A. DOUBLE PIPE HEAT C.

EVAPORATOR SB: 𝐹xF = LxL + Cxc EB: 𝑤ℎ1 −

EXCHANGER 𝑤ℎ2 = 𝐿ℎ𝐿 + 𝐶ℎ𝑐 − 𝐹ℎ𝐹
EB: 𝑞 = 𝑤𝐶𝑝(𝑡2 − 𝑡1) = 𝐿ℎ𝐿 +
𝐶ℎ𝑐 − 𝐹ℎ𝐹
HB: 𝑞 = 𝑤𝐶𝑝(𝑡2 − 𝑡1) =
𝐹𝐶𝑝𝑓(𝑡𝐹 − 𝑡𝐿) + 𝐶𝐿𝑐
Where: Lc = latent heat of
crystallization
Multiple effect evaporator
𝑄 = 𝑚𝐶𝑃𝑐/ℎ ∆𝑇 = 𝑈𝐴∆𝑇𝐿𝑀 𝐹𝑡
Economy
(𝑡1 − 𝑇2 ) − (𝑡2 − 𝑇1 ) E. GAS ABSORBER
∆𝑇𝐿𝑀 = 𝐸
(𝑡 − 𝑇2 ) 𝑒=
ln 1 𝑉𝑜
(𝑡2 − 𝑇1 )
Mass Balance
Where: 𝐹 =𝐸+𝐿
m= Mass 𝐹𝑥𝐹 = 𝐿𝑥𝐿
CpH/C = Specific Heat of Hot and Enthalpy Balance
Cold Stream 𝐹ℎ𝐹 + 𝑉𝑜 𝐻𝑠 = 𝐸ℎ1 + 𝐶ℎ𝑐 + 𝐿ℎ𝐿
tHot In/Out = Inlet and outlet 𝒛 = 𝑯𝑶𝑮 ∙ 𝑵𝑶𝑮
temperature of Hot Stream Heat Balance 𝑽′ 𝒚𝟐
−𝒅𝒚
tCold In/Out = Inlet and outlet 𝑞 = 𝑉𝑜 (𝐻𝑠 − ℎ𝑐 ) 𝒛= ∙ ∫
𝒂 𝑲𝒚𝒂𝒗𝒆 𝑺 𝒚𝟏 (𝟏 − 𝒚)(𝒚 − 𝒚 ∗)
temperature of Cold Stream 𝑞 = 𝐸(𝐿 − 2.303𝐵𝑃𝑅)
+ 𝐹𝐶𝑃 (𝑇𝐿 − 𝑇𝐹 ) Where:
B. SHELL AND TUBE HEAT Condensing Saturated w/o HOG = height of transfer units
EXCHANGER Subcooling NOG = number of transfer units
𝐻𝑠 − ℎ𝑐 = 𝐿𝑜 z = height of packing
Condensing Superheated w/o a = area of packing material from
Subcooling Perry’s Handbook
𝐻𝑠 − ℎ𝑐 = 𝐿𝑜 + 1.884(𝑇𝑠 − 𝑇𝑜 ) S = cross-sectional area
Condensing Superheated V’ = moles of solute-free gas
Subcooling yi = mole of solute in gas per mole
𝐻𝑠 − ℎ𝑐 = 𝐿𝑜 + 1.884(𝑇𝑠 − 𝑇𝑜 ) of gas
Logarithmic Mean Temperature
+ 4.187(𝑇𝑜 − 𝑇𝑐 ) Kyave = mass transfer coefficient
Difference(LMTD):
Condensing Saturated Subcooling
∆𝑇1 − ∆𝑇2
∆𝑇𝑙𝑚 = 𝐻𝑠 − ℎ𝑐 = 𝐿0 + 4.187(𝑇𝑜 − 𝑇𝑐 ) F. HUMIDIFIER/DEHUMIDIFIER/CO
∆𝑇1
ln ∆𝑇2 OLING TOWER
q = UA∆TlmFT D. CRYSTALLIZER SCRAPED
𝑇1−𝑇2 𝑡2−𝑡1 SURFACE CRYSTALLIZER Absolute Humidity
R = 𝑡2−𝑡1 S = 𝑇1−𝑡1
(SWENSON-WALKER 𝑃𝐴 18
Heat Balance 𝐻=
CRYSTALLIZER) 𝑃 − 𝑃𝐴 29
WCp∆𝑇 = WCp∆T Saturation Humidity
Where: 𝑃𝑆 18
W = mass rate of heating medium 𝐻𝑆 =
𝑃 − 𝑃𝑆 29
Cp = heat capacity Percent Relative Humidity
Heat Transfer Coefficient: 𝑃𝐴
1 %𝑅𝐻 = (100)
Ui = 1 𝑥𝐷𝑖 𝐷𝑖 𝑃𝑠
+ + Percent Humidity
ℎ𝑖 𝐾𝐷𝑙𝑚 ℎ𝑜𝐷𝑜 Material Balances
Where: U = Heat Transfer 𝐻
OMB: 𝐹 = 𝑀𝐿 + 𝐶 %𝐻 = (100)
Coefficient EB: 𝐹ℎ𝐹 + 𝑤ℎ1 = 𝐿ℎ𝐿 + 𝐶ℎ𝐶 + 𝐻𝑠
h = U-value Humid Heat
𝑤𝐻2
D = diameter 𝐶𝑠 = 1.005 + 1.884𝐻
Humid Volume
 𝑅𝑇 1 𝐻 𝑄
𝑉𝐻 = [ + ] 𝜃= (𝑋1 − 𝑋2)
𝑃 29 18 𝐴𝑅𝑐
Humid Enthalpy
𝑖 = 1.005𝑡 + 𝐻(1.884𝑡 + 2501) FOR FRP ONLY (X1 < Xc , R
decreases)
Case 1: R varies linearly with x,
passes origin
𝑄𝑋𝑐 𝑋1
𝜃= ln
𝐴𝑅𝑐 𝑋2
Case 2: R varies linearly with x, OMB: 𝐹 = 𝑉 + 𝐿 𝑏𝑢𝑡 𝑉 =
w = Dry air rate NOT passing origin 𝐷 𝑠𝑜 𝐹 = 𝐷 + 𝐿
L = water rate 𝑄
𝜃= (𝑥1 − 𝑥2) f relation: f = V/F = D/F
T = Temperature Liquid 𝐴𝑅𝑙𝑚 SB: 𝐹𝑥𝐹𝑖 = 𝑉𝑦𝑣𝑖 + 𝐿𝑥𝐿𝑖 =
t = Temperature gas Case 3: Given experimental data
𝐷𝑥𝐷𝑖 + 𝐿𝑥𝐿𝑖 xLi =
H = Absolute humidity 𝑄 𝑑𝑥 𝑥𝐹𝑖
𝜃= ∫
𝑤∆𝐻 = ∆𝐿 𝐴 𝑅 1+𝑓(𝐾𝑖−1)
𝑤∆𝐻 = 𝑘𝑦 𝑎𝑆𝑍∆𝐻𝑙𝑚 Equilibrium Relation: yvi = KixLi
𝑤𝐶𝑠 ∆𝑡 = 𝑈𝑔 𝑆𝑍∆𝑇𝑙𝑚 H. FILTER
𝑤∆𝐻 = ∆𝐿ℎ J. EXTRACTION/LEACHING
(𝐻𝑖 − 𝐻1 ) − (𝐻𝑖 − 𝐻2 )
∆𝐻𝑙𝑚 =
(𝐻 − 𝐻1 )
𝑙𝑛 𝑖
(𝐻𝑖 − 𝐻2 )
(𝑡1 − 𝑇1 ) − (𝑡2 − 𝑇2 )
∆𝑇𝑙𝑚 =
(𝑡 − 𝑇1 )
𝑙𝑛 1
(𝑡2 − 𝑇2 )
𝜋 2 w
𝑆= 𝑑 = Rotary Drum Filter
4 𝐺 𝒚𝒃 − 𝒚𝒃 ∗
Total Time 𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝒚𝒂 − 𝒚𝒂 ∗
1 𝑵=
G. DRIER 𝜃𝑇𝑅 = 𝒚𝒃 − 𝒚𝒂
𝑁 𝒍𝒐𝒈
𝒚𝒃 ∗ −𝒚𝒂 ∗
Filtration Time
𝛽 N = number of ideal stages
𝜃𝐹𝑅 = 𝜃 evaluated using McCabe-Thiele
2𝜋 𝑇𝑅
Submerged Angle Method
𝛽 𝑑 yb = amount of component b in
𝐶𝑎𝑠𝑒 1: cos ( ) = overflow
Basic Rate Equation 2 𝑟
2𝜋 − 𝛽 𝑑 ya = amount of component a in
𝑄 𝑑𝑥 𝐶𝑎𝑠𝑒 2: cos ( )=
𝑅= − 2 𝑟 overflow
𝐴 𝑑𝜃 Total Area
Batch Drying Time Equations yb* = in equilibrium with the
𝑄 𝑑𝑥 𝐴 = 2𝜋𝑟𝑙 amount of b in underflow
𝑅= − Filtration Area ya* = in equilibrium with the
𝐴 𝑑𝜃 𝐴 = 𝛽𝑟𝑙
𝑄 𝑑𝑥 amount of a in underflow
𝑑𝜃 = − ∫ K. CONSTANT STIRRED TANK
𝐴 𝑅
I. DISTILLATION COLUMN REACTOR (CSTR)
𝑄 𝑥1 𝑑𝑥
𝜃= ∫
𝐴 𝑥2 𝑅 Flash Distillation
Where R = Drying Rate
Q = Weight of Dry Solid
A = Drying Area
𝜃 = Drying time
FOR CRP ONLY (X2 > Xc , R = Rc) 𝑣 𝑑𝑁𝑗
𝐹𝑗𝑜 − 𝐹𝑗 + ∫ 𝑟𝑗 𝑑𝑉 =
𝑑𝑡
 𝑑𝑁𝑗 𝑅 𝑥𝑃 − 𝑥𝐹
Steady State Flow: =0 R&F Ratio =
𝑑𝑡
𝑣 𝐹 𝑥𝑃 − 𝑥𝑅
No spatial variation: ∫ 𝑟𝑗 𝑑𝑉 = 𝑉𝑟𝑗 𝑃 𝑥𝐹 − 𝑥𝑅
𝐹𝑗𝑜 − 𝐹𝑗 P&F Ratio =
𝑉= 𝐹 𝑥𝑃 − 𝑥𝑅
−𝑟𝑗 𝐸
Effectiveness (𝑥𝑃 − 𝑥𝐹 )(1 − 𝑥𝑅 )(𝑥𝐹 − 𝑥𝑅 )𝑥𝑃
where: =
(𝑥𝑃 − 𝑥𝑅 )(1 − 𝑥𝐹 )(𝑥𝑃 − 𝑥𝑅 )𝑥𝐹
Fjo=input molar rate of J=VoCjo 𝑃1 𝑆2 + 𝑆3
Effectiveness 𝐸𝑛 = ( ) 𝑭𝑪𝑭 𝟏 𝟏
-rj= rate of reaction of J 𝐹1 𝐹2 + 𝐹3 𝑨= ∙( − )
𝒖𝒕 𝑪𝑳 𝑪𝑼
V = reactor volume
N. SIZE REDUCTION EQUIPMENT A = area of a Dorr thickener for
L. PLUG FLOW REACTOR continuous sedimentation
F = amount of feed
CF = drag coefficient of feed
ut = terminal velocity
CU = drag coefficient of underflow
CL = drag coefficient of material
𝑑𝐸 𝑐 inside the tank
Total Reactor Volume =− 𝑛
𝑑𝐷 𝐷
𝑋𝑎𝑓 𝑑𝑋𝑎 Where: P. CENTRIFUGE
𝑉𝑟 = 𝐹𝑎𝑜 ∫0 −𝑟𝑎
E = amount of energy required to
Where: Vr = total reactor volume
produce a change
Fa = molal rate
D = size of unit mass
Xa = mole fraction
C, n = constants
Ra = reaction rate
Rittinger’s Theory
Space Time
𝑋𝑎 𝐸 = 𝐾𝑟(𝑆𝑛 − 𝑆𝑖)
1 1 + 𝜀𝑎𝑋𝑎 2
𝜏= ∫ ( ) 𝑑𝑋𝐴 Where:
𝐾𝐶𝑎𝑜 𝑛−1 0 1 − 𝑋𝑎
Si = initial surface area
𝑉
𝜏= Sn = new specific area
𝑣𝑜
Where V = volume Kr = Rittinger’s constant
Vo = flow rate
Cao = feed concentration of a E = amount of energy
K = rate constant Bond’s Theory
1 1
Xa = mole fraction E = 2kb(√𝐷𝑛 − √𝐷𝑖)

M. SCREENING Where:
Kb = Bond’s work index
Di = initial Diamater
Dn = new diameter Q. FLUIDIZATION
Kick’s Theory
𝑑𝑖
𝐸 = 𝐾𝑘 𝑙𝑛 𝑑𝑛
Screening Machine Where:
Kk = Kick’s Constant
Meaning Symbol Meaning Di = diameter of particle in the
initial stage
Feed Mass Dn = diameter of new particles
Oversized XF , XR, fraction of Honor Code:
Components
XP oversized O. SETTLING TANK, CLARIFIERS I did not cheat.
Undersized
Components
component