affecting our perception
illuminance must be increased by a factor of about 2 to 1 of visual tasks
Glare – result of excessive, uncontrolled light within the Visual perception
field of view requires
a light source, the
The principal determinants are intensity, size of stimulus
background brightness, and position in the field of a modifier of the light
source
view of the light sources a receiver, the eye
Luminance ratios of 5 to 1, 10 to 1, and 20 to 1 are often a decoder, the brain to
analyze the modifier
used to provide highlights or for accent lighting

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 The Eye and Vision Lighting Metrics
Cornea – transparent membrane that bends the light rays as they
enter the eye Luminous Flux
Light rays travel through an opening in the iris called the pupil; the
size of the pupil controls the amount of light that enters the back
Illuminance
part of the eye Luminous Intensity
The light passes next through
the lens Luminance
The ciliary muscle changes the
thickness of lens to bring Luminous Exitance
image of the object in retina
The retina is the innermost
layer of the eye and contains
the light sensitive cells

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Luminous Flux Lamp Efficacies

Luminous
Flux LAMP LUMENS LUMENS/WATT
Defined as the flow of light, Φ
Measured in lumens 100-W incandescent 1750 18
A lamp receives watts and 100-W tungsten halogen 1880 19
emits lumens. The measure of
success of doing this is called 13-W compact fluorescent 900 69
efficacy and is measured in 32-W fluorescent 2950 92
lumens per watt (lm/W)
175-W metal halide 14000 80

Power 150-W high pressure sodium 16000 107

Source: IESNA Lighting Education: Fundamental Level

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Illuminance Typical Illuminance Levels

RECOMMENDED
As luminous flux travels RECOMMENDED
VISUAL ACTIVITES LEVEL IN
outward from a source, it LEVEL IN LUX
FOOTCANDLE
ultimately impinges on surfaces,
Lighting for safety 5-20 0.5-2
where it is reflected, ILLUMINANCE
transmitted, and/or absorbed Lobbies 100 10
Illuminance on a surface, E is Average illumination Stairways 50 5
the density of luminous flux of a surface is Reading #2 pencil 300 30
luminous flux per
incident on that surface unit area. Reading #3 pencil 500 50
Measured in lumens per square Inspection (Simple-Difficult) 300-5000 30-500
meter
Handcrafts 300-1000 30-100
Lumen/m2 is called a lux while
lumen/ft2 is called footcandle Fine Machine Work 3000 300
Source: IESNA Lighting Education: Fundamental Level

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 Luminous Intensity
Generally speaking, a light source emits its luminous flux
(Φ) in different directions and at different intensities. The
visible radiant intensity in a particular direction is called
luminous intensity (I). The unit of measurement is the
candela (cd).
Luminance
The luminance (L) is the brightness of an illuminated or
luminous surface as perceived by the human eye. Unit of
measurement is candelas per square meter (cd/m2).

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Luminous Efficacy and Efficiency Laws for Point Sources of Light

Luminous Efficacy (η). Luminous efficacy indicates the The following are used to calculate the
efficiency with which the electrical power consumed is illuminance at a single point in a plane
converted into light. The unit of measurement is lumens
Inverse Square Law
per watt (lm/W).
Cosine Law of Incidence
Luminaire Efficiency. Luminaire efficiency (also known
as the light output ratio) is an important criterion in
gauging the energy efficiency of a luminaire. This is the
ratio between the luminous flux emitted by the luminaire
and the luminous flux of the lamp (or lamps) installed in
the luminaire.

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Inverse Square Law Cosine Law of Incidence

To understand this law, consider a cone-shaped beam of light If the surface is turned so that the rays hit it at an angle,
coming from a small point source and hitting a surface some the illuminated area will increase in size and the
distance away. Suppose that the luminous flux within the cone is
one lumen, and that it strikes a surface 1-meter away, producing an illuminance will drop accordingly. The ratio of the original
illuminated area of 1 square meter. By dividing the luminous flux by illuminated area to the new area is equal to the cosine of
the area we can find the illuminance, which will be 1 lux. the angle through which the surface has been moved.
Therefore the illuminance will fall by the factor of the
The illuminance E cosine of angle. This is where Lamberts Second Law
equals I, the comes in, the COSINE LAW of illuminance.
intensity of the
light source,
If a surface is illuminated to 100 lux and is twisted
divided by the through an angle of 60 degrees then the illuminance will
distance squared. fall to half or 50 lux, because the cosine of 60 degrees is
½.

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