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1+2=3
1+2+a=6
1+2+3+4=10
1+2+3+4+5-15

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l+3+5=9=3.3
1+3+5+7=16=4.4

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]e. Pentaqam:ovoud(€torstrioNn.vrdigq mr .(vor6von.wdKr(vodd'pr

trounpoKLjma dnd ro ou!6uoof6nfw€ €golotov A, ro ono(oo' nu0qY6paoL
223
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o, nuooydpaoL
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vo Xplorpororlooug€fro dlil
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rEproo6r€po
ro I rpoooarowo(ivo Fr(p6oprofd oE(de€ 6po,yro
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6pou yro
vo ndpoug€rov €n6F€vo6po. KdO€dpoeouqs rnq
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0(olo00(o, 4 dnErpoopr0g6
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oPlIl\,lOI:
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H o€rpdooq6( orlo(liv€I.

oPlIMol Av rc dopouFo Flo( dn€plq o€pdq €i\ol n€nEpooFavo,

16r€rl o€rpd€ivorouyKlivouoo,6loqop€r(d €ivqronoriivouoo.

Aqxord{ouF€r6po q o6rpdnou rpor€(v€rro nopd6oqorou ztiv0)

vo, dnou €(vql olopoiqro vq p€roKvofFoor€ xorri ro + q( on6oto
olS,(ol U€rdrcrd ro i rls o[dorooqf nou onopdv€I, rcr o6ruj{o0E
q4(.:€nv6vro( on6 ro I 4 oerpd0o e(vorq eflC i + i + * + * +...
0r Foongo(Ko( 6lUlorjpvloovavq oiwoUo rpdro ouFpohopo0I(,)v
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6ro6oxrKd
oiyfouno6lldlv€r 6n q€xNdF€rq o€rpd!€ ro v = l, xorro oflpoio
rouor€(poundvo ond ro oiyFaonFo(v€r 6tr ouv.Xi(ouF€ F€6louq
rou(quorxori( To oiyFouno6nl6v€r
oplouo'iq. dr rpdK€rrol vo rpo-
oofoouF€ 6lou( tou( 6pou(,xdl rou 0o Foqo6tyrio€r o' dvoF6vo
op(qr6.Evior€, rnv nopondvo o€lpdrrl ypdqouu€ Froodwopqoddr(
r,r(!(l/2') i, ysvrK6r€po,
orqtA". 225
 oPlI[.4OI:H o€rpd A] + A2+ Ar + ... A! ...
Frop€( vo ypog€i uX

(d)
"4,
6rou 4 €i\roro vloor6(dpo(.
Or oEtpaq6noc Korot oKoiouoi€q, plopodvvo dxouv6pro.Av qo-
vroorotF€6Il Fnopofu€vo npooeioouB€ yp{yopo rov drErpoopreF6
6p0rvrnc o€rpd(t (t/2"), roro lFi eo mipvo!€; Oo noipvol.r€ ro t.
Atio6{, ro I €ivorro 6prorl( o€rpdS. .O!oq,
our6( o rp6noqoldiqs
6Ev{xovono{€i rou( goorlUollKoi(,y(ori 6€vrou( qpaoErvo trdv€*npo_
oearowosyp4yopo€vovdr€rpoqpreF66purv,.Aur6 rqpo€tvorooo-
gdqyro (€ivou(.Kord ouvtr€ro,rlpoo€yy(<ouF€ rov oprou6rou op(ou
fro( o€tpdq vo
X{rpiS XpnorFonorodF€ rov 6po.dfl€rpo).A:F€6r Frq
o€'p4 I >A",tx€ravo6pro6rov:A! = L.

optrMor: H o€rpd:A! lx€rtvo 6pro,6rov urdpxErfvof oprOU6C

Ltdtoro(olor€:A, = L

fto vq ow lqeoUl]€dI| ro L €(vordvo6pro,OonpirEl vo Korqvo{_

oouu€01 ro L €{vorn oKprp4(IlF{ i o o(pfis apr0!6Snou roorjro{
F€ro doporofo6iov rov 6pov rls dn€rpn(o€rpd(Uq(.
:uxv{i UnopofF€vo ypdQouF€ UtooErpdaror(iror€o vroor6(6poq
vq 6€ilv€tn6( 6lproupy€(rorI s€lpd.Ilo [opd6EtyFo,ylo rn oElpd
i + + + +... FropoUU€vq ypdqroul.r€t (t/2'). Aur6( rivor avo( roid
BotrrKd(rp6no( ougpohopoUqq o€rpd(Kor6Eixv€r orov ovoyv(i)oq
n6( 6rluloupy€iror
I o€(pd. fvop(<ouF€ noitra(ouyKlivouo€q d[€rp€(
o€rpdqKorKdno|€(oflrj oort! dxouvo{lonp6o€Kro 6prq.
j - +. +r i. +...=t (rhp6roq =-
opr0F6()
111'+ 112'+ 1131 +... = t (1lv')= n'16
+ 1141

r-+++-i++-...=n/a
H np6q o€(pd€ivql onlui( ro dopotolo rorv ovriorpoqorv6furv
226 rr,rvnprntovopr0g{tv.Aur4 I o€rpd,6rrrt( ror o€rpdruJVovrimpo,
n
 rov quorKdv
Qov6trurv qpl0u6, ono(liv€r.
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doporogo
rr,rvowimpoqurvr0rvr€rpoy6v{w6ro6oxlK6v
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on6ro orcu6oiopo0nporrK6A€ovopvrOl
lEp(lZolJ781).nopqrlp{or€ 6 ro n €ivoldvoson6 rou( 6pou(rou
op(ou.nd( prlop€{U(o1600 on}rl o€tpd vo ox€ricror F€ ro tr6yorls
6oF6rpou €v6q(dKlounpo( qv fi€plqdp€ld lou; H rpirrl o€lpdovopd-
kro\ €va)^dooouoo oztpd, 0906 €vo^Idooowor rq np6onFo llrv
6p0Nrnq. Korour4 dx€ltvo dplo nou n€prlouBdv€t ro r. Iqv npoy,
fqrrK6rrFo, ro 7r€FqqvGrol o€ 610 ro onpdoF€vo Fapl. AUr6,yro dI
\ Froqopd,6€W€r.rnvunapoxqouvox4rov goqForK6v.
M€pdol tl( dvvol€q rov o€tpdivKolT0Jv oKolouetriv, (oora(Kotrov
opirdv rou(, UrIopoUF€vo ouh{ooug€ ^oyrxdrs 1616lr€Srqs ouv.-
XoUq p€ropolijq.
:1o ovujrrpo UqoluollKd,ro 6pro Fq( €(rrpanouvvo
FEl€r{ooug€ rl ouv€X{6roqopd,K 6Xron}.6! tl( €}dx(or€S 6roqop:{
nouuno6l^rjvouvor guo(Ko{opteFoi EnoF€vur(, Unopodg€ vo onoKo
ldqroug€ ro Fo€lFolKd puor((drov Kouru}0lv,r0rv€nrroxdvo€rdv Kor
rurvKv4o€ov.To odllpovo FoolFoTlKdKot ot guox{q €rnm4U€(6E
80 $nopoioov[or! vo ovomuxoofvov 6€v €{XoU€ ovoKotrrqJ€t rq
6po. H Korov6qolrov o€rp(ivKo(rov oKolouer64Koouls €n(ol( tur
ruv opforvrouq,Uo( rpo€rolud<€r yto lv €r6F€vlonou6o(o6r€6puv
onr00 oum4Foro(opr0p6v- rou( dpprFou(oprego(q.

227
t;1oupee{etdoerp6Xprt6po to 6rdrpopoe6q opr0trrti,v nou onor6treoov
rtrrvrpuotrtivoproptilv:ro rtrdopoto,rouqopvltlKofq optogo0q
e[dtrr(q
pr16€v. 'Otrorouto( or oprOgo(po(( ovopd(ov:tar pryto(ap0po(.
rorro
Aurotitou e(6oug or opr0po(e(vototre(otoe 6trouqp€ooon6 rtq ouvq-
0ropCveg,roOqpeptv€q 6pootrlprdtrlteq,ond tov unotroytogdrou uno-
xoto0€oeovulqro vo no((etrove(qpd\or r(ox.
rov prp)\rop(rrrv
e(pooteCrotpot pd0outrre
vo ere(voro e(6qoptOptitvTIouol TI€-
dv0ptrrnote(te to oyvoodv, e(te od\tiq to ouvdvtqoov ypd-
rprvmo pdOrlpoqg dtryeBpoq oto yupvdoro.Qot6oo,uuto( ot v6-
opr0po(e(vqton(oteurotKot pnoporivvo €vrurlooldoouvrot vo
rdoorouqpoOqporrroriq 6oo rot rouqFrl er6txo0g'
Iqpr(6pevormq olyepprrCq pnopo6pe
e(rotiroers vo 6o0peytor( on6
rurvoplo(rrrv
mo;g'i 6ev
Drlrtvtrrv, xotdqepvov or vo ppouv
poOrlpotrxo(
nou €vtutOov
trql0oerqtrrrvnpoptrrlpdttrrv 6n 0o enpmevo undp;puv.
opqtrxo(oprOpo( mfluoov ontr€q 6ntlq: x + 5 = 0. Me tqv
e[rotiroetq
rtovopvqtmtivoprOFdrv, q ondvqorl e(vorontrdq:-5. Tr ouppoG
6F,lSFero: x' - 2 = 0; Me dllo tr6yrqnoroqopr0p696tov noMontro-
perov eoutdtoq tootitot pe 2; An6 qv enop! tov llu0oyope(trtv,
yvtirpr(ovdn q terpoyovrni p(o tou 2 6ev pnopotioevo 229
 KEOAAAIO 9

oupBohme(pe rdnororidopo ror, rord ouv€nerq6evrjrov prltdq

oprg_
p6q'Enopdvrrrg,ro o0votrodrov r'v pqttirvoprOpdrv 6evenoprorio€ yrovo
eppqvefoer dleq trq (lto0pevrq}foerqrov otryeBprrrirv ymjp_
efrotiroeurv.
xov dpoye dtrIor,
dppqror opr0po(nou pnoporloov vo itioouvquto6rou e(_
6ouqlq e{ro6oerq; Aq orerproUpendtrrrqv euOe(o rulv oprOptilv. H Errdvo
386e(Xvet ro rgrjpor4q ovdpeoomo 0 ror ro 2. ,EXouU€ ndperqv unorei
vouooev6qopo0ytrrv(ou tprytirvou,
4 ndoerdoerqnleupdrou onofourier
prlroq1, rr 6xouperonoOer(oer ourr] rqv unore(vouoo ndvurornv eu0e(o
rrrrvopr0pdrv.To oprorep6drpo rou euOOypogpou rpr]goroqBp(oreror nd_
vuloro 0. Ie norooqpe(oqq euOe(og owrmorXe( ro dMo drpo;Andro nu_
Ooydpero Oedrpqpo (6pouprdrr to yeogerprrdprjroqourorjtou eu0rjypolr_
poutprjgoroqe(vortE Av orprjooupe vo ndoerndvo onrveu0elorurvopro-
1.uirvivo euO0ypoptrro rptipo,rl opXrjtou ono(oupp(orerotmo rilog rou
grjrouqy'2, ro orlpe(omo ono(o0o rprjoerqv euOe(o
tttrv opr0pdrv6ev
owrmorXef oe p4r6opr0p6.Aurdro orlpe(o0etroupe vo ouoXer(ooup€ U€ro
tlT, Onwg orprptirqouoXer(oope dvodllo oqpe(o1.re tov opt0pd2. Oo ovo_
pdooupe uur6vro v€oopr0p6dppqroap0p6.Tre6ouqoprOpdq e(vorqu_
rdgnououoXa[(etor peourdro orlpe(ondvuroqv euOe(o rov opr0pdrv;
An6 tqv opXordqrq to y'7roul(6rov pr,€vovon6 ourorlq
rouq v€_
ouqdpprlroug opt0porlg. yndpyouvdtrtronopo6eryporo
r€rourvdpprlrurv
optOpdrv; ArporjdXoupe 46q ono6e(er6u to fe(vor tippqroq,pnoporipe
euKolqvq oTro0eqou1ie 6u 0r up€q {t \ft G no06gnoror rerpoyovr_
riq p((rq 6trovr,v rpuorrtivoprOgtirv ilou or 6ro16ev e(vorrerpdytrrvo
oprOpdrq e(voren(or1q dpprlroropr0po(.Enop€vog, ot l[i, ,[i, VIZ e(vor
pqroioprOgoiotrlddlegor p(eqrurvopr0ptirv nou 6eve(vorretpdyovo

,[,

EIKONA 38. To o4pe(orqq euOe(oq rurv opr0pu.0v

nou ov{xeroro rCtroq rou pulr
,l[ 6ev e(vor
€vo o4;..re(o
nou ouoXet((etorpe rdnoro pqrj opr0p6 tfrq onp€b;
234 lo6r], nou vo e(vortr6yoq6rio orCporovoprOptiv)
 TOMH TOY NTENTEKINT

i
opr0pdrv e(vordppqroroptOpo(. Aur6orlgo(vet 6tt undpXet dnetpontr{-
Mnopotlpe vo oXqpor(ooupe notrtro0qdtrtrouq dp-
0ogdppqrovoptOpdrv.
pqroug optOgo0g. fto nopd6€tYUo, o oprOpdg rou oflo(ou 11rtpq too0rot :
+ np€ner en(o4g vo e(vot oppnroq'Mnopo0pe vo to ono6e(-
Fe(2 {t
+
6rt o (2 fz) e(vot pqr6g opr0g6g rot 6efiyo-
[ougeout6 unoO€tovrog
wog6rrouui 11un60eor1 o6qye(oe ovt(tpoorl'Av o (2 f4 e(votprp6q'
+
'[i = ol}'
dre undpXouv 60o rpuotro( opt0po(,o rot B, t€totottita:.:2 *
Trirpo,orpotpofpeontrdrg ro 2 Koton6 ttg 60o ntrtupfqrqg t[(otloqg rot
-- - 'Opr.ug,ro 6e((or€troqourqqrrlg e((ouroqg e(vot
no(pvoupe {i ol9 2.
npotpovdq dvoqpqt6gopr0p6g, otpo0t6oo ro o/p 6oo rot ro 2 e(votp4-
ro(opt0;ro(. Aut6 orlpo(ver dtt to tEe(vot pr1t6g, otrIdr16qyvop(ouge
611 6eve(vot.Autri q ovt(<pooq ono6errv0et6rr o (2 + f4 npdnervo e(-
votdppqrog. Mnopo0pe, pepo(urg,vo oXrlpor(ooupe notr0neptoodtepoug
ouv6uool-totig pqrtiv rot dpprlrurvopt0ptirvKclt'F€ rrlv (6to loyrrri' vo
ono6e(oupe 6rt ouro(nou npor0nrouve(votdppqrotopr0po('rdrt nou
beflver[erdOopo 6rt ot dnetpotouv6uootrro( prlttiv rot dppqturvoptOptitv
o6qyo0v oeor6pontptoodrepouq dppqrougopt0po0g'
Mdyptrtirpo€Xoupe ooXotrq0e( g6vo pe ltq TsrpclYurvrr€g p((egrov
quorr6voprOgdrv, otrIdundpXouv notrdneptoodtepeq 6uvot6rqreg oXq-
portopo0 dpprpurvopt0trr6v. kerpre(te,yto nopd6etypo, rrlv e[(otlorl:
= {f np6rerrot yro
6r1tro6ri
x' - 5 = 0. Av l0oouusoq npoqx dxoupe*
dvovopt0trr6 o onofog,dtov notrtrontrootoors( 66o <pop6g pe rov eoutd
rou,too0totpendwe'Aur6t(vot pto ruprrrl p((o ror e(voten(or1g dpprl-
toqopt0p6g. Kotd tov (6torp6no,pnopo0pe vo op(oou;re vto-
rt dtrtreg
mdgp((eq,6nouto v e(vot6vog<puotr6g oprOgdq, Kot fiou oXe66v 6treg
0oe(vordppqtor oprOpo(. Iqv npoyportr6rrpo, gnopodpe vc nopo0d-
ooupe6vo ptrp6 0etirprlgcl, to ono(o pog tr€er noreq p(eg ordpott'tv
opr0ptirvpnopoOpe vo neptgdvoupe 6rt 0o e(vordpprpotoptOpo('

OEQPHMA: Av ot v ror o e(votrpuotro( t6te 11vtoorrlp(-

oprOpo(,
(o tou o e(vorprpdgopt0prdq, edv rot p6voedvro o e(votq
vtoorrj66vopqev6qdtrtrou 6to<popertrd'
<puotrofoptOporj' e(-
vot dpprltogoPt0P6g. 231
 I(EOAAAIO 9

l-ronopd6erypqetuor11rapoyurvtnip(o tou 9 dppqroq{ pqtdqopr0_

pdq;Arpo0ro 9 €ivorro tetpdyurvorou 3, ro ono(oefuorquotrdqoprOpd,g
11tapoyovxr] p(o tou 9 efuorpqr6qopr0;r6g. kegte(te qv ruprnl pr(o
tou 9. E(vorpqtdqoudq o opr0pdq;:6poupe6u r1ruBrnlp(o tou 9 6ev
efuorguomdqopr0p6g,yrot( ro 2 mov x6poroorirorge g, evtirro 3 mov
nlpo roorlrorpe 22. EnopCvr4, 11ruBrni p(o tou 9 np€nervo e(vor6vog
opr0g6qovdpeoooro 2 Kolro 3. Kordouvdnerqdnoroqopr0p6qn ov e[_
vor,6€ve(varguorr6qopr0trrdq. Ago06eve(vorguomdqoprOpdq, r6q pe
pdorlro nopondvoOerirpqgo, 0o npdnervo e(vordppqrogopr0p6q.flopo-
pofug,q rupm{ pr(orou 8 e(vorprpdqoprOprdq, mer6rjro 8 roorirorpeqv
ruprni p(o tou 2 (nou efvorquorr6qopr0p6q),oMd q crpoyrrrvrnip(o
tou 8 efuordppqroqopr0p69ogori6eve(vorrdnoroqguorx6qopr0p6q.
Ie xd0enep[rnorrl nou dloupeCvovdppr;ro opr0pd,pnoporigevo
lqgroupyliooupe€vo yeurpetprrdpdyeOoq ilou vo owrororye(oe ourd
tov oprOgdKol vq ro tonoOeuiooupe ndvurmqv eu0e(orurv opr0pdrv,
pe to dvo dxpo tou oto trrq6€v. Ere(nou oroupnderro dllo dxpo Clou_
pe €vo oqpe(oorqv euOe(o FoS,ro ono(o6evovnotorye(oe pqrd opr0_
96. Enog€vurq, 4 eu0e(o turv oprOpdrvnp€nervo e(voryepdrq ond rC-
roro(dpprFouoqpe(o.
AworiqrougvCouq oprOgo0q ro0qovotrrd(ovpedpp4tougapilpofuq,oA-
trd qur6 efuorontrdqgto ovopoo(o.lrq vo romvo{oouperohlrepotouq
dpprpouqoprOporig npdnervo e{rrdooupe 6rjoloponqprourd rurvprp6v
oprOprirv.f-fptinov,to dtr or pqto(oprOpo(e(vatar)d 6nctoylttvot.
OPIIMOLOr opr0po(ev6qouvdtrou e(vorontrd6rotetoypCvor ov
ro;giouv60o npo0no06oerq:
(1) fro onorouo6{nore 6UooprOgorlq, A Kol B, rou ouvdlou
ro;trfer
6vo pdvoon6 to nopordrur:A > Brj B > A { A = B
(2) Av ol A, B KolI e(voropr0po(tou ouv6}ou,Klov A > B Kor
B>f,r6reA>f.'

'Evo
.t,,i l. Kotrd6rotetoyprdvo
orjvolo e(vqtonld 6rotetoyycvq dtor drme rdOeuno-
zrz o0votrovo neptdyer6vo npdrto otorye(o.Bl. ro of(rrrpoqq end\oyriqtou Zcppetro.
 Ot nopondvtrt60o npoiino0Coerq go(voworouton66errt€S ylq rous
opr0porig,ener6{fiouge ouvr1O(oet t6oo notrf vo uSXprlotponoroUpe 6rov
oqptrodpome ;reowo0q.Oo(vetornor6rdmrxo vo no0pe6tr onoror6{no
r 60ooxdporor npfnervo e(vor(oorrl 6n o 6voqnp6nervo e(vor
oprO;.ro(
geyotrdrepoq ond rov dMov. 0o16oo,ouro0 rou e6ouqq 6rdro(r16ev
{mv {erdOopo6tr umlpXeoe outo0qrouq nopd(evougdpprlrouqopr&
podq.'Orov rorrd(ouperouq pqro0qopr0po0q,<ptr€noupe> q 6rdro[rj
tougl6ytrrtou ouonlporoqoprOpdlv TrouXprlo+lonororipe.Ar1tro6ri,roud-
(ovrdqrouqnpooertrxd,Btr€noupe 6"uo 27.991e(vorpeyolfrepoqond tov
3.990 Kol6rr o 0,199987 e(vorprrpdrepog ond rov 0,1999998. Enop€vrrrg,o
ouppohop6q rou opr0po0pdq6(verq 6rdro{qtou oprOpo0. loX0er 6pulq
Ono (/-D.(/-t = ({-O; Av 61, noroqe(vorpeyol0tepog; An6our6 ro no-
pd6erypo owrtroppovdpqore 6u ro roX0ovo0orqgooprOpuirv 6evqnoro-
trrimerndwo q 6rdro[r1rov rippqnrrvopr0prirvror pnope(vo ovopouy
Oofpee(vordpoyeontrd6roctoyp€vor, 6nurqeivoror pqro(oprOpo(;
To6e0upoeptitrlpo qer(rror trreqv rleror6rqro.Tqv rlamdqto qv
op(oo1re nporlyoup6vtrrq. Av 6vo orjvotroe(vorxtramdyro pro oprOpqtmj
npd$1,r6te rd0e gopri nou Xprlorgonororipre ouui tqv npdft mo ororye(o
rououv6lou,to onodtreoponou no(pvougeovrirerrr our6 mo otivotro.fro
nopd6erypqro orivotromrv quoxtirv oprOgtirv efuqrKtrerordrdoo yro rqv
npdoe€on6oo rqr ylq rov noMonlooroogd.Aqlo6{, rd0e gopd nou npo-
o0froupe66o guotro6qopr0po09to onor€leopoe(vorn<ivro€voqrpuor-
169optOpdq. En(oqq,6rov noMonloord(oupe onorouo6{nore 60o rpuor-
xor( oprOporig ro onodleopoefuorrdnotoqdMoqquorr6qopr0p6q.
llop'6tro ourd,or ovr(orpogeq npd{erqrqq oqo(peorlq ror qq 6rof
peoqg6eve(vorrlerm€gyro rouqguorroriqopr0po6g. fro nopd6ery;ro,
7 - 12= -5. EOdt oqorp€oope 6rio guorrorigoprOprodq ror nripope€vov
'Orov
opvqnr6opr0trr6. 6rorpo0pe 60o rpuorroriqoprOporig, o1e6dvnd-
wo no(pvou1.re €voyvrloroxldopo rr 6;36vovox€porooptOpd.And qv
dtrtrq,6lor or pqto( opr0pof(guorro(,opvquroi d\doporo Kurro Frl-
6dv)e(vorrlermo( Korylo ug t€ooeprq0epetrui6erq npd(erg,pe povo6r-
ni efo(peor1 q 6ro(peo4pe ro pq6€v.Kord ouv€nero, 0o pnoporioolre
vo noripe6tr or prltoi opr0go(e(vorouorqmrrdrleroto(.MnopoUpe vo 233
 KEOAAAIO 9

roroldpoupeyror( q rleror6rqroe(vot1.rto oqpovrtr( t6r6rqto.rqpo!

v€t ort, 6tov Xprlorponororipe rrg rdooeprg npd(ergrqg opt0prltrrr]g,
yvtrrp(ouge rt 0o e(vqrto onor€treopo - €vogdtrtrogpqt6qopr0p6g.
Tr ougpo(ver dtov ouvOud(oupe dppqrougror pqrodgopr0potiq; E{o_
rotrou0e(vo roxferq rtrerordrnro; Mnopo6pevo 6odpeopdourq 6' or
(6roror dpp4totopt0po(6evs(vorrtreroto(, yror(dXoupeOfz).([4 = z.
Kordouvdnero, €Xouge pto nep(nttrrorl6nouro yrv6pevo 66o dppqrov
optOptive(vorpqr6goprOgdq. To yevrr6repo eptirr4po
e(vorov Xdvoupr
qv rleror6rrlrodrov dXoupe po(( dpp4rougror prpodgopr0po6q. Av
opX(ooupe vo Xprlorl.lonororipe
ug tdooeprg npd(rrgtrlq optOprptr{q oe
dppqrougoprOpodq, 0o opX(ooupe dpoyevo no(pvoupe nopd(eveq,trrr1
oprOpqrtrdg ovr6rqreq og onovrrloerg;
H yevtrrlovrlouX(o nou 6vurr0ov ot poOqporrro( oXerrrdpe rouqdp_
prlrouqopt0podgnpoXtrrpoUoe nipo ond to eporr]pororrlq rtrerotdr4_
roq Korrrlg 6rdro(qq.H oUyypovq poOqpourrlovdtruoqpoo((etotorov
onerpoorrr6 troyropd, Koro or€rpoorrr6g troyropdg dxerro oep€hdrou
orrl 0eop(orov op(trrv. AIld 11opXrrr]0etrrp(o rov op(trrvXplorgoror_
ouoe6vvoreq on6 q yeoperp(o, dnoq,yro nopd6erypo, 6u proorotrou_
0(oo4pe(urv nlrlord(ero'6vo opror6orlpe(o. Mnopotroope 6purgvo 0e-
urp4ooupe 61 6lo ourd ro oprordorlpe(ooupBdlt(ov 0eptroUq opt0_
porlg;Mrjnurq0o rordppeeo}6rtrqpoqo ndpyogon6 rponouldXopro
nou ouyKporoUo€ ro ovtirepopoOqpotrrd, ener6qq Oerrrp(oturvdpp4_
rov oprOptirv 6e oqpr(6rovyepdorrlv€vvororov prlrtiv optOpdrv;

Or A6yor ou E6do(ou

flpotorj npoXrrrprloou;re
mq o0yXpovrl npoypdreuorlrov dpp4turvoprO_
ptirv,0o npdnervo mo0o0pepromryprlyrovo e(erdooupe n6q npoond0rl_
oclvvcrrous X€rptmo0v ot opXo(ot'Ellqveg.Ae(openpo4youp6voq 6tr 11
rou tr?ovomdrooerouq.Filrlveggo04go.ro69,yror(
ovordtrurfrrl
Bprirov
€vo euOriypoprporp{po nou 6ev pnoporioevo clvorclpooroOe(ulgl6yog
g3€ rpuorr6vopt0grirv(rurvp6vtrrv
opr0pdrvnouono66xovrov).Aur6npordtrroe
 I TOMH TOY NTENTEI(INT

to broXurpropdrqq yeopetp(oq on6 qv dlyeppq ytot( 6troro owtre(pevo

'Otrttlg,
no-
qg yerrrperp(oq6cvpnopo0oov vo ovonopomooo6v olyepptrd.
pdro 6roXurprog6 out6,q yetrrgetp(o vo ovltp€ront(et
e{orotrouOotiot npo
ptrriporo.
H yecuperp(o tou Eurle6qXprlotponotofoe onode(erg nou oqpf
(ovrovorqv owiAqrpq6rt ro yeogerptrdgeydOrl (g{q, eppo6( 6yrot)
rjrovouyrp(orpogeto(6toug.Oor6oq Kdnotoon6 ourd ro pteyd0rl {rov
ooripperpo prirrl. Mnopotioov ourd ro g{rq vo ouyrpr0o6v ptero[6roug;
yeurpftpeq
0r'E}trr1veg Xpetd(owov pto0eurp(oyroro oo0gpetpop{rq.
O E66o[oq o Kv(6rog (nep(nou 400-350n.X.) 4tov po0qrrlqtou l-ltrd-
TovoKore(etr(X0qre o'€vov on6 roug onou6otdrepoug'Etrtrqveg goOq-
'Htov
prolro0q. en(oqgyrotpdqror ootpov6poq,Kclttou ono6(6etot11
Oeop(o rov op6revtptrtv q ono(oe(r1ye(
o<potptitv, ttq rpotvogevtrdg rt-
vr]oergrtrrvoupdvulv oopdrov. O E06o(oq np6tetve pro Oeop(o rtlv
ovotroyuirvyro vo e(r1yr1oet ndrqro oorippetpopey€0qpnopoUoov vo
Xprlorpronorrl0orivou1 yeopetp(o. H tou
0strtp(o 6tooti0rlK€Yto poq oro
ndpnroprpXorurvLroqtfuv rou Eurle(6q.H 0eop(o,6ntlg 6rotunovd-
rov,{rov 66oxotrr1 rot roOdtroulerdOopq.Or go0qpottro(rr1pe}eto6-
oov 6re{o6rrdptdXpr nou nopoyrov(otnK€ ro 6droro ivoto ottitvo.O
oprop6q nou €6rve yro rtq 6noq
ovotroy(tg, undpXet oro €pyotou Eu-
rtre(6q,onoretre( Xoporrrlptottr6nopd6stYpo rou nveugottrofp6X0ou
rov Etrtrrjvurv
nporertrrdvou vo ovrene{6}0ouv oe out6 ro np6ptrqpo.
'EvrQ o0r(l tr6yrp
pey€Sr1triyerorelvornpdtovnpdg6e0repov tpl
r<ol
rov npdg r6roprov 6rqv'rd roDnp6rou roi tplrouiodrrg
nollontrd-
orordlvTo06eur6pou roi re'rdptou roB'6noro-
iodrrgnotrtrontrooiorv
voOv notrlqntroorcopdv
ir<drepov 6ror6pou q CIpofnepdlqii 6poioot1
opaelleinqlqrpgdvro rorollqtro.2

2. To ptey€fi tr€ge6rr dXouvtov (6rotr6yo,to nptitto pe to 6e0teporot to tp(to

pe ro tfropto, dtov, ov ndpouge onoto6rjnotetoonotrtrontrdoro on6 to npdrto ror
ro tp(ro, ror onoro6{note toonotrtrontrdotq
on6 to 6efrepo rot ro tdtopto, to nptit-
to roonotrtrontrdoto uneppo(vouv,ogo(tlg tooUvrot{ ogo(trtgunotre(novtot
o;lo(rr-rq
rurv6efrepov toonotrtrontroo(rrlvov to ndpoup€ p€ TrlvovtiototXqoetpd.
[Sir Thomas Heath, ,4 History of Greek Mathematics,r6tt. | (O[<p6p6n,The
Clarendon Press, 1960),o. 385.1 235
 KEOAAAIO 9

Tr 0o pnopofoevo orlpo(vet pto 16ooorvtyportxrl 6r]trooq;O E66o-

(oq (6nurqrpo(vetor g€oorou Eurtre(6r1) 0o npdnetvo ro06tovot€treto-
reqvriXtegnpoono0tivrog vo ypdrpet rdrt nou rov€vog6e 0o pnopotiot
vo rorotrdBet.fro vo xorovo{oou1.te 0o np€netvo 0u-
ouuiv rq 6ritrrrroq
gqOofpre 6fo npdypotoYtotouq'Etrtrr1veg poOr1golro0g. [lpdrtov,o E6-
6o[o96e trltro0oe yro oprOpodg otr]dyto peydOq. Aurdto 60o 6evrltov
(6rorot 6evgnopofoovvo ouox€rtororjv ro €vo ge to d}tro.Aeftepov,
'Eltrqvtg6ev etXovrtrdoptoto,pttrotioovtrorn6vyro trdyougoprOptitv
or
ror l6youqgeyeOtirv. Enog€vu-rg,to 6116pog xldopo ? rttov yt' ouroUg
o ldyog 2:3.Irq yeurperp(o rougXpero(drov vo pilo0vyro trdyouq, dXt
oprOpdrv fro nupd6erypo,
otrtrdgeye0rirv. yvtipr(ov 6tt o tr6yoqrov ep-
60o
Bobtirrv r0rtrov pe ro tr6yorov rerpoydrvov
rooriror tov brop€rptlv
rov r0rtrov.Aut6 trrnopo0Fc vo to 6e(oupe oq effg:

(eppo66vtou r0rtrouA):(eppo66v rou xtixlouB) =

(oxr(vorou rrjrtrouA)':(orr(vorou rUrtrouB)'

Ot'EtrIqveg inpenevo e(votofyoupordrt, 6tov or trdyotour6v ttrtv

preye06v oupneprtrdpBovov oofppetpogr1xr1, (oXuovot oX€oetq 6rotd-
(eurg.Mt dtrtro}6yro,0o (oXuov dpoyeor yeurperprr€g ono6e[(etg toug,
6tov ourdgot ono6e(etgoupnepildprBovov l6youg ootilipetptovpq-
rtirv;O oprop6gnou ov€ntu{eo Eri6o[oq qrov pro npoondOeto vo 6tq-
orpotrioer6rt 0o ioXuov.To pey€Or1 otouqtr6youqnpoo6top(ovrotoq
e[r1g: =
npdrro:6e0reporp(ro:r€topro.
O E66o(og s(ne6tt o tr6yoqrou npdrou Tlpoqro 6efrepog€yeOoq
roo0totpero ldyo tou rp(tounposro t€ropto gdyeOoq edv,6rov no}-
tronlootdooupe ro nptiro rot ro rpiro pe ro 6to g€ytOog, rot notrtrq-
ntrootdooupe rot to 6efrepoKotro rftopto pe xdnoto dtrtrop6ye0og,
t6re 6noro6tdrolrl ndpougepreto{ritou np6tou Kotrou 6e0repou 0o
6tou1pq0e( preto(tlrou rp(touKolrou r6toprou.
Auui q €qnYrlorl, ontrri,6eve(vot(erdOopr1.'Evo
ov xot rpo(veror no-
pd6erypo0o fe6ro]rlverto O€po.Oerrrpo0pe 6rt to r€ooepo pey60r1
€Xouv ro nopordro prirrl:3:6= 7:14.An6 our6 no(pvoupre ttg nopord-
236 < <
to ovro6rrpeg:3 6 KorZ 14.O E66o{og tr6er6tt, ov notrlontroord-
 I TOMH TOY XTENTETINT

oouprro 3 Kqtro 7 pe xdnotoprdye0oq A, Kqtro 6 xot to 14 pe rdnoto

gdyeOoqB,t6te 11oX€oq6rritofr1qovdpeooorq rpononotqp€vo3 rot 6
0qe(vqt6ro pe tr1 oXCorl6rdto(4qovdpeoooro rponorotqpCvo7 xot
6tr A = 5 KotB = 2. Ilotrtronlootd(ovtog,
14.'Eorur i;1oupe:

11tS:tZ--35.'28
= A.7:B'14
4.3:8.6
'15
Iorptirqtrorn6v > 12 rot 35 > 28. Kotd ouvdTltto,o notrtrontrooto-
opdgpero 5 Kotto 2 Orotqpqoerr16rdto[r1tutv 60o tr6yu-rv. O optop6q
tou E06o{ou }€et6tt, yto vo e(vot (oot 60o )\dyor,d}egor ttpdq rov A
ror B 0o 6rotrlpo0vrr16rdto{r1ovdpeoomo ovt(ototXopey60r1' Aur6
d6uoemrlv etrtrr1vrr4 yeurperp(orov oprop6ttlv trreyt0tirv rtlv tr6ytrlv
noulpero(6tovyto rtq 6rdgopeqono6e(erqnou otrlp[(ovrovortq ovo-
loy(eq.To trrey€Oq 6purq6eve(votopt0po(,rot 11ono(tqoq6tregor up€q
rov A ror B vo trovonotodvtov oprop6elorlyoyeon6 u1vn(oo:n6pto
rqvCworotou one(pou.llopdtr to €pyotou E06o(oulKovoiloto0oe rtq
ovdyxeq rov ytu,p€rptiv,e(orotrouOorjoe vo prlvenopre(Ytorrlv Kdlu-
gq turvovoyrtiv qq oprOprltrrqg ror rq otripr(r1rurv dppqrov opt0-
ptivoe proyepqOeopqttxrl Pdor1.
flprv 6drooupe qv tetrrrr]ondvrqoqYto rouq dpprltouqopt0trtotig,
go npdnervo ovoyvop(ooupe ere(vouq rouq poOrlpourofqnou rltov
npd0utrror vo ono6e;6rodv 6tt ot dpprltoropr0po(ovt]xouvotqv otroyC'
v€rorurvoprOgdrv. Or rv6outorCq yevtrd,rot et6txdrepo o BpoXpoyxoti-
nro,0ropo0oovtrq dpprlttg p((eqoq 0eprt€g}0oerg e(totitoetlv. Kord
ouv€n€ro,6ev e(Xovev6oroopofq vo ono6eXtoriv to {7ri to VTurqtr6-
'Evog poOrlportxdq, yvtrtot6g
oerqnpoptrrlpdrov. dtrtrognoo(yvooro(
oq A6o11 urqnorrluiq,qtov o Opdp Koyrdp(nep(nou1050-1123). Evtit
'Etrtrqveg,yro vo enil0ouve[totioetq,Xprlorponoiqoov yeogetptxdg
or
trre0d6oug ovttpettitnr(ov
nou ttg trriotrqoq prlrq, our6q0errrpo6oe 6tt
or }doerqrjrov oprOgo(. AoXotrri0qre en(oqq pe ro npdplqpo rou opr-
opo0rrrrvdppqtov opt0pttitv.
ho pelotrUtepo 6rdorrlgotou Meoo(trlvo, ot Eupono(ot poOrlpottxo(
ono66Xovtov p6votouq rpuotrorig opt0poriqrot ro rtrdoporooq trrloerq
e(rotioeov.'OUoq, q ougBotrrrri<pt1oqqq dtryeppoq e[etrfy0qre ror, tetrt- 237
 rd, 4 nolord pqroptxrjp€0o6oq eyrorotre(rpOr1re.M6trrgor tr€(erg
ovuKo_
tootdOrlrovye odpBotro, ot opv4uro(ror or dppqtoropr0go((nououp_
Botr(,(owovF€r€rpoyurvrr€S pt(eqoriparov opr0grirv) dpXroov vo €Fqo_ 1
v[(owor6edd urqtrUoerq. To vo no0pe,pqroprrd,du emd Xr]veq pe(ov j
6weroXrlveg toorirorpe pe(ovrdooeprg Xrjveq (opr(er
rr1rpovtoo(o, yror( i
l 0o gnopofoevo orlpo(ver ro ope(ovtdooeprq 0o16oo,pe tr1
Xr]veqr;
Xprion rnq oupBolrr{q ypoq{q ro}fnretor our{ q 6uorol(o,yrot(6Xou_
pe:7 - 11 = 4. Me ou{ rrlv oqorp€urrj6uvordtrlrotqg titryeppoq, or
po0rlpouro(dpXroov vo Xpnorponorotiv rougopv4rtro6qror rouqdppq_
tougoprOpo0q Xurp(S rdnorovonoOerrd opropdyroro u orprBtiqe(vor.
Or rperqpo0rlpouro(nou Oeopo0wor ouvqOoq or onou6otdrepor e(-
vor o ApXrgrj6lq, o osp Ar(oxNro0rov(loodr Ne0turv)ror o Kopl Op(_
vrptXlrdouq.O KoptrOp(vrprX fr<iouq(1t77-1855), o ono(oqyevvrl0r6e
o€ l.lroepyolr{ orroy€vero ror 0eopo6vrovnor6(_0o0po, rjtov outdq
nou npo60r1o€ rlv ono6oXrjrtrrvdppqttrrvopt0prirv(Errdvo39). Oq
tpotr4qqdyporpe yro14 6t6orroprrrj6rorprBri tou 6voond to optoroup_
yrlpotti rou, To Disquisitiones Arithmeticae. Ootdoo,ro Xerpdyporpo ro_
Ouotdpqoe vo er6o0e(rp(o Xpdvro.ho peto[rl€yporpe pro dllq ptrprj
Orotprprj yro uq onorrjoerqtou muX(ourou, q ono(oer660qrero 17gg,
6tov ere(vog rlrov e(roor66oXpovrirv. Ie ourrjv14 6eriteprl€Tnorrlpovr_
r{ 6qgoo(euo4, o fxdouqond6er{e our6nou dytve<ToOegilui6eqOeril_
prlpornq Alyeppoq".floroe(vorourd ro Oetirp4go rou 0o pnoporioe vo
o{i(errdtoroOrdrproq; To Oetip4gotr6er6. rd0enotru,vuprrqe{(ouroq,
p'6vov dyvooro€Xerp(otoutrdXrotov fujorlrj p(o. ,Evon6propoouroU
rou Oeulprjporoq }€erdu undpXouv r6oeq}doerg,doeg6e(Xva o peyol0_
repoqer06rqqrou oyvtitotou. Enop€vr.rrg,
r; notrurlrvuprr4
e((ouroq:
Aoxu+ A,xu-t+... + A"rx3 * Au-rX,+ Au_rX
+ A" = 0

3. t1otrut'rvupu<{
e(ourorle(vorq e(oooq dnou to oprmep6or€}oqonote}e(or on6
dvovq neproo6repoug oyvtrroroug (ouvrj0ogrous x, y, r.trn.),or ono(ore(vorurrrou€vor
o€
6uvdperqror noMontroord(owor pe oprOgoriq nou treyoworouwetreor€q. To 6e(( ordloq
rr 6 qq e(ooorlg e(vorouvriOurgpr166v. fro nopd6erygo,ro 5x' + 3x - 4 : 0 e(vor€vonoAutir-
/'t6 vupop'dvov dyvrrloro(tov x) ror ouweleordqrou( 5, 3 Kcu-4.
 H TOMH TOY NTENTEKINT

EIKONA 39. KoptrOp(vtptXfrdou9,1777'185s'

Mnpdouv,trt€ptrtvyr)
(Ytrtrdon6 toug o6etr<porjg

dXer orprB6gv tr0ottg.Ie rdnoreg neptnrtioetg€Xoupe rourdorlpeg trrjoetg,

6nogorqv e((ourorl + =
x'- 10x 25 0. Av nopoyovtonot4ooupe ourqr4v
e((oooq, €Xou;re (x - s)(x- 5) = 0, 6qlo6r1x = 5 rot yrorrg66otrfoerg. To
oqpovrrr6orlpe(oe6r.ir 6ntlg
l€tt nrrrgprtoe((otlorl
e(vot6rt to 0etirprlpo 11
x' - 2 = 0 €Xtr60o tr6oe rg.Aur€qot trtjoetge(vot,mrlv npoYuortr6rrlro, ot
ltl rat -r[i, nou Koror 66o e(votdppqroroprOpo(. Enop€vtrtg,pe rqv on6-
6er(r1ouro0 rou 0epetrttir6ouq o
0eurprl;'rotog, frdoug ovoyrdorqrevo
'Onurg
ono6eXre( rougdppqrougopr0go0g urgtrdoerg eftodrotu-tv. 0o 6o0-
geopy6tepc,o frdouqnpoetofgooe m(or1gro 66orpog Ytorrlv ono6oXrl
Korproqdtrtrr1q, wtetrdrg vdoqrtrdoqgoptOgtilv, rov ptyo6trtirv opt0ptitv.
Me rov frdougvo nt€(etyt'our6 to O€poorrgopXdg rou D€rotou
fvorou ouitvo,(er(vr1oe 11ovo(rlrqor1 ev6qrorovoqro6optopoUrov
opropdrv.
dpprpu.rv e39
 I(EOAAAIO 9

H u n d p o x nsch n i tt4rou N rdvr€Ktvr

Eipoorer6ro(teporulepoi drov grdvoup€oro otiy;1povo opropdrov

dppqrov opr0pdv.'Olor or p4to( oprOpofpog pp(oroworOoppdvor
tdoo poOrdoto nopel06v,6ore 6ev pnoporipevo nodpendre,
yro
np6r4 gopd, r<inotoqpftpqoero 6dyrutrdrou Kote(ne:.AXti!Or gu_
orro(opr0po(!uO0te pnopo0pevo 6ropdoou;le trq ordrfrerq
rurvpoOr;_
potrr6v nou ovordlurfovto rkiopoto ri roug opvquro0g
oprOpodq.
AIId q loyrxrj Oepetr(oor1 rov {ppqrov opr0ptirve(vorolertrd npd_ rl
j
oqqrq Korpnopo0pevo oyopdoouprKorvo Oropdooupe ro 6116poq i
ovr(ypogowdq un€poXou rerp€vou. O oprotrrdg
rurvdppqrurvoprOprirv
nepiloppdveror o'Cvo lentd oe nriXoqlerpdypqgorou p(1opvrNrC_
vr€Klvr(1831-r916), evdqfeptrrovod poo4po'ro0tou bdroroucvqrou
orrivo, pe t(ttro IuvtXcn rat dpp4rot apfipo(.'O roOdvoqnou
0o oyo_
pdoerourd ro dpyopurope( vo rdroerrdro ror vo ro 6ropdoerotrdrlq_
po trr€oooe trryolernd. E(vor}orovrr6, qltrd oe urfrqtrd enroqpovrrd
enine6o.
O P(1opvrNr€werrvryevv{0r1re oro Mnpdouvopoipotq fepgov(o.
Iro e(roor€vo rou Xp6vro,ro 1852,nrjpero 6r6orroprr6rou
on6 ro
llovenror{grorou frftrvyrev, nopotroppdvowoq ro mu;1(orou on6 rov
{6q yvrrrordKoptrt-xdoug.
flop'dtronou o NtCvrerrvr ovordtrurpe
q Oerrrp(o rou ro 1g58,6€v
q 6r;poo(euoe pr6Xprr.o 1872.h4v oppj rou €pyoutou IuvtXen xat
dppryrotap0po( priq trCer6tr 6ev
{rov rrovonor4pivoq on6 qv €v_
voto rrls ouvCleroq rou Xpnotponororjvrov orov on€rpoourdloyropd,
r; ono(oorqpr(drovoe Cworeqboverop€veg ond rq yerrrperp(o. Agori
peldqoe to npdBtrrlpo,gp{re q 6rrrj rou }dor1 or.S24
NoepBpiou
1858.
To nptirronpriyponou €roveo Nrdvrerrvr
{rov vo op(oerro orivoro

4, Schnitt
(yepU.):roprj.(r.t.u.)
5. H oyyhrri perdgpoorloutoOrou dpyouundpXer oro: RichardDedekind,
240 Essays
on the Theoryof Numbers (AoIotr, OpenCourtpublishing
Company,1948).
 H TOMH TOY NTENTEKINT

dtrtrtvttrrv pqtti,rv oprOgdtvwg oAor4po Q. k4 ouvdXeto,e(ne drr yro

touqoprOpodq rou Q roX0ouvot nopordro v6por:

l. Av q > p ror B > y, tdte o > y. Kd0e<popdnou or o, y e(vor6rio

6roqopetrro( (rl dvtoot)opr0po(,rot o p e(vorpreyol0repoq ond tov dvq
ror prrp6repoqon6 tov dtrlo, outd 0o to errppd(oupe odvtopro,Xop(q
vo 6rmd(oupeener6{unovooriworyerrrpetprr€q €woreg,}€yovtog:to B
pp(oretor ovdpeoootouq60oopr0po0g o, y.
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qoperrxo( opt0po(nou pp(orovtorgero{rirov o, y.
lll. Av o e(votonoroo6qnote ouyrerprp6voq opr0prdq,tdte 6}or or
opt0yo(tou ouorripotoqQ 6rorpoUvtot oe 6Uortrdoerq, uS Ar Kor42,rl
roOeg(o on6 trq ono(egneprloprpdver dnerpouq oprOporig.rl nptirq xld-
ol, I Ar,qnotetre(tor on6 dtrouqtouq oprOpotiq o, nou e(vor<o, 4 6e6-
repqrldorl, 11Ar,onotetre(tot on6 dtrouqtouq oprOpo0q o, nou e(vor>o.
o (6roq o opr0p6go ;.rnope(vo equrpqOe( ele0Oepo e(teoqv nprirtqe(te
otq OeUteprl xtrdor1,
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tou Nrdwexrvt.Tov npdrto vdpo rov €Xougerj6r1ouvovrr]oertrier 6rr or
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po6q.Aur{ e(vorq opXo(oe}}qvrrrj rivvororrlq rinerp4qOrotperdtqroq.
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pdqnou Xprlorgonouj0lK€yro vo y(verour6g o 6roXoprotrr6q rov opr0-
prirvpnope( vo oupnepilrypOe(e(te or4 pfo e(re oulv dtrtrqrtrdoq. Mno-

6.'O.n.,o. 6. 241
 q

I(EOAAAIO 9
I
pe( vo e(voro peyotr0tepoq oprOpdgqq rldorlg A, ri o grrpdrepog
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onltiq nop€tr€tq,E
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611lo6{6troror 6roXtrrpropo(
rov pqttirvopr0ptirv
on6 rjvopqrd opr0p6.
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tou ouon]go_
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peoutdvto 6roXtrlpropdropaf[Schnitt]
Korvorn ouppotr(ouge u4 (R,,nr).'

Mnope(vo ovopr.uq0oUpe yror(o Nr6werrwdvuloenu4 rytovonopo(q_

ro vo op(oer€vovrio6pq qv topr],ow( vo Xprloqloilor{oer qv Cwororou
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rdOeopt0g6qqS Trpdrrnq *trdolqeivorprrpdtepoq on6 rd0e opr0p6r4q
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An€rpuye€[unvovo ovorpdper euOe(eqror orlpe(o.
'Oproe
qv toprj rou Xurp(g vo nerndrqpnope(vo ilpoyporonorqOe(
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t€rororoy{ Xpqorponordrwoq onorovOrinorep4rd opr0trrd. To eptitrlpo,
trorn6v,e(vorov ;rnopeivo y(vern ropn Xtrrp(q rdnoroprltd oprOpd. Ir
ourd o Nrfurerrvrondwrloeurge(r1q:

Atrlde(vqr
e0rolovo 6e(outrre
6rt undpXouv
dnerpeq
topdqnou6e6rlpr_
oupyorlvtor
ondprltotig
opr0po0g. Tonopordtur
nopdbetygoprou
dpXe_
rorypriyopoorovou.

242 7 . ' O . n .o, . 1 2

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24
dnurgorptpdrg0o np€net vo ouvdprlKot orov Ntdvrertvt, r6re, ortg
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rcu ,[i 6oo ror rou 2 orrlv euoe(orov oprogdrv.Oovroore(rettitpo

y'7 (o ono(og 0o pp(-
onorov6{norepr1t6 opr0p6 peyotrdrtpoon6 ro
6rt to rerpdytrtvoourof rou pqroU
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8 . ' O . n .o, . 1 3 .
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touq e(vorprrp6tepoon6 ro 2 pp(orovrorndvo orqv eu0e(ort'rv oprOpdrv oprore-
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2M 9.
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o. 15.
 TOMH TOY NTENTEKINT

pdmovoptop6tqg npd(qqrqq np6o0eoqg yo 6trougrougnpoyportro0g

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rrrg ro e(q-
Xpqotponor{oer

10.Boyer,o. 307
245
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ro 6ero6rrdofoqpo KCtr, orrl ouv€Xero,
o T(ovNdnrep(issO-tOtz) ro
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rou or€porou
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ondvovurd0etoq/unott(vouoo. Enop€vo6, to qgO,6noq orprBtirq Koro
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ro, Koro tr6yoqtouqe(vor:on€vovtrrdOetoq/unore(vouoo = 0,5.
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 H IfTOPIA TOY fi

onfvowr rtiOerog

npoore(yev4
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EIKONA 41. Or tpryovogetprrCgo1€oergneprtro;.rpdvouvtrq 6rdgopeqolfoerq ovd-
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upeqlrjoerqoe ourorjrou e(6ouqrrq e(rotiroerg

e(vordppqtoroprOgo(.
fto nopd6erypo,ov ro 0 e(vorivoq prp6qopr0trr6gpeto{00 ror 90o,
rdu ro 4p0 e(vor6voqdpprlroqoprOgdq, err6qedv0 = 30'.

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ro o n poodr6proro e

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 KEOAAAIO I O

'OtiEp,
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(Yhr6 on6 rouq o6etrrpo6q
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.=l'g(r.+)"
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to e e(vorro 6pronou no(pvoupre 6rov orprlvoupero v
vo y(vetor6trorot peyotrOrepo.
Me dtrtro}dyro,pnopoUge vo oXrlpor(-
ooup€Uroorolou0(oopr0gtirvpe pdorlrov r0no (1 + 1/v)",dnouro v
opxftr und ro 1 ror ou{dverorno(pvovroqrqv rrprj rdOr 6ro6oXrro0
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 H IfTOPIA TOY fi

puodrepooqv olrlOrvriuprj rou e. To e, enopdvoq,

e(vorro 6ptor4q
poq
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yow6o0,611lo6{ ro ..!u. Enop€vurq, = =
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261
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e= 1*l*]*a* 1_ . . .
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vo ypogeios:e = 1 + 1 + ** ** **... *o, pnope(vo oupBotrrote('q
e = L(1/v!), dnouto v no(pvertrg updqordpourrv oprOptirv
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po( orprptirgr]tov ro e Korro n, ovordlurlov Fro evtetr6qv6o rldorl
opr0prirv.

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 ll lfTOPlA TOY n

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to ov ro e Korro
n e(vqrolyepprro(oprOpo(. pnopodv
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pe eppo66v pe out6 ev6qouyrerprp6vou x0rlouXprlolpo-
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 KEOAAAIO I O

rou rooritorperu.lro vo rorooreudooupe 6voretpdyovonou ro eppo_

6dv rou vo e(vor(oo ge n, npinervo rorooreu<iooup€
pro eu0e(onou
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oro rerpdyo_
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rldou rr €Xouv
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rerpoyrrrvfooupetov rtir]o, Korro ,[ 0o e(vorivoq otryepprrdq opr0p6g.
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peivo terpoyovroref. Arogopetrrd6evpnope(.
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ov UroouyK€rprg€vr1 l0or1 e(vorunepBotrr6g 4 otryeBptr6q opt0p6g
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 H IITOPIA TOY fi

.ondro 0e6pqporou lr6trgovr 0o yvtrrpi(ope6u to 2 npdnervo efvor

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roXrier
o logxeivordppqtogopr0p6q.Aw€qor npoiinoOdoerq roplouvyro q
ouwpunrnlnlerorpqg(otov trp6v tou x. Kotd ouv€nero,6troroXe66v
orloydprOpor e(voruneppotrxo(opr0pro(.And qv dtrtrr1,
nop' 6Io nou
or rovovrr€qrpryovop€rplr€qouvoptr]oerge(vor ouv(0oq dppqtor
oprOpoi,e(vqrenrnl€ovolyepprro(xr 6;gunepBorrroi
oprOpoi.

f l 6 o ou
r n e p p o r K oof p r O ; r ouin d p x o u v ;

6u undpXouvnotrtro(uneppotrro(oprOpoto(oupo undpXer
l-vtrrpil(ou;re
dnerpo ntr{0oqond 6oritoug.E(vorneproo6tepor or uneppouro(opr0go(
'Eyeq
ondtoug otryepprrodq oprOpofq; dpoye,v6r1povo tr€pe6u €vo
onerpoorivotro e(vorpeyotrdtepo
oprOpti,rv { prrpdrepoon6 Cvoritr}o;H
npoondOero vo onowrlOo0voutd to epotrilloto dvor{e€vov ewetrtirq
vCoopi(owo orrl po0qpour{ o16g11 oe d,tr orpopdro dnerpoKorlroq
nopefieJlo €vrurru,orord poOrdowflrl{q rqq q6oqqrou one(pou.
To npdro onerpoorivotro pEro ono(orjtrOovoe enog{ or dv0ponor
{rov to ofvolo tov quorr6voprOgtirv. fro vo onorrfooupedtreyXo rou
one(pou, e(vorrotrftepovo rorovorlooupe nptiro rouqrpuorxo0q opr0-
poUq.'Orov 6rio nenepoop€vo o0votro€;1ouv tov (6rontrr10rr6
opr0g6,
Cloupener6tr to dvoo0votropnope(vo orr€rKovrotc( oprprpovooripovro
en(tou dtrlououv6trou. Av 6ev neprooeder xov6voororye(ooe rdnoro
on6ro 6rjo orivotro, t6re €Xouvrov 6ro ntrr10rr6opr0p6.Oo Xpqorpo-
nou]ooupe u1v i6ro opXri6rov 0o prtrdpeyro ro orrapoorivotro,ror 0o
ro ouyxp(voup€ Xpqorponordrvrogrqv onerx6vroq.

OPltMol Av to A ror B e(vor6rio onerpoorivotro,

rr ov dlo rq
ororXe(o
rou A on€rKovi(ovtor
dvonpoqfvo en(dtrrrrvtov otor-
1e[ovtou B,tdre ro A KorB€Xouvrov (6ron]r10rrdopr0p6.
267
 KEOAAAIO I O

Agod to 66o odvotroA KorB e(voronerpoo0votro, o nl40rrdgtouq

opt0pdq6ev pnope(vo e(vorrdnoroqnenepootrrdvog oprOgdq. luvendrq,
0o e(voronopo(rr1to reltrd vo op(ooupe rdnoroenrntrdov odppolonou
0o errppd(ouvrov ntr40trdopr0p6rov on€tpoouvdtrurv.
Kd0eonerpoorjvotro nou pnope(vo reOe(o€ opgtgovoorjpovrq oner_
rdvroq prerous quotKodqopr0poriqovopd(etorapilpqotpo
'On'q orjvolo.
ono6erxvUeror, to opr0pr]orpo otivotrq€Xouvrdnoreqo{roorlpeG
urreqr6tdqreq.O l-rolildo frohl6r (lolrtro(og,1564_1642)
e(vordvog
on6 toug nto (orouoro0qenror{poveq ror poOqpottxotig.Be}riuroeto
rqleor6nro,ovordtru{etouq 6opugdpous rou A[o ror ug qhorig x4l(.-
6eg,unoot{pr{ero qtrrorevrprr6 o6orqgo.Avoxdtrurlre ro vdporou €K_
rpepofgror ond6er{e rr1oroOeprjenrt<iXuvoq tov oopdrov ro0drgnd_
qrouv orrf y4. Iro €pyo rou A6yot yApu an6 56o v€q
enrcu1peg, rc
onoioer6604K€ ro 1636,o lolilo(oq enrorjpove €vonotr6nep(epyo Xo_
poxrrlptour6rov on€rpoouvdtrulv.''E6er[e dtr e(vorouvordvvo oftaKo_
v(ooupeopqtpovoor]povro rous guorrofqopr0porjq en( rov terpoydr_
vov rov guorr6vopr0pcirv. H onerrdvroq ouu] e(vorn e6riS:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 i
8 9 10 lt
t
Y tv tv tv f+ "l ++ tY tv tV l+
' 1
4 9 1 6 2 5 3 6 4 9 64 81 100 121
Kd0e<puorrdq oprOpdqonerrovi(eror
o, €vo p6voterpoycuvrrdopr0_
pd ror xd0eretpoyr.rrvrr6q
opr0p6qonerrov((erqro, €vo p6vo rpuorx6
opr0trr6.Enop€voq,€XoupeFro opqrpovoorjpovr4 onerr6vro4,or4v
ono(o nrpiloppdvetorrd0e rpuorx6q opt0pdgror rdOeretpoytuvrr6q
opr0p6g.And ourd rorotrr]youpeoro €vrunulorordougndpoopo 6l or
retpoyovrro( opt0poie(vorrdoordoorror or rpuorro(
oprOpo(! Or guot_
roi oprOpo(ovoprd(ovror
oprOpr]orprot
rot rd0edMo odvotronou pnope(
vo teOe(o€ olrgrpovoorjpovrqonerxdvrorl
pe curodqovopd(erorrr ou_
rd opt0prjorpo.
'Orov
outd ro B}€noupe
yro npdrtqgopd, pno(voug€ orov terpoopd

268 2. Boyer,a.36i.
 H IITOPIA TOY n

6tr 0o npdnetvo €Xet

rprl}dto 16proror vo 6qtrd,rooupe
oqrtirooupe
rdnoro ld0oq. Iltitg 0o pnopotloov vo undp;1ouvr6oot tetpoytrtvt-
dpr0po( 6oorror quorxoi 6tov on6 to onetpootivolo tov r€rpoYo-
oprOptirvtre(nouv t6oo noltro(quotro(opr0pro(;Nrti,r0oupe
6roro011-
opr0po(0o npCnet
6tr or rpuorro( vo e(vot(fiol0 fisptoo6tepot>
on6
r€rpoyovrroriqopropo0q.I6prpovo 6ptrl5F€ tov nopondvtrlopt-
;TouS
opd, 6rioo0votro€Xouvtov (6rontrrl0trdopt0p6rot, enop€vog,e(vot
to
bo oe op€yeOog". Aur6 ro on}6 nopd6erypotov((et6vo o$oorlpe(trtto
;1opoftqprouK6 opr0grjorptrrv
turv Mnopodpevo urlo-
onetpoouvdtrtrtv.
oqpqoupEto (6ro yro 6trouqtouq 0eurodqrot opvqttro0gordpotoug
oprOpo0q, roOtiqxot yro rousquotxorlqopt0godq, pe Bdoqrqv nopord-
to onerx6vrorl:

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
t
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0 1 - 1 2 - 2 3 -3 4 4 5 - 5

E6rir,trorndv,€Xouperdvet pto oprptpovootipowrlonetx6vtol, I

rriOeor€potorot rdOequotr6opr0p6.Iuven6q,ot
ono(oneprtrotrrBdver
quorxo(oprOpro( e(vort6oot 6oot rot ot ordpototopt0poi.flpdypott,
to nopordro topo(o0e6pqpo.
dloutrre

OEQPHMA: €yetrov 6ro nlr10tx6

Kri0eopr0pqotpoonetpootlvolo
opr0p61r€rouqrpuorro0q
opt0po0q.

Aurd to Oetirpqpo tr€erontrdrqdrt 6tov prtrdpeyro to piye0osrov

6troto o0votroouto6 rou e(6ouq€Xouv
onttpoouv6trtrtv,
opr0prlortrurrv
to 6ro p€ye0oq,6qtro6ri6Xouvtov (6ronlr10rr6opr0yd.To ev l6yo 0e-
rilpqpoogrlvervo evvorl0e( 6tt dvo dnctpounoodvotro ev6qopt0ptiot-
pououv6trou dyerto (6ro trrdytOoqpe ro opXrrdo0votro.Mto ott(o yto
rqv ono(o q €woro ouui poq Kdv€t vo vrtirOoupenopd(evoe(votpto
oprOptivnou 6ev qv €Xouvot dnetpot
r6r6qro rurv rurr€pootrrivrrrv
opr0pol l-ro nopdberypo,ov npooO€ooupe ro I oro 10, noipvouye
6vovoprOgdpeyol0tepoon6 ro 10.'Opurg,ov npoo06ooup€ ro 1 o'
dvoonerpoo0votro, 6tv no(pvoupe 6vo upeyotrUtspo) no(pvou-
o0votro, 269
 XEOAAAIO IO

pe €va ouvolo rou (6roupeyd00u5.Enopcvulq,

ov A e(voro nlq0rrdq
oprOpdqev6qonerpoouv6}ou, tdre A + 1 = A. Aut6 rpo(vetorevrertiq
lovOoop€vo yror( pe pdoq qv roO4peprvrl poq epnirpfq 6rov npo_
o'droupe6vo ov'reipevo o' ivo orivolo ov.rerpdvtrrv,
ro orivoroy(ve-
ror yeyohltepo.Oo np€nerdptrrqvo owrtrqg0otiye
dtr e6dr€1oupevo
rdvoupepe onerpoorivorqro ono(o6e oupnepupdpowor
ndwo dn'q
ro fi€r€pqop€voorjvotro.,Evoqrp6noqyro vo
oupgl]urr0oripe pe ounjv
rrl ouFnrprqopde(vorvo oregr.pooredtr €vo
onerpoo0votro e(vortd_
oo peydtrorou, ov npooo€ooupe oe qutd ro 1 ({ onorovo{nor€n€rr€_
poop€voopr0trrd), o opr0p6qout6qnopoe(vor ooripovtoqyio vo oMd_
{er to p€yeOoq rou qn€tpoouvd}ou.lro vo oltrri{oupenpdypotr
to p€_
ye'og ev6qonerpoouvdtrou, 0o np.nervo rdvouperdnorooneipoupre-
yC0ouqolloyr]. Av ooq gnep6erier 11r6io dn 4 np6o0eor;evdqnenepo_
op€vouopr'pod o, dvo onerpoorivolo 6evotrtrd(erro pCye'dqtou, 6ev
e(oteor pdvor.Or poO4pouro( npoptr4potr(ovrov
'Orov yr, ourd ro O€poen(
6eroer(eg. prldpeyro to yiyeOoqev6qonerpoouvdtrou,
0upr;0e(te
6tr op(ouge ro p€yeOog pe Bdoq uq onerrov(oerg. Xpqortrronouivroq
qv €worou1qonerr.vrorlg, vo .oripe d. ro onerpoo'volo
trrnopo,pe
6xouvnpdyyotr'rocpoperrrti peyc'r1,our6qdpurqor 'rogopiq 6eve(vqr
nenrpoog€veq olld e(vor6roqop€qpetinerpop6yegoS.
Ttirponou €Xoupe 14 p€0o6oyro rrlv onerr6vror;, pnopori;"revo npo_
Xoprjooupe o, ivo ond to nro ernlqrurd oupnep<iogoro
turv po'rlgo_
ur6v. fvop(oupe6tr r<iOeonerpoorjvolo nou pp(oreroroEogglpovo_
o{povr4 onrrrdvror;pr rouq guorrodqoprOpo0q
iXertov 6ro ntr40rrd
opr0p6 pe to orivolo rurv guorKdrvopr'pdrv.
n600r pqtor opr'po(
undpXouv; Mnopo0pevo qnerrov(ooupe dlouq rouq p4roUgoprgpo0q
en(tov rpuorrdlv opr'ptirv;Me pro nptirq potrd,<po(veror dtr ro orivo_ j
Io drurvtt'rv pqtriv opr'ptirv 00 npiner vo e(vor
notr' peyo'itepo on6 l
to orivoror,v rpuorrtilv opr'ptirv.Mdvopero{rirov guorrtiv opr'pdlv
1 ror 2 un<ipXer dnerponhjOoqprlrrirvoprOpdrv. Mnopodp€vo ro y€vr_
refooupeourd ror vo noripedtr pero{60norurv6{nore
6rio rpuorrtiv
opr0ptirvundpxerdnerpon'j00q pqtdrvoprgytirv.
Iltirqgnoporiv,ror-
270 n6v,ro 60o orjvolqvo iXouvtov (6ronlq0rrd
opr0p6;
 H IITOPIA TOY f,

Iregte(reu1vonerr6vroqtou fl(voxo8, 6nouronoOerofperdOepq-

id opr0pdpr6ooo' €vo tetpoytrrvrr6n(voro. O n(voroqout6q ouveX(e-
r0r€Tr'dTr€rponposro 6e{rdxorilpoqro Kdro,Kornepr}oppdver rd0e
p4r6opr0g6,ogoUrdOeprp6qopr0p6qdXertq Fopqrlp/q, 6nouor p
Kqrq t(vorordpororoprOpo(. Ilepvdpeon6 6lo ro rldogoro (errvdrvrog
on6rrlvndvo oprorep{ yov(o ror op{voupetougoprOgodq Trou€Trovo-
lopBdvovtor, €tor tiote vo ndpoupetov l(voro 9. Ie our6 rov nivoro,
to pCtrr1
6efivouvn6q vo npoXrrrprioouge on6 rov 6vovoprOgdmov dtr-
lo yrovo oBtjoouge rougoprOpodq nou enovoloprprivovror. H ondrpoo4
yu tq 6roypog{ ev6gr}dogotoq6eve(vot60orotrr1. Av ro rtrdopoeivor
{6q ovdyoyo t6te ro xpotdpe, ov 6ev e(vor
ro oBr]voupe. Itov n(voxo
undplouv 6troror 0etrro(prlro( opr0po(.Av 06troupe vo ppodpe ro p/q
(uno0€rovrog du our6qo ldyoq eivorovdyr.rryo rtrdogo),rdre onl6q ro-
reBo(voupe oq q oetpdp Kornpoxopdpe6e(rdrrrqq mrjlq q. Enop€-
vurq,ouyfisprtroppdvovror 6troror Oelro( pqto( opr0go(.flo(pvovrdq
rouqrotd oerpd, pnopodpe trorn6vvo O€ooupe o€ opqtpovoorjgovq
onetxdvrorloutoriqrouqoprOpofqF€rouqrpuorrorjq opr0poriq:
1 1 2 3 r r 2 3 4 5
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i
9
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

E6tir0o pnopo0ootevo ovtrtd{ere6rt trdBopeun'd{xv poq g6vo

rougOettro0gpqro0qopr0godg. Aur6e(vorotr{Oero,
otrtrdprnopo0trre
vo
pnd(oupetov (6ron(voro Korp€ opvrllxd rtrdoporo.T6teronoOero0-
gero 0 og np6to otorXe(oxor,no(pvovroqevotrId(rtrdogoroon6 rov
0eur6ror rov opvqrrrdn(voro,iXoupe:
^
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l
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1 -zI 2 - T2 ,|
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f t t t tv 1 t t I f
'10
1 2 3 4 5 o 8 9

Ttirpo6Xouperqv onerr6vrorlfiou Odlouge.Kd0epqr6g oprOpdq,

0ettxdq,opvqttxdqxor ro prq6iv,ougnepilogBdverorp6vo pro rpopd
rot 6trorot opr0po(onerrov((ovror
en(rov guorrdv opr0pdlv.Korol{- 271
:j
I KEOAAAIO IO
.t
i
l
flINAKAI 8. fl(vorog trrrv pqrtirv oprOptirv

nINAKAI9. flivoroq ttrlv pqttirvoprOprirv

+ - + +++ l
t + 7
1 l
7 + t
l
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t / 7 / / , / /
i t i t
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+ + / + 3
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4
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6
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7 7 7 t 7
I 2 5 4 5 6
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272
 H IfToPIA ToY fi

youpe, enop€voS, oro evtunoorordoutrrnipoopo dtr o nlnorrdqopr0_

pdqrtrrvrpuorrdvopr0pti,ve(vor(ooqpe rov ntr4Orrd oprOpd6r'v ttrrv
p4ttirv
opr0pdrv. Tr ouppoiver, dpoye,ge ro odvolo 6trovtrrrvotryrppr_
'H
rtiv opr0ptirv; ,looq
dtrrrrvrov uneppour6voprOptirv; vo undpXer
dvo6 p6vonl40rrdqopr0pdqyro 6lo to onerpoorlvotrol
Andt6re nou o lotrrlo(oqun€6er{e t4v onerrdvroqpero{0rujv guot_
rdvoprOptirvKorru,vrerpoyovrrtivopr0prir4or poOrltrrouro( npoplrlpo-
tf(owovyro u( ouv€nereq ourod rou yeyovdroq.,Enpene vo neprpCvou_
penep(nou6rordoronev{vto
Xpdvrq p€Xprro t6loq rou 6CxorouCvo_
rououirvo,yro vo orovrqOe(nlrjpoq ro eprirtrlgoourd.

O o(r6Aoyogfr<dopyrKdvrop
'0Io
oXe6dv doo np6nervo pd0oupeytq rous unrpBourorlg oprOporiq
oqeitrovroro' €vov o{r6loyo dvOpono,rov lr€opyr Kdwop, o ono(og
i(r1oeproe{orpetrrdev6rogipouoq qtrtrdrpoyrrrl(orj (Errdvo43). fev_
v{0r1xeor4v Ayio lletpo0nolq,orq poo(o,onq 3 Mopr(ou1845.3
[1ori_
po(rou rirov o fr€opyxfou6trwepov Kdwop,ivoq Aovdq€pnopog, ror
pr;tdpotou r; Mop(o MnetrrKdwop.To 1856,6rov
o frdopyr rirov
dweroXpovrirv, q orroydvero peroirqoeoq Opovrgorlpq rou Mdrv,,
oro rpoti6ro tqq 'Eoqq,ylo vo onorp0yer o friopyr o npeopritepoq
rouq6prpe(q .Otov
ptiorrouqXerprirveq. o lrEopyro ve6tepoq €yrve6e_
rondweXpovtirv,en€6er(epeyrilo totr€womo po04pourd
ror ypdqrn_
re oro AvtirepoflolweXve(ofrpovr_Ntourdloto Nrdpporor,
dnou 0o
onoU6o(e pr;Xovrrdg rotd nopdrlrlorlrou notipo tou. To 1863erorjX0rl
oro flovenrorrjprotou Bepotr(vou,6nouen6]e{evo onouddoer po0rlpo_
nxd, quorr{ ror rpilooorp(o.,Htov
CvoqOeooeporipevoq veop6q,Xopo-
nqprotrr6nou rlqpovdprloeon6 rouqyove(qrou.

3 . M u i r ,a . 2 1 7 .
q. Ewoe( tr1 Opovrrpodptrlqg
.-. 6uurrig fepyov(oq,nou pp(oretor orov notoprd
Mdrv,rr dXrq Opovrgoripq nou pp(oretororov notopd ,Ovtep.
(r.r.u.) 273
 KEOAAAIO I O

EIKONA43.fK€opyK
Kdvrop,
184s-191
8.
(Ytrrrd
ondrougo6etrrpo0q
Mnpdouv,
h€ptrrvyr)

Iro flovenrorrlgtorou Bepotr(vou

66oorov 60o ond rougonou6or6te-
pougpo0rlgourofq rou 6irotou €votououirvo:o KopI Bdreporpoq (tSts-
'1897) (1323-1891).
Koro Adonotrw Kp6verep Auro(or 60o6rdoqpor dvrpeq
0o 6nor(ovonorpootour6 p6trootq (rrrqtou Kdvrop,o €voqrotr6ror o dl-
trogroxd. Evtiro Bdreporpoq0o ytvdrovivoq ond rouquroorrlprrtdgrou,
o Kpdverep 0o notreproOoe rou rq (rrrritrg r6€eq
oedtrr1 rou Kdwop.
'Otov
nrlpero 6r6oruoprxd rou magnacum laude(pe inorvo) ond
274 ro flovenroujpro rou Bepotr(vouro 1867,o Kdvrop6ev pnopodoevo
 H lfTOPlA TOY n

Frorov€TnorqprorfOioq ovdtroyrlF€ rrq rrov6trltdqtou. Og er

O€Xrrlre
vo 6r6d{erpoO4portrdo'ivo r6rouxdoXotreio 0qtr€trrv.
1869,o Krivroppp{re pro rev4 06o4oro prrpd flovenrouipro tou
0ioq nou e(orolouOorio€ vo pQVe(vorrod(ror4g e(o(peqqer-
tou oro llovenror{prorou Bepotrivou.
Eyroroord0qre,Iorn6v,oro Xdtreror dyrveovontrrlptrrrrjq
roO4yrprlg
1872.
To (6ro €roq,yvrrrpior4xe
ror €yrveqiAoqU, €vovdllo veopd
po0r1pour6. To 6vopdrou {rov prXopvtNr€vrerrvt- o dv-
rou UoSi6ooe ro o0yXpovooprop6rov dppqrtrrvopr0ptirv,
14 6rdor1pr1epyoo(orou rrl Xpovrdnou yvriproetov Kd-
Auro(or 60o po0qporrro(,nou 0o ouvrrodrpepov rdoo noMd oto
oro t6trqrou 6€roroudvorououirvo,€yrvovotevo(rpitror
ouppepi(ovtovror unoor{pr(ovo ivoq uq r6€egtou dtr}ou.

E i v oorp r 0 p f i o r p ootr o A y € p p r r <

oop ir 0 p r o i ;
"0rolyepprro( oprOpo( neprtrogBdvouv 6trouq rouqprlrorigopr0godq,ro-
0tigrr ere(voug ioug dppqrouqopr0porjq nou onotetro0v trdoerq
nolutrr-
vriutrrv.
E(voroprOp{orgoro orivo}oturv otryrBprrdrv oprOptirv;
Aur6rpo!
vetornohj 60orolo np6Blqgo,otrtrdo Kdvropro €luoeedrotro.Aut6
noudxove{rov vo rono0et{oeroe oXiorl6rdro(r1q touq otryeBprrodq
opt0poUq, pelertirwoq ro notru6vupo tov ono(urv onotelo0vhioerq.
fro rdOenolutitvupo,o Kdvtopdproe€vovoriporo opr0p6,rov H,
rovono(oov6pooerirpoq rou noluovdpou.Oupq0e(te 6u €vonolut0vu_
podXetq popgli ooxu + o,xu-'+ orxu'* ... * ou-rX
+ ou= 0. Op(oupero
dQoq tou oq e{rjq:nptirrov,unotroy[(oupe ro v-1, ro ono(oe(vorontrrirq
o peyotr0repoq rr0€rqqrou x pe(ov1. Kordnrv,npooO€touge oe ourd
qv ondlurr; trgrj 6trurvrurvouweleottirv.Aiyovroqondtruq lp{ evvo_
oUpe q Oeurqtrprj rou ouvtetreonj, ove(dprqtoond ro ov ou{ 11trpq
efvorOerrr{{ opvrlnrrioto no}urirvulio. Aurd rdverro 0rfrogrou no_
lutrtv0pou vu roodtorp€ H = (v-t) + lool + lo,l +...+ lo"l, dnouor
ypopp€q p€oootrqono(eqpp(orovrotor ouvteleot€q onorrofvvo Xpn_ 275
 l(EoAAAtO 10

orponorodpe trq ondtrureq rrp€qrouq.fro nopd6erygo, to ontrdnolurir-

+ =
vupox 1 0 6Xer = = =
6$oq2, yror(oo 1, or I ror v 1. Aurdpoq6(ver
H = (1-1) + 1 + i = 2. Mnoporipevo 6oripeop6ourq 6u, yro rdOelprj
rou H, dXoupe 6vo pdvonenepoop€vo oprOgdnr0ovrirv notrurrrv0pr.uv.
O
fl(voroq10nopouord(er ro ovt(ororXo nolutirvugo yto uS tperqnp6teq
rrp6gtou H.
lto H = 1, €Xoull€
6vop6vonotrurirvugo, ro x = 0. 'Otovro H e(vot2,
dXoupe t€ooeponotrurirvullo ror 6rov e(vor3 no(pvoupe dvtexo6roqo-
petrrd notrutirvupo. Kord ouv6n€ro, o opr0g6qtov notruov0polv nou
ovrrororXoriv oe rd0e rirpogou(dverypriyopo.Oordoo,oe xd0eouyre-
rprpdvoH ovTlororXe( 6voqg6vonenepoop€voq opr0p6gnotru0v0pov.
TtirpoXprlorponoro0pe to 6rdor1trro Oedrpqpo tou Koptrfrdouq,to Oepe-
trui6egOedlpqpor4g AtryeBpoq. A6erdtr rdOenotruulvuprr{ e{iotrrorl
6Xerg(o routrdXrorov l0or1( p(o. 'Evo
n6proporou 0errrprjgor6g tou
e(vor6n €vonotrudrvugo €Xer(6roorprBtirg opr0p6}0oeovpe ro po0pd
rou nolurrrv0gou. Enop6vrrrq, rd0e notrutirvupo iXerouyrexprpdvo oprO-
p6 trUoeurv'yro nopd6erypo, x' + 2x - 5 = 0 iXerrperqtrrj-
ro notrutirvullo
orrq,evtirto notrutirvugo x' - 7x + 1 = 0 dXer6rio trrjorrq.fro rdOeno-
Iutirvugorou fl(voro 10,pnoporjpe vo roroypdr[oug€ uS ]0oerqoprivo-
vroqrouqoprOpofqnou enovotropBdvovror. Tdre,yro rd0eo0votrono-
truovfprrrvrou ovrrorotXoriv oe rdOerrpri tou H, €Xou1le ivo oro0ep6
opr0p6govo6rr6vtrdoeov,6r1lo6qotryeBprrdrv opr0gdrv.

nINAKAI
10.flotrurrlvulurd
0gr1
'Y{os
Io]utitvul.ro Movo6rr{trOor1
I
I x=0 0
) x + 1 = 0 , x - 1 = 0 , 2 x = 0 , x 2= 0 -1, 1
3 x+2=0,x-2=0,2x+1=0, -2,2,-+,
+,' ,[.,-' ,["
2 x - 1 = 0 , 3 X = 0 , x t + =1 0 ,
x' - I = 0, xt + x = 0, X2-x =0,
2x'=0,x3=o
276
 H IITOPIA ToY 't

, An6rov fl(voro t0 BtrCnoupe 6u undpXer p(o povo6rr{hio4 yro H = 1,

4 ono(o
e(vorro 0. l-roH = 2 eXouge 6fo trrioerq,
ro I Kotto _1.fro H = 3
{oupei{r povo6rr€q l0oerq.l-lpoqto nopdv,0o oyvoriooupe ro yeyov6q
du6ev{oupe 166ou r6oug oprOgo( e(vorro y'J ror to _y'J lopyjapo
0o pd0outrre
to ndwo yr, owo0q rouq oprOpo0q). Mnoporip..,;rpo uo
cnerrovfooupenq povo6rr6g trfoerqpoqen(rov rpuorrtivoprOptirv petov
nopordrorp6no:.
,|
0 - I
1 -2 2 -z
z
I
/r -rti
+ t 1
+ J t t 1 1 f
I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Iqv nopondvtrronerrdvro4neprtropBdvovtor dlor or olyepprro(
opr0poiyrot( rdOenolutirvullo€Xerpro ovt(ororX4 trg{ H. Ie ounj qv
rtp{ tou H ovtrororXoriv
or llovo6rroiotryeBprro(opr0poinou 0o oner_
rovrororjven(rov guorr6v oprOgtirv.An6 ounj rrlv opglpovoorjpovrrl
onerrdvro4 ovulopBovdpoore, 6noq orprprirqror o Kdvtop,dtr or otr_
yepprxo( oprOgo('np€nervo e(vuropr0priorpor. Oo ppofpenoti dvo
onerpoorivolonou vo 1.r4v
eivoropr0prjotgo;

I d o o r s i ' v oo
t t u n s p p o r t r < o ip r 0 p o i ;

O Krivroprjrov rrilpo irorpoqvo O€oer ro nro orlpowrrdeptirtrlyorqq

(o{q rou: e(voroprOprjorpor or uneppattro(oprOgo(;O€towoqourOto
epdlqyoovoprrltrdrov ov or Trpoytrtouro(
oprOpoiotouqono(ouq oupn€_
prloppdvovror or olyepprro(ror or unepponro( opr0poie(voroprOprior_
Av or uneppotrro(
1.tot. ror or olyepprro(opr0po(e(voropr0pr]orpor,r6re
to d0poropti roug0o eivotxt ourdoprOpr]orpo.Itrq 29 Noeppp(ou 1823,
o Kdvtopdyporpe dvoypdgpooto giAorou,rov prXopvr Nt€vterrvr.
Mnoptir
vo oourdvo proep6qo4noudXer 6vordnoroOeopqnrd ev_
6roq6povyro p6vo,olld otrlvono(o6evgnopdr vo onovqour; ,lourg
pnope(q
eorivo tqv onovtrjoerq
ror 0o ritovnolUeuyevrr6 ondpdpouq
oouov Fou6ypo<peq ,EXer
oXetrrd. trrqe(r]q:ndpeto orivolodtrovtu_rv ZTT
 KEOAAAIO I O

guotrt0voprOptirv v rot ovdproo€

to N. Enrnldov, ndpe,oq no0ye,to ori_
votrodltovtov 0etrr6vnpoypotrrtivopr0ptilvx rqt ovduoolito R.Aor_
n6v,4 ep6t4o1e(vorontrtiqI e(r1q: pnope(ro N vo ouv6uoote( ueto R
pet6torotpdno,droreoe rdOeotorxe(o tori evdqouvdtrou vo ovrrotorxe(
6vo ror g6vo €vo otorXe(o rou dllou ouvdtrou;Me puonp6q proud
qnovtderrove(q:<'OXr, our6 e(voroOtlvotov, yror(to N onotele(roron6
(extrrptotdtyritrroroevdlto R E(vordvo ouvex€qorivolon.Autrj 6ptrlgrg
€votooq6ev qnooetrvuer t(noto. Kr doo rr ov nrore0od'to N roi R
6evenrtp€nouv 6vovtdtoto ouv6uoopr6, e{orotrou0dr vo prrlvpnopti vo
pprrrr4v orr(o.Koroutr]q ort(oe(vornou onooXotrei pnope(vo e(vor
;.re
notrriqntrf.5

O Kdvrop, e66, iXer oyvor]oerrouq opvrlrrKoUg

npoygorrrodgoptO_
poUq,oltrd out6 6ev onotde( npdptrrlpo.Av pnope(vo pper
Uro oilsr_
r6vroq yro dlouq roug 0euroriq npoypourotiq opr0po6gen( rov rpuor-
r6v opr0pdrv,rdr€, €rr€Kr€(vovtog
tqv (6ro reXvrr{, pnope(vq oupfi€pr_
ldper ror 6louq rouq opvquroUgnpoypotrroUqoprOporlq.O Nrdvrerrvr
€ypoQeorov Kdvrop dtr 6ev rj(epe vo onovrqoeroro epdrrrlgdtou. Iul
ouv€Xero,orrg Z Aereppp(ou1873,orrdr prdvorlpip€S perd ro np6to
ypdppo tou, o Kdvrop iypor[e ndtrrorov Nriwerrvr.

Teleuto(oefio ro Xp6vo,vonpoXrrrp{ou_r trtyoneproo6tepo rqv etroo(o

fiou oou ovErpepo.orlyeponroteUu_r 6tr tetre(trroo
;re out6 to O€po.Av
outonotc0pror,
6e 0o pptrrenrerr€otepo rcprtrjon6 eo€vo.flo(pvtrllotndv
to Odppoq vo unoBdlrrrotrlv rp(oqoou ourd nou dXrrr ypd{rer,nopd trg
otdAeteg
nou pnopeivo riXer to nptirtonpooX€6ro.u
Ie 6rdorqpo tr(yo neproo6repoon6 pro ep6opd6o, o Kdwop o16_
woge ndvtrrotrlv ovordluQq rrlq (orjg tou _ 6u or npoygolro( oprO_
po( 6ev e(voropr0prlorpor,yrotf e(vorunepBolrrdnotrIo(.oo rorrd{ou-
pe 66o ond trq ono6e(etq tou. H npdrq e(vor11ond6er{r1Troulropou_
o(ooe orov Prxopvt Nt€vte*vt ro Aeripppro rou rgz3 ror 6qpoo(euoe

5. To on6onqoponopot(Oetoroto: ShermanK. stein, Mathematics:TheMan-

Made University(N6oYdprq,W.H.Freemanand Company,1963),o.252.
278 6.
'O.r.,
o. 253.
 ro 1874.7H 6efrepqon66er[qe(vorpro €(unvqerpopgoyrj rou 6erq6t-
q
ro0 ouott]poroq, ono(o undpXeroro neproodrepoeyXerp(6ro Trou
ovorp6povror oq 0eop(otrrlv ouv6}trrv.Kor or 6rio ono6e(erqe(vor
unCpoXeq, otrtrdq nptitq efvorrdnoq nro rcopQrj.
Irqv nptirrl on66er{rirou o KdvtopXp4orpono(,qoe q pri0o6onou
'EtrIqveg,
rrporoTropouo(ooov or t1 reductioad absurdum(erqdronov
onoyutytj), 6qlo6q rqv €ggeorloro6errrrr{ p60o6o,tqv ono(o dXoupe
tj64ouvovr{o€ros Trporlyo0pevo rerpd}oro.
Ynd0eoe ouorootrrd.6tr or
0erro(npoypouro(opr0po(0o pnoporioovvo orr€rKovrororiv o1.r<prtrrovo-
o{pouroen(rov rpuorr6vopt0ptirvrr €6er[edu ourd o64yoUoe oe owf
qooq.Av ro o0volorov 0eurtiv npoypolrdv opr0ptirve(votpq opr0pq-
t6te e(vorpq opr0pqorporor ro odvolo dtrcuv
ot;.t0, rov Oelrtiv Korop-
vrlttr6vnpoygolrtiv opr0truitv. Aut{ 11on66er(r1enopre(en(o4qyro vo
ono6e(er 6tr or uneppottro( oprOpro(e(vorpr1opr0pr]orpor,
o<poU dtroro
dtrtroe64 npoyprotrrdvoprOgtirv e(voropr0;.u]orpo.
Av ro orjvotrodtrtrlv
rov Trpoygorrxtirv opr0ptitve(votpq oprOprjotpo,out6 0o npinervo orpe(-
IetormougunepBouxodq optOporig.
Av uno0€ooupe 6rr or Oetrro(npoyprortro(oprOpo(e(voropr0pqor-
por,r6te 0o np€netvo undpXrrg(o routrdXrorov onerrdvtoqovdpeoo
oeouto6qKdrrous rpuotrofqoprOgotig. Yno0€ore 6rt gro tdtoro oner-
rdvrorl6(6erorond u1v nopordturoxotrouO(o, dnou ro rdOeo e(vqr
€vog0eur6gnpoytrrotrr6g opt0p6q:

U)t, U)2, tD3, 0J4, U)s, U)6, trj7, U.ls,U)e, ...

Iqv nopondvruorotrouO(q, or 6e(rteq6eiXvouvtouqrpuorrofgoprO-

podgen(tov ono(ctrv onerrov((ovror or rpoyporrro(opr0po(,6qtro6{ro
Ordrpopo o. An6 rqv und0eoqrou Kdvrop,11nopondvur orotrouO(one-
priXer6trouqtouqOetrrodq npoygourodqopr0porlg.
Agndpouge6vorp{po rqg euOe(oq rov npoypourdrvoprOprivror og
ovopdooupe p.
to drpo rou o Kor Iqv npoygorrrdrqro,6ev€Xer oqpooio

7. joseph Warren Dauben, Georg Cantor: His Mathematicsand Philosophyof

thetnfinite(t1p(votov,
PrincetonUniversityPress,1979),o. 50. 279
 Trorous6rio opr0pofq0o 6rotri{ougc r.uqdrpo rou eu06ypoppou tprjpo-
rog.To gdvonou uno0€rouge e66 e(vor6rt or o ror p e(vor6rorpopelrof
oprOpo( rot 0o noUgeouOo(peto dr o o e(voro prrp6repoq ondrouq60o,
iror 6me o < B. Arpod6lor or npoyponro(opr0go(nrpr€Xovtor oulv oKo-
louO(opog,{6poupe6u ror 6}ot or npoyponrofoprOpo( ovdgeoomoug
o xor B 0o npdnervo nepr€Xovror orqv nopondvoorotrou0(o. AqnpoXur-
prlooupe or4v oxotrou0(o g€Xprvo ouvovr{ooupe 6doopr0po6g, 0o touq
ovopdooupe oo Korop or ono(orneprdXowor oro euOdypoppo rgr]popog,
ro (o, B). Oo noripeen(oqq6rq oqv nep(nroorlFoq,oo ( o)u.Auto(ot
611o oprOpoinou iXouvenileye(on6 tqv orotrouOfo goq,op(ouv 6vodtr-
Io eu06ypogpo rp{po p6oomo nptirrotprlpopoq(Err6vo44).IuveXr(ou-
pet6po oqv orolou0(op€Xpr vo ppo0ge66oordprlopr0poUq, nou ou-
r{v q rpopdpp(orovrorovdgeooorouq0.}oKorurp ror 0o ovopdooupa
owo0qrouqv6ouqoprOgo0g ulyKortrl6.Auro(or 6rjov€oroprOpo( op(ouv
€vorp(to rp{po p€oomo tprjpo (ur",trlp).'Onogpnope(re vo 6e(u, pno_
podpevo ouvrX(ooupe ouujv 14 6ro6rxoo(o en,dnerpo.Kd0e<popd op(-
(oupe6vov€oeu06ypoppo rpr]po,Bp(orovroq 60oox6pqoprOporig orrlv
axolou0(opoq Kor,mr1ouvdXero, pnopoU;rc vo Xprlorporoujooupe ourd
ro euOriypcpgo rpripoyro vo op(oouge rivodtrtrorprjpo.Meprrdon6 ru
npdrroeu0Uypoptrro tprjpororpoivovrororqv Err6vo44.
Trirpo0o ouppo0v6fo npdypororo0tirqouveXi(eror ourrjq 6ro6rro-
o(o. flptirov, 0o pnopo0oop€ vo unoO€ooupe 6n ourrl 4 6ro6rroo(o
otopordetror 6u notri6e pp(oroupe dtrIouq66o oprOpo0q nou vo ppl

Opro
@, 0, 0(
l'.,.u- o e P

EIKONA 44. H np6t4 ondOerlqrou Kdvropyro rn Un opr0prrlorp6rrlto rov npoypo-

urdrv oplOpuirv.Av 4 trl,, oz, oy... e(vorl.rroopr0priotgqorotrouO(o npoygolxtirv
optOprirv,
r6re e(vor6uvordvvo Orlgroupyrjooupe €vo onerpoo0votro rrpolopivov
6toot4prdrov({ur.,oJ, {,1,,ou}, {rrl.,o",}) nou vo 6Xer€vo oprord oqpeio,to ono(o
6ev ovrjrerorrlv orolouO(o.Enop€vurg, ropr<ioprOgrjorprrl
orotrou0io6ev pnopr(vo
28G neprdXer6trouqrouqnpoypourofq opr0pro0g.
 H IfTOPIA TOY 'T

orovrorp€oomo tetreuto(oeuOriypoppo rgripo nou op(ooge.AMd out6

e(vor ytor( {€poupe6n peto[ri onotov6rlnote6do npoyport-
ovr(rpoor1,
xdrvopt0ptirvundpXer6vogdltroqopr0g6q.Iqv npoygottx6rqto,pno-
po0pevo ndpe or6po nopaxdro: ovdpeooot 60o onotouo6{note
npoylrotrrofg oprOgorjq undpXer dnetpontrriOoq npoypotrrtivopt0ptitv.
ourq q nptirq un60eoq6ev gnope(vo ouppe(.Ave(dpqro
Enoprdvtrtg,
ondto n6oeg<pop€q €Xoupe ppetdtroxot ptrpdrepoeuO0ypoglto rptlgo-
ro, floudlo torprd(ouvro 6vo g€oooto dMo, pnopotigevo ouveX(oou-
p€oTrlvorotrouO(o rurv npoYgourdrvoptOptitvFoq Kotvo ppo0gedtr-
louq66ooptOporig nou pp(orovtotp€oooto retreuto(o tprlpo poq.
Enop€vtrtg,0o npCnervo roXdet 116efrepq npoUnd0eoq: pnopotlptg
6qtro6{,vo op(oouge6vovdnerpoopt0p6rprlpdrov, ro €vo p6oo mo
dtrlo.Enrnldov,outd ro tprigoto 0o 6Xouv6vovdnerpoopr0pddrpurv,
6qlo6qopr0ptirv, nou 6trotpp(orovrotgioo oto opXrr6rgqpo (q P).Ie
our6ro oqpeioqq on66er[r1q rou, o KdvtopXprlorpono(r1oe ivo Oetiprl-
po nou e(Xeovorotrurpre( vop(tepoto 6€roto €voto qtdvo ond 60o go-
Oqporrrofq: rov To€Xorepio Mndpvopt Mnotrtodvo (1781-1848)rot €vov
on6 rouq roOrlyrlrdq tou Kdwop mo floventouiprotou Bepotr(vou, tov
KoptrBdrepotpoq. O Bdteporpog qtov out6g nou nopouo(ooe qv ono
6er[qrou Oetrrpriporog Mnotrtodvo-Bdrepotpog to 1865,notr6perd to
Odvotorou Mnotrtodvo,oot6oo ovoyvop(oqKerl ouvctoqopdrot rov
t6deqrou 0eurpriporog.
60ooe d,tt orpopdrtq notr6orltrrovttrdg To 0etiprl-
po Mnotrtodvo-Bdrepmpoq nouXperdorqre o Kdvrop e(votro effg:

OEQPHMA MnoATrANo-BAiEPilPAI: Av x,, xz xr,'.. €(votgro of-

(ouoo orotrou0(ooprOpdrv,11ono(oe(vorrppoyp€vq on6 rd-
norov opt0p6 B peyotrfrepoun6 rdOex, r6te undpXet€vo
ro L.
6proorrlvorotrou0(o,
'Orqv trotn6vrotrd(oupeto onetpootivotro tgrlpdtu,vnou fXouge
op(oeron6 tqv orotrouO(o gog p€ touq Ontro0gnpoypolrodgopt0-
po0q,Btrinoupeog€or..lq Foqoxrl-
drt to gtrp6repodrpo rrrrvtgrlptdttrtv
pot(ouv pto v€o orotrouO(o opt0ptitv,pto dnetp4,ori[ouooorotrou0(o
nou e(vordvur<ppoyp€vq on6 to p. Eno;rdvurq,ovdpeooorougo ror p 281
 KEOAAAIO 1O

undpXer 6vo opror6orgpe(o oe ourr]r4v orotrouO(o, ro L. H orotrouO(o

e(voron}6g rl: o, oo, uJ,,,(r).,...,4 ono(o onoretre(tp4po rrlg opXrrrjq
orotrouO(oq o. Tt e(6ouqoprOpdg e(voro L; Aev prnope( vo e(vordvog
on6 rougnpoyporrrodg oprOpo0g rqq orolou0(oq u)r,02,trt3,o4,...yro_
r(, ov r]rov,0o rprdvope tctrrrdoe ourdvroOdrg 0o ovo(qrorioope opr0_
po6gyro vo op(ooupeenrnl6ovrprlporo, Korro L 0o r]rov ro drcpo
ev6qon6 ourd ru rp{poro. Aurrlr4v 16€oXperd(eror vo rrl orerprodpe
trryoyro vo ulv ovrrtrrlrpOotipe. Av ro L ovrjr<e or4v orotrouO(o rov
npoyporrr6voptOptirv, rdre ro L 0o onerrovr(6rov m( ev6gouyrrrprp6-
vou rpuorrofopr0po6, rou v, Kor0o efietrrg6e(rrqrou our6rov oprO_
p6. Av 4 ovo(rpr1o4 poqyro enrntrdov rprjporoevr6grou opXtrodrpr]_
;rot6gpogouveXr(6rov ordrvto, r6rEoe v prjporo0o grdvopeoro \ ror
ro L 0o {rov rdre ivo on6 ro drpo rou rpq;.ror6q goq Kor,enop€vtrrg,
6e0o {rov ro dpr6pog.
Iuventig,orpodro L 6€vUnop€( vo ovrlrerorqv orotrou0(o o ror rou_
roXpdvoq vo e(vordpro,€Xoupre Bprrivov npoyporrx6 opr0pd (o<po6 to
L e(voropr0p6gr4q euOeiog poq)nou 6evneprtroppdveror or4v orolou_
0(oo. Enop€vog, 11orotrouO(o ur6evnepr6Xer 6louqroug0ertro6g npoy_
gorrrofgoprOporjq. n ovr(rpoorl ono6errvrjetdrt 6evpnope(vo e(_
lr.ri
vor ntrr1p4g ro;.rrdorotrou0(o npoyportrdrv oprOpdrv nou r(0eroroe ou_
rpr;.tovoor]powr1onerr6vtoq Fs rouqguorrodgopr0po6g, 0o tre(nouv 611_
tro6rjop€rp4rornpoygolr(oioprOpo(. Iuven6g,o ntrqOrrdg opr0g6grov
npoypolr6v opt0;rdrv r(vornpeyotrJr€poq> on6 rov ntrr1O116opt0pdrurv
quotrtivoprOpdrv (r1rurvprpdrvr] ordpo ror rtrlvolyeBprr<tirv opr0prirv).

M r o d e0 r € p no n 6 d er ( n

H np6rq on66er{q rou Kdvropro t8Z3yro ro 6rr ot Oerrro(

npoyFol_
rco(opt0po(6eve(voropr0prlorpor
e(voro(youpoKotr{{,orpo66e orqp(-
(erotoe r(norondpoond rqv ivvororqg onrtrdvrorlgrurvopr0pdrv
ror
ro 0e6pr1poMnotrtodvo-Bdreporpoq.H 6erireprlon66et(q,rou ovo_
a&a nr6X0qregeprrdXp6vroopy6repo,orrlpr(erotoro 6ero6rr6pogo0or4_
 H IITOPIA ToY fi

Aunj q on66er(qe(vqrouorootrrd(6to p€ rnv nptirrqond6er[r1

Xprlorponore( qv ippeoqp60o6o,o0prptrrvo pe qv ono(ounoO€_
toupe6l pnope(vo y(verpro opqlpovoorjpovqonetr6vroq pero[drurv
-npoygotrxtitv
Korrov guorrtilvaprOprirv. Ie oun] trlv nep(moor1,0o
'uno0Cooupe 6tr or opr0po(poq ougpol(ovror rn 6ero6rrrjtouq
F€
Iopgri.Oo uno0iooupe,entnl€ov,dtr €Xoupeonerxov(oer gdvo rouq
npoytrrotrrofq
oprOpodq nou Bp(orovtorovdgeoooro O Korto 1. Av
pnopCooupe vo ono6e({oupe dtr ot npoygouroioprOgo( ovdpeoooro
0 rorto 1 e(vor1rrlaprOprlorgor,
tdrr e(vororyoupo61 6troror fipoypo_
nroiopr0po(e(vorp4 opr0prjorgor.
Aquno0Cooupe 6tr iXoupeyprirlrer
oe nivoro dlougrouqTrpoypol_
roUqoprOpo0q ovdpeoooro 0 Korro 1, iXovroqxdverqv nopordrur
onerr6vroq:
'I e
0,1792038409827...
2 e 0,3755500000000...
3 e 0,0001788345441...
4 + 0,4998783333333...
5 e 0,8455967928739...

O nfvoxoq,peBo(urq, ouveXi(eror en, dnerpo,ogod undpXouv dnrr_

por guorro(opr0po(ror dnetpornpoyportro(opr0po(ovdpeoo
oto 0
Korro 1. Kdnoror on6 rouqnpoygo.roriqoprOgoriq tou n(vqro00 e(vor
pqro(oprOpo( pe nenepoop6vo rj nepro6rrd6ero6rrd{nq(q, evdr<itrtror
0o e(vordpp4ror,pq nepro6rro( oprOpo(. H un60eo4, e(vordrr
BeBoirrrq,
6}oror npoypotrrcoi oprOpo(ovdpeoooro 0 ror to 1 0o neprlotrrBdvo_
vrororov n(voro.
fro vq ono6ei,[oupedu undpXer ovtupoorl,ro p6vonou Xperd(eror
e(vorvo O4proupyr]ooupe ivov oprOpdTrouvq pp(orerorovdlrroooro
0 Korro 1, o onoioqvo FrlvundpXer orov n(voro.Aurdro rdvoupecuq
effq: yro t4v np6t4 6ero6rrrl0co16e{ui ond qv uno6roorotrrr
enrr€- zg3
 t(EoAAAtO I O

youpe€vo qrlrp(o6rorpopetrrd on6 ere(vonou undpXerorov opr0pd

nou onerrovf(erororo 1. Enil€youpre 6qtro6rj€vo {rqrp(oOrorpopetrxd
ond to t. Ag enrtri(oup€ rov oprOpd3, npdypo nou oqpo(ver6rt o
opt0p6qnou 6qproupyoUge opXr(erU€ro 0,3...fro ro Oefrrporfqgio
pognqyo(vouF€ oro oetireponpoy;-rotrr6'ptopd tou n(voroxorenili-
youpe6vo r!4rp(o6rorpopetrx6 ond to 6edreporfrqg(orou 6erirepou
opr0poU.Enil€youpr,ouven6q,€vo
{rqrp(o6rorpopeux6 ond ro Z. Aq
nodpe6rr e(vorto 4. O oprep6q nou 64groupyo6ge y(vetortrirpo0,34...
IuveX[(oupe ge ourd rov rp6no, enttr€yowoq ndvro ro vroor6rfrqrp(o
6rot tiore vo e(vor6rorpopelr6on6 to vroor6 rlrqg(orou vrooroU
npoytrrortxod op109o6. 'Orov
6qtruoupy4Oe(ourdqo opr0p6q,Fnopo0ps
vo 6odpeopdourg 61 6evpnope(vo e(vot€voqon6 rouqoprOpo0q rou
n(vordpog.fror(;Ag unoO€ooupe 6u rdnotoqunooqpr(etnoq o opr0_
poqnou 6qproupyrjoope e(voro vroot6gopr0p6g rou nfvoro.Mnopori_
p€ vo roF€ oro vroor6$r1rp(o ourodrou vtoorouopr0trrori rot vo 6e(-
[oupedrt our6 e(vor6ro<popnrrd ond ro 6116pogvroor6rf4rp(o. Oger
rofrou, o n(vorogruJVnpoypolrdrvopr0prilv6evpnope(vo e(votntrr{-
pr1g,6noq orprpriq6ev rirov nlripnS11orolouO(orov LUorrlv Trporl_
yoUpevq on66er(4.Aqtro6rj,undpXouv ndpo notrtro(
npoyporrro(optO-
po(yro vo on€trovtorotiv en(r'v rpuorr6vopt0pdrv. 'Exoutrre
. ro nopo-
rdro undpoXo Oedrprlgo,ro ono(oorpefioupe orov Kdvrop.fror( e(vor
undpoXo; ftor( e(vorrdoo ofwogo ror, rDor6oo,rdoo toXup6.
oEopHMA:To orjvolodlov rov npoypolrtirvopr0ptirv
6eve(vor
opr0prjorpo.

O Kdvtopi6ooe ov6proro orouqntr40rro6goprOpodg rou ouvdtrou

rov rpuotr6vopr0p6v,otrtrdrqr rou ouvdlourov fipoygortxrirv opr0_
prirv.Or rpuotro(
oprOpo( (rot, Kor,enirroo4,dtroro oprOprlorpo
orivo_
lo) €Xouvrov nlr10rr6opr0p6 No,o ono(oqe(vorontrdrgro npurro
ypdppo rou eppoirodokpdpr;tou,ro dlerp,ge 6e(rr4ro p46€v.
Tov
nl40rr6optOpd rov rpoyportrdrv opr0gtivrov ovdpooeN,.Xoprlorov
Kdvrop,€Xou;.reovorotr0rpet rdrpo pro peyd}4otr4Oero yro roug opr0_
x&4 gor1g.fvurpt(oupe6rr ro odvolo 6ltrrvt,v quorK'voprOpuirv,drov rov
 tl lfToPIA TOY tl

oprOgriv6Xouvtov 6ro ntrq0tr6

.rloopdtovrqt 6trtDvttrrv otryeBprrtirv
opr0p6,rov No,uot6oo or oprOpo(
d}tror qg euOe(oq ot
tov optOptitv,
uneppouroi opt0po(,€Xouvpeyotrfteprl €vo
nurv6tqroKotoxrlpor((ouv
ofvolonou 6XetN, orotXe(o.
E6tirpnopo0pevo mopottiooupetrQo,Ytovo ovotroytorofpe rt oKpl-
ptirquno6qtrdlverot6tov }€pe 6tr ot unepponxo( oprOpo( e(vor pq oprO-
prjorpor.Ixegte(re6tr Otiroope €vo ouyrerptpdvo optop6Yto rov unsp-
porrr6opr0g6e. E(noge 6rt e = lim(t + 1/v)".fleptypdrpope ouven6qto
e p'dvovnenepoop6vo opr0p6ouprpdtrrrrv.Mnopo0pe vo op(oouge 11vo
neprypdrpoupe xoO€vov on6 touq uneppotrrorigoprOpofq g'6vo nenepo-
opdvoodvotrooupp6trrrrv; H ondwrlorl e(vor6Xr.Av pnopotioope,r6te
0o pnoporlo-ape vo 6rotdfoup€ro odvotro6trtuvrov nenepoop€vov ne-
pryporprirvo' €vo oprOpr]orpo o0votro.Enop€voq,0o pnopofoogevo
lprlorponor{ooul.ltuq nenepoopdveq nepryporp€grrrgCvoe(6ogonetr6vt-
olq rov unepponrtivopt0ptirven(tutv rpuotrtivoprOptirv, xot r6re 6e 0o
{rov pq opr0priorpot. Aur6 o6r1ye( oro nopd[evo oupndpoopo 6rt 0u
np6ner vo undpXer €voqpr1opr0gqorgoq opr0p6guneppotrr6v opt0ptitv,
rougono(oug6ev pnopo0ge not€ vo p'
neprypd{routrre 6vov nenepoop€-
voopr0p6oupp6trurv. Oqer to0rou,undpXet 6vogprqoprOpriorpoq opt0-
p6goprOprirv nou 6ev pnopofpe not€ vo neprypdrloupe. Iqpo(veq dpo-
yg our66tr undpXouv ouyrerptpdvor oprOpo(nou 6evpnopotivvo nept-
'OXr Touq ouyrerptpdvouq optOpofqpnopoUpe
ypoqodv; onopo(rr1to.
ndvro vo rouq petretriooups Kot vo rouq neptypdrloupr€, €^n((ouFle, p'
dvo nenepoopdvo o6votrooupp6lrrrv,Kot vo touq npooO€ooup€ orov
opr0priorgo n(voxdUoqU€trq nepryporp€g turv unepBotrrtirvopt0gtitv.

Y n d p x e r d r r o vdp to ct o ro N otcolN ';

'OnulgouppoivetouXvdoro poOrlpottrd,
tr1 ottyprinou 0o onowrl0e(
Cvoepdrqpo eprpov(owor[ogvrrd xr dtrtroepurqpoto nou onottofv
An6 q ortYplinou o Kdvtopon€6er(e
onowrloetg. du undpXouv6t1o
ro NoKot N,, to endpevoeptirqporitov 285
onetpootivotro,
6rorpopeuxd
 KEOAAAIO r O

ov undpXrrrdnoro onetpoorivolorou vo
Bp(orerorovdprod rouq.
YndpXer, 64Io6{, ivo onerpoo'volonou vo e(vorunepBoltrd
peydlo
yro vo on€rKovrore( en(rov rpuorrtirvopr0prdrv ror uneppolrrdgrrp6yro
vo orr€rKovrore(en(rov rpoygorrrdrvopr0pdrv; Aur6ro eptirrr;go iyrve
yvoor6 ug q un60uq rou ouveyolg.O Kdvrop
6evn(oreuenurqunap_
Xer€votdrotoorjvotro, otrtrd6evpnopo6oevo ro ono6e([er. ftq vo ono_
vrqOe(ourd ro epdr4poinpenevo neptp€voupe .1963.
p€Xprro Erce(vr1
14 Xpovrd,o veop6gpo0rlpour6ql1otrKoiv,
nou yrvvr]0r1K€ ro 1934,
oni6er(edrr ro epdrqporjrov avorogdooto.
OFoq,u orprBdrq o4_
po(verout6; Kord rovdvoorerpt6poorrepurr4;.roro
rou ovor, ror rou
n6Xt,,epor{poto 64lo6rj nou dlouv
6do nrOov€qonovr{oerg,e(re
(vor>€(Tsn6Xtr.AIld ge ro eptr.ru]trroro
ruJVpo0q;.rorrrdrv, ro npdypo_
ro 6eve(voronopo(r4ro€ror.Iroug enror{povrg
rrlgloyrrrjqoptoervo
64proupyodv rouq 6rdrpopouq tope(qrtrlv po04porrrtivond odvotrq
o(ropdrurvnou ono6iXovroroq olq0rj. Aurd
orprp6q€roveo Eurtrei_
64q drov ov€nru{erqv onoyoyrrrjyrurgerp(o
rou. roxup(orrlre rdnoro
npdyporo,ro ono(o6evon€6er(e otrtrdonldrqto onodiyrrlreog 6ror_
oOqrrrdoI40{. It4 ouvdXero, ro XprlorporoQoc yto vo ouvoydyrryrtlr_
petprrd0etoprjporo.
Tr oX6oqiXetourd F€ro ovoroqdororo;To n€pnto
o{iurpotou Eu_
rtre(64l6er drt yro rdOeeuOe(o ror €vo oqpe(oert6qeuOe(og, un<ipXer
p(o ror p6vop(o euOe(o nou nepvdsrond ro oqge(oror e(vornopdtrI4_
trr1pe r4v opXrrrlruOe(o(Err6vo45). l-ronotrIo
1p6vro,or proO4porrro(
n(otruovdu our6 ro o((urpo6evr]rovoutond6errro
ror drt 0o dnoene
vo ouvoX0e( qnd ro dllo ofr6poto.AniruXov
6purqdtreqor npoondOer_
€grougvo ouvoydyouv to ndpntoo{(urpo.Irjpepoyvop(oupr 6n e(_
vor o60vqtovvo o6qyrl0odp€ ogqrpcrrKd oe our6,npdyponou o4po(_
vrr drr yro to nipnro of(urtrrorou Eurtre(64 roXUer ro i6rodnoq *o,'y,o
rrlv un60eor1 rou ouvexodq - e(vorror to 6rioovonorpdoroto.
Av odlou_
Fr Froycoprrp(onou vo nepr6Xrr ro n€pntoo{(opo,0o np€nervo ro
oupnepildBouF€ oq proovon66errr4 np6rooq(o{(urpo).
H Oeurp(o rcuvouvdlov,6rordnoqqv ovimu{e o Kdwop,
ovopd(e_
286 rat on)oi'rq1cupfuruv ouv6)uvror poo((eror
ottq 6roro0qtrr€q 1616_
 H IITOPIA TOY fi

nopdtrlrltrq
euOe(o opltrqeu0e(o
ou'1v

\
\
\
oqpe(o

oppr{ euoe(o

Ao0e(or1q
45. To n€prntoo((or;.rotou Eurtre(6r1. rot ev6qorlpel'
grog euOe(oq
nou 6ev ovrjreroe ouui tqv euOe(o,on6 qut6 to orlpe(onepvdetp(o rot g6vo
eu0e(o otqv opXtrrieu0e(o.
nopdtrtrqtrr1

'Opoq,
rtrlvouv6ltrtv. ttrtv ouv6trov poo(etot
q o0yXpovqOetrrp(o
ro'dvoo0votroo(rurpdrurv to ono(oovonr0X04rov on6 6do paOrlpott-
rofg,rov EpvotZdppetro Kotrov Avrotrrp Op€vretr. Autd ro o(ttitgoro
ovoprd(ovtot tdrpo o(rtirgoro rov Zdpgetro-Opdvretr r1 onldrgo[ttitgoro
ZOK (Z6pgetro-Op€vretr-Kdvtop). An6 ro ZoK6ev pnopodpevo o6qyr;-
0ofgeorgotpettrd oro ov eivot olnOriq n dXtn undOeoq rou ouveXodq.
AvO€troupe 11un60eor1 rou ouveXodg vo onoretre(tprlpo rrlq 6trr1gpoq
0eurpiogrov optOgtirv,0o npdnet vo Bporipe o((urponou 0o tqv
€vo
eyyudtor Korvo ro npooOiooupe oto o{ttigoto zoK.Yndpxouv er6oXdg
qq Oeurp(oq tulv ouvdtrcuvnou e(teneprtrogBdvouv eite6evneprlotrrpd-
vouvillv undOeoq rou ouveyotlg. To epdrqportipo e(vot:ntig }ettoup-
ye(o rdogoqpoq;E(vot,dpoye,rol0tepoYto Uqqvo Xplotporotrloou-
petrloOrtrtp(o ouvdtrtuvdnou11un60eoqrou ouvelo0ge(votolr10r1q {
6noue(vor rfreubrlq;
Tr rorprd(etrotr0repo pe lg ovdyreg gog;flpog ro
nop6v6eyvtrrp(oupe rrlv.ondvrqoqouto0rou eporrlgoroq.
H 6rdrproqovdgeoooto optOgrlotgo o0votro( No)rot to gr1optO-
orivotro( N,) 6ev e(votooripovq. To opr0priotpoo0volo ttrtv
trrrlorpo
ro ono(oouvriOtrrg
opt0ptirv, rout(oupeyto eurotr(op€ rouq rpuotroUg
opr0porlq,{tov ro nptirroonetpootivo}o nou 6ptoovrot petr€tqoov ot
dvOponor. Itrl gorpoXp6vto npoondOeto rotovdrlorlq rLuvenerrdoetlv 287
 t(EoAAAtO I O

opr0priorpo
euOrjypappo
tgri;roto

pqopr0prjorpo
euOriypopgo
r;rripoto
EIKoNA 46.Apr0gr]orpo rot yr1oprOp{orpoodvotro.
Ie proeu0e(o dnerpou prlrouq,
pnopoUpe vo Xopiooupre €vodnerpo oMdoprOtrrrioryo
'Oprrrq, nlriOoq
ure,iypo1l1rrulfnlr,i-
ttr-rv. orrlv f6roeuOe(o,6e0^oXrrrporioe
6vo'p4opr0'rio,pontrrj0og.rOilili,
Fovrgnpdrurv, 6r1lo6rjov ro ntrriOoq
rouq{tov prloprep4orpo,
ITTOV.
.u yip., e";lii;,

oro x6po Korr,v ouv6e6rp€vtrrv ge our€qpeyeotirv dxoupeouvovtrioer

€vo dltro, 6ropopetrrdonetpoorivolo,
to odvolo N,, nou ;reprr€g go_
piq oupBotrr(erorKor,q c (nou ovtrororxe( or4 tri{q continuum,outvt-
Xiq).'Xpero(6poote ourd ro peyolftepoorjvolo c yro ro po04potrrd
Kor
[.roq, Xpero(6poote. ro po04porrrdpog yro rlq rpuorr€q enronjge5
pog.Mro onlrj ond6er{4rou 6tr ro N0
Kolc e(vor6rogopetrrdgo(veror
togefiq: Mnoporipre vo tono0et{ooupe €voopr0;rr]ortrro,
dnerponlrjOoq
euO0ypoppurv tp4pdttrrvndvo oulv eu0e(orov oprOptirv,
brXtoqro €vo
vo oyyt(erto dllo (Err6voae. Av dpurq
ro enrXerprlooupe ourd p, ivo
p4 opr0prjorpo, dnerpontrr]0oqtprlpdrov, rdre rdnoro qnd
ourd 0o
nprinrrvo oupn(ntouv.flpdypotr,ov o
opr0gdge(vorp4 oprOpr]orpog,
r6re ev piperoupninrouv.n
'EXoupe
neprypdrlrer
rdrpo ol6rlrlprl rnv euOe(o rov npoypo'xdrv
oprOptirv.fvtrrp((oupe6tr qnoretre(torond guorrorigopr0goriq, rfuiogo_
to, olyepprrodq oprgpo0q - 6lo opr0p{otFo_ xoOtirq
ror ond rouqno_
pd(evouqunepponro0q oprOporiq, or ono(or6ev e(voroprOprjor;ror. Tr
dllo 0o €npenevo yvurp(oup€ yro rouqoprOpoOg;

8. Continuumhypothesis: ynd0eo4tou ouveXodg.

(I.t.v.,1
9' Leo Zippin, Llsesof rnfinity(oudotuy*-*,
r'r,. Mathematicar
288 America.1962),o. 56. Association
ol
 o A A A T O I I

rcrriYorruog
ro pooilero
oprOpoi

Mrpronptirq porrd,pnope(vo rpo(veror 611dXoupe onovrqoetoro po_

oudeporqporoyro roug opt0po6q. yndpXer opqlpovoo4povrrl
Fro
0vlororX(o ovdpeoooro orlpe(or4g euOe(oq rov oprOpdrv Kcltorous
npoypolro6g opr0po6g.'EXoupe e{orrero0e(pc ro 6rdrpopoe(6r1rurv
npoypolrdrv oprOpdrv ror yvurp(ougeto ndvro yro ro opr0pr]orpro ror
io pr1opr0prjorpo orivotro,F€ rouq nopd{evoug unepBorrrofg oprO-
po0g vo onotelodv6vopotrtr6nopd6erypo ev6gpr1optOpr]orpou ouv6_
trou.TrdtrIoundpXer;
'Orov
e{erdoopsrlv €(oXr1 on66er(r1
rou KdvropoXertrdpe ro 6rr
oroAyeBprro( optOpo( r(voropr0pr1or1lor,
ouvovrqoopr ruyo(orivonq_
pd(evo orippolo,ro ono(oor6nrpooyvor]oope.'Hrqv to V-i, to ono(o
eprpov(or4re rSooorrlv opvrlrrrq6oo rot orq Oertrrlrou proprprl.Tr oro
rotr6e(vorn rfipoyovrK4p((o rrlq opvqrrrrjqtrrovd6oq; Oo np€nervo
e(vor€vogopr0p6qo ono(oq,ov rov urfdrooupe oro rerpdytrrvo, poq6(_
vtr €vovopvqrtrdopr0p6.'OFrq, on6 ng r6t6r1reg rrlq optOpqrrrrjg
yvr,rp(oupre6Tr,ov notrtrqntrqordooupe
6Uoopr0go6g nou €Xouvro (6ro
np6or1po, ro yrv6pevoe(vorivog 0errr6gopr0pdg.Og er ro6rou,ov
urfriroou;re
oro terpdytr_rvorivovopvqrrrdopr0pd,ro onordtrrogo e(vor
0errr6qopt0p6g,dnurqrr 6rov urlrtirvoupreoro rerpdy,vo €vo Oetrrd 3&9
 opr0pd.Av urprirooupe oro tetpdyovoro pq6€v,ro onor€treopo e(vot
ndtrtp46€v.Oo(veror, enop6vog, 6rt 6evundpXer rovdvoqrpoyportr6g
opr0g6qotqv euOefo ttrtvopt0pdrv ilou, ov tov utptitooulte oro rerpdytrt-
vo, 0u gog6tioetdvoopvrlrtr6ytv6gevo.
Mnope(vo pnotlpeorov netpoog6vo onptir(ouge rdrtl on6 ro Xotr(
ro V-r Korvcrto {eXdooupe. Aut6 €rovovnotrtro( po0qportro(en(ottir-
'Opulg,ro np6Btrr1go 6ev t{orpov(orr1re. Iuvovrrjoo;.re ruXo(oivo
vrq.
Oerrrdror €voopvqrrr6{-, nou onote}ofoovtrdostg tou notrutlvtipou
+ =
x' 1 0. Aurd e(vordvo oprerd ontrd notrutitvuFo, rou ono(ouxot ot
66o l0oerge(vorout] q nopd(evqrerpoyovrr{ p((o ev6gopvrlttrof
opr0pro6, rov ono(o0o ovopdoouytapvrprc6pfir6.To noludrvupo 6i
0o dXerroptd tr0or1 ov 6eve(rlyqooupe ge rdnotorp6no to y'-r. tt ro-
rdotoorl y(veror ox6go nto 66orotrr1,ytor( out6 to e(6oq ldorlg dXet
=
x'+ 2 0 €Xer6do trdoetq, rrg y'- rot
. notrligpopq€q.Tonotrutirvu;.ro
-{j. np(rret,trotn6v,vo ppo0pe€vovopt0;.r6 TIou,ov tov urlrdooupe
oto rerpdytrtvo, 0o toofrot ge -2! Avriloppov6poore opdotrtg 6rt yto
rd0eOetrxdnpoygottr6 opr0p6 r 0o np€ner vo undpXet 11 rerpoyovtrrl
p((o rou Ut(ovr, tr6yurrou noluovdpoux'+ r : 0. fto vo enilfooupe
our6 ro yevrx6nolutirvupro np€netvo perorpipougs ro r oro 6e((ox€-
Ioq rrlg e((ouror1g, rdvovtdgto opvrptr6,rot perd vo ppodperrlv r€-
tpoyovrrq p(o ouro0rou opt0pto6. Aurd uno6qtrtivet drt on6 outd to
nopd(evoopvrprrdpr(rd undpXouv t6oo 6oo rot ot Oettro(TrpoYpott-
ro( oprOpo(! lto vo y(vouv ro npdyporoor6go nto notrUntroro, dyoupe
ro notrutirvul.ro -
xo+ 1 0. Enildovroqoutr] rqv e[(ooor1pp(oroupe6u
x =4,[i, np6rerrot6qlo6( yto 6vovopr0p6o ono(og,drov notrtrontro-
otoore(ge rov eour6rou tp€tqqopdq,ro onotdtreopo e(vot€vogopvq-
rrr6g opr0p6g. Og er to6tou, undpXouv rt dtrtro pt(rd n€po on6 rrlv
rerpoyovrrrlp(o, ro onoio nepilcpBdvouv ourofq roug nopd[evoug
oprOpodq. flo0 orqv euXrj pp(orovtot, orpo6 6e pp(orovtotndvo otqv
Eu0e(o ttrtv npoygottr6vcpr0p6v;YndpXouv, dpoye,orqv npoYUorF
r6rqro;
En(notrtro0q ot6veg,ot goOqprottro( onldrqoyvoodoovro pr(rd tutv
299 opvqrrrc0v opr0puirv. Av 6vo efXe
notrutirvupto urqtrdoetg rou p6voopvrllrd
 E N E K T E I N O N T A ET O B A E I A E I O

r6reot poOrlgouro( qrov dluro. O pre-

6u ro notruritvupo
6rjtrurvov
'Etrtrr1voq
olyepprmrlq,o Ardrpowog, ondpptrneotrorlrlpolrd
'Evog
opvqtrrd pt(rd urqpr(eq!' on6 rouqnpdrtouqnou or€<prrlrov 6rt
rerpoyovrr€gpi(eqturv opvqrrdrvoprOptitv 0o pnoporioovvo e(vot16-
notruovdgtrrvrjrov o Algn€pZtpdp(1590-1633), roOdtgrot triyotdtr-
noud(1oovto 66xuro€B6ogoourrvo.'Xptrdm4revo o}trd(erndpo
16oo11dtryeppo6oo ror q yeoperp(,qnporof our€got nopd{eveg
pnop€oouv vo Bpouvpro oo<potrrj po0qgortrqBdoq.Aur6 ou-
l6yurrurvnpoonoOerdrv 60o owptitvtoug ono(ouqeXoupe {6q ovo-
rou PavdNrerdpt(Kopr€orou) Korrou Koptrl-rdoug.O Ntexdpt
ro onopo(rr1ro epyole(o,evdro frdoug66ooeqv retrrr{tr0oq.

y 6 v e o nr n q o v o A u rK nqy€ t,r.tp€ rpi oq

rr16rdprerornq (onq rou, o Pev€Nrexdpt(Err6vo47) 6e ouver-

nori 6tr to dpyorou 0o €Oere ro 0ep€trroproqevtetrtitg
vi-
rtrdor1g
oprOptirv.Iqv npoytrronr6rqro, onfpprnrerrq rerpoytovrr6g
rov opvquxdrv oprOydtv og ntOovdqtrUoetg nolutrtvfpovrt €rpro-
pdtrroro,oro oqpe(ovo enlvofoetto odyXpovo6po cpowaouxo(
yr' our€quq p((eq.
O Nrerdpryew{Oqremrq31 Moprfou1596,orq Ao Ar,ou1fotrtr(o, oe
oprmorporrrq yotrlrrqorroydvero.'
Aprerderinopoq 6ort vo Urlvovrl-
yro14 6oulerd,elehX0rlre o'€vov euyevrlrou 6€rotoudp6ogou or-
dvonourou dpeoovro ruXepdnotXv(6to rot ot yuvo(req,o ono(og6ptrtg
'6d0ere e[o(pet4rloorxrlnot6e(o.ho vrdto tou 6toor€6o(eunqpertivrog
mompor6xornotreptivroq mo ntreupdbtdrpoptrtvEupono(utvnpryr(nov.
r]rov 6vogelofperoqpo04potrrdgrot rprtr6oo<pog,
Ilopdtrtrr1lo, o ono(og

'1.
Kline, o. 143.
2 . ' O . r ro. ., 2 5 3 .
(N€oY6prr1,
3. EricTempleBell, Men of Mathematics Simonand Schuster,
1965),o. 3s. Zg7
KEOAAAIO 1I

EIKoN4 A7 . P w €N r € K d p r1,s 9 6 - 1 6 5 0 .
on6 touq o6ekporigMnpdouv,hiptrtvyx)
(Ytrrx6
 E N E K T E I N O N T A ET O B A E I A E I O

en(or1qXp6voyto vo ouppdtret oug <puotr€q entonipeg. O r6opoq

yvop[(er neptoodrepo on6 ro nep(rpqpo enrXe(pqpd rou Ytoqv Unop-
nkdrpropot,dpo undpXur". H nto orlpowrrrl ouvetorpopd rou €(votro
peto ono(oooXolo6pome e6dr:q ovotrunrriyeognp(o.
Ynor0etor 6tr otqv qtrtr(orov e(roottpttitvettiv, rt evti unqperof-
mo pouoprrdorpotd, o Nterdpr e(6erp(o rpoullottrd 6vetpo,to
epprlveuoe og npoet6ono(qor1 yro vo eyxorotre(q,st rrl Fn Tropo-
(orj tou Korvo ouvttorp€pet oto poOqgortrd, orq rpilooorp(o rot
quorrdqenrorrlgeg. Arrlyorivrov 6rr €trope 6vo goyrr6 rtretO(oto
Tou,ro ono(o0o tou dvotyero 6p6goyto ndpo notrI€qotr{-
' flot66evonordtrurpe rt rltov out6 to proytx6 rlet6Latrtrdot Bto-
tou und0erov 6tt qnotelodoeu1 pdorlqq yeopetp(oq rou.
Kotdtouq KlootrodgXpdvouq orrlv opXo(o Eltrd6o, 11 ovordtru{r1
oo0gpetpou tqq 6royrrrv(ou(6r1tro6ri,6tr ro y'7 e(votdppqroqoprO-
xot6evptnope( vo ovoilclpooro0e( oq rldogo) irove touq rope(q
d\yeppoqKot rrlq yetlpetp(ogvo orotrouOrioouv Dtogopertrotig
. H dtryeppoooXotrri0qre p€ rous opr0godq, ev6 q yeopetp(o
K€Fr uS entrrdoetqoro Xrirpo. O Nrerdpt pn6peoevo rp€pet
rovtdoutorigtouq 66o €ntorrlgovtKo0g rld6oug.Aur6to rororpe-
peproontrrirorooreurl.fl{pe nprirrorqv euOe(o tulv npoyportrfv
ro
(nop' 6Io nou ere(vo Xp6vro 6ev pn6peoe vo errtpqoet
rov ntrofro ourdgtqg eu0e(og) Kotrrlv rono0€rqoe opr(6vtto.
nrlpepro 6e0tepq eu0E(o ttrtvopr0gtirv ror q oXe6(oo€ Kd0sro,
6otevq ripverrqv nprilrqeu0e(ound opO{yurvio(Err6vo48).Kd'
eu0eio ovopd(trord{ovagxot ro o4ge(o6nou ot euOe(eg ouvovrdt-
t(votq appy tuv a{6vuv, otqv ono(oerXope(ror11ttp{ gr16€v.H
rd0eorlpe(outou entn66ougnope(,enop€vog, vo roOoptore( pe
Bdorl6do opr0po0q:tqv on6otoot]tou rotd pqrog rou opt(6vrtou
rd[ovoon6 qv opXrlKotulv on6otooqtou rqrd griroqtou rd0etou
d[ovo on6 rqv opXq. fto ouvtop(o, o opt(6vttoq dfovoq ovogd(erot
d{ovaEruv x, evdro rd0etog d{ovog ovogd(etot d{ovaE tuv y.

o. 126.
4. Hollingdale, 293
 KEOAAAIO I I

/
eu0e(q
rov opr0truirv
(:1,5,-2)

eu0e(q
tt lv opt0ptirv

EIKONA48. Kopr€orovdoriorqpo ouwetoypdvov. Kd0eoqpe(otou enrnC6ouop((e-

ror ;rdvo on6 6Uo npoygotrro0g opr0po0q(x,y), 6nou to x e(vor11opr(6vtro on6-
moorl Korto y r(vor 4 rdOeq ondoroorl ond rqv opXrjtu_rvo{6vurv.

fto nopd6erypo, orqv Errdvo48 undpXer dvo oqge(ondvo ond rov

oprOpd2 rou d(ovorov x Kqloro 6e(r<irou opr0go03 rou d{ovorov
y. M6voour6 ro orlge(onpooOrop(eror ond rouq6riooprOpofq(2,3).
Mr our6 tov rp6no, rd0e oqpe(onpoo6rop(erqr ond €vo orjvotro66o
opr0ptirv.To 6e0repooqpe(oorqv Etx6vo48 pp(oK€rol oro (-1,5,-2).
Aur6 o4po(vet6tr yro vo evton(oouge to oqpe(oond rrlv opXrjrrrrv
o{6vrlrv,npoXrrrpdge1,5povdOeq Trpo(ro oprotepdror, nd}r ond rqv
oppj rov o{6vrrrv,2 govd6eqnposro xdto. Or 6fo optOpo(rou ouv-
6€ovtorpe rdOeoqge(otou mrn€6ouovogd(oworouvttroylt€veErou
orlpe(ou.l-lpoqupqv rou Nrsrdpt,ovogd(ouye our6 to odor4porap=
tnnv6 otiot4pa ouvteruyp€vuv.
O Nterdprnpdogrpenotr0ncproodrepo ond qv onhj erpedpeorl
294 outorjrou e(o(perououor{gorogyro rov npoo6roprop6 rov o4pe(r.uv
 E N E K T E l N O N T A TT O B A E I A E I O

enrrd6ou opr0ptirv.
trtgouv6trutv el(oqg,rrl Xprlot-
Iuvet6rltono(r1oe,
ouro0rou ouot{poroqYto ulv nepryporp{rov yetlpetptr6v
trrqolyepprrdlvoX6oeov. Aut6 e(votto rtret6(rrlg ovotruttrqg
ev6grdrtrou,tou ono(ouro x6vrpo
e((otrrorl
H otryeBprrri
otqv opyrl rov o(6vtrtv, e(vot 11x' * y' = r', 6rtou ro x Kot y
uq ouvrstoypdveq rrrrvoqge(urv rqg neprrp€petoqtou rU-
Korro r e(votn ort(vo rou rfrtrou.flop'6tronou o r0rtrogeiXege-
lnq0e(rotrdmqv opXor6trlto,q ovolutrrri yetopetp(ogdg nrlyenotr0
nopondpo. Mog €6uroerr16uvor6trlrovo ooyotrqOodpe ge rtg xopnU-
leq,trqonoiegXerpr(6tov 66orotroq eurlef6eto yeurperp(o.H e{(otloq
yroqv €trtrtupr1,tov entprirqrdrtro nou neptypdq€trtq tpoXt6gttrtv
nlov4r6v, e(vor11x'lo2+y'lp'= 1,6nouro o Kotp e(voro ptydtroq rot
o pup6gd(ovog.H nopoBotrr] eivotdvo odvotrooqge(rrrvnou pp(oxo-
woroeoroOeprl on6orooqon6 6vooqpe(oKotl"ttoeuOe(o. H e((otlorl
q
rrlqe(vot y2= 4mx, dnou m efvot 4 ondoroo4 tou oto0epol oqge[ou
ondrqvopXritutv o(6vtrtv.
poqOodvoulv r€pt-
6ntrrg11nopopotrrlrot q €trtrerrlrq,
Orro;.rn6treq,
rpuotrtirv
ypoqrjnotrtrdrv rpotvog€vtrtvfiou noporlpodgey6ptrtpoq'To
drtpnopofpevo ovonoptotoripe our€qttg oriv0ereg yeurpetptr€g ro-
pnrltreg
urqolyeBptxdq oX€oetq rotdorqoe6uvorq rq ofyXpovq yeo-
'Onurq0o 6o0pe,ro v€oo0orqpotou Nterdpr
perp(o. Ytoulv ovoro-
pdoroorlrov orlpe(ovrot€orqoe en(oqg6uvorrl qv rotov6qorl rulv
opvqrtrdrvpr(rtirv.krlv enoXqtou 6ptlg,o Nrerdpt6evrltov €rotpoq
vqrdverour6 ro Frlpo.H Xp{oq tou ouorrlgotogouvteroypfvtrtv tou
Ncrdpryto rrlv rorov6rloqtulv opvqrtrdvpr(rdrv€npenevo neptg€-
vetto dpyotou Koptrl-rdouqoXe66v 6tor6otoXp6vto.
O Ntexdptpprlre tuyo(oro rlet6( yerrrpetp(o
rou Ytotqv ovotrurtrrl
ro 1619,oor6oo6e 6qpoo(euoe to onotetr€opoto ro'1637- pto
g€Xpt
xo0uotdprlorl6erooxrtiettitv.Ie our6 to Xpovtr66tdorrlpo,nolipqoe
oe Ordrpopeg erorpote(egxor notrtrdg rpop6g6tonv60veuoe ooBopd.
'Onrrrq
dXetentoqpdveto Mnetroro prptr(orou Ot dv\ptE tuv pa9qpau-
ruiv,yw o6ionorqo<go(po on6 pouor€ro0o pnopoUoe vo 6Xetr€pgq-
r(oerrr1oto6to6pop(o tou Nterdpr notr6nptv on6 ro 1637,Kto r6opog 295
 0o dnpenevo neprpCver rr dtrtroyro ulv notrdonou6o(oovordtrug{
rou.'To teleuto(oXp6vrorrlq (or]qrou Nrerdprr]tov orptepopivomr1
rpilooog(o,oro trroOqpourd rot orrqrpuorriq To
enrorrlpeq. 1650
opptit.
orrlo€Korn€Oove oe qtrrr(onev{vtotpuiv ertiv.

O l-r d o u gn p o o6rop i '(€l

r o u q p r Y c r 6 r K ooopgr o p o o q

O KoptrOp(vrprX frdouqyevv{0qreotrq 30 Anprtr(ou 1777un6 ronet-

vodgoyp6reqyove(q.'Hrov€vonor6[-0ot1po xorq pqrdporou, q Nro-
po06oMnev(frdouq,nop6rpuvero yro rrls vo onou6doet yto vo ofit-
treu0epr.u0e(
on6 rqv oyponr( rotoyoyrirou. Aurd ro €rove ge q po{-
0erotou 6ofro rou MnpdouvopoiX, o ono(ogXop{yr1oe orov frdoug
€vo en(6opro Trourou €6rrroerr1 6uvor6rqro vo eyyporpe(oto Koldyto
Kopotr(veoe qtrrr(o6erondvreertiv ror oro flovenroullttotou fx€ttv-
yKrvoro 6eroorrti.flqpero 6r6ortoptrdtou on6 to floventoujpto rou
Xitrporevrro '1799,6vroq p6trrge(roor6rio ertirv.Ena6ri6evpnopo0oe
proO€oqpoOqpouxofilou vo rou op€oet,dytve6teu0u-
vo e{oorpotr(oer
vr{q tou oorcpooKon€(ou rou flovenrotqgfou tou lrfttvyrev rot, opy6-
repo,xo0rlyqujqoorpovop(og. To po0qgortxd6pog nopigervovrl po-
vo6rrrj€gtrrovqoydnq tou. E{ort(ogtov po0qportKdvqvoKotrd{edv
rou, 11rp{pq rou oq €vogond rouq peyotr0repouq po0rlpottroUq tou
rdopou e{ontrdrOqre yprlyopoorqv Eupdrnrl. H npooonrrrjtou (urri
trrot6oo6roronr6rovouXvdon6 rpoyo6(eq,dnoq o Odvorog- tr6ytrt
ooOiveroq- 60o ou(tlytrrv(r1np6rq op€ooq g6trtqyivvrloe) rot ev6q
not6ro0.uAur6 €rovetov fxdouqvo rpdperro Odvororor, oro t€treu-
ro(oXp6vrornq (urtiqrou, vo pqvepnroteUetor ro0dtrou rougyrorpo0g.
O kdouq 64goo(euoe oprerdoqpovrrrd€pyo,ouvetorpdpowoq 6tot
rqg 0eop(ogrrrrvoprOptirv,
orougrotrre(g rrlq pryo6rrrlqovdtruoqq, qq

5. EricTempleBell, Men of Mathematics,a. 43.

296 6 . M u i r .o . 1 7 2 .
 E N E K T E I N O N T A ET O B A E I A E I O

qq €qopgoYrlq
rrlg tonotroy(oq, rov ;ro0rlgort-
,optrqgyeur;rerpiog,
rou
roOtirgKotortq enror{geg UoYvrlrtolli:jll
o.r1u'oo.pouo;r(o,
rqg omrxrlgKcltrou qtrerrprogo0' To npooontr6
xpuototrtroyporp(og,
rou' ro ono(o6e 6rlpoote0qre rrio* Ut:"
orlperurpordpr6 -"::l,1tJ:
ro0dvot6rou(n€Oovero1855),onordtrur|re6tre(xeen(oqgnpoptr€$e
ot ou-
q gqeurtre(6eto yeopetp(o.0o16oo,epdge6tirpogev6torpdpouv
ovorp6pope npoqyougd-
vdnetegrqg 6r6onoptrrlq6torptpqgrou"Onog
yro nptirrqrpopd 6tr rdOeno-
orrl 6totptprlrou ro 1799on€6et(e
vuJqr
o
lutirvupo6XettouloXtorovp(otr0or1''Optlg' Ytovo ro ono6e(etour6'
rou npoptrqgoroq lov
Ixdoug fnpenevo orergte(pro yeprj0egetr(ooq =
notrudrvupo +
x' 1 0 €Xet og
pt(uirvrurvopvqrtr6voptgpdrv'Arpofro
Oe6pqporqq
ro otpstrrtir6eq
optOprirv'
iOor,q[,Ouopr(rd opvrprrdrv
ffVrppoS 0o rpov trovOoop€vo ov 6e pp(orogerdnotovtp6no vo ro

xuptoTouu€. opr0-
O frdougXpqorpono(qoe ro o6orrlgoge ttg 60o tepv6peveq
x 6ptoerrlv EU-
pqrrrdg euOe(eg rou Nterdpt' Oq opr(6vrrod[ovo tov
e(pooree(otretop€vot'
Oe(o rov npoyporrrdvopr0ptitv,U€rrlv ono(o
oprOpqrtrri
pto dtrtrr1 euOe(o' rrlv €u-
0g rdOetod(ovo Xpqotpono(r1oe
0e(ottlv rpovroortrtlvoprOgtitv,rl ono(oetXeoq pdoqto {-t f to eu-
'

ouXydovrtKoOtoro0ge
rotr(o, ro y'-t pe to ypdgpoi' Kd0eorlptforou
opr0p6g'Kd0eoqpe(orou d(ovo
d[ovorov x e(vot6vognpoyportr6q
pe
tov y e(vot6vognpoyportx6g opt0p6qnou €Xetnotrtrontrootoore(ro
6tt ro {J pp(orerorgto povd6o ndvt''t
iri* {-.t An6 out6 ptrdnouge
49)' evtirrc ztfi e(votto oq-
on6rqv opXqrou d(ovo rurvY (Etr6vo
qv oppl rou dfovo rov y'
pe(onoupp(orerot60o povd6egndvtrlon6
*o,ro -{a pp(orerotontrtirg gro povdbordro on6 rrlv opXqrou d[o-
nou 6e Bp(orovror ndvtrl
vortovy. Tr e(vot6troro orlpe(otou entn€6ou
optOpof'
rov Y; E(votot 1'ttyo6rro(
movd(ovoturvx 11ndu,,rotov d(ovo
oprOptirv' Kd0toqpe(o
€vogouv6uoop6g npoyportxdvrot qowoortKt0v
ouppotr(etor pe 6rio oprOpo0g, rouq o rot p' rt ouro(ot 60o optO;roi
e(votro npoypotrr696-
opiqouu ro pryo6rr6opr0g6o + 9i, 6nouro o
poqKotto p e(votro qovroortK6gepog'
pro 6teupup€vq rldoq oprogdrv, 297
Meour6tov rp6no o l-rdouq6ptos
 t(EoAAAtO I I

EIKONA49. To en(ne6orou frdouq. Or trg6g orov opr(6vtrod[ovo oupBo]((ouv

npoyuotrrodg oproprorlq,evtiror opr0go(otov xdoeto <i{ovoouppotr(ouvnoMontrd-
oro rou y'-1. Kd0eorlpe(ooro en(ne6orou frdoug ouppotri(eror ge 60o npoypol_
rodgrpr0poUqoe onoro6{norcon6 ng nopordrur66o gopg€q:(o,F) ri o + pi, dnou
i = V -1. Iuxvd ovopd(erorpryo6rr6en(ne6o.

roug ptyo6rro0q opr0gofg,p€ rous npoy;.rourodq opr0po0qvo otror€_

lorjv €vo unoo0votrorov gryo6trtirv opr0ptirv.
Or npoypouro(oprOpo(
efvorere(voror pryo6rro(oprOpo( rou ro govrooux6prdpog rouq roo0_
ror pe p46iv. Avrrorpdrpurg,o d(ovoqrurvy ou;.rpotr(erexe(vouq roug
ro0opdrpovroourodg opr0po6g, ot ono(ore(votpryo6rro( oprOpo( nou
ro rpoyl.louK6rouq gdpogroo0rorpe pq6€v.O notrtrontrooroopdg tou
npoyl.rottrodopr0pori1 lrs ro y'J neprorpdrper our6 rov opt0p6opr_
orep6orpogo,6r1tro6r1 on6 rov d{ovo rtovx npos to ndvo otrlv ovr(_
orotX406oq y'l rou d(ovo rurvy. Av notrtrontroordoouge ndlt pe to
y'-t, o opt0p6qneptorp€<petot (ovd optotep6orpo<po npog ro rdrur,
oro ovr(ororXo opv4rrr6rprlgo rou d(ovo tov x (Err6vo50). Aurrir1
298 6e0repr1 pdq6(ver,n.rt-t = -1. Oqer ro6tou,o noltrontro_
nrprorporprl
 TEINONTAI TO BAEIAEIO

rou 1 p€ro y'J 6do rpopiq6Xerurgonotdleoporo -1 nou rlrd-

oroop6g
poupe.
Evouvropio, 6Xoupe: t/-tl.f /-tl = i'i = i'= -t.
onopoirrlto,r6po, vo 6tootpol(ooupe
E(vor npd[etg
6rt or ouvriOetq
rqgopr0pquxrlg€Xouvv6r1gope rouq gryo6tro0goptOpo0q. fto vo
pe66o
npooO€oou gryo6rro0g €Xou
opr0pto0q, trts:

( o + B i )+ ( y + 6 i )= o + 9 i * Y * 6 i = ( o * Y ) * ( P * O ) i

Enop€voq, yto vo npoo06ooupe 6rio pryo6rxodg oprOgodg, npoo06-

ro 6fo npoypottrd
roupeontrdrg p€pr1(to o Kot ro y) xot ro 6do rpo-
woorrrdp€pq(ro p rot to 6). H orpo(peor1e(vote(ioouerfuotrr1:

( o + B i )- ( y + 6 i )= o + P i- y - 6 i = ( o - V )+ ( B - 6 ) i

fJ=i=(o,r)

EIKONA ro 1 pe to { -1 €[vot oov

50. To en(nE6otou frdouq. I1otrtrontrootd(ovtoE
to 1 optorep6otporpoxqtd 90' otov xd0ero d(ovo yto vo nd-
vo neprotpdrpoutrre
pougsro {1. o notrtron}ooroopdgrou {l preto {T neptotp€rper to yrvdptevon<i-
h oprotepdotpogorord 90o,otov opt(6vtrod[ovo, 6nou no(pverqv ttpti -1. Og
^ti i: : -1.
errodtou, 299
 E6ti,ndtrr,ontrrirq
ogorpofpero ovr(ororXo
npoygonrd pdpqror,
or4 ouv6Xero,ro ovr(ororXo
govroorrrdp€pq.O notrtrontrooroopdq
6Xer
ev6rorp€pov,
yror(no(pvoupe:

(o + pi).(y+ 6i) = oy + o6i + pyi +p6i'

'Opoq, = -1,
i' rr €torgnoporip€ ro -'l orovr€-
vo ovuKorclotrlooupe
IEuro(o6po ror vo ndpoupe:

(o + Bi).(y+6i) = oy + o6i+ Fyi- 96 = (oy -96) * (o6+ py)i

H 6ro(peoq
6do pryo6rxdrv
opr0pdrv
e(voroprerdnro 60orotrr1:
(o + pi)/(y+ 6i) = [(oy + p6) + (py - o6)i]/(y'+6' ;

0o16oo,drov erretrdooup€ rrq t€ooeprg npd(erqrqg opr0pqrrrrjg,

oro r6troqno(pvoupendvrq dtrlougpuyo6rrofgopr0po0q.Enop€vurg,
or pryo6rrofoprOpo( e(votr]eroro(ulqnpoqrrq tiooeprgnpd[ergrqq
opr0pqlx{q,en6q o16 qv er6rrrjnep(nrooqqq 6to(peoqq g€ro pl-
6dv. Enrnldov,or prryo6tro( oprOgo(pnoporivvo utptrr0o0v oe 6uvd-
F€rSKorvo unotroyrorofv ro pr(rd rouq,ror or oprOpo( nou npox0-
ntouve{oro}ou0odv vo e(vorpryo6tro(opr0po(.Oq er rodrou,or Fr-
yo6tro(oprOpo(e(vorrtreroto(ror oq npoq our€grtg 6rjo enrnl6ov
npd{etg.
Enopdvulq, q eniAuorl
tov nolurrrvtjpurv 6XerBetrlur0e(
notrrj.Av ore-
rprodpe to nolurivullox' - 6x + 11 = 0, €Xoupe ug 66o trfoerq:3 + {1i
-
Ko(3 lDi. fro vo npoo6rop(ooupe to o4ge(oourtiv rov 6riotrfoeurv
oro en(ne6o rulv gryo6rr6vopr0p6v(to en(ne6orou frdoug),F€roKr-
vofpoore6e[rdon6 rqv opX(rou d(ovorurvx rord rpetqpovd6eg(Er-
r6vo 51). Merd, on6 qv opXrjturv o(6vr.rrv peroxrvofgoors ilpoq ro
ndvtoon6orooq pe (oq y'7 (nep(nou1,414povd6eq)ror npoo6rop((ou-
prero rptirto poqorlpe(o,ro 3 + tf1i. fro ro 6edrepooqge(o;lerorrvori-
goorendtrrrord priroqrou d{ovo rov x rp€rqpovd6eq,petd perorr-
voUpoore on6otooq(o4 pe y'7 npos ro rdro yro vo npoo6rop(oouye
-
ro r iDi. Iqv npoypour6rqro,pp(oxoupe 6tr or pryo6rro(oprOpo(
300 nou€Xouv rpovrootrxdp6pr1 onovrdlvtorrord (eriyq,ro ono(oiXouvtrl
 E N E K T E I N O N T A IT O B A f ,I A E I O

(3,1e)ri
/ 3+t[ii

.a
\ (:,-^tiln
t -,[Ti

E|KONA51. trg 66o trUoerg

Ilpoo6top((ovtog x'- 6x + 1l = 0 oro
tou notruovrigou
tou frdoug.
en(ne6o

- (efyq ovopd(ovtotou(u-
Uopq{o + pi rot o Bi.Aurodrou e(6ougro
ydqpryo\xo( aPfiPo(.
o Koptrkdoug enrxe(pr1oe oto r€trogout6 nou ot dllot trroorlportro(
efiovonorpdyer. loXup(orrlre opt0go((oqv npoy;to-
6rt ot <povroortro(
lr6tr1ro,dtrotot gryo6txo(opt0poQ4rov rdoo unoprrofovrtretgevtrd
6oorot ot rpoYportKo( optOpo(. Av unripXov ot opvrptro(xot ot dpprl-
roroptOpo(, t6re unrlpXovxot ot gtyobtro(opt0po('flpoxotre( irntrrllq
ro 6n, evtiro frdouq 6pr(etoug pryo6tro0g oprOtrrorigurgorlpe(oev6g
(6to
enrn€6ou, 60o dtrtrorgoo4gotrxo(npoonooo0oov rdvouvto
vo
npdypo.O 6vogqtov o ouro6(6oxtog Noppqy6qpo0qgolr6gKdonop
(t 74s-1s22)
Bdoetr xot o 6efrepogrlrov o Etrpet6g troytouiqZov-Popndp
Apyrdv(1765-1822). Kotot 66o npdretvov6voyturyporptrd rp6noovo-
nopdotooqgrov pryo6rrttvopr0ptirv,oltrd ro 6pyo roug oe yevtreg
ypoppdq
oyvorloqre. 301
 f l6 o o r u n d p x o u v;

flporpov6q iXougexdverivo repdortoB{po npoqrrlv roredOuvorl qq

en€rtoorlq qq dvvorog turvopr0p6v.Kortd(ovtog rqv eu0e(o rov npoy_
porrr6vopr0prirv rou enrn€6ou tou frdouq,pnope(vo dXoupe ro €vro_
vo 6roro0qur6ouvo(o0r1po dtr undpXouvnotrtjneptoodtepoorlpe(o
oro en(ne6o on'doo undpxouvoe g(o pdvoeu0e(o. To (6ro6roro0r1trr6
ouvo(oOqpo erXovror or neproodrepor pro0qpolro(.flptiypotr,ond rd_
0e oq;.re(o rou d{ovo rov y pfiopoUpe vo rpopr]{oupegro euOe(o no-
pdll4}q npoq rov d{ovo rov x. Aunj 4 euOe(o nepr6Xer16oo orlpe(o
6oo ror q euOe(o rov npoypourdrvoprOpdrv. Arpo6undpXer yq opr0prj_
orponl{0og oqpe(ovorov dlovo rov y, propoOpe vo oXe6rdooupr pr1
opr0gr]orgo ntr{OoqeuOeu0v, roOep(oon6 ng ono(eq0o nepriXerpul
opr0pqorpo ntr{0oqorlge(trrv.
Ao<potrdg, ourd ro gq oprOgrjorgo orjvotro
pq oprOg{otputv oqpe(ove(vor,ond p6votou, no}6 peyotrrltepo ond
ro orivolottrrvo4pe(ovproqpdvoeuOe(oq.
fro vo onovr,iooupe oe outd ro rptirtqpo,np€neryro dllq progopd
vo otpogofp€orov fx€opyrKdvrop.Kor,yro dMq trlo rpopd,
Bp(orou_
pe 6n to eptitqpoiXerteOe(o'€vo ypdpporou Kdvropnpogro rpiio
rol,,rov PrXopvt NrCvterrvr,ro ono(oypdrpqreorrq5 lovouop1r..:lultZ+.

E(vot,dpoyg 6uvot6v vo qnetrov(ooupe;r, 6vov xor govo6rr6 tpdno pro

enupdvero(og nodpe 6vo tetpdycrrvo,ougneprlogBovoy€vqqqq neprg6_
rpou tou) en( puogeuOe(og(oq noUpe ;uo eugeioypoppr4,ougneprtropBo_
voptdvtrlvtrov drpulv trlq), dtor tirmE oe rdOe oqpe(o qq entgdveroqvo
ovtrotorXe(dvo oqpe(o tqq euOe(oqror, owrotp6rprrlq,oe rdOe orlpre(oqg
eu0e(oqvo owrotorXe(€vo oqye(o r_qqenrcpdvetoq;7

Aur{v rq rpopdo KdvropXperdoqreneproodtepeq on6 orrdr4gd_

psEyro vo pperrq tr0oq.'Hrov rp(o Xpdvroopy6tepo,to t8ZZ,6tov
6oreileotov Nrivrexrvrro npoox€Oro progtrfoqg.Aut6 nou 6roveo
Kdvtoprjtov vo neprypdQer ivov rpdno oprprtrrovoorlpovr4q
onerr6vr_

302 7 . D a u b e no,. 5 4 .
 T E I N O N T A IT O B A E I A E I O

oqgovdpeoooro or1;rt(otv6g mtn€6ouKotrcl oqpe(oprogg6voeuOe(-

og.Kd0eorlge(orou entn66ou ovonop(ororoton6 66o opt0po0q(o,F)
nououpBol(ouvro npoYllottr6rot ro (povroortK6 p6pogev6ggryo6t-
ro0oprOpo0,rou o + pi. Korot 60o ouro(opr0po(€Xouv 6vopdvo6e-
ovdnruypo.fto euxotr(o,
xo6rr6 0o uno0€ooupe 6tt t6oo o o 6oo rot o
peto{60 Kot1.
p pp(orovror

o = 0 r 0 r o 2 0 3 o 4 . . .K o t

I = o,F'9,F,90"'
Mnopo0pe ourd ro 66o 6erq6trdovomdy-
vo Xprlotgollotqooupe
UoTo yto vo 6qproupyqooupe6vovrot pt6vo€vovnpoyportr6opt0p6
rrlgeuOt(og optOpdrv.
rov TlpoYgortrdrv evoltrd(ro {rq<pio
Enttr€yovrog
our6tov opr0p6,tov p'
rouon6rov o Korrov B, rorooreud(oupe
r - o,o,p,orpro,Froopo...

O opt0pr6qrou KorooK€udooge, o p, e(vot6vognpoyportr6g opt0p6g,

q + pi' Aurof
o ono(og ;t' 6vog6votp6no en(rou opt0po6
onetrov((erot
roue(6oug11rorooreu{ o6r1ye( ot Uto opq(Uovoo4povrq onetrovtorl
dtrovrov ptyo6trdrv optOptirvrou pryobtrofentn€6ou qg
en( eu0e(og ttrtv
npoypotrrtirv Aur6ono6strv0Et
opr0ptirv. 6rt o ntr40tr6gopt0p6grrlq tu-
0r(og rutvnpoygottrtivopt0;rtirv, opt0g6g6ltlv
N', e(votrot o ntrr10tr6g
rovpuyo6tr6v opt0gdrv tou pryo6tro0 entn€6ou. An6our6 ovutroppov6-
poote n6oontroUoto rot nurvqoe optOpodg t(vor11euOe(orov npoYport-
orpoUo oopt0pr6q,
rtlv opr0gtitv, u1gtuOt(oge(vor(6togpe
rulv orlpe(trtv
rovoopt0trt6o rou entn€6ou.
rcuvorlpe(tr-rv Aur6o(youpoovttrpdoretgerq
'EXovrogoro X€ptorqv
6to(o0qor1 poq,Kotro (6toouvdBqotov Kdvrop'
rou,or6port out6g6uoroleu6tov
on66et(ri vo rrlv ono6eXre(''
YndpXouv,tlor6oo,orlpovrtr€g6to<popdgovdpteoootol-ttyo6tr6enfte
'Otrot
6orotorrlvEuoe(o ru-rvnpoygortrtivoprogtirv. ot opt0po(qg euot(-
ogttrrvopropdrve(vot6toreroypdvot on6 rr1 oxdorl(PsYo^Urepog on6"'
ctvot o rot p e(votopr0go(,Kclto o 6eve(votfoog
Ar1tro6q, pe tov B,r6te

8. O.n.,o. 55.
3*3
 E[rEo > p e(reB > o. Mr d]lo ]dyro,or 6do opr0po(efvqt6roteroypdvor
oUprpovo pero pdye06g rouq.Aur66evtoXrier oto pryo6trden(ne6o. Aev
pnoporipe vo nofpe pe rdnorooro0ep6rqro 6rt, ov €Xoupe 6rjo pryo6r-
roUgoptOpotjq, rouqo + pi Kory + 6i, o €voqe(votpeyotrfrepoq on6 rov
dtrlo.Enopdvurg, evtiror pryo6rro(opr0trrofoXrlpor((ouv dvooprOprllrdnr-
6b, our6ro ne6(o6eve(vorbtoreroypr€vo. Ile6(ooprOpdrv e(voronoro6q-
nore ofvotronpoypourc0v q pryo6rxtirv opr0p6vrdrorotirorero dOpor-
opo,116rorpopd, ro yrv6pevo Korro nql(ro (pee[o(proqrq 6to(peor1 ;re
ro pr166v)e(vorrdnorogdtrlogopr0p6g rou ouvdlou.Enop€vurg, 6vone6(o
opt0ptirve(votrtretor6oq npoqug rEooeptg npd(ergqg oprOpqur4g. Or
npoyporrro( opt0go( oyqpor(ouv (vo Snraoypivo n$b ap0ptlv.
Onogouppofver ror Fr rouqnpoypouro0g oprOpodq, or pryobrro(opr0-
po(eivore(repqto(oprOpo( (6rovrdoo o o doo rot o B orovo + Bi e(vor
prlroiopr0;roQ e(redpprporopr0poiror e(vqte(reotryepprro( e(reunep-
polro( opt0;ro((6rove(reo o efrr o B e(vorunepBolro(opr0poQ. Av rpo-
vrooro6pe ro prryo6tr6 en(ne6o ror ouvet64tonorrlooupe 6u o opeyotrtire-
poq6yrog"rtr;voptO;uirv 16ooorov d(ovorov x doo ror orov d{ovorov
y t(voruneppouro( oprOgoiour6poqrdvetvo ovltrrlrpOo0pe n6oonurvd
roroveprl;.rdvor
oro en(ne6o e(vuror pryo6rro( unrpBourof oprO;ro(.
O oprop6gru.rv;rtyo6rrrirv opt0ptirvnp6orpepe notr6neptoo6tepo
on6 rrlv onlrl rorrono(qoqev6gprnetrd qg dtryeppoq. 'Hrov
11oq€rrl-
p(o ev6gevrel6gv€ourtrd6ourulv po0qpronr6v, nou e(voryvoor6gurg
ptyo6tr4ovdtruo4. Aur6endrpe{r€ orouqpoOrlporrrodg vo 6rero6Uoouv
nto onoretreoportrd oro guorrrdrov Oeoprlrrrtirv poOrlporrr6v ror vo
op(oouvpro peyolfreprlyrdpo provr€trurv oro €qoppoop€vo poOqpol-
rd. Ot ptyo6rro( optOpo( rdvouvnotr6nrproo6repo on6 ro vo orore-
Iofv tr0oergnotrurrrvtil,urrv,
ytor( e(rlyorivrdnoregdtrIegnopoordoerg
nou 6ev 6Xouvv6r1go,clv Trsproprotofpe pdvo orouq npoyprorrro0g
oprOpodq. ho nopd6erypo, q e[(or.rtorl
e' = -t 6evdXer]6o11nou vo e(-
vornpoyporrr6g opr0p6g. 'OUoS,
ov trdpoupe un' 6r1tvpoqrouqFryo-
Orrodg opr0po0g, 1116o11 e(vor11ri rl n/-t. Aur6ro pryo6tr6opr0p4l-
16 oqpe(opp(orerororov d(ovo rov y Koroe on6orooqn ndvo on6
304 rrlv opX4rr.rrvo{6vujv.hrlv npoypour6r4ro,q rour6rrlroe^'+ 1 = 0
 E N E K T E I N O N T A IT O B A I I A E I O

np6rr1gopd ond rov A€ovopvt,orlep ro 1/48,

0v0yvopiorrlK€
rolf
nprvo lrdouqOepeirdroeroroOep<itoug pryo6rro0qopr0poUg.H rourd_
u1t0ourr]0eope(torond rouq po04potrro0g dtrourou rdopouurgpio
ondtrq nro Bo0uotdXooreq ror unripoXeq
oXioerqdlov rov po0rlpou_
rdv.IupneprlopBdver o€ Fro e{(oooqqv npri{q tqq npdoOeo4q, u1
q€oqqg ro6rqroq,rouqopproriqopr0po6qI Kol
0, rouq66o unepBo_
rroUq oprggoriq
e Kot?tr,Korro pryo6rr6opr0pdi,i /_.1..Otro
ourd 1ro_
((oeprotdoo onlrj nopdoroo4proqr<ivouvvo
ooor((oupe .

O rr e r p o d r r < o p
i r O p o ri o u X d p r A r o v

Agorlo fxdouqene(€rerverouqopr0poriq ond qv euOe(o rov npoypo_

uxtivoprOptilvoro gryo6rrden(ne6o,{tov pdvo 06po
Xp6vouro vo
e(ttdorrxdnoroqov ourrj 4 6ro6rrooiognoporioevo
ouvcXtore( orov
rpto6rdototo
lipo. Aqlo6rl,undpXer dpoye6voodvotroopt0pdrvnou
vo onoretre(tor
ond opr0p4rtriqrptd6eq(o, g, y), or ono(egvo ovrr_
ororXoriv
oe or;pe(oev6qrpro6rdororou
Xripou Kol vo trertoupyorjv
u(oqqulgoprOpoiAurdqo rdnoroqr]rovo foufiropp6ouov
Xdprltov,
o geyoldrepoq (ooq po0qpour6qr4g lplov6(oq.
fwv{04re oro Aou_
BXvoro 1805Kotono6e(yr4re 6n r]tov dvonpdtrrpooventuytrrivo nor_
6(,nou €poOenoMiq {6veqytrtirooeq nprv ond rrlv erp4pe(o rou on6
€vovnotrrjytrrrrooo
Oe(o.ApydrepotoXup(otrlre 6rr oro 6erotp(otou
{{epe6erorpeiqytrdrooeq.
EuruXtirg,
o veop6qlptrov66q trovono(4oe t4
yluloooloyrrrj
nepripyerd TouKor€orperfe rlv Trpoooxrlrou oro poOq_
potrrd.
Ie 4trrx(o6eroentderriv, o Xdprkovpn{re oro Ko}€yro
Tp(vrnrou
Aouptr(vou.I1€vreXp6vroopydtepo,{tov oxdpogorqrrlq 6tov 6ropG
oqre Booilrr6goorpovdposrnq lptrov6(oq ror ro04yqrrlqoorpovo_
pr(og
oro Tp(vru.'
To 't828,o XdptlrovdpXroevo or€cpretort4v en€rrooqqg dvvotog
,.

r
t
r
9. Hollingdale,
o. 337.
305 r
i
] l
iil
iil
 rov pryo6rrrirv
oprOptirvorov rprobrdororo Xpcro(drov
Xtirpo. €vovrp6
no yro vo op(oertrg npd{ergrqq npdoOeorls Korrou notrtrontrooroopo0
tov rptd6ovrou, 6rortiore vo pnv Koroilorodvror ot poorriqr6t6r4reg
rqgdlyeBpog.Aur6qor r6r6rrpegnepilogBdvouv rouqnopoKdrorovdveg
yroonorouobrlnore rperqopr0po6go, B ror y.

1. o + p = P * o (ovuptroOelrcr] r6r6rr1to rrlgnp6o0eorlg)

2. o.P- p.o (ovupno0etrrrjr6r6rqtorou notrtrontrooroopof)
3 . ( o + 0 ) * V = o + ( F + y ) ( n p o o r r o t p r o rtr6r r 6
j rrlrorqqnp6o0e-
onq)
+. (o.F).V= o.(F.y)(npooerorpronrq r6rdrrltorou nollontrooro-
opori)
5. o'(B+ Y) : o'B+ o'Y(ilrp€ptortrrlr6tdrrlro)

O Xdpilrov,6pulq,6ev ;rnopo0oevo pperrouq rordtrIqtroug opr-

o;.rodqnou 0o 6rorrlpo6oov rrq nopondvurndvrer6r6rqreg. O notrtro-
ntrooroopr6grv6gpryo6tro6 oprOpofrou entn€6ou op(oqreoq 6voe(-
6oqneprorporprlg. Oo16oo,drov o Xdpiltovnpoond0qoe vo op(oettov
noltrontrooroopd orrqrperq6roordo€rq oq r€prorporp4,on6ruXe. 'Onurg
ono6etrv0eror, 6ev e(vot6uvorqn Xprionrprd6urvyro vo oprore(pro
neprotpogrlortqrp€rq6rootdosrg. Tr oupBo(ver gerrq r€oorprq6roord-
oerg;Mnoporivvo oprorofvoprO;ro( otrg r€ooeprg6rootdoetqrou vo
6rorqpo0vrtg t6r6rqrtgrqq dtryeppoq; H dpeuvotou Xdputrtov l.r€rcrro-
n(orrlretiorr vo pstrerrjoet 6vo e(6ogouneppryobtroU" opr0trroU,nou
€Xerrq poprprjq + pi + yi + 6k.
O Xdpilrovndleuepeour6ro np6p}4poen(6eron€vre Xp6vro. Tetrr-
rd, q 166oyro 14 tr6or1rod r1trOe[o<pvrrd roOdrg nepnoroUoe po(( pe rrl
yuvo(rorou.H rlpepogrlv(o rlrov16OrtoBp(ou'l 843Kor,yro proor6po
rpopd,yvrrrp((ouF€Trlvorprprlqpepoprlv(o puogonou6o(og po0qpotrrrjg
ovordlugrlg.O Xdpilrovouver6rpono(r1oe 611dnpsnevo eyrorole({.rer
p(o on6 rrg r6r6rrpeg rrlg dtryeBpoq, rqv ovrrp€ro0eurr]t6r6rqrotou
notrtrontrooroo1loU.
Av 6even€peve =
6rr o.B p.o,;rnopofoevo op(oetug
rfooeptgnpd(rtgrrlg opt0prlrrrrlg yto roug vdougoprOporig rou, rouq
306 ono(oug ov6pooercrpa\rcoAE apilpoiq. Or optOtrro(
ouro(op(orqrovtrrg
 ENEKTEINONTAE TO BAfIAEIO

rrlq Uopqrlqo + p i + y j + 6 k , y r q1 q
oprOptitv
npoypotrrtirv
g roXriouv
or nopordturrour6rqrtg:

i ' = i ' = k ' = - 1 r o t i i k= - 1 .

0 Xdpilrov,trorndv,rordrpepevo op(ott trq npd[ctg6rot tiore vo

6tregor r6t6rqreg,err6gon6 rqv ovrtpsro0ettrrlt6t6rr1To rou
po0.Iriprpo yvurp((ouge 6rt p6voot dtryeBpeq nou opG
pdXprror oe 60o 6tootdoetgpnopotiv vo rpototiv rnv ovrtl.l€ro-
t6r6r4ro rou notrtrontrootoopo0.Ooeg dtryeBpegop((ovror yto
ouul rrlv t6r6qto.
np€netvo tyrototre(nouv
Xdrpouq,
0 Xdpilrov 0eopo6oe6tt outo( ot tetpo6tro( opr0yoi oloretroUoov
onou6ordreprlouvetorpopdrou Kcltndpooero peyolUtepop6poqqq
rouepgqve0ovrdg po0rlpottrd
touq.flop'6tronou tct o0yXpovo
ourorjqroOourodg
Xprlorpronorofv touqterpo6tro0gopt0pofq,rl tU-
'Evogrerpo6t-
np6o6o.
rougo6rlyqoenpdypotroe or1;rovttrri
oprOpdgdXet6fo tptt];roro,to roOopd npoyprottr6rprlpo, ro o, ro
Bo01tut6,Kcttro (qovroortr6>rprlpo,ro pi + Yi + 6k,
ovoprd(eror
ono(oovopd(erot 6nvuopaur6. To 6tovuollottr6 rp{go e(vot 6vo
ypoppnqo€rpttq6toordoetg.
roreu0uvr{proq oe
Xprlotponoteftot
tope(g rqg entoulgqq orrg pdpegUoq Kot 11getrdq tou e(vot
oro po0qprorrrdoq 6tovuoprotrrrjovdtruor1.
Orrerpo6rro(optOpo( tou Xdprltov€rovovtouqotryepptor€q vo ou-
vo ovonruX0o0v
dtt trrnoporiv v€egdtryeBpeq,ov oro-
6eXro6pe olg
otrtroy€g pootr€g t6t6tqreqrqg dtryeppog.Aur6 tfvot ovd-
loyope rqv ovdnru(qrnq Fn eurtre(6erog yeulperp(oq,
Xpqorponotrir-
vrogevotrtromtx€qtr0oetqyto ro ndpnro o((tlgo rou Eurtre(6r1. Og er
rofrou,q Oeop(orov rerpo6trrirv oprOptirvrpov 11opxnrrlq odyXpovqg
pr1trr€vr1q
orp4 dtryeppoq.
rougrerpo6tro0g
llprvorprloou;.re optOpofgrou Xdptilrov, npfnetvo
Odooupe dvoon6 to oyon4ptdvo pogeporr]potq:n6oot orptptigrerpo-
6uo(oprOpo( undpXouv; pto rpopd,o Kdvtopltog66tloe
E6tit,yto dtrtrr1
qv ondvrqorl.Oo enovotrdpoupe rrlv (6to 6to6troo(ooretr6vto4qrov
rerpo6tr6voprOpdrv rou unepXtitpou orrlv Eu0e(orov npoyporrr6v 3&?
 oprOpdrv.
lpdrpouptrouqr€ooeprg optOpofqnou onotetro6v
€voouyre-
rprpdvorerpo6rr6opr0p6ge ro 6ero6rrdovonrdypordrouq.fto euro-
ndh 6tr or opr0go(pp(orovrorovdgeoooro 0 Korro
tr(o,unoOdroupe
'EXouge,
1. Iotndv:

0 = 0,oro2o3o4...

F=o,F'F'F,9,'..
Y = 0,Y,YtYrYo...
6 = 0,6,616160...

An6ourodgtougr6ootptgopr0po0g,
nou op((ouvtov ouyrerprp€vo
rerpo6rr6opr0p6pog,6rlproupyoO;re
tov ovt(ororXo
npoyporrr6opt0-
p6,rov p.

p - 0,o,B,y,6,orBryr6ro,Bryr6rooBoyo6o...

Iuvendrg, ond 6trouqtoug ovop(Ogqrouq rerpo6rrodq oprOporig oro

Xdrporurv reoodpov 6roordoeov,no(pvoupepro ogqrpovoorlpovrrl
unerr6vrorl rn( rcuvnpoyprorrrdrv oprOgtirv.
O ntrr10rrc6q
opr0p6grov rr-
tpo6rrtirvopr0puiv, 6noq xorrov pryo6trtirv oprOpuirv,e(vor(6ro9petov
ntrr10rr6opr0pdrov npoyporrrtivoprOptirv. Aur6 oqpo(vrr6tr oe gro
p6voeuOe(o undpXouv rdoo orlpeio6oo rqr oro en(ne6o, r1oto Xtirpo
rov rptdrvOroordoeov, { ordpo Kororo Xtipo rov reoodpov 6roord-
oetrrv.Irrlv npoygortr6qro,o "opr0p6q"ttrrvoqpe(ov6ev e(vor6vog
npoo6roprour6q nopdyovroqrrl( 6roorortrdrrlrog. O Kdvropon66et(e
6rr yro opr0prlorpo ntr4Oog 6roordoeov, o ntrq0rr6q oprOpdg rov orlpe(-
tr-rvroofrqr p€ rov ntrq0rr6opt0p6rov o4pe(ovprroqeuOs(og, 6qlo6q
rov N,. Aur6e(vor66orotrovo ro ono6eyrofpe 6toto0qurdror no}trof
po0q;rortro( endpevov 6rr o k6opyr Kdvrop0o npfnervo 6rovetrd0oq.
'EXoupe
e(erdoer,trorn6v,ere(voug rougoptOpo0q nouXprlorponoro0ge
mrgro0rlpeprv€q Opomqpr6qrdq pogror,enrntrdov,
dXouge e{erdoet rouq
pryo6rro0g opt0profq, opr0pofgnou e(voronopo(rrpor yro ulv roOrlpepr-
vq nponrrq rov enroulptirv. Irq ouv€Xero0o e{erdooupe nopd[evougror
e(ururo0g oprOpo0g, nouro evev{woewdororgeror6rou yevrro0 ntrr1Ou-
308 opo66evrouq€Xer orodorrnor6.flpoerorpome(re yroneprn€rerol
 rous uTr€pBouKo0q opt0pofq,e{erdoopcn6g o Kdvtop
dnerpouq
611o ntrq0tro0goptOpo0g, rouq NoKot N,, yto 66o ei6q
nou e(votopr0trrrjorpo
, rov ouvdtrtrtv Kotrov ouvdtrtrtv
e(vor pq oprOgriotpo.Av N e(vot to onetpootivotro6ltrtvrov guot-
opr0ptirv,t6re op(ougero N oq tov ntrr10tr6 opt0p6rou N. Me ou-
1drov rpdno onorperiyougevo ouyXrioul.te ivo o0votroF€ rov ntrq0trd
iouopr0g6.Me nop6porotp6no, doto drt ro R ouppotri(et to oOvotro
dtrovrov npoyporrrdrv Tdte
oprOtrrdrv. ro R e(voto nlq0tr6q tou optO-
y6q,o ono(oqouXvdouprpol(etorontrti,rq oq c. idpoupe6rr N = No.O
Kdvrop n(oreue6tt c = N, otrtrd6evpnopo0o€vo ro ono6e(et.:€pou-
geen(or;q6tr €XerteOe(ro eptirq;roov undpXouv rdnototdnetpotnlq-
0rro(opr0po( ovdpeoo oto No Kot rov c, otrtrd11
ondvrqoq e(votovono-
rprioroul.
'Otrulq,
o KdvropnpoXtilprloe nol6 nto n€po on6 ouro0qtouq 6Uo
nptirrougdnerpougntr4Orro0q opt0po6q,ytot( oulv npoyltottr6t4ro
pro
6proe dnerpq orotrou0(o dnouot Norot N, t]tov
opt0pdrv,
tdtottrtv
oprOgo(
Auto(ot ntrqOrro(
or 6tio npdrroropt0pro(. ovotrrdoqrovunep-
nenepaopivot ap0po( - opt0po(, nou
6r1tro6r1, {tov n6po ti 4tov peyo-
trdreporon6 roug nenepoop6vouq opr0gorlq.H g€0o6oqrotooreu{q 309
 t(EoAAAtO 12

toU rdOe6to6oXrro6 un€pnflrspooprdvou oprOgod e(vorontro0otorq.Av

€Xoupe 6va nenepoopivoorivotrope v orotXe(o, r6re 6repeuvofpe pe
ndoougOrorpopetrxo0g rp6nouq;.rnopo0ge vo opoOonoujooupr ourri
'Otreg
ro v ororye(o. our€qor nrOov€q opo6onor{oerq y(vovrorororXe(o
ev6gv€ou ouvdtrou,nou o nl40rrdqrou opr0pr6g e(vorpeyotr0repoq
on6 rov ntrq0tr6opr0p6rou opXrro0ouv6trou. Oot6oo,6rov orerpr6-
poore6troro e(64rurvnrOovtirv ouvdtrtov,
rot t6ro(reporo onetpoorivo-
tro,ntig (€poupedu pnopo0gevo oXqpor(ooupre 6trouqrougntOovo0g
ouv8uooprodq otorXe(trrv;
[r' our6vro tr6yodXoupe dvo o{(trrpoond u1
Oeop(orov ouv6lov:

A:IOMA TONIAHOIKON APIOMQN: frq rd0eodvotroundpXer

pro
outrtroyri
ouvdtrurv,
11ono(o nepr6Xer ovdpeoooro ororXe(o
qg 6Io ro unoofvotrorou 6o0dvtogouv6trou.

Aur6ro o((opo eyyudror6rr pnopo0pendvro vo oXqpor(ooupe ro

o0votrop€ rous ouv6uoogodq rov otorXe(ov. To o{(rrrgoourd e(vor
npo<pov€q6rov np6rerrolyro n€n€poop€vo orivotro,
otrtrd6Xrror 16oo
npo<pov6q6rov np6rerroryro on€rpooUvotro.
iro nopd6erypo, orerpre(re ro odvolo nou dXrrrp(o orolXe(o, to 1,
2,3. Aur6to otivoloro ou;rpotr(oup€ oq {1,2,3}. Me ndooug6rorpo-
pelxo0gtp6nouqpnopofyevo ouppotr(ooupe ourd ro rp(o ororXe(o; H
ondvrrloqono6errvderot drr e(vororrti, ror ro orrd 6rorpopeurd o0vo-
troe(votm: {A\, {11,l2},{3},{1, 21,11,3\,{2,3},{1,2, 3}.To nptirro
o6volo,w {A\, ovopd(etotrev6odvotroror ouXvdypdrperor ontrdrqrrrg
O, ywptqro dyrrotpo.To rev6 o6votroe (vot dvoqon6 rouq nrOovofg
rp6nouqyro vo ouppol(ooupe ro rp(o orotXe(o, 6qlo64 ro vo Urloup-
po}(oouprrov6voon6 ourd.To o0votrorrirponou nepr€Xet ro ortdl o0-
votrdpoge(vor ro lA, fi\, l2\,{3l1,
{1,2\,11,3L12,3},{i,2,3l1\ror6Xer
nlq0rr6 opr0pr68. O rfnog nou Uoqtrder6tr dvoo0votroge rp(o orot-
Xe(o gnope(vo oXqprot(oer o1166ro<poperrrd oUvotroe(voro: 2r = 8. Au-
16 pnopori;le
vo to yevrredooug€: €vooUvolope v orotXe(o pnope(vo
oXqpor(oer2" 6rorpopeurd odvotru.O opr0p6grcuvouv6trovilou pTro-
310 potipevo oXqpor(ooupe on6 ro v e(vorndwo geyotrdrepoq on6 ro v.
 o nenepoopr€vog
Enopr6vtrtg, opr0pt6g
ntrr10rr6g rou 2" e(votgeyotr0tepog
on6ro v. O Kdvtop,oro nootyvtrtoro ypdgporou orov Nr€vrertvrro
AerdpBprorou 1873,on€6er(e ourriorptpdrg rq oXdorl yto to onetpoo0-
votro'
ond6er[e 6llo6n 6tt, ov v E(voto ntrq0tr6qopr0;r6g ev6gonetpo-
r6te v < 2".Aur6ovopd(erot0e6pqporou Kdvrop.
ouv6trou,
f to xd0tntrq0tr6
TOYKANTOP:
OEOPHMA v, v < 2".
opr0pr6

Avferrvr]ooupe ond rov No,pnopo0pe npdypottvo 6qgtoupyrloouge

rnv oxotrou0(o rov dnetpcttv ntrq0rrdrvopr0p.rrv no(pvovroq6to6oXtr6g
6uvdpcrgrou 2 Usrov nopordrtl rp6no: Nr = 2no.Me nopdpototp6no,
N, 2Nrrot N, = 2n'.Kde€rpopd,ur{rtirvouge
= oirtrtitgro 2 orov rp6Xovro
uTrspTrtnspoog€vo opt0p6yro vo 6rlgtoupyrlooupe tov en6pevo UTI€pTI€-
nepoog€vo opr0pr6. Mt our6 tov tp6no 64gtoupyofpe €voonetpoofvo-
trounepnenepoogfvtrlv oprOpdrv: No,N', Nr, N,, N., Nr, Nu,Nr,"'
Xprlorponotdrvroq ro 0edrprlpotou Kdvrop,pnopoUpe vo rpovrootorj-
gendrgro No6rlgroupye( rov c. Oo ono6e(oupe =
6rt 2no 10N0. O N0rt0-
poa(vorontrtirg to oprOprlorpo o0votro{1,2,3,...\,rt €tot ro 10n0ouppo-
trGt6louqrougnt0ovotig rp6nougps rouqono(oug ro xdOe{rqrp(o rdOe
ouv6troupnope(vo opo6onotq0e( oe ogd6egrcov66ro rlrqrp(ov.'
O rdOe
ouvbuoopr6g 6rlgtoupye( 6voptovo6rr6 odvotro{o, F, Y,...},ro onofopno-
pe(vo ougBotri(et ro 6ero6tr6ovdnruypoev6goptO;rofovdpeoooto 0
rorro 1. Enop€vog, dtrotot ouv6uool.to(TIouovctiloptordlvrot pero 10n0
0o npinetvo nepdoppdvouv rdOa6ero6rr6ovdmuypo ovdpeoo oro 0
Korro 1, rot o ntrq0tr6g opt0;r6g ourof rou ouv6trou e(voto c. O c 6trttrtg
e(voten(or1g o ntrq0tr6g opr0g6qo}6rtrqprlg rqg euOe(og rov TlpoYport-
rdrvopt0pdrv, n€po ond ro drt E(voto ntrr10tr6g opr0p6grov orlpe(trtv
ovdpeoo oro 0 rot ro'1.'EXoupe, ouvendtg,2xo = lgxo= c.'Evodtrtro no-
pd(evoonordtreopo =
e(vot6rt: No!= |'2'3'4... c.
Og opr0po(,ol uilspfisiltpoog€vot opr0po(np6netvq unoroUouv o'
6vo odvotrot6torirulv,6nog rot ot r€r€poogdvotopt0go(.lro nopd-
6rrypo,yto rouq un€prl€Tlspoopdvoug opr0go0gtiXouvoptore(q np6-

1950),o' 47
DoverPublications,
t. E.Kamke,fheoryof Sets(N€oY6prr1, 3?r
 oOeoqror o notrtrunlooroopdg, o}trd e(votpdtrIovpoperd.r-ropo6e(y-
porogXdptv,ov u < w r6re N" a N* = N* ror Nu.N*= N*. Enop€vrrrg, o
r}40rr6qopr0p6qrou o0po(ogoroqKorrou yrvop€vou e(vorontrdrg o
peyotrfrepog ntrr10rr6gopr0p6qrov 66o nopoy6vrov.Autd oqpo(ver
6il N,2= N, Kor,ornv npoyprorrr6rqro, N,"= N, yto rd0enenepoopr€vo
v. Iqpo(verm(oqg6u N, + N, = 2 N, = v.N, = N, yro rdOenenepoog€_
vo v. Enop€vog, drov or ur€pn€rspoogdvot opr0pofnpoor(Oevror tj
noltrqntroord(ovror,6evolld(ouv noltrdnpdyporo..Orov6poqXp4or_
ponorouvror og er0€reqno(pvoupre evbrorpripovroonoretr€opoto, 6nog
rr16qptoupy(ov€urvunepnenepooprEvrrrv opt0pdrv.
Err6gon6 trrroOetrrp(o
yro rouqurspnEr€poopdvoug nl40rro6qopr0_
pouq,o Kdvtopov€ntu{epro nopdtrtrqtrq Oetrrp(o
ylo rous ouvreroy;.ui_
vougopr0trro6g. And roug opro;-ro0q nou dxoupe6tiroeryro rous ouvr€-
roygdvoug Korrous n}40rxo6q opr0poUq, 0o 0up6pooredu o ntr4Orrdg
opr0p6goxer((eror pe to ntrr]Ooqororxe(,vev6gouv6trou, evdro ouvre-
royp6voq oxer((eror pr pro orotrouO(oopt0ptirvnou e{etr(ooeror,
€vopr]-
po rd0e rpopd,;r€xprtov retreuro(o oprOpd.H orotrou0(o rurv<puorr6v
opr0pdrv 11,2,3, 4,5,...1efvotgrordroroorotrou0(o. To dvo 6pronou
no(pvoupe npooOirowo(ro 1 o€ rdOeouvreroypivo opr0p6yro vo 611_
proupyrlooupe rov en6pevo ovopd(eror ur,rr dXoupedrr o = No.Ar1tro64,
o nptirrogu[spTr€n€poop6vog ouvretoypdvoq opt0g6q,o ur, roo6rorpe
rov nptiro unEprsr€poop€vo nlq0rr6opr0p6.Kordnrv,o Kdvrop6proe
peyotrdtepoug ouvreroyp6voug oprOporig, nou ovnorotxoUoov otouq
nlqOrr<oUq rou opr0goriq.
E(vor6dorolo vo ovrrtr4<p0oripe n6or1o6(qo4 €Xoupe 6rov nqyoG
voupeon6 rov ivov unrpr€rspoopdvo opr0p6orov endpevo.Otov
nqyo(voupe ond tov Noorov N,, n4yo(voupe on6 ro opr0prlotpo orj_
votrorov rpuorrdrvoprOptirvoro urr oprOprlorpo orivotro6rov rov
npoyportrdrv opt0pdrv, Koror npoyForrro( oprOgo( e(vorenoprdrg nu-
rvo({ noludpr0por yro vo yep(oouv ro Xdrpoo}6rtrqpou rou orjpno_
vrog.A<porj o N, e(vorp4 oprOpqorpog, r6redtrotor peyoldrepor unep_
nenepoopr€vor oprogo(e(voren(oqgpq opr0prjorpor, rdrr nou rdver
3€e rov N, rov nptiro pr4oprOgrjotpo nlqOtrdopr0p6.ftdoo peyolUrep4
]m*m
f
!
id 6e pog 6(vervo roroldpoupsrov tepdotrontroUtotou Nr. Korrr
oupBo(verp€ Tov N, ror rov N,o,rj or6po Kclrrov N,oooooo;
Auro(
I- e(voroprOpro(
oorpotrtiq 16oopeydtror,
tirorc6evdXouperovdvovrp6no
I y,ovo ovrilqg0o6perqv notrlontr6t4tdtouq. Oot6oo,e(gootep6hg
I 0Tnvopxn!

! l " lp o x rr r p o v r onqp oq K d n o rou q

I n p o y t - , o r Kpd€ y d A o u oqprepo0q
I

Mnoporlpe vo ouveX(ooupe vo op(oupev€oug,geyotr0repoug un€pTrr-

I
! nepoopdvoug optOgorig. Mnopo0pe vo rono0et{ooupe 6trougrouqquor-
I xorjgopr0porigtog6e(rregrou N, retrerdvovroq Fs ro uJtilotevo nd-
pouurrov N,, o ono(ogoqv npoyportrdrnroe(vot(6togpe rov Nno.
f
a
MnopoUpe vo ouveX(ooup€ [-l€rov (6rorp6no ronoOercitvtog dtroror
I nropeydtroug 6e(rreg,ror 6e(rreq6errrtiv,qltrd dtroourd 0o e(vorpdtr-
a }ov poperd.Iro retrog0o €Xoupe ontrdrgpro opd6ooupB6trov, ro 6vo
6(nlooro dtrtro,Xopig vo ovrttroppov6poote neproo6repo ro 6reupuprd-
I
vo ntrr10ogorotXe(cov.fto vo ouppe(our6, 0o np€ntrvo e(erdooupe
I
I np6roro ano)utoanapo.
I lprv on6 rov Kdvrop,or rpil6oorpor ror or poOqgolro(dpr(ovou-
vrjOog6rio g6vororrlyop(eg: rqv nenepoop€vq Korrrlv dnerprl.011611-
I
noreovqreorrlv nenepoop€vr1 rorrlyop(o pnopoUoe vo y(verovrilqnr6
!
on6 ro vou. An6 r4v dtrtrq,q dnerprlrorrlyop(o6ev rpov rorovoqrrl,
I
ti.oun€poond rr1troyrrrlror ouXvdrourr(drovgerov Oe6.Aur{ r1ro-
I
qyop(o onordtreoe ro on6trurodnerpo.o Pofvu Pdrep,oro 6pyorou
J
I Todnapo Kato vougtentoqpo(ve t:
r
I
3r3
i
 Me pdorlrr1troyrrr], to dnerpoe(votobtov6rlto.AevundpXer rdnotogpr1
rurtrrrdgrp6nogyto vo ro rprdoouge on6 rdtul. Onoto6rlnorenpoYpo-
ttrr] yvtilorlrou one(pounpdnetvo e(votguortrtottr{,ov pepo(tlg
e(vot
6uvot6rdrr 6nurg11puortrtottr{yvtloq...Ardport ov 11ntr{pr1gyvtiorl
rou onr(poue(vor6uvotrlgdvo;r6ourrou FuortKtopo0, eforotrouOe(vo
e(vor6uvor6ror vo o{((errov r6no vo pttrdpeyn pepwfiyvr.0or1 tou
oneipougt Boorlrq troytr<r].)

O Kdvrop n(orEueoro on6}uro dnerpo rot ro rorirt(e pe tov Oe6.' H

np6roorl rou rpov 6rr unrjpXovrdto on6 qur6 ro ondtrurodnetpoloyt-
rd dnerpo,yro ro ono(o prnopo0oopre vo ptlrlooupre.Mdltoro, n(oreue
6rt o Oe6g rof €orertrerr1 Oeop(o rou yto rouq ur€pr€nepoo;tfvoug
opt0potig.To on6}uto dnetpo €Xttm(o4g tourtore( ;re 14 oulloyrl 6trtlv
rov one(purv.Aev pnopo6pevo ovogdooup€Uto rriroto oultroyrl ofvo-
Io, yror( ro odvotro6Xet€vo ouyrerptp€vorot, enopfvtrlg,6vov rr€ptopt-
nou pnope(vo yi-
orrr6 opropd.To orivotroE(vot6vo nlrl0og orotXe(trrv
ver ovrrtrqnr6oq pro ev6qro. To dnetpo 6ev pnope(vo y(verovtilqnr6
og evdrqro. Iuppotr((oupt ro dnerpo l.l€ro Q. Mnopei ro o vo E(vot
'OXr,
€vog ouvreroypdvogopr0p6g; yror( ov r1rov,r6re 0o pnopotioope
vo npooO€oougsro 1 yro vo 6rlprroupy4oou;re 6vo peyotr0repoouvre-
roypr€voopr0p6, ror 6ev undpXerr(noro ;reyolfrepo o.n6ro Q. Opo(utg,
pnopo0pevo no6pe 6n to o 6ev e(vqtonldrg dvogn}q0tr6g opt0g6g
rov en6pevontrq-
yrorr, ov rpov, rdre 0o ;rnoporiooptvo oxrlpor(ooupre
0116opr0p6 tug2n,Krour6 0o o64yo0oeen(or1goe ovt(rpoor1,
o<po0r6re
0o unrlpXerdrr preyoldrepoon6 ro o. Enoprfvoq,ro o 6Ev e(vot oUrE
opr0p6g,ytor( e(votndpo on6 6trouqroug
o0re ntrr10tr6g
ouvreroypr€vog
ouweroyp€vouqKor rouq ntrrlOtrofgopt0go6q rot e(vot, og ev6rrpo,
dyvtrroro.Aurd 6pulg 6Ev onortre(etrqv nt0ov6rrpo ro Q vo dXer6vrr.rrg
rdnoregt6r6qreg rorv€gprerouq urspr€repoopr€voug opt0gofg.
T6po nou fXougeop(oetro o (rdrr rou, orrlv npoygorrr6rrlto, 6tv
pnopofpe vo ro rdvouprsornv npdEn) og our6 nou t(vot nfpo on6

2. Rucker, oo.48-50
3€€ 3 . D a u b e no,. 2 3 2 .
6lougrouqun€pnsrspoopdvoug oprOpofg,pnoporipe vo npoXoprloou-
Fr Korvo opfoouperdnorouggdtrtrov nro ev6to<pdpovr€Sur€pn€Tl€pcr-
op€voug opr0proOg. A0o r6r6rqreq rou o 0o poq Boq0rloouv. flptirov,
yrordOer6r6tqtonou €Xerro o, r6re ourq qv t6t6tqto0o np€netvo
qv 6Xerror rdnotoqun€pn€nspoopdvog opr0p6q.ftor(; Av ro ft dXer
puor6r6tr1ro, rrlv p, rrlv ono(o6ev dXetrov€vodtrtrodnerpo,r6rE 0o
gnopodoope vo neprypdrpoupe pr6voro o oq ere(voro dnerponou 6Xet
qv r6r6rrpop. T6re6poq ro a 6e 0o rpov on6luro rot 0o pnopo0oe
vo oprote(.Enop€vtrrg, yro rdOer6rdrqtonou 6Xetro O,rrlv (6tot6t6rr1-
ro €Xerrr 6vogtoutrdXrorov uTr€pr€nepoop€voq opt0p6g.lloporrlp{ore
dtr on6 ro (6roout6 enrXe(pqgo pnoporige vo ndpeoe gto 6r1truto4 pe
notr0preyotr0repq Bopfrqto, ytor( ov ro Q rlrov ro €vo p6voon6 to
600 dnerponou efXovrrlv t6r6tr1rop, tdre 0o e{orotrou0o0oope vo
pnoporipe vo op(ooupege govo6rrdrp6no ro Q, trdyovrog 6tt to Q eG
vorto peyotrfrepo dnerponou 6Xer u1vr6r6qro p. Arpo6ofte rov out6
6ev pnopodgevo rdvoul.re, pnoporigevo nodpe6rt undpXetdnetpo
ntrq0og ufi€prrsnspoo;rivurv oprOptirvnou €Xouvqv t6tdrqrop. Aurqq
r6r6qro rou o, 6u 6qtro6ti6treqot r6tdrqtdqrou 0o np€netvo e(vqt
rorvdggr dtrtroug ur€pn€n€poogfvouq optOgodg, ovopd(erotapm r1e
avdr)aor1g.o A11lo611, ro o ovortrdrtg t6r6qr€grou npoq to rdttt,
orouqun€pnrnepooprdvoug opr0po0g.
H 6e0repr1 ev6ro<p€pouoo r6t6rqrotou Q e(votdrt 6ev pnopotipe
not€vo rprdooupe oro Q 6qptoupydrvroq 6Io rot geyotrdtepouq unep-
nenepoop€voug opr0pofq.fto vo e(goorento orptpe(q,tr€ge6rt 6ev
gnopodpevo <prdooupe oro o ovofirtiooovrog opt0potlggtrp6repoug
on6 ro Ct.Av our6 6ev (oyue,0o pnopo0oope vo op(ooup€ ro o oq ou-
td nou npordnretond rr16to6oXrrqrorooxeuqopto;t€vttvuTIspTIsn€-
poopr€vov oprOptirv. Enop€vutg, tr€ge6rt 6ev gnopo6pevo rprdooupe
oro O on6 rdto, r1drt ro o {vot anp6otro.Ttirpo,trdyoqq opxtjqqq
ovdrtroorlg,yvtrrp((oupe dtr 6vo dretpo ntrqOogunepnenepoog€vtrtv
opr0;lirv0o np6neren(or1g vo €Xetrqv t6tdrrltorrlg onpootr6r4rog. Au-

4. Rucket,
a.276. 315
 to( onotelorjv rq vdo pog rldoq yryovtto(trtvopt0;rrilv, roug anp6ot-
rou1 urtpnil€paoptvouq ap0poAq.'Ooo rt ov npoonoOrioouge,6ev
pnopo6pt nor€ vo rqrooreudooupeourodg roug optOpotjgovonrfooo-
ouv6uoogo6grcov N' E(vorontrdrquneppo-
vroq 6tro ror peyotr0tepoug
trrrd peydlor - e(votonPootrot.
flporrtrd, o Noe(voto npdrrogonpdottog ur€pn€r€poop€vogoptO-
pr6g,ytor( 6ev pnopofp€ vo rov rprdooupenpoo0€tovrog 6tro rot ne-
ptoodrepougon6 toug nenepoog€vougopt0po0gnou pp(orovrot rdrtrt
on6out6v.ovopd(erorprl6tvx6Eanp6ottoEopt0ll6E,ytot(ouvtjoutg
opX(oupevo gerpdgeon6 ro 0 ou1 Oeop(orurv ouv6trtrrv(el ou rot to
0 orov No).Atrtrdot 6to6oXtro(N yto roug ono(oug€Xougeprilqoetovo-
nrfooovrot [errvdrvrogon6 rdtut, on6 rov No, rot enop€vog6tv efvot
onpdotrot oprOpo(.O npdrrog onp6otrog ufi€pr€n€poog€vogopt0g6g
petd rov Noovopd(etot 0. Aur6g o 0 e(voto np6rog geydtrogntrr10rr6g
optOgtilv'
op t0p6q gero(0 rtuv untpTltTlepoopr€vov
l16ootonp6orrotoptOgo(undpXouvgetd rov 0; Mnopofge vo €TIt-
Xetpqporotroyrlooupe 6110o np€net vo undpXouvo onp6otrot uTIspTIt-
nepoopdvot optOpo(.Oo pnopotioog€vo (ertvriooupege rov 0' KotU€-
rdvoop(oouprerov6e0repo,ToV0,,rotgerdroven6gevdlou|Kcllu€
orotrou0(oonp6otttrtv
our6 rov rp6no vo ovom0(ouge ;rto otr6rtrr1pr1
ur€pr€nepoog€vov optOpdrv.AtrId pnopodpe vo rdvou;re rdrt notrU
rotrUrepo.Ooopfoougeontrtilgt'lgonp6otrodvovonp6otrouTltpilsr€-
poo;rdvoopr0p6, o po0p6g rrlg onpoorrdqroq rou onofou 6e 0o ntrr1-
on6 tov 0' E(vot16oo onpoot-
otd(eror on6 rdrtl, (ertvdrvrog611lo611
rog, t0ore1106oq rou ovdtrreoootoug onp6otrougopr0pro6g e(voronp6-
otrrl. Ovopd(erct urcpanp6orcog opt01t6E'Tdrpo oroprpoltitvoupe
npdyport otq orpot6oqotpo rov peydtrurvoprOpdrv'Bepoitrlg,propo0-
(6reqopX€gror vo op(oou1'tt
pe vo ouveX(ooup€ Xprlotponotdlvrogrrg
rouq (ur€p-uneponpdotrouq"optogorig,rot petd roug oe(otpertro-
un€p-uTl€ponp6otrougo opr0po0g,rot ofttrt ro0efrig, otrtrdr6re y(verot
Boper6.
optOgo(
outd,ot un€pnsnspoop€vot
l-lop'6tro undpXouv e66rort6-
3T6 op(ouv
oo rorp6,tioreot ptoOqpolro( pe (r1lo6trorot peyotrUrepoug
 NPAIITIATIKA METAAOI

uTrrprrrr€pool"rivouqnlqOrro0qopr0gorjq. Il€po ond touq uneponp6or_

rouqopt0podq,undpXouv or nl4Orro(oprOpo(M<ilo,or onep(ypontor
nlq'rroi opr'poi or ov€rgpoororntrq'rrof
opr'po( or ntr4'rro(op,elror
6ropCpro4q, or nl4'rroi opr'yo( pdpor,or perprlorpor
nl''rroi opr'poi,
ot roXupdoupnoye(qn}40rro( oprOproi
ot unspoupnoye(g nlq0txo(
opr0trro(
ror or enerrdorpor nlq0rro(opt0po(.Or enertdorpor nlrlOrro(
oprOpoie(voror peyo.trrirepor. rdnororpoO4potrroiunoorr;p((ouv
6evundpxouvrov, ev6 dlror tr6vedtr 6tr
e(vqror peyo^irepor opr'profnou
00 Bporipenor€'' To orlyovtrrde6ri
e(vordtr rd'e v60gror peyol,te-
pognlq0tr6qoprOpdg 6evorolou0e(onfuirqtov npor;yo0pevo
nlqOrrd
oprOpd,o}trd onordei pro v6o ror
urfrlldreprlnlorg6ptrrorpos ro
ondluto dnerpo.,lotrrqourd nou €Xoupe
e6rirvo eivorovdloyo p€ rrlv
rotdotoorlnou undpXer otrl guorrri:116rdonoorltou ot6trrou,
ror prerd
Tovulooroprrdrvourpo'6rrrlv, ror ndvro 0o pp(orougc0.. ,napX.,
or6po uno6roipeo4 1r.o
ror yrdUonro ororXeuir6rl ourllot(6to. ,looq
veX(ooupe 0o ou_
vo op(oupe6lo ror peyoldtepouq
ntrrlOrroriq
op,epo,iq, .gJ_
oove{oro}ou0oripe vo enrOupo0pe rriu 16roro.
Mnoporlpevo ouvorf(ooup€ rous un€pil€n€poop€vouq opr0porig
otov noporottrrfl(vqro 11,ioto rr
ov e(vorqprtelrjq.ynoo€toupe drr
e(vorqprtelriqyrori ov 6rlfuirooupe
6tr e(vorotrortr4purp€voq,
" -)' rdnoroc
po04ponx6q r'-'
0o proqono6e(er6rr rdvogeldOoq.

.yHt_onr o
po n p o o n d Oe roro u K d vr op
uo
q curnl n€ tpKnri€ n € p o o p € v o uo qp t o p o r j q

H ond6er(qtou Kdwopyro qv unepoprOpqorp6trlto

tov npoypour6v
opr'prirv.rlpoorcrir'rero 1874.
Ootdoo,or r6€eqror or 'eop(eqrou 6ev
rlpriypou,
ro €pyotou Kdvrop
rivorfe
:::i":::l::iT"u:*,q.
tt6q 6rev6{eulvoXeurd rnv
sur_
F€ dvvototou one(pou.Onurqcvogipope
vtrtpfrepo,
o peyd]oqowoy'vror{q tov r6eriv'.",
K;;;;;.J:;;
'O.Tr.,
5. oo. 281-285
317
 opt0ptitv
nlNAKAI11. Meprr6gn(vorogrov urr€pn€Tlepoopr€vulv
'Ovo;ro Ligpolo(o) IX6trto

Atrerp-p116dv No - u-r,o opt0g6gttrtv guotrdlv

oprOprdrv,rov rtrooptdtovrot
ru-rvotryeBptrdlvopt0pttitv.
Atreg-€vo N1 = (;) c, o opt0pt6gttlv oqpe(trtv
otqv eu0r(orov npoygortrtlv
opt0puirv.
Atrerp N6, N1, N2, Nr H orotrou0(o ttrtv dtrerpnou
ovqntriooetor(ertvdrvtogon6
Tov No.
opt0po(
Anpdorrot e Apt0po(nou e(votunepPotrrrd
peydtroryro vo touq qtdooupe
on6 r<drorot oqp((ovtot otqv
opx{ qq ovdrtroorlgtou o.
opt0po(
Yneponp6ortot nou e(vot
Anp6ottot optOpto(
uneppotrrrdgeydlot yto vo touq
rprdooupeon6 tov 0'.
nlrl0tro(optO;to(:
Meydtror Ilp6o0eto e(6q
Mdtro,onepryponrot, ufi€prr€fi€pooU€vrrlvopt0ptitv
6toptdptorlq,
ov€r<ppooror, nou 6ev pnopotipe vo rouq
perpqotpot,
Pdpror, toxupq rptdooupe qn6 rdto.
unEpouUnoYE((,
ouprnoye[q,
erertdor;..tot.
An6trurodnttpo fl6po ond 6trouqtoug opr0ptodq,
1-uooutrtroyr16trtlv ttrtv ouvdtrtrtv,
yro rdnorougo Oe6g.

on6 rougro0qyrpdg rou Bepotr(vou,

rou oro lloventorrlpro o A€onotrvr
'Hrov
Kp6verep. our6g nou entv6rloerr1 (oupepqrppdoq:<O Ot6g
€qtro(erougor€potougoptOpo0g' ro un6trotnot(vor €pyorou ov0ptit-
nouo.O Kpdverep 11
ovqre orq o0yXpovqoXotrr]tou 6toto0qttol-tof,
3t* ono(oondpprrrr€ro dnerpo'g rdtr otrorlrlpog€vo Korro geoporjot
 onltiq oq rdu 6uvqnr6.Aurrl orprBtigrjrov 4 O€oqnou ov€nru(eo
Aprmor€trr1q, nprvon6 nep(noue(roor60o ouiveq.Me our4 rqv €woro,
o Kpdverep {tov €voqo0yXpovoq nou ov{re oro orpor6ne6o tou flu0o-
y6po,rou l-ltrdrrrrvo Korrou Aproror€trq. Au{ q ovr(oroorlovorpoptrd
peto dnerpoenextd0rlre, n€po on6 rous urrEpnsnepoop€voug opr0-
po0g,orouqdppqrougKorrouq unrppouro0qopr0pofg.'Erntrr1(4 npo-
rotrE(
to 6rr,16ooo Kpdverep doo rqt o Kdvrop{rov Opr]oror, otrtrdror
ntrortrrvrordg.O Kp6vrrep6poq n(oreuedrr ot unepnenepoop€vor oprO-
po(otporporioov rdtr on6 ro dnerpopeyotre(o rou Oeo6,orpoOp6vovo
Oe6qpnoporioe vo €Xer tqv r6r6rqrovo e(vordnerpog. Av orr6(noredI-
troefieouul rqv r6t6r4ro,out6 0o ge(overo peyotre(o rou OeoU.O Kd-
vtop6prrlgn(oteuedu or unepnelepoop€vor optOpo( enod(ovovro pe-
yole(orou Oeof.Or un€pn€r€poop€vor oprOtrro(
rpov orpdvrooropeyd-
trorror q dnerprl<p0or1 tou Oeodrpov or6gonron€porr on6 ourofg.
O Kpdverep 6ev {rov o g6vogtrou €vovrrov6rovorougun€pn€rr€-
poopfvougoprOporig, yror( rr dtrIor po0qpolrKo( nfor€uov6tr to vo
enupdrfoupe oro dnerpovo eroXurpr]oer oro poOrlporrrd0o nporotro0-
oepeydlq(qprdorrlv oorpdtreto nou nopefieq or€peo,Ioyrrrl0egeXo-
o{ touq.
Or 6rorpov(eg rou Kdvtopprerov Kp6vrrepe(Xovroroorporprrdg ou-
v6nereg yro rov Kdvrop.O Kpdverep 6Xtp6vonpoondOqoe vo ro0uore-
p{oer{ vo rpno6(oerrrl 6r1poo(euoq rdnorurvon6 ug npdrreq€nrorrl-
govrr€g ovororvtioerq rou Kdvrop,otrtrdXprlorgono(r1oe rr1Oioq ror ro
xripogrou oro ilovenrorr]pro rou Bepotr(vou yro vo enrre0e(o0evopd
ouqOerrrp(eg 'Hrov prtodvrorlpdXq.O Kp6verep
rou Kdvrop. qrov 6voq
rj6q ovoyvurpropdvoq ror ro0repopdvog;roOqgour6q.OeurpoUvtov
ivog on6 roug rotr0repoug fepgovorlgpo0qponro0q.O Kdvrop,on6
rqv dltrq,{tov ivog veop6g,Urlovoyvopropdvog go0rlgortr6qev6gpr-
rpof novrnrorrlp(ou. Or enr06oetg rou Kpdverep €yrvovrdoo 6pr;.re(eg,
tborErdnotordltrorpo0qportro(ro np6oe{ovrr dpXroovvo errppd(ouv
rr1oupndOerd rouqTrpoq rov Kdvrop.u 0o16oo,o Kpdverep 6ev(rXdrpr-

6. Muir, a. 237 3tg

 oe p6vo rov Kdvrop,o}trd qrov np60upoqvo rorobtrdoetdvOeppo
onorov6{nore unoor4pr(e nep(po0rlpottr6vrou one(pou.
rrlv dnor[r1
To Mdto rou 1884, o Kdvrop €noOe 6vo ooBop6torovtuptrd rlovt-
op6 nou rpdrrloenep(nou6vo pr1vo.An€6utoE ourrl rqv ooO€veto oe
unepr6noorlond rqv evooX6lrlori rou l.lsrrlv un60eoq rou ouveXofg
(e(voto N' = ci) Kotorrlv euotoO4o(o rou e(otrfogttlv entO€oeov rou
Kp6verep. flop' 6tro nou rpotv6rov 6u e(Xe ovopptioet ntr{ptlg 6rov
orrl 6outretd,
en€orper{re ro endgevoXp6vroor rp(oergrfuXtrrlg oord0et-
oq enovotrotrtpdvovrovpe ou(ov6gevr1 6wooq. O Kdvrop rpotv6rov nog
€nooXe ond rdnotoe(6oqpoOrdgrordOtrtrfqg. To 1899n€Oove o ptrp6-
rspoq ytoqtou. Aut6, oe ouv6uoop6 pe dtrtroyeyovdto rlou tou nporo-
Ieoov €woor1rot dyXog,rov €rovovvo Ulrctorrlv tUuXtorprrrl Ktrtvtrq
tou Xdtre.H rotd0trtrfr]rou €ytvento €vrovq Kot ro X€tg€ptv6 tp(pr1vo
rou 1902-1901 onotrIdXtrlre on6 ro 6t6orrtrdrou roO{rovrorot eto{-
X0r1 oe rtrtvrrq.
An6rdtt og ro tdtrogrnq (orlqrou, ro 19,|8,o Kdvrop;'rnotvdpyorve
oe rtrtvrr€g.Ot Broypdrpot rou ovo<p€pouv 6tt ot ent06oetgtou Kp6verep
rov o6rlyrloovorrlv rlruXrxrl ootd0eto.'Aurq q un60eor1 e(votpepo(t-rg
ou(r1tr1otgr1,ytor( nt0ov6vvo pr1pd0ouptnor€ nototnopdyovteg on6
ntreupdg rpuotoloyfog, ov unrlpXovKdnotot,ouv€potrov orqv ooO€vetd
rou. Me pdoq ro rotvdrgono6errd, o Kdvrop t(Xedvov neruXqp6vo €y-
yogo p(o pe q yuvo(rorou, rrl Bdtrt,rot rltov nor€pog6(t not6ttitv.
Enop€vrltg, o' dvovropdorqg (tlr1grou pndpeoe vo trerroupytio€t€Iltru-
Xtig.Evtirot po0rlptottrigovtilqryergrou 6€Xovrov ouveXe(g mt06oetg
qn6 rov Kpdvtrep,dtrtroteupdurg yvtrloto(po0qporrrofrov unoorrlpt-
(ov, evOopp0vovrdg rov oro €pyorou. O Kp6verep n€Oove ro 1891,
oorooo q oo06vetorou Kdvrop6ev nopouo(ooe6<peoq riorepoono
our6.Apy6repo,o Kdvropr€p6roeouotoortr{ovoyvtitptorl yto ro 6pyo
rou, €yrveen(rtpto p€trogtrlg Mo0rlgourrlgErotpe(og rou Aov6(vou, pt€-
trogr4q Erotpe(og Entorqptitvrou lrdttvyrtv (€voond ro onou6ot6repo
rdvrpopoOrlportrdrv rou 6€rorouEvorouottitvo),rot 6trope6vo perdtr-

}?G 7 . D a u b e no,. 2 8 5 .
 NPAIMATI|(A MEIAAOI

fuoondrr; BoorlrrrlErorpefotou Aov6(vou. AuoruXdrq, dtreqour€gor

6rorp(oerg6evon6rperlrov to 0dvordrou or rfruyrorprrrj rtrrvrr{,oe r1}r_
r(oeB6ogrjvto66o erdrv.
Evdro peyoldteporp{go tou ipyou rou Kdvrop€yrvrono6errd
on6rouqpoOqpolrofqrou erroorodouirvo,rdnoronpoptrrjpoto e{o-
rotrouOo0vvo undpXouv. f1ptirov,undpXouv orcdpordnororunoorlpr_
nfq rou 6roro0quopo6, or ono(oronoppfnrouvr4v 166oev6qn]{poug
one(pou. 'Onoro
po0qporrrdonorto0vvo teppotr(erorrdnog pro dnrr_
pr16ro6rroo(o, dnoq xdvouvot <puorro( opr0po(drov rprdvouvoro rD,
Oeoporivror 6nonro.Enrnl6ov, 6Xerono6erXre( du ivo rprlporou ipyou
tou Kdvtoppoor((etotond troyrrdqovurpdorrq.lvurp(oupedl yro
onorouo6{notc 6do nenepool,rivoug oprOporiq, o ror p, np€netvo roXri-
erpio on6 uq nopordro oXioerq: o > p i 0 > o ri o = B. loXrier ndvro
out6yto rous unrpn€nepoopdvouq opr0podq;O Kdvtopon€6er(e 6tr,
o9o6ro v < 2",r6re yro ro dlerpnou 6qpro0pyrloe (6r1tro6{ rouq No,
N,,...)roXuep(o on6 ug nopondvo oXdoerq. yndpXouv6poq dtrIot
un€prsn€pooplEvor oprOpo( nou 6evs(vorrdnoroond to dtre<p nou 6pr_
oeo Kdvrop;E(vornpdy;rotrro c dvoon6 ro dtrerp rou Kdvrop;
To np6Btr4;ro ov yro onorouo6r]nore 6fo unepnenepoopivouq ntr4_
Orxodq opr0po0q roXrjap(o ond nS Tp€rqoXioetq(peyotrtirepo, grrp6te_
porj (oo)e{oprdroron6 r4v undOeo4 r4q rotr4q6rdro(4g.
OPTIMOI: 'Evo
ofvotroe(vorrotrd6roretoyp€vo ov yro rd0r uno_
o6volo,outrrnepdopBovoprdvou tou (6routou ouv6trou, undp_
Xer€vonpc0roororXe(o. To rev6odvotro, ro A,}twptfror ro_
ld 6roreroypdvo.

Av ro ofvotrodltov rov nlrl0rrtirvoprOprirv

e(votrcotrd6rot..oy;.r€-
vo,r6te e(vot6uvor6vvo ono6e(oupe dl outo(e(vorouyrp(orpol ps_
ro(Urouq.O Kdwopn(oreue6rr or unepnenepooprivor nlqOrro(opr0-
tou oX4pdtr(ovdvo rotrd6roreroyp6vo
trro( o0volo,oltrd 6evgnoporl_
or vo ro ono6e(er.To Ordrprl;rorqq rolr]q 6rdtofqq,dl 64]o6rj rdOe
orivolopnope(vo e(vorrold 6roreroyg€vo, ono6erprlrereltrd on6
rov EpvorZ€pgelo(1s71-1956) ro 1904,ror rdte pn6peoe vo ono6er- 3r1
 KEOAAAIO I2

1re(6rr, yro onotouo6r]nore 6fo ntrrl0txofqoptOgo0q,roXrierPr(oond

rrqrp€tgoX€oetq.
To Oedrprlpo rqq rotrrig6tdto(qq 6ev 66tveondvtrloqoe 6Io ro
npoBtrrlgoro nou unrlpXovorq Oeurp(o rov uil€pn€nepoopdvtrtv opt0-
rou Kdvrop.Ot rpuotro(opr0po(rorolr]youvorov np6ro uil€pns-
1-uirv
nepool.tivo opr0p6,rov o. Ot unepnenepoo;tfvor rorotr4youv
opr0trro(
dpoyeoro o; To vo uno06ooupe rdtt r€rotoo6r1ye( rot o
oe ovr(rpoor1,
Kdvtopnopo6dyr4re 6tt ot unepnenepoo;r€vot oprOpo(6e rprdvouv no-
t6 oe rdnoto 6pto, 6nurgot <puotro( opr0go('Aurd ro 6totdntloeoro
po:'
nopoxdttrt0etirprl
oEoPHMA: e(votpto onotrritutg
To o0oqtrroQ 6ltlv ttlv opr0pdrv
outrtroYq.
dnetprl,ovordtrou0q

Oo(vetote(otpeurdnopd[evovo grtrdpe Ytoro o oov vo e(vot1-tto

on6
ev6qro 6tov, otrlv npoypoux6rrlto, tov (6torov oprop6rou, ou-
t6 e(vorovor6trou0o.Auui 1116€opooovt(er ytot(
entorqpoveg,
notrtrofg
pootrdrleyd6rrqg 0eulp(og
rr1Oeurporlv turvouv6trtrtv.
vo undpXouv
llop6l e(orotrouOotiv npoBtrriporopErrl Oecup(o rcuv
Kotrouqdnetpoug
ouv6trtrtv opr0porigtou 11
Kdvrop, Oeulp(o rov un€p-
nenepoogdvtrtv np6o0eoe6vo ouvopnoortr6rot orlpovttr6
oprOptirv
'Orov O€trouptsvo oK€qro6pe rdrt
topdo oro o0yXpovogoOqpottrd.
Trouvo (enepvderrord nol0 tpdg roug (6toug,
pnoporjpe ttitpo vo pe-
tepdottougopt0trtodg.
outo0gtouqotrqOtvd
treulooupe

322 8.'O.n.,o. 243.

I 1 3

[ - , r ^ ^ A r o

[0, .o,ogus(goproFoFvnFovts
t
t
E
F'EXoupe e(ndoet ndrg ot dvOponot oytuv(ovrov vo ovorotrdr'pouv 6tro

ro e(6r1 opr0priv nou tt0po rorotroppdvouvrov pog

proOrlportr6 r6opo'

Ilop' 6tro nou peydlo rprl;ro ourdrv rov ovorotrd$eov orpefierolorrl

ronroorrr4 boutrerdrorvr.rrvuitv
pe0o6rrrj, nou onoretro0vrovon6 ouvrl-
dvrpeg rot yuvo(reg,orlptovrrrrlnp6o6ogoqefierot ortq npo-
0roydvoug
ot6trttrtv.tldrg 11ovrfiqr|ln UoSyto roug opr0-
geprovuttrtEvtrtv
ond0eteg
go0goXer(erotU€rlv ov0pt0ntvqtu<putopog, t6to(tepope rrlv eurputo
Av 6Ev unqpXovrdnotot e[otpertrd
ovOptirnov(aXrrrprortirv;
opropdvtrtv
rolovrodXotdvOptunor,oE rt en(nE6o0o e(Xovrprdoerto ;ro0rlgortrd
pog;E(vot6vrtlg tbto(tepo€Trovoorortrr]q ouveto<popd rov e(otpertro
or6purv; Mnopotiv, dpoye, ouro( ot (eXurproro(dv0ponot vo
rurputitv
touq optOpofgge tbto(repoug rp6noug,rotovotdvtoqrouq
Xerprotofv
or Bd0ogpe rp6no nou epe(got un6trotnot 6ev pnopodpe;Oo npoono-
0rlooupe opXrxdvo e(erdoouperdnotegneptntc0oetg ordgutv nou qoi-
v€rotvo 6Xouvpto trov6rrpo yto unotroytopo6gnotr6 geyotrfrepqon6
ro p6oodvOptlno.
'HOq
on6 rtg opX€grou 6€rorou 6y6ilou ottitvo, outrIfYovrctvorot-
vo rdvouv 66orotrougrct yprlyopouq
Xt(oyto dropo nou pnopodoov
voepoUg noltrd on6 ro ono(o qrov no16rd-0ofporo'Kd- 3EE
unotroytopotig,
 notorond ouro6groug ovOptirnoug ;.reyoldrvowoq €yrvovtropnpo(snt-
or4povegrot proOq;rortro(, evcOdllor rlrov 6rovorlrrrdro0uorepqg6vor.
Aur6ro eupdrpdopo6rovorlrrrcilv rrovor{tcovuno6rltrdrver 6rr 11rrov6-
rrlro yro voepoUq unotroyropoOq 6evonotetre( XopoKrrlprorrr6 prroqyevr-
r4g eurputog,otrtrdr(vor6voe(er6rreuprdvo rotr€vro.
Irtq p€peqpog,ondvrovuirOouprr 6€oqon6 rov yprjyopovoepdXer-
prop6peydtrulv opr0pdrv. Aurde(votnr0qv6vvo 6e(Xver €vovr6oponro
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ovdmu{q rov unotroyrotirv, pqXovtirv
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unoloyropodq rorvorol(o.[ror( vo e{oorodpoorenoltron}ootd(ovrog
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pe oro on(rrpoggnoporivedrotrovo notrtrontrootd(ouv opr0trro6gpe6e-
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on6 rqv ntrlrrrrrj rupovvfoour6v rov Xpovop6purv unotroytogrirv,
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rd rr16rdprerorLrJV Trporlyodpevtrrvouirvrrrv,
or voepof unotroyropo( rlrov
rdl 6to6e6opr€vo orrl 6r6oor6pevq 0tr4rurvoXole(ov.fro vo e(ooroUv
Trl FVnUnrouq,or dv0purnor ouXvdo<pt6purvov Xp6voor4v onoprvrlprd-
v€uorlFor(pooretr6v norqpdrurvror rpoyou6rtirv. 'lourg
q Orovorptrrl
enr6e{r6rr1ro vo e(Xepeyotr0reprl o((o ere(voro }ty6reponep(ntroro
Xp6vro.
llop' 6Io rou orrq pdpeqprog6e 6(voupe€prpooq orougvoepoUg
unotroyto;rodg, prnopr( vo O€troupe vo e(erdooupre neprnrdoerg e(orpert-
rtiv vorprtiv trovorrpov,(oog onldrgror p6voyro vo rorovor]ooupe
rotrUrepo n6g epre(q,c,rgdvOponor, npooO€roupe trg 6rr€9FoqnpoKo-
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ruX6q60o e(orpenrfgn4ydg.fro roug r{ €orpeurorig opt0popv4poveg
ovdpeoooro ouvr10r1 ntrr10uog6 dXoupe ro €pyorou lrfBev Mn. Ipr0,
roOqyr1r4 QuXoloy(og oro flovenrorrlpto Mnpdouv,Ot onouSabtvot-
po( ap0poltvriltovsg.' Mro dpeuvoyro rouqonou6o(oug oprOpopvrjpo-

(N6oy6prr1,ColumbiaUniver_
1.StevenB.Smith,The6reat MentalCalculators
344 sitypress,
1e83).
 ' Y E I EA P I O M O M N H M O N E E

vegprero(0rov rpuXtrdoo0evtirv tou NtdpotrvrA'

€Xoupeoro BtBtr(o
torpoU,6teu0uvt]ev6gK€vrpoutUuXrrqg
Tpdrpepr, Yye(ogrou Oov vrt
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A p r0 p r o p v d p o vepsroq
g 0rtrl v ou vn 0 rop€vt- r v
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notrtro(
poveg€6tvov rot 6(vouvnopoordottg6toore6d(ovroqorpooqpto
otqv Eupdrnq Kotrrlv AgePtrrl.
To e(6qrov unotroytoptirv nou rdvouvepn(nrouv o' €voneptoptoptdvo
orivotroroqyoptdrv.flptOrov,o notrtrontrootoopdq e(votdvorup(opXo0d-
pero(6roug
Fo rov nopoordoetivrouq.Mnopodvrot notrtrontroord(ouv
66ogeydtroug opr0pto6g 11urlrdrvouv€vovopr0p6oe plo 60vopq'Aurdgot
enr6e(erg orpopodvouvqOurg t(re oprOgodg ge tp(o 11rEooepoUnq(o,
oro
nou utlttitvovrot rerpdytlvo 11mov rfBo, e(reUovotlliqtouq116tQqrpt-
ouqoprOgofg oe geyotrrltepeq
nou utfttitvovror 6uvdperg. Entntr€ov,6qgo-
e(vorror 4 e(oyrrryri
rprtrrig opt0ptitv,nop' 6troTIouro
rurv pt(tirvgeydtrrrrv
nep(epyoe(vot6u q t(oyuryripr(tirve(votpro 6to6troo(otrty6reponotrU-
ntrorqon, 6oo ouver6qtonore( ouvr]otrrgro rorv6flourouqnoporotrouoef.

People(Nio Y6prr1,Harper& Row Publi-

2. Darold A. Treffert, Extraordinary
shers,1989). 325
 Or opr0gopvrjFovsq nou 6(vouvnopootdoerg gnope(en(or1q vcr€Tn-
6errv6ouv tqv rrovdtqtdtoug vo pp(orouvpeydlouqnpdtougoprO-
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rrlro ourrl 6evenrdetrvtieror rdoo ouXvd6oo o notrtrontrooroopdg ror 11
e[oyury(pr(tirv.Kdnororopr0popv(goveg enr6errv0ouv sn(or1g
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vdtrouovrrrer;ldvov.
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oqg11orpofpeons. H 6ro(peor1 Xprlorgonore(roryro rnv ontrono(qoq, oI-
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enog€voq, e(vornro e6rolovo rrq Ouprofvror.
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pegrlntepreour6 rov rp6no oe rdOenoprnon6 rqv qtrrr(otov 6tir6ero
ertiv ror perd.
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feppov(o,to 1824.Kord rq 6rdpretoproqe(€roorlqrov rrovor{rov
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treoporivoooord 6eroe(o{t{rpto opr0pdoe nrvrlvrordooepo6eurep6-
trenro.
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vorrdrv,6Xouvundp(ergeprrdg onou6o(eg yuvo(req opr0gopvrlpoveg. To
326 1980,rl lorouvrdtroNr€pron6 r4v lv6(o en66er{e ug rrov6qrdgrrlg
 YEIE APIOMOMNHMONEE

ooord 60o opr0pofqge 6erorp(ot|4rp(oo ro06voq

notrtrontroord(ovroq
rorno(pvovrcgog onordtreopo opr0g6gdvooe e(-
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Or opr0po;.rv{goveq

n . s m i t ho, . 9 7 .
3 .S t e v e B
4. OJr.,a.289. 32V
 K E O A A A I OT 3

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reor'
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tr€yovrot puOptrd. Mnope( vo rprdooupteoro 6dr6ero rfrqrp(o,ov ot
opr0po(rou r€or tr€yovrotpu0ptrd otrtrdrot oe (e6yr1.O lrotr6gopt0-
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rror - €vrurI0.)otord,
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tropBdveroptOpodqpe e(root 6tuge(root orrdr {rr1rp(oov rouq dp}ene
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0otepo on6 p6vo r€ooepo 6eurep6trenro.
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6tir6erorov poo4rtiv oro oXotre(o), rov oxepo(lrtv
ro terpdyovo 6trr.uv
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vo prerprlottpe pto p6vo portd rov opr0g6 rurv gnt(etrttitv
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vro rou yto vo unotroy(oetrov opt0p6 turv ptptr(trtv
nou unrlpXov ou1
rdnotou onrttoti, 6nou 6ev e(Xe[ovondet.
BrBtrto0(rr1

3eE 5. O.n.,o. 245.

 )YEIf APIOMOMNHMONEf

r o l o 0 v e€roto p r0P o i
l-lp t il r oK

Toreleuro(orotr€vtonou0o petreqooupee(votq ontronoQo4nrrvofvOerov

rot o npoo6toptogdq
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n6poon6
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€voxorpdvo€vooOvotro

OEMEAIOAEIOEOPHMA Kd0erpuorr6g
THI APIOMHTIKHI: opt0p6g
on6 to 1 gnope(vo €Kqpoors(tog ytv6pevo
trreyotrUtepoq
np6rov opr0gdrvg'€vovror povo6trdrp6no. 329
;
 l
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 'YEIf APIOMOMNHMONEE

ororXq rordlq[r1oro o0v0erooprOpd. Aut{ q teXvrrrle(vornop6goro1.r'

ere(vqnou Xpqorponore(ror yro rrlv e{oyoyqpr(tirv.
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rlxd tpqq(orov nopoy6vrovrou orjv0erouoprOpo0 2.983onoretre(tor
onde(roor(e0yqoprOprirv. Aqlo6rl,ro 83 gnope(vo oxll.rouoreip6vo
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vorOuvotdvo ovorotr0{roup€ rous nopdyowegrou 2.983.To np6ro
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nopdyovreg prnopo0v vo e(vorro 101Kolro 83.To yrv6yev6rouq6poq
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6r]noredtrlo {qrp(ooro 01 Kor83,ro yrv6pevoe(voror6po peyotr0re-
poropr0go(.Enog€vog, pnoporlpe vo 6roypdrlouge our6 ro nptiro (eri-
yog.To 6e0tepo(efyoqe(vorro 03 Kor61. Mnopodpe vo 6o0peop6-
ooq 6rr to 3 6eve(votnopdyovroqrou 2.983(ov npoo0iooupe ro Vrl-
rpio0o ovorotr0rloupe 6116e 6rorpodvror ge ro 3), rr dpo q endpevq
nrOovdrqro e(vorro l03 x 61.Aroypdrpoupe 6poqrr our6vro ouv6uo-
op6,yro rouq (6rouqldyouq lre rov np6to ouv6uoop6.Telrrd,drov
rptdvoupe oro 6y6oo(edyoq,ro 19 Kor57,pp(oroupe rougnopdyovrdq
poq.Oopr0p6g196evgnope(voy(ver119,yror(r6teto yrv6pevo nou
0o npor0Qer 0o e(voruneppohrdpeydlo.Iuvet6qronotdtvtoq dputg6tt
20 x 150tooUrorp€ 3.000,rorotroBo(voupe opdooq6rr ro 19 x 157
roorirorge ro 6tr6 FoS2.983.fro pog,prpo(og,n Xpt]onevdqr€rorou
n(voxoontronoiqoqq e(voropyrl ror dXoprl,otrtrdoto X€proevdq16ro-
quo0qoprOgopvrlgovo, r6ro(tepoev6gor6;rounou €Xeteooreprredoet
r4v 614 6ro6troo(o,o unoloyro;.r69 e(voreUrologror rpo(vetor oye66v
ourdporoq.
O 6uf{rprogn(voroqnou orrogvnp6vEuoe o Kdtrgnoupv ror dtrtror
6ev enopre(ror Xperd(eror enrnldov po{0ero yro rlv ontronoiqoq. O
T(opr(fldprepMn(vtep(1806-1878) rjrov 6voqrOrorpu{g oprOgopvrlpo-
voqon6 ro M6pergvrqg Ayytr(oq. BprlretuXo(odvovoly6pt0poyro uS
ontronor{oetq, nou {rov q6r1yvoor6gorouq poOrlpottrofq.M6vo ot
neprrro(oprOgo(iXouv ev6rorp€pov oto npoptrrjtrroroonlono(qoqq, 331
 KEOAAAIO I 3

orpouonoroo6rlnore dprroqopr0pdqbrorpe(ror U€ro 2 rot pnope(vo

onlonorrlOe( rot vo ovoX0e(o, €vo prrp6repoo0v0eroopt0p6.,Evoq
neprrr6gorivOeroq opr0pr6g pnope(vo yporpe(u;gyrv6prevo rov ropo_
roro: (o n F)(o - F) ro ono(o,drov notrtrqntrooroote(, pog 6(ver:q, _
B'. Enop€voq, rd0r neprrrdgoUvOerog opr0p6qpnope(vo yporpe( og
6torpopd 6rjo oprOpdrv uqrop6vov oro rerpdytrrvo,
rov o ror 0. O Mn(_
vrsp Xprlorpono(r1oe ourd ro yeyov6gyrctvclpp(orerrougnopdyovreg.
Av o x e(voro oprOpdq nou qrdxvougr, r6re x - o, _ B, r] o, _ x = p..
Enopdvrrrg,ovo(nrdgeonltirg€vovopropd(<o),rou ono(ouro rerpdytrr_
vo 6torp€per qn6 rov x rord ivo r€lerorerpdyovo.
Ag erpopp6ooupe rq ;160o6o ourrlorov opr0p65.25.t, or 6fo nopd_
yovr€qrou onoioue(votot oprOpo( 59 Korg9.-errvdpeon6 ro prrp6re_
po rftrerorerpdyovonou r(vorgeyotr0tepo on6 ro 5.251,rou e(vorro
retpdyu-rvo rou 23.Oo poq0oUoe, ov efiopeonopvqpovrUoer
Bepo(trrg,
ro rerpdycuvo 6trtuvrcovoprOpdrv on6 ro 1 €ogro 100!yrftirvoupe tror-
n6v oro rerpdytrrvo ro /3 Korno(pvoupe 5.329,an6ro ono(oorpotpori_
pero 5.251.To onor€treogo roofrorpe zg - nou 6evefvotr€lerorerpd-
yrrrvo.Au{dvoupertipo ro Z3 rord p(o povd6oror no(pvou1.rt t4, ro
ono(ou{drvoup€oro rerpdyurvoror no(pvoupE 5.416.Arporptirwoq ro
5.25.1 ro(pvou1t 225,nou e(vorro rerpdytrrvo rou 15. Enop€vtrrg, pno-
po0pevo ypdgoupe 6u 5.251- (t+ + 15).(t4_ t5) = 89.59,ror 16o6or
66oorprpdrg nopdyovreg nou q,dXVoFs.
Iqv npd(r1,6e Xperd(etot vo ouveX(ooupe vo npoo06roup€ ro I Kor
vo u{rdrvoupre oro rerpdytrrvo yro vo 6ortpdooupe rov opt0p6<o>.flo_
poqprlore6rr (o + t)'= o' + 2a+ 1. Enop€voq, yro vo ou(r]oougs Ko_
.l
rd ro rerpdyovorou cl,ro pr6vonou Xperd(eror vo rdvouuee(vorvo
npoo06ooupr oro 0'To 20 + l.
Xprlorponordrvros rrq 66o reXvrr€qrurvrorotrr;(eovrov oprOptirv ror
rov brorpoprirv rov r€rpoytirvov, or opr0popvqpoveq pnopotivvo onlo_
nororjvypfiyopoopt0;rodg nou rprdvouv€urgro dvo erorogprtlpro Kor,
peprr€g qop€q,6o9ro 6€roeroroppripro.

333
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r Md r r <A
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vol dropo nou 6Xouvorlgovlrd XoUlInyevrrrleuguio,dnurggerpdror
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 KEOAAAIO I 3

€vove(otfrlgtoopt0p6.o Mdrrl drouyerov opr0pdror ouyrevrptr.rv6-

rov. Mto ouyp4 opy6repo,onovrofo€p€ rov 6116rou e(orprlgro oprO_
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rlrov 6tovorlrtrdro0uorep4pivot, vo (6pouv,11vo ovoyvtrtpf(ouv, rdoo
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on6 prrono0oqnou rpduloe pro6trent6rj
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rororpourdge ro re<pdlto rouq.o r(ov ouyrevrptirorlreyro nollrj 6po
ror reltrd e(ne6vovopr0p6pe ew6oSnq(o.,Enerro on6 prano6oqyro
vo orerpte(, o Mdrrtre(ne€vo 6e6repoopt0pdpreevv€oq4rp(o.O 6d-
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opr0g6gge 6€ro rlrqrp(o pp(orerorovdpeoooro 6vo
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oltrd ofvropo or vdor{en€pooovrqv rrovdrqtorou yrorpof vo roug
334 noporolou0rloe r.
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...petdo T(ov, €netto on6 6vo tepdotto 6tdotrlpo ouroouYK€vrpoonq'

ovoro(vtrloe6vo 6ul6ero{rrl<ptoopt0g6' Aev eiXo tp6no vo etr6y{o ov
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MistookHis Wife for a Hat (N€o Y6prq' Harper

Who 'Y"r'vv^
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335
perennial,
1985),o. 203.
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fl6q trorn6v
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ro nou ge rdnorovrpdnopnope(vo onarovrore( voepd,npoo6rop(ovrdg
roug€rol oq npdrrouq oprOpo0g. 'lotrrg
or 6(6ugorpnoporioov vo oTurKo_
v(oouvvoepdrouqoptOpodq Korvo 6ouvour4 rrlv r6rdrqro.Epe(q or ou-
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orrlpr(etoutrl rrlv dnorf4:

336 /. Treffert,o. 41.

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rov6trlrrqnou Xpnorponoro0vror e(vot(6reqyr ere(veg
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8' w.w' RouseBall,"Calcuratingprodigiesu,

oto The wortd of Mathematics,t6v.
I,o.467.
9. StevenB. Smith,o. XV.
337
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v{Ourgrp(o oprOp4trrd ro}€vro:(j) qv onopvqpdveuo4 oprOptirv,
r1
ono(ooupneprtroppdver rrlv onopvrlF6veuo4 qpepdrvror 4prepopr4vuirv,
dnu;goqv nep[nturoq rulv4pepotroyrortirv unotroyro1.u.0v,
(2) qv rrov6_
rrlrcrvo ovoyvu.rp((ouv rouq npdrrouqopt0porlgKorrous nopdyovreg,
(3) rqv rrov6rqtovo perpoUv ypriyoporl or6po ror oropro(o.Aw6q
nr0ov6vvo e(votunoouve(64reg rrovdrrlreq, yrot(or t6ro<pue(q
eq (€pouvnofuj rold rt rdvouv,otrId 6rv prnopofv FrKp6vo_
vo neprypd{rouv
ndrgro rdvouv.
Ie notrtrorjg
opt0popvqpoveq r6rogue(q prrp6voeg, to oprorep64prr_
o<po(pro tou eyregdlourous txer petop€veg rrov6rr'eq.Aur6 pnopr(
vo npo{l0e ond eyregotrrr4 xdrooq }6yu.rrdnotourporiporoqrord 14
6tdpretorqq eyrupooriv4q r] otqv npcOr4nor6rrrlr1trrrro. Iro oy6pto,
pnopeien(o4qvo e(votonorritreopo ovrooppon(og rqq teorootep6vr;q,
rdrr nou enrBpo6rivrr r4v ovdntu{r1r'v veuprrtOv ouv6ioeovoro oor_
orepo4prorpo(pro rou eyrerpdlou roug.O Tpdqeprunooqp((er6u ou_
t4 4 npdrtpqBtrdBq oro oprorep64progo(pro rou eyregdlouo6qye(or
pro peror6nto4rurvtrerroupyuirv oro 6e{frlprorpo(pro. orov nir;ord(rr
338 o xpdvoqt4g ydvv4o4q, 6roerotoprpfpro veuprrdrrjnopo rou eyrerpri-

E*:
 APIEMOMNHMONEf

onotuyXdvowos vo ouv6e0orjv pe dtrtrorUttopo,rotoorpigovrot

onopporpdvror ndh ond rov eyr€rpolo.H e{€itt(4go(verorvo €Xer
oorlYrlofl
oe nopoytrryr]unepBoltrdnotrtrdrv veuptrrivrurdpurv, yro vo
Droogol(oer dtr ndvro 0o undpXouv oprerdyro vo y(vetoro onopoitrl_
roqoprOpdq ouv66oeov. ro npdoOero,oorivOetorrjrropo orp{vovror
vqKoroorpqqoUv. 'looq,
drov or trertoupy(eq rou oplor€poritprlpotog
roueyreqdtrou peroron((ovror oro 6e(( ryrjpo, rdnoro ond outd to
enrnl6ovrdttopo 6vtrrrqoXqpot(ouvouvbio€rq, onordtreopo vo
F€
d;1oupe
dropo genro roXupd ro 6e(iqprorpo(pro.
Torup(opXo oprotepd4prorpo(pro orouqouvqOrop€voug ov0ptirnoug
t(vorune0Ouvo yro nq ypopprriq6ro6rroo(eq nou epnepr€Xovror oro
ldyq oto poOqpotrrd, otouqoultroyropodq Kororo oXe6roogd. To 6e[(
rlprogo(pro rupropXr(onq oroproieq6pooqpr6trlteq,dnoq e(vorr1
dpeoqonurrj ovtiiqrfq. Aur6go rotopepropdq rov trerroupyuirvoto
oprorepd ror to 6e{(qgrogo(propo40dvo eppqvedooupe uq 6rorpop6q
ovdpeoo oro guoroloyrxddtopo KotorouqoprOpogvqpoveq r6rorpue(q
grrpdvoeq. Or r6rorpue(q prrpdvoeq 6uorotredovror ps uq ypopprrEq 6ro_
6rroo(eg (trq 6ro6rroo(eq, 64lo6rj, nou onorelo0woron6 otd6ro,ro
i olrofoouppo(vouv6vo rdOerpopd),pe e{oipeoqrq pouorr{, oqv
'ono(o,nope;lnrnt6vroq,
t(uptopxe( ro 6e{( rprjgo rou eyregd}ou.ot
rOtorpueiq
prrp6vosE e(vor6uvoro(oe npoBlr]poroilou onorroUvdpeo4
ovrii4rf4,dnurqq oropro(oop(0trrqoq. Enopivoq,oqv nep(ntoorlrurv
ovOpdrnurv our6v dXoupe rdtt neptoodrepo ond rrlv onog6voon,To€v_
6rogipovyro rous oprOpodq Kot rnv e[dorqor1.Or oprOpopvr];roveq
r6rogue(q prrp6vorq6ro0€rouv dvoveyrirpolonou lerroupye( 6rogope_
urd, 6voveyrirpolootov ono(oruptopXe( ro 6e{( rr dy ro oprorep6
qgrorpo(pro. O Tp€rpepr enro4po(ver, eniorlq,6tr €Xouv6rogopmrorie(_
6ouqovogvqorrq, trdyo Oropprj[errrv oe neproX€q rou unorptrororj
rou
eyrerpdlou. Ot ovopv{oerqrouq e(vorouv{Otrlq notrrj€vtovegol}d ne_
propropdveq. Aur6e{r1ye( w p6peryror(16oonotrtro( rOtorpue(q
prrpdvo_
eq6Xouv eppoviqorov rpdno or6rlqqrouq.Oot6oo,ordpo rr qur6 6ev
e(voroprerd,yror(o TpC<pepr l€et:
339
 KEOAAAIOT 3

O totrovtoriXogrOrorpurlg preouvel{ enovdtrq$q

trlrpdvoug, rot e(dorr1-
or1,;rnopt(vo 6qpuoupy{oet enoprq ro6tronoqorl €tot tilote vo ovo-
nruX0o6vrdnototoouve(6r1tot otry6prOptot(nop' 6tronou 6e 0o touq
'Opog,otrlv nep(nrulorltou nou 6to0dtet
ovtttroppdvetot). ;rtrp6vou
trov6trlteg,
erntrrlrttrdg 11 np6oBoorl otoug rovovtg qg pouotrr]gq
yto nopd6erypo,
tov ;ro0q;rortrdrv, e(vott6oo ertetog6vrl nou 0o np6-
ner vo undpXouv rdnotegnpoyovrrdg (rtrqpovopqp€veq) ovopvqoetg
nou vo e(r1yo0v outrl trlv np6oBoorl. Iro ev tr6yodtopro,outotitou et-
boug ot clvopvrlottqrtrqpovopo0vtorove(dptrlto ond rr1 yevrrr]
eu<ouio.to

O Tp€rpepreroriyoye€vo EntntrdovorotXe(o:rqv rtrrlpovopnpdvn

ovdpvrloq pouotrtiv ri po0qportrtirv rqv6vuJv'0o16oo, tr€yovrogovd-
ovdrtrrloqouyrtrptgfvov Y€YovO-
Fvlol, o Tp6qepr 6ev evvoE(rqv
rov rou nopetrO6vrog. Xpqorgonore( rr1 trd(q ourri yto vo ovorpep0ef
veupotroyrx€g
oe rctrr1povo;rr1p€veg 6e(t6rr1regYro rrlv err€treoqpo0r1-
porrr6v rot pouotrtiv npd[eurv.Aurdgor t6to(reptg6e(t6rqrtg, uno-
orqp((er,e(vot6rorpopertr€gond q yevtrd euquto Uqq Kot' enog€vtrtg'
6rov q yevtr( eurpuiorou t6torpuorig ptrpdvou €Xetunoore( Fldpn,
our6got e{tt6rxeugdvtq 6e(t6rqrtg evtoXtiovrot'Me pdorl rrlv €peuvd
rou, o Tp€<pept unoorqp((et6rt o oprOgopvrlpttrrv t6ro<pur1g
;rrrp6voug
e(vot oqpovrtrd 6to<popertr6g cn6 dvo rpuototroyrr6 dropo' Me ru-
p(opXoro 6e(( rlprorpo(pto rou tyrarpdtrou,6Xovrog nt0ov6v 6vo nto

notrdntroro6e(( rlptorpo(ptoe(otr(oqrt'rv entnl€ovveuptr6v ouvb€oE-

ov, U€ np6oBooq ortg <puototroytrdrtrqpovoprlpdveg6e(r6rrpegnou
oXer((ovror]r€ rous rov6vegrr.rrvpo0rlpottKtitv,ot ouv6uoop6 U€rouq
nopdyovr€Srrlq rlruXotroytrrig
neprBotrtrovttro0g onopr6vooqqro0tig rt
t6torpur]qgtrp6-
€vo ev6torp€pov Yto rouq optOpodg,o optOpopvrlpurv
voug rprdvet oe v€o Bd0q 6oov o<popd orqv dpeoq ovrfir1r|lqttrtv

opt0gtitv."

10.Treffert,o. 220.
34S a. 222.
11.'O.fi.,
To pfAAovrov unoAoytopL(-tv

E6troyo, gnope(rdnotogvo porrloet:ytor( 6Iq ourrl 11rpooop(oyto

rougunotroyropo0g; Mnopo0peontrtirgvo ovo(ougetov unotroytorq
Kor
Uoq lnop!- rqv ondvqoq nou O€Ioupe.
6Xou;.rt AItrdro vo Uno-
pofpevo unoloy(oupe (otoq e(votrlto orlpclvrtK6on6 rq gqXovtrrlno-
poyoynprogdpeorlgondwrlorlqoE rdnotoonou5o(oopt0prlrtr6np6-
ptr1po.Mnope(vq onoretre( rq pdoq gtogen(rrqrqqgoOrlpotrrrlg o{u-
66prerog KorFtoqBo0frepqqovtfir1{rqg rov t'ptOptritv.
Ioroprrd,opretof 8tonpene(g entorrlptovegunrlplov e(otpertro(optO-
'Ortrep,Koptr
po;rv4poveg, 6ncogot olou6o(ot goOqtrrottro( Adovopvr
kdouqror lprvtBdooPopdvour(ov. O T(ov rpov N6tpov,o not€pogrov
o0yXpovurv unotroytor6v Kotrnq Oetlp(oq (tqg po0qptott-
rov notyv(tr-rv
rqg0eulp(og rov rotrfrepcrtvenrtroydrv),{rov rr our6g yvtuor6q Ytoulv
rrov6rqrdrou orouqunotroyropodq.
optOpopvrqgovtg
Or rotrovroriXot dXouvdtrotdvorotv6Xoporrrlptort-
16:trorpefouvvo ord<provror oprOpo0q Kotvo no((ouvpe optOptofg.
Aurrl11enr0up(o vo no((etrove(gge oprOpo0g €Xetundp(et€voonorpo-
ororrrrlgoqpoo(ogorotXt(ooe no}I€ggo0qportr€q Iroug
ovorcotrriQerg.
npdrtouql-luOoyopeioug, e(6ogendg ro notXv(6to rouq U€outrtroy€g Xo-
trrrr6vrofg un66et[ovoprop€veg opt0prltrrfgoX6oetg. To norXv(6tpe
oprOpofgro0q o6rlyqoeoe rdrotq qnd ro npdrropoOrlportrdOeopq-
poto. [1ronp6orpoto,dvogon6 Touqilto onouOo(oug poOrlprotrrodg,o
Koptrfrdouq,drovepto e(otpelrd oqpovrtrriovordtru{rr1 orrl Oetlp(o
rov oprOgtirv ro 1792,6rov rltov p6vo Oerondvrtetrrtv."Ynoorrlpt(e
6tr ro ntrr]Oog rov nptirov optOptirv nou undpXouv gttofd Tov quot-
rtiv opt0ptirvou(dvetge Bdoqrr1ouvdpqorlv/(log v). Aur411ouvdp-
rr1or1 €yrveopy6repoto 1ttip4pa ruv npdtuv ap0ptitv.l-ltigor€rpulre
o lrdouqourqv14 ouvdprrlo4; M€tp4oen6ootnptirorcptOpo( undp-
Xouvo€ 6to6oXrr€g opd6egrurvXrtr(utv rpuotrtivopt0ptilv.Auq 11roro-

12.A.E.lngham,The Distributionaf PrimeNumbers(Kdprnptr(CambridgeUni-

1990),o. 3.
versityPress, 34t
 voprlrod un€6er[rro nopondvtrt0e6pr1po. Enop€vog, o lrdouq, 6vo
on6 ro nro tropnpdpruoldrou r6o;rou,€rove rqv ovordtruQrl rou
npoo6rop ((ovrog enrpretrdrg
ror unotroy((ovrognptirrouq optOpro6g, rdvo-
vrog 6qtro6r1 rerptppdvouq unotroyroporigpr pdorlro rorvd pfrpo rot
oto0ud.
Ae0o pdOoupe norrin6oegon6 ug geydtreg ovorohirferg rov po0r1-
porrrtiv €ytvovon6 rdnorovnou {tov np60upogvo rdtoet rct vq rd-
vsr unopov€lrdro0rlpreprvodg unotroyropodg, otrtrdo opt0p6groug0o
np€nervo e(voroqprovrtr6g. H (6ro unopovqror enr;rdtreto evundpXer
Kororrs rpuotrdg entor{geg,6nouor epeuvrp€g orpt€ptrtoovXp6vtooutr-
trEyovrog ror ovoltjovroq6e6op€vo nprv y(verrdnoroorlprovrrrrl ovo-
rdtrurf4.Enopdvr.r-rg,
or ontro(unoloyro;ro( e(vorouoroorrro( yro ro po-
0qpotrxd.Kdnoror ouor4po(rprr€grou ttroororjouitvopnope(vo I6vE
preon6yvurorl 6rr or urotroyrordg€rtre$ovrrlv entOup(o FoSvo rdvoupe
unotroytopotig ror, rord ouvfntro,o6e0oupe npog €vo v€o peooitrtvo
po0rlporrrrlg r0rpkroqq,orpo6ot pellovrrrdgycvr€g0o Xdoouvyprlyo-
po rnv rrov6r4rdrouq vo rdvouv unotroytoprodg. Ynooulp((o6110o
ouppe(ro ovr(Oero. Or unoloyrordg 6e pogorepodvrrg 6t(r6rqregnou
e(voronopo(rrlr€q yro rrq opt0prptr€qnpriferq.Avrt0drog,onoretrodv
6vooro6,yror(Ierroupyo0v og pro en6rroorlrou vou prog6oovorpopd
orougunotroytopodg. Otrotrripo pnopo6pe vo y(vou;re ou0evt(eg oroug
unotroyropo6g, p€ Touqunotroyrordg nou €Xouge oro on(rrpog.O notr-
Iontrootoopr6g q 11ortrono(qor1 6eve(voron6 p6voroug16oooqgovrr-
rcd,doo ro 6u poq o6qyo6vo€ Urovdo Bo0rdyvtiroqrov oprOtruirv.
Epor4poronou oyet((owcrr F€ rouq opt0;rorig,ro ono(oo p6oogdv-
0ptrrnog prnopef vo prqorerpr6rov nordnptv,ytor( ouvendyovrov no]U-
ntrorougunoloytopro6g, pnopo0vrtirpovo onovrrl0oriv pt l(yo trenrdq
tr(yeq6pegTrpoypopporropori. To p6vonou onorte(rore(votro evbto-
rp€pov yto rougoprOpo0g.

348
K E O A nA l o " l 4

Tr o4pa(vouvrilrr ourti;

ro ePdlrnPo
t-lpoodropi(ovrog
'EXoupe
6tov6oetnotr6 6p6po orqv €peuvd progooov orpopo oroug
e(erdooperrlv
opr0po6q.:ertv6vrog on6 roug rpuotrodgoprOptotig,
rtg t66egUoqYto vo oupntpttrdBouge
rouq Kot Oteup6vopre
npodtreuor]
ru rtrdoptoro,roug dpprltouq,rouq pryo6tro0qKot rouq urtprtr€po-
opr6voug oprOpo6g.Kdvogeen(oqgunoO€oetg yto ro ntig ptrpouv ro
opt0po( pe
dtrtro6vro. Tr.0poe(vot drpo vo ovopurrrl0o6pe:rt e(vot ot
proyevtrdreprl fvvoto; hqv npoyportr6rqro, ourd 6ev e(vor6vo ;ro0q-
portr6otrtrd€vo qttrooo<prr6 eptirrqporot yt' ouro 0o nptnet vo e(po-
rpt-
or€ noootKrtKo(,riore vo pq poutrtd(oupeo' dvo rdtrpoordtretorov
trooorp octrtv.
tr6v ou(r1tr1
Ot neproo6repeg dvvoregrurv po0rlportr6v e(voteUrotrqKorovorlr€q'
oXdoetg rou U€
yror(pooi(ovtotoE ontrofgoptoporigKotouYKsKptptveg
eurol(o pnopofpe vo ovrttrrlrpOofpe' rov ptoOrlpottr6ve(-
H <pttrooo<p(o
on6 rtg
vornotr6nto 66orotrq,ytor( pog ovoyrd(tt vo oropoKpuv0ofge
vo
go0rlportrdgonoSe((etgKcltrouq po0qgortro0g unotroytopotjgKot
e(erdooupe rtg 6toto0rptr6gt66egpoq 06tovrogBo06repoepurrrlporo'
prog6oov orpopd oroug optOptodg e(votto
To npulropXtr6evbto<pdpov
yto
e(r1g:pe notov rp6no undpXouvor optOpo(rqt rt ouvenqyerotouro
q patr€tqro0 e(- €€E
ro of pnov ;t€oo oro ono(o (odpe;Av t1 ovtoAoyioE(vot
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oprO;uirv.
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or opt0po(undplouv,ntirgundpXouv, ror undpXouv dpoyr ove{dprrlro
on6 rougovOpdrnoug; Bepo(oq, 6evevvoodpe du or optOpo( undpXouv
pe r4v nu0oy6pero €vvoro,611}o6{u-rg rpuorrdovrrre(prvonou enrntrE_
ouvyrlpo Foqoro XurpdXpovo. Ae0o ppoUpe nordrov oprOpd 3 vo (r_
roupd(erorrdro ond dvo BpdXo11vo rpriBtrorn(oo on6 6vo6€vrpo.
Aur6nou evvoodpe e(votro r(qg: undpXouv dpoyero poOqgourdovtr_
re(prvo(6,rt rr ov e(vororrlv npoyportrdrrlroourd ro ovrrre(pevo) oe
oXdoerg nou e(votove{dprqreq ond rq o16g11 pogyr, ourd to ovure(pe_ l

vclKclrrrqoX6oerq; MEdtrtrqtr6yro,undpXouv or otrr]Oe

regrov ;ro0qporr_
r6v oq otrr]Oereq yro ro o0prnovp€oo oro ono(o(odpe,ove{dpqro
ond rr16rrrlpogdnop(r1;
Mnope(revo rcorotrdBtre op€oogdrt dXoutrre ovo(err4v n6pro or4
6dorotrqdvvoror4g 6nop{r1g. Ardrpoporrprtr6oorpor goxOotlve6tirror e[-
roor nevreor6vegvo rorovo4oouvrdnog rrlv €vvororqq 6nop[r1g, ror
oldrlqpo grlooorptrdrrvrlporoOrpetrtdr0rlrov ndvo oe ouyrerptpr6veg
epp4ve(eq u1govroloy(oq.Ae 0o npinervo pnorjpeorov nerpootrr6 vo
oneUooupe vo 6c0ooupe pro ol4Oorpovr] ondvr4oqoe 6troro epurr{po_
To rrououvorlovror p€ rnv ovrotroy(o, yror( ov rdvougerd. rdroro0o
e(voloov vo pno(voupe o'6vo vopron€6ro roUrprurv unoOioeov. re ou-
r4v rr; o0vropqpetrdr4, 6evpnopo0gevo eln((oupre 6110q onovrfoou-
pe oe 6Io ro rpttrooogrxd eprrrujporo nou orpopotivotqv 6nop(4rurv
opr0p6v.To rotrdrepo, (otuq,nou pnopo0pe vo rdvougeefvorvo orro_
yporp{oouge ro eporqpororou oqoporjvorougopt0porig pe r€roto
rp6no,tiore vo (eroOop(oouv ot or€pergpoq.Me ouu] r4v €vvoro,0o
ouFqLov{oouge 6116ev npdrerrorvo rorotr4(ougso€ rdnoro retrrrri
ondvrrlo46oov ogopd orouqopr0poUg. oordoo, 61 0o e(uoore16oo
drotrpordrorgvo p4v rororpdpoup€ vclore<prodpe ele60epooXerrrdpe
14vovroloytrrjrouqun6oroorl.
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pdyror4ovroloyrrr]0€or1yro roug opt0po6g,etrn((owog drr q retrrrr]
344 ondvrqorl0o noyr6eure( ovdpreoo oro 6do ourd drpo. flpdrrov,q etrd-
pmq 0€oq:or optOgo(undpXouv pt6vooro vou rov ov0p6nov.Av 6ev
unrjpXov or dvOponor, rdre 6e unrjpXov
0o rot ot opt0pto(.'H, ytc vo e(-
Foor€nro orptpe(q, ov 6evunrlpXe rdnotooutrtroytortr{ ovr6rqro,r6re
6e
oropr0poi 0o unrjpXov. Or oprOgo(, pc(( pe 6treq rtq po0rlpott-
dtrtreg
xdgolriOereq, e(vorontr6qor€Qetq nou rdvoupe'110nop(r1rouqoq or€-
tperg,trorn6v,6e ouv6detor 1r€ 6nop{qrou orr6qnotee(vutove{dp-
rrlv
tqro ond ro vou gog.To rpuotr6ofgnov e(votoetred0epo ond opt0-
po0g,rot or dvOponorenrpdtrtrouv touq opt0potigndvutoe out6 to,
Xurp(g opr0gofg,odpnov.Aurrl4 etrdXtorrl 0ioq ovopd(erotoro po0r1-
1tor6 rovotpampop6g Kcu orrl rpilooo<p(o peokolt6g(npoypororpo-
r(o).Tovr(er611Orlgroupyori;re rouqoprO;rodg voqrtrd- 6evonoretrodv
rp{po tou pq ovOptinrvou odpnovtog.
Korrdrpoq piyrotrl Odoq:ot opt0po(e(votovrtre(p€vo rqq or6{qq.
Aeve(voror or€Qerg our€q roOourdg, otrId €(vot ro ovttrefpevo ro
'O}o
ono(oe{erd(ouvor or6{rerg. to ovttxe(pevo rrlg or6{qq (ougnept-
tropBovopdvurv rov oprOgrirv) undpXouv ove{dprrlto on6 rtg outrtroyr-
otrrdgevdpyersq rov or6gurv.Aurd ro ovrrrt(psvotqq or€tpqgpp(oro-
vror€{urond ro vou rt dXouvpro ondlurrldnop{qov6tepqond to ge-
rpuorr6odpnov.Enog€voq,
ropotrtrdtrrevo ot opt0po(rot ro dtrtroovrt-
re(pevotqq or6rfqqoXrlptor((ouv ivo t6ovtr6 o0gnov otrr10et6v nou
ovortrdroroto ror6repo,ouveXtiq geropotrtrdgevo, utrtrdo0pnov.hqv
npoyporrr6qro, ro rpuorr6 oUpnov 6ev e(votnopd pro {reu6o(o0r1o4 rt
our6nou undpXer npoygotrrde(voto rdogogrov t6etiv.Aur{ 11p6yt-
orrl 06oqe(voro x)ootx6E6edop6q f ilaruwop6E.
Op(oopeontrd.rq ev ouvropr(o rov r6eotrropd rot to peotrtop6 ror 6ev
rdvope xogrd npoond0ero vo orrrotroyqooupe e(re rov Usv e(rerov 6e.
llprv ouveX(ooupe, e(votXp(otpovo etooydyoupe xdnotougentntrdov
6pouq yro vo onorpdyoup€ rov errputrtog6 r4g ou(tjrrlorlg pog,rot 0o
Xpr;orponorrlooug€ rrlv opotroy(o nou Xprlotponoiqoe o onou6o(og rpt-
I6oorpog ror goOrlporrr6q rou errooto0 ouitvo, Mn€prpovr Pdoetr.'

1. BertrandRussell,Ihe Problemsof Philosophy(Aov6(vo,Oxford University

1959),o. 12.
Press, 345
 KEOAAAIOI 4

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 TI fHMAINOYN OAA AYTA;

vorvo ovopulq0oUpe: undpXouv rpuorrdovtrre(gevo Trouvo ovuoror_

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ov vor,ntiq; Bepo(rrlg,
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rot orpqvetovondvtqronotrtrdeporrjgoro.fro nopd6erygo,e(voror
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ro ouvoroOqporo;
Ot neptoodrepor on6 epdq€Xoupe pro roopoOeop(o nou ovogd(eror

YAIKOT
KOIMOT KOIMOTTONKAOOAIKON
ENNOION

6€wpo opr0po(
oor€pro ENTYnOIETE
! IKrvrrr yeoperprrri
opiporo
pprilor o1€oerq
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oxl4p6 6q;rorpor(o
crogrxriotopot(6ro
olgup6 r0rloq
rIpdolvo

I
I
I

EIKONA
52. Iugpotrrr{ovonopdorooqqq ouve(6qoqq. 347
 on)oi'r6qpedop6g. Aur{ 11roopo0eop(o tr€er6rr ro utrrrdovrrre(pevo
oro ofpnov undpXouv orprpdrqdncuq ro ovrtlopBovdpoore. To 66vrpo
nou ptrdnuLon6 ro nfou-rnopd0uporou onrrro0pou e(vornpoyportrd
Q4trdrot rutrrv6prr6,pe roorovdXpoporptror6ror npdorvo rpUMo.
Optrrg,
ov rorrd(ouprenro rpoo€Krrrdrov ontroir6peotrrop6, ppror6po-
ore op€otuq ovrrp6ronorge npopl{poro ror o6rlyo0poore oro ougnd-
poopo6rr ro ultrd ovrrre(prvo 6Evefvororprprirg 6nogro owtloppo-
v6poore.Ie our6 ro enrXe(pr1po 660qreprrortroorrrjeppqve(o on6 rov
en(oronoMndprtrr (1685-i253),rpildoorpo rou 6frorou6y6oououitvo,
o ono(ogoro epyorov Tpaq\d)oyot ptra{i'Y)a rat Od1vouova-
nruooerrqv dno$r16rr ere(veg or t6r6rrpeq nou ono6(6oupe ouv4Ourg
oro utrrrdovrrre(pevo r(vor,orrlv npoyporrr6rqro,rbt6tqregruJVor-
oOqtqprortirvopydvurv rou ov0p6nou.An6our6,o Mndprhou;rn6po-
ve6rr11rpdorlrou r6opou6rv e(voruhrr1,o}trdnvruporrr{.'
O feppov6gr6eotrror4g lgdvouetr Kovr prognp6orpepe rqv opotroy(o
nou 0o pogBoq0{ortvo neprypd{roupe ourrlqv ooupqov(oovdpeoo
oro oro0rlrrlprord6e6o;rdvoror ro uno6rltrorjpevo ovrrre(F€vo,ro
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ro 6qptoupyoivvoo1trttvo. Ynooqpr{e6rt, ogod npoyllortrcd prnopoti-
pe vo yvop((oupe p6voro rporv6pevo, ro vooripevo 0o nopoprfvouv
ndvro6vopuoulproyro Foq.
Me r4v nro ouorrlprlrpprrlve(o qq Kovorpomrprorrrcr]q Ordrp4o4g,
0o l6yope6rt 6Iq doo pp(orowor€(uron6 ro rour(oqv Err<6vo 52 e(-
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ror BpdXov.Aur6qe(vorro0o-
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rd 6e6op6vo rttrvrvrunc0oetirv
pog,6oo ror rrg r6deg rov or6Qer.0vpog.

z. CeorgeBerkeley,
nThreeDialoguesBetweenHylasand philonouso,
oto philo
S€S sophersSpeakfor Themselves:
Berkeley,Hume and Kant, oa. 1-9s.
 ,I
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floto Koogo0eurp(o ono6eX6-

To npdptrrl;roUsro vo onorpoo(oou1't€
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ovtrxe(pevo qq oK€qinq
 K E O A A A I OT 4

YAIKOI
KOIMOT KOIMOI TONMOOAIKONENNOION

6ivtpo opr0po(
oor€pro ENTYnorErr
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npdorvo

EIKONA
53. Orkpoptopivq ouppotrrrr]
ovonopdotoorlrrlq ouvr(6qor1g.

Av 06troupe vo e(pooreouvr4prlrrro( oXnrrd U€rnv ovrotroyfo rov

opt0pr6v, 0o prnopo6oope vo uroOer4ooupe rrlv dnorpq6rt pnopodpe
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prr6gr6€egrurvor6$edvpog,6r1tro6q p6voyro ro npdyproro ro ono(o
ovrttroppov6poore dpreoo.Kovdvog 6evoprproprpe( ro 6rr Btrdnur
npd-
orvoXptirl.ro,6rov dvrtrrg€Xorrlv epnrrp(orou npdorvouXpdrgorog. To
otoOrprlptor6 6e6opdvo rou npdorvou Xptirporog e(vqr
rdrt ouyrerptprd-
vo. Orr6rlnore6{uron6 14 ouve(6qor1 (ov 6vrurg€Xerv6qpovo grtrdpe
yroro €ordrsprxd ror ro e(oteptr6qg ouve(6r1or1g) dXerpr6vo 6vo6eu_
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rdvouvoutd rq e(oreprrdovrtre(pevo vo
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 I ETIMAINOYN OAA AYTA;

pe onorpdoergfiou goq enrrp€nouv vo tretroupyofgepe entruX(o.Av

npoono0{ooupe vo oyvorjooups ro rpuotrdovttre(pevo,
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rd ro rpuorxd
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loroprrrie(€Ar(n

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yor rou Meoo(trrvo unoorr]pr(ov 6xr p6vov6rr o oe6q6qprorlpyrloe ro
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vourou Orori.
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 Tl IHMAINOYN OAA AYTAT

T re v v o o 0 p eA € y o vrogrj no p (n;

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mov r6opo prog.YndpXouv ere(yrc poq.Av e{orpovrotodv, neprpdvou-
pevo undpXer rdnoru e{iyqon nou vo iXerv6qgo.Aeveprpov((ovror
ofte e(orpov(ovror oilpoypoppdrroru ond tov 16o;ropoq. Enop€voq,
ro uhxdovtrre(pevo eprpov(ovtor ge otoOepdoroOqrqprord 6e6ogivo.
'EXouv
to poOqgourdovure(pevo our{ u1vrbrdrqro;To po0qpourd
ovtrrefgevo 6ev rorotropBdvouv rdnoroouyrerprg€vo tdno ror Xpdvo,
rrdtor6evneprpivouge vo to Bpodgegero(rirtrlvoroOqrqprordv 6e6o-
U6vovFoq (nop'dtro ilou ouyK€Kprgdvo oro0rprlprord 6e6op€vo pno-
po6vvo uno6qtrtirvouv roOolrr€q €vvoreq).Oot6oo,ro poOqpolrdovu-
re(1revoe(vororo0epd.H qrotrouO(o rov rpuorrtfvopr0p6vnopog€ver
yv{oro6roreroypivq. Or norriAeqoXioerqtulv rpuorrtivopr0p6vnopo-
pdvouv otoOep€q. O trdyoqrqg 6rop€rpou ev6qr0rtrouilpo( rrlv nepup6-
perdrou e(vor6voqopr0p6qo onofoq6ev otrtrd(er. (Aut6 npoiinoOitet
6tr 6evundpXer ivoq ror6g6tdBoloqnou otrId(erouveXtirq qv ugr] rou
4 ofre Korro noto 0updporeydr6n e(voroutrl q ugrl.) Enop€voq, or
otr{0ereg turv poOqgotrrdlv nopouord(ouv dvttrrqoro0ep6rqro,dnoq
orprp6qror ro oroOrlrqprord 6e6op€vo tov uhr6v ovlrery€vtrrv.
'Evo
6edtepoXopoKrrlprour6 trlq 6nop{qqe(vor4 ove{cpqo(o.To
ovure(pevo rou rpuorro0rdo;rou6e rpo(veror vo poo(ovrorol4 or€r{rq 353
 Foqyro re(vo.Aur6 <po(vetot €vtovo6tov onorotrpdpe vo erodtr0oupe
oe dyvoorqneptoyrl.llpoXtupdpe o'€vo povondrtoro 6doog,yepdrot
6{or.f4,ro0tirge}n(oupevo ern}oyotigeon6 our6 nou undpXetperd
r4v endpevq orporprl.Aeyvurpi(oupe {64 noroovrtre(pevo gognepttrtd-
vouv,yror(ourdro ovrtre(gevo 6evorpefiouvrrlv fnop{r1rougo'epdg.
Eno;rdvog, our6 gog rdvet vo ntore0oupe drr ov e;re(g6e otp(tloupe
orrlv en6prtvrlorporprl,outd ro o06oroovrtre(pevo 0o t(orotrou0otiv
vo undpXouv.
l-lporotre( ro yeyov6g6rt ro poOqportrdepnept€Xouv
€rntrr1(q rrlv
(6roo(o04or1 epnerp(o
ovordtru{rqg'11 ourrigu1gouveXofq ovoxd}uQr1g
poOrlprortrofg
rdvernotrtrorjg vo ntoreriouv 6rt ot go0qportr€qotr{0eteg
nou ovo(rpodvundpXouv nptv ond rrlv ovordtrurlrq rougrot 0o ouveX(-
oouvvclundpXouv rot gerd.fto nopd6etypct, ov ro n e(votpto entv6rl-
on rnq 6trr1gpou or€gr1q, t6re ytot( 6e yvtrtpi(rrr ro eroroppuptoor6
Qrlrp(otou 6ero6rroUovonr0ypordg rou; f to vo gd0urnotoe(votro rfrl-
rp(oout6, 0o np6netvo rdvo pro oetpdon6 po0r1;rorrr6g npd(etgrot
vo ro <ovoKcltr0qoo. €voqrovorporutptorqg
Bepo(trrg, 0o 6leye6rt ro
sKoroppuproor6 rf4rp(orou ovonr0yForoq rou rc 6ev undpXet, tionou
vo ro unoloy(oetrdnotog.M€Xptr6re, to {rr1rp(o our6 e(votpr6vo€vo
6uvql16Snq(o.
'EXovroq qv (6ro6rd0eor1 yro ovordlurlrq,rotp6 nptv, rdnotogflu-
0oy6perog ovordtruQe6rt q 6roy6vtogev6gterpoytitvou e(votoo0prpte-
-
rprl rpoq rrlv nleupd rou. Aevrrlv dptoe6rot rrlv ovordtrurlre €rot.
flop' 6trorou ot po0r1;rortro(npoonoOotiv rptrtrd
vo ovrtl-l€rtrlTl(ouv
roug unop[tororjgroXupto;rorig oro go0rlgortrd,ouvovrodv6uorotr(eg
tr6yurourqgrrlg rfuXoloyrrrlg
o(o0r1or1g6rt ovorotrfnrouvKot6everpeu-
p(orouv.Av rot e(votolrl0etodrt ot 0ttoprlrtro( po0qportro( eqeup(-
orouv vdo poOrlpourdouorrlpoto,out6 ro rdvouv srpeuplorovrog
o(rdrgotoKot,orn ouv€Xeto, ovorotr0nrouv ro 0eurprlporoflou ouvend-
yovroroutd ro o(ttiporo.
YndpXer, dpoye,rdnoto nopd6etyporoOop{qerpefpeoqg, ilou vo
pnopodpevo ovrtnopopdlouptp€ rov rdopo ttlv po0qgorrr6vnou
354 dXer pto roOopdov0ptit-
kerpre(rerrlv oyytrtrqytrcOooo,
novorotru<p0e(',;
 I fHMAINOYN OAA AYTAT

nrvrleqe0peoq. Oeopo6ge ro tre(rrdog oultroydg oproptirvrr 6Xrurq16-

FouSLl€olqOereg. Av [orpvrrdouvovro0oopre 6vo ov pe ovtirrepqeu-
quionou 0o pog enrorenrdrovond ro rdvrporou l-otro[iopoq,0o pog
rordnl4ooeov prtro0oeoyytrrxd.Autd orpefietororo 6rr yvtrrp(oupe
nogenrvo{oope ro oyytrudxor0o rjrov onpdopevo vo nroredouge dtr
ror xdnoroqdtrtrog0o pnopo0oevo enrvo{oerove{dpt4toqv (6ro
ytrtirooo.
Oot6oo,4 rordotoorl6eve(vort6oo (erdOopqdrov np6rerroryro
ro po0r1trronrd.Oo poq e(dntrque,dpoye,ov out6 to dtrtrotroyrr6ov
6evovtrtroprpovdtov qv €vvorotou opr0gori;flrorefoupe6l or oprO-
po(e(vort6oo roOolrriq€vvoreg, 6ore 6troro 6vro ge ovdrreprl eurpufo
0o €npenevo rouq yvcrrp(ouv; ho pu0roropriporo r] orrqrorv(egenr-
oqpovrrriqrpovtoo(og, dXouge rptdoeroto o4ge(ovo unoO€toupe 6u'r1
titrerogi0o6oqyro vo opX(oouge vo €nKorvuJvo0pe pe e{crryr]rvo
6vto
e(vorg€otrtrrlq (noyK6ogroq> ytrtitoooqrov po0r1porrr6v. Av 6poq
roXder ourd,t6te or otr{0ereqtov po0qpottrdv6e orrlp((ovrore{ otro-
r}{pou ot4v ovOptinrvq enrvorltrrdtqto.
Aur6 6prrrg6e ouvr'1yope(
onotr0rogundprou r6eotrropo0. H npoy-
gotrxdtqtoe(vordtr 6ev6Xouge ouvovr{oer6vto ond dtrlouqr6opoug.
Av eiXopeouvovrrloer, gnope(vo {o<pvro(6pooc ov 6ev e(Xovrdnoro
'lorrrg,
6e(r6qto ouyrpiorpqge ro go0qgorrrd. dtrulq,pdvoere(vqru
dwo nou egeup(oxouv poOqpotrxd nop6porope ro 6rrd Foqvo Uno-
po0vvo ovom0{ouvpro enror{pr1rou vo enopreiylo vo to{r66Qouv
'EXoupe
oro XdrpoKorvo poq enrorerpro0v! pil{oer yro rouq geydloug
trrrv<potrorvtirv
eyre<pdtroug Korrov 6etrrprvuirv. Mnope(q pntrerpdlotvo,
perov ryrdrpoldqq nou (uyr(rrentd rild, vo petprloer ro rpdpronou
TrlvTrpoon€pvoUv rotrugn6vtoq; 1ooq ourd ro oK€dvro6vro vo €Xouv
6vovno}dntrororor eurpu{notrrtrogd, Xop(q6poq vo ovrilopBdvovror
ro poOrlpotxdovtrre(pevo. Mnope(vo oxeqtdpoore6rt or poOrlpol-
rCqotr{Oetege(vorro0o}rr6qror, enopivoq,pnoporivvo ovorotrurpOodv
on' 6troro enopxtiqeugur]dvro, evdrotrlv npoypotrr6trltopnopef
onltirgvo onerrov((ouv tov tp6no pe rov ono(otrerroupye( o ov0pdnr-
voqvous. 355
 H rp(rr1tbt6rrltoqg 0nop(r1g nou np€netvo trdpoupe un' 6{;tvpog
e(votq not6rqro rou n€pt€Xog€vou 6e6opr6vtrtv'
ttrtv oroOqrrlptoxtilv
'otov
Avoyvop((oupe 6rr ro orooqrrlprord6e6op€vo 6eve(vqtord{retg.
p^€nonpdorvoxptirpro, our6 fxer 6vovnotortrdntrofto nou 6ev rov
6xouvotor€{retgpoudoovorpopdoronpdotvoXp6u0.Tooroorlt
rd pog 6e6op€vo e(vor€vtovoxot onotetreo;rortxd pe rpdno nou 6ev
e(votot or€rfetgpog.And qur6 rot p6voro yeyov6g,0o ;rnopodoope
vo oupnepdvoupe 6rt ro ovrtre(gevo nou pp(orovrotn(outon6 ro ot-
oOrprlptord6e6og€voundpXouv npoyportrd,evti ro ovrtre(gsvo nou
pp(orovrotn(oo on6 trg or6{retg pog6evundpXouv' Oo16oo, out6 6ev
E(vot€voo6rog<proprprFo ororxe(o€vdvTro orov t6eotrtog6.Ot poOqpo-
rtr€gr6€egpog rpnepr€xouv prctooqr]veronou tre(net on6 ro otoorFrl-
prord 6e6ogdvo. H ovrfi4{rr1gou yro rov rdrtro(u-rq ro yeogetptr616-
no rr0vorlpe(u.rv nou 6troroon€xouv on6 €vo p6vooqge(o ev6gturtre(-
6etouentn€6ou) E(votr6trErorot orptBrlg,1-t'€vovrp6no nou 6ev;lno-
'Orov ordrptopotrov 16-
pe(vo e(votrovfvo otoorFqptor66e6og€vo.
rtro,pnope(eooreptrdvo rpovrd(opot €vo otpoyyutrdo0votrorourrG
60v, otrtrdor rourr(6egontrdrg pe por10o0v.Aevonetxov((ouv u1vovr[-
lqr.[rlpou yrclrov r0rtro,yror(o r0rtrogproue(votprtorooo]trq €vvoto
nou 6e ouv6€etot perov rdno q ro yp6vo.
Mto 6toore6oourrleptirrrloq e(votno6 ndveot ordr'lretg PoqYtorov
'Otov orp6rpoupe rrlv nldrrl gog
r0rtro 6rov 6ev tov orerpr6poort.
orov rovon€,oropordetro oto0rlqpror66e6opr€vo rou rovon€,oltrd
nrorefoupl€ 6rr o utrrr6grovon€gog utrrrdodrgoe(orotrouoe( vo unop-
rt dtrtrooroOrlqptord6e6o;r€vo p6trtg(o-
Xet,dtotpogvo UoqnopdXet
voyup(oou;re npoq q trreptd rou. I1o0nrlyo(vet 11dvvoto rou rfrtrou
6rov 6ev rov orerpr6poore; Tov e<peup(oroupe { rov ovorotrdmouge
Eovdrd0e rpopdnou rov rp6pvoupe ou1 ouve(6lo{ Uoq;Yno0froupe
6rt n rivvotorou rfrtrou ono0qreferor orq pvrlgrlpoq,Ytovo rqv ovo-
rotr€oou;re6rov rq xpetootodpe. Av 11fvvototou rdrtrouonoorlreferot
orrl pvqprl,r6re 0o np€nstvo undpXetpro optoptdvq oultroyriveupdr-
vov oToveyrd<potrd poq,or ono(ore(vor€rot 6topoprpopdvot tiore vo
'Orov ot vtuptirveg nupo6oto6vrot, 11ev-
3SS 6torqpo6vourq rrlv 6vvoro.
 Tl f,HMAINOYN OAA AYTAT

vororou rdrtroudpXeror otq ouve(6qotilroS.Enop€voq, q €vvororou

rfrlou iXer6voBroloyrrdovdtroyootov utrrr6rdogo.Aurdto ovdtroyo
npCner vo e(vororprBiq,yrotf 6rov orerpt6poor€ rov *r6rtro, 6e <po-
wo(6poote€vo orpoyyutr6npriyponou pord(errord npoo€yyronp€
rtirlo ror, otq ouvdXero, ge pdoq outr]vrq pv4povrrrj6ro6rroo(o, ore-
pr6pooreqv orprprjdvvororqq rurtrrrdrqroq. 'EXoupe
6vroqqv ovd_
Uvqonrnq arprBoUq ivvoroqrj rou oxprpo0q opropo0rqq xurtrrrdrrltog.
Av11€vvotonou iXoupeyro rov r0rtro6Xer€voorprpiqprotroyrr6 ovd_
troyooro rpuorx6 rdopo,rdte dtregor ivvoreq6Xouv€vuorprBigovdlo-
yo oro quorK6r6opo.
'Evo
otiyXpovo nopd6erygo 6uiopo0nopouord(er o Mn€prpovrpd_
oetroto ofvrogo BrBtr(orou Ta npoB)riparornE gt)ooogfuq.fn va
oqp(er q Oerrrp(o tou, 6e(Xvernptirtodu or roOolrrigohjOereq undp_
XouvKorpilderyr' ourdgoov vq e(voroXioerq: oXdoerqe(repero[6rpu_
orr6v ovtrretp€vtrrv, efte peto[0 d]trov rqOotrrrdrv
evvou6v.Kor6nrv,
unooqp(erdu ro endpevo npdptr4go e(vqrvu onorpoo(ooupe ov our6q
or oX€oerg undpXouv ove{dpr4toond ro vouruJvov0p6nov- orprBtirq
ro 6ilqppd Foq.O Pdoe}onorpdv0qre 6rr,npdypotr,out6 roX6et.
Mnopofpe, enogdvtrlq,
vo uno0€ooupe ttirpontrlge(vorotrrj0ero
drt t(no_
ro voquxd6evundpXer rrrqnpo0ndOeoq oroyeyov6q dtt ro E6tgporipyo
e(vorBdperorou Aov6(vou. Atrtrdout6to yeyov6q egnepr6Xer tq oXdorg
"pdpero rou>,Troue(vorproro0otrrrrl 6vvotq.rqt 0o 4tovo6rivoto yto
ro 6troyeyovdsvo Unouvendyetor rdtr voqtrr6ov q oX€oq <B6pero
rou),nou onotele(ouorottr6ototXe(o tou yeyov6rog, neprdXer 6vturq
rdl vorprr6...
Enopivoq, 11oX6or1 "p6pero tou, efvqrpr(rd 6rorpopetr-
x{ on6outo0roue(6ouq to npdyproto [to quorrdovure(yevo]. Aevef
vqrodreoto XtitpooUteoto Xpdvo,6eve(voro0teutrrrr]orltevor1nrr1.
trrotdoo, efvqr xdtr.r

O Pdoetrrorol{yer oro ougndpoopodu, orpo0ro oUgnove(vorye_

pdro npdyporo, ourd to np<iygorooXeri(ovrorpero{ri rouq. Or oX€-
oergout€g6ev e(vorrpuorrdovure(psvo,o6revo4trriq oordQerg>, ror

3 . R u s s eol l.,9 8 357

 enop€voq 6Xouvpto 0nop(r1rdnog ove(dprrlq Koron6 ro 6rio.Yndp-
Xouvorov r6opo rov ro0otrrr6vevvouirv.AtrId o Pdoetrrorotrqyer
uneppotrrrdypnyopooro oupnipoopdrou ror ond ro enrXs(pr1pd rou
tre(ner 'Evo
11orp(peronou pnope(vo poq ne(oEt. np6ptrr1go pr ro no-
pd6erypo Aov6(vo-E6rppodpyo, nou ovorp€prt,r(vornog feXvder 6l oe
ourq qv nep(nroorl11voqrtr{ 6poorrlpr6rqro npoqye(ror rqq oXdorlg
op6pero rou>.Auul q 6poorrlpr6rrpo e(volo oprop6grou Aov6(vou ror
rou E6rpBoripyou Loq6rorpopeurdrv on6 dnor.pq rpuorrr].Arpo0ro op(.-
ooupsoq rdroro,pnopoOpe gerdvo egopp6ooupe rr1oX€or1uBdpero
rou). To np6p}4poe6dre(vorvo nror6rpoulle 6rl ro odpnove(voryepd-
ro on6 6rorpoperrrdrot [eXulprord npdygoro.To ofgnov gnope(npdy-
frorrvo e(vorlrroouveXqg norrrtropoprp(o,q ono(o6roXurp((etot oe 6ro-
rpopenrdovrrrefpevop6vov6tov rdnoro eurpuigov 6rorpoponou]oer
ourrlqv norrilopoprp(o. Enopdvr,ug,or oX€oerge{oprtirvrorond ro ntig
y(verotq 6rorpopono(r1oq rot, rord ouvdnero, undpXouvpr6voUorepo
on6 prrordroro6poorqpr6rqrorr 6Xrnptv.
O T(dprKrvyrrpo(veror vo E(vor6vogo0yXpovoq KovorpoKrtBrotrlg.
Iro €{oXoBrBtr(otou, H riyvryruv pa1rlpartrtiv,\ttt:

Orgo0rlponro( rdvouvpo0qpotrrd. Krdtovrdvouvpo0qprotrrd,

ooXo-
Aotivtorpreto ovuxr(gevonou€Xouv 6qproupyr]oer.
Autdro ovure(pevo
e(vorocpqprlp€veq dvvoreg
xor6evundpXouv 6{uron6rr1govtoo(otou
'EXouv
proOrlprorrrod. nporrtote(
on6ro 6qproupyd rouq,rov go0rlprorr-
pe
r<6, opro;r6veg r6r6rqreg.
An6ourdgug erXcrrpqpr6veq
r6r6tr1teg,
Xprlot-
ponouirvtog rougv6poug qg troyrrr]g
Kqrrouqrov6veqturvproOrlpott-
rtrrv,
o prooqprotrrog
ouvdyercitrtreg
r6r6rqrrg.o

O Krvyr,oo1600,6e Odtrervo eyrorotre($errele(ulgrrlv r6eotrrourr]

06oq,ytor(orprlvet
ovotrrqprooveno(o0qrr1 Xopopd6oorov r6eotrrop6.
Milderyro ro nopd[evoyeyovdg6rr ro poOrlgortrd,6nulqro erpe0pe o
vouqrov po0r1porrr6v,
provrelonoro0vrdoo rotrdrov utrrr6r6opo.

358 (N€oY6prq,PlenumPress,i992),a.29.
4. JerryP. King,TheArt of Mathemaflcs
 llop'6tro outd, 11dnoQrl6orrrvunootrlp((ouv fflv €Krou gr16ev6g 6r1pt-
oupy(orou rdogouon6 tov Oe6 onotuyXdv€t vo tpprlv€uo€trrlv tTtovo-
IogBov6prevrl egoppootp6qtordnotutvond ttq nto Oetoprlttrdq Kotqqrl-
pqpdveq 6oprdq ttrrvpoOqpotrrtirv.H yeopetp(otou Piprov, yro nopd6sry-
po, orotrouOe( pe po0qtrrottrrjpepor6trlto6vq o0votroo[ttrlprdtutv,orpt-
prirg6nog rot 11otre(oyeulpretp(otou Eurtre(6r1.s

o Ktvyr etodyetqv r6do6tt, orqv npoyportr6tqto,

Ie dtrtrooqtrre(o,
undpXer rdnoro e(6og puorrrtottrr]qopXriqnou letroupye(npog 6rpetroq
Tov nro ertremuop6vtrtvpoOqgortrtirvrpopptilv,Yto vo rtq ouv66oetpe
rq 6rrrl roug xoOotrtx6rqro.

Enrntrdov,rpo(vetot oto0qtt-
vo lettoupye(prtoovtiteprlKqtlluottKtortKri
Knopxi, 11ono(onopdyerproOettrrlouoXdtrorl ovdgeoooqv ropt|t6q-
6wotoqKotrrlv op06qto rot onou6qt6tqtdqg -
to trlq pro0rlyourrjg
otqv opop<ptd
rj, 6nurqto 06teto Xdpvtt,groOettrriouoXfttorlovdpreoo
tqg ivvoroqrot.trl oopopdr4rdtr1q...o

To ndrg orprBdrg0o roroldpoupe our{v rrl FuortKlortrrloppi 6ev

ovorpdperot,ytor( ourd ro0out6 ro v6qpo rrlq trd[rlq "puortrtortx{"
pto otrr]0eronou e(votyvuroul pe dgeoq en(yvtlorlrt 6Xt pe
uno6qtrtirver
oroOqrrrriopXrinopdyet pto ouoXdtt-
Av ourrj rl UuortKtortKr],
ovdtruor1.
or1ovdpeoo oe xop{r€g poOrlportr€q dwoteqrot r4 goOqpottxt]op06q-
to rot onou6otdrrpo, erpeUpov dpoye ot poO4gurrro(ou{ r4v opm, rl
pqnurqrpov rdrt nou npotinrlpXerqg erpefpeorlq;Ebtitrpo(verotvo et-
odyouprepto oX€oq ovdpeoo oe ovrtre(trrevoKot, rot6ntv, vo gtldpe
oov vo unrlpXeouui 11oX€oqove(dptqro on6 roug ov0ptinoug.
vo 6totuntiooul.tsrnv Kovotporrtprorrrqdno{q
Oo enrXerpriooup€
ror vo
etrn((ouge qq ono6tiroougerqv ovoyvrirptorlnou tqq o[r(et. To
o0pnov e(vorpro ouveXrlgnotrrlopop<p(o,Ttou6ev 6Xernpoxo0optop6-
'Orov
veg uno6rorpioetq.Yn6 p(o €vvoto,6ev €1etpoq6q. epe(q,og eu-
oe [eXoptord
quq 6vto, Buirvoupero o0pnov, to 6torpoponoto0pre

'o.Tr.,
5. o. 43.
6. O.fi.,a. 139. 359
 onpdyporo>pe Bdoqu1 Brotroytrrl rorooreurlpog.Arporiro rdvoupe
our6, op((oupeoy€oergovdgeoooro Ororpoponotrlp6vo ovlrs(pevo.
Kordouv€neto, or oXioetgnou dXoupe op(oer(or ro0otrtr6g €vvoreg)
e[-
vorrrbrrdyroepdg.'Evodllo eurpu6q ov pnope(vo 6rorpoponoujoer ol-
Itdg ro o6pnovror, enogdvctrg, vo 6rlgroupy(orrOro<poperrr€g oXdoerg
ror, dpo, Oro<poperrr€g ro0otrrr€g €vvoreq.Enop€vtrrg,or ro0olrrriq€v-
voreg6ev undpXouvnopd p6vo oro vou rov ouyK€Kpr;r€vcuv eurputirv
6vrovnou rrgop((ouv.
To nopondvurrpo(veror og rotrr1ovdnru{qrrlq KovorpoKrrprolrr]q
06o49.tror( 6pog 6ev€Xonerorr(ondluro; Eoefgpnope(vo €Xere net-
orr(, ey6 6pog ntrduror6po oe pro Odlooooopepot6rqrog. Av uno0€-
ooupe6tr rdnoroeu<puig ov np€nernpdrrovo brorpoponotrloer r4v not-
rtlopoprp(orou o0pnowoq,yrcl vo pnopfoerrdnog vo ro yvurp(oet
(ovr(vo ovrilrlrpOe(opdourg ro odgnovcug€voopyovrrd6tro- ;rtono-
tr0 urpo(oerr6vo),r6re unoorqp(ouperqv t66o6rr 116rogopono(r1or1
epnepr€Xer rrlv ovoyvtirproq {eXurptortivowtrerpdvcrrv.Ae6opdvou 6rr
qurd ro ouyrerprpdvo ovrrre(pevo undpXouvtrrdvoyro poq,rouq ov-
Opr.0noug,pnopo6prenrntr€ov vo ro opobonorrlooupe oe outrloydg rj
ofvotro.ArpodoXqpor(ooupe odvotro,trrnopo0pe vo ovoprrrr40o0;.re
yto
ro ntrr1Oogrov ororXe(ov rov ouv6lov - 6r1trobr1 roug oprOpo0g! Aev
6Xerorlgoo(oyto rr e(6ougovtrre(pevo prildye,ro pr6vonou €Xerorlpo-
o(o E(vordrr €Xoupe 6toXop(oet ro o0pnovoe ourd ro owrre(pevo. Og
er rourou,€voeu<pu€g ov on6 rdnorovdtrtroyotro{(opnope(vo 6toXtrr-
p(oerrov r6opo rou pe evretr6g6rorpopeurd rpdno. rr ov rdverrd-
noroue(6oug6rorpopono(qoq, tdre 6rlproupye( odvotrqror optOpodg,
ove(dprrlroon6 ro ov ro ctvctyvop((er { 6ev ro ovoyvrrrp((err.ug
16roro.
Enopdvrrrg,rpo(verordrr 6ev pnopo0ge vo {erpUyoupe ond rqv rporop-
Xrr4166orov ouv6trrrrv KorruJVoprOpdrv. Oo(veror vo undpXouv oq Fro
poorrcrlopXrlrou o0pnovrog,yror( oe rdOeoufirqorl yro ro o0prnov
ovorpep6poore oEour6 oq rdrr nou nepriXet ovrrre(gevo. fr'ourdv to
A6yo6ev 6Xo nerore(on6truroon6 rqv €nrx€tpnporotroy(o rov rov-
orporrtprotdrv. Oo16oo,ror ro ovr(0erodrpo rou rtrqotrodt6eohopro6
36S pterdvervo vuirOr.rr
e{(ooudBotro.1ourgo oorpo}r1g 6p6pogvo E(voro
 I IHMAINOYN OAA AVTAT

6uiopdg - q ono6oX{1600rou rpuotroU o0pnovroq,6oo rot rov Ko0o-

trrrdvewouitv.
O B.X.Beprpdrorep, oto dpyorov Mn rptAoooqfu ruv €motnpdv,
unootrlp(er rt outdgrqv dno$r1
6tt or oprO;ro( poorro(
e(vot yto q 6to-
qoponoi4oq rou o0trrnowoq.

Kd0e<popdnou ovofyoupeto ;rdtro FclS,ro ontrr6 poq ne6[o pdq ono-

rotrrjnter(eXoptotdqUopq€qror oXqpoto, ro06q ror ;rto notrrtr(oXptt-
ror Dtdrpopeqt66egouv06ovtot
prdtov, rporoorrdoeov rot onoXptioeu-rv'
preoutd nou ptr6noupe.ME dtrtro tr6yto, €XoupeenQvooq tov {eXtrtpt-
Aut6 to yeyov6q uno6rltrtivet6tt pnoporige vo oTto-
otdrv ovtrrerpr6vrrrv.
rdnoro ouyrerptp€voovtrre(1rtvooTI'dtrqtq dtrtroovttre(;le-
provtirooupe
e(vqt6vq outo-toutt(6gevo<Kdrt>Kot,
vo. To onopovur;rfvoovtrre(ptevo
ge ou{ qv 6vvoto,e(votpto u1"tovd6oo.t

H e (e Ar K r K d
r in oq U n

AevdXoupe onovrrloeroto opXrr6poq epdrqpo:undpXouv ot optOtrto(

ove(dpqro ond toug ov0ptirnouE; Oot6oo,orrlv npoYJlortr6rqro, 6ev
nrore0oge 6tr 0o onovtqoouge. To rotrdrepo nou pnopofpe vo no0pe
e(vqr6tt npoonoO{oope vo oproOeu]ooutrrero eptitrlpope €vovrp6no
Trouvo dXer v6qpo. Meprr6q qop€S, e(vor Xprlotpovu e(erd(ouge 6vo
eptirqpo gdooo' dvo e(etrtntr6ntro(oro.lltirq€Xouve{etrtX0e( to poOq-
golxd oq rg4go rou notrtttogoti poq,Kottt ouvendyerot out6 Ylo rrlv
ovtotroy(orov optOptitv;
To poOqponrd(tr(v4oovdrqv ot dvOponotdpXtoovvo perortvotjv
e6drrr ere(ro ovrrK€(Utvo Kotvo nopoqpo0v6rr unrlpXe pto t6t6rqro
rorv{ oe dtregug ou)\troy6q q
ovrtretgdvov, ono(o rltov ove[dprrpq ond
-
ro (6roro ovurs(ptvo q r6r6rqroouul r]rov ro ntr{OoqorotXe(tlvrtlv
oultroydrv.Enopdvoq, or opt0po(yewr]Or1rov (tj ovorotr0rprrlrov).
ApXt-

7. W.H.Werkmeister.,4 Philosophyof Science(A(vrotrv,Universityof Nebraska

Press,1940),o. 141. 361
 rd, or oprO;.ro(
{rov onltirgnepryporpdg nenepoop€vtrrv outrtroydrv ovrt-
rerprivr-r-rv
6ncug, yro nopd6erypo,ev6go(euyoprorin yovruirvq ev6qn(eri-
yougoov0ptirnov.H ovdnru(r1 rov po0qporrrtivBoor(6rovorrlv oqor-
perrrrl6to6rroo[o.Ko0tirgor oprOpo(dyrvovnto orp4prlg€vor, on€rrr1-
-
oov yevrr6repqroXU pnoporioov,6r1tro6r1, vo €qoppoorodvoE 6tro
ror neproo6rrprs Kor 6rorpopert169 oultroy€govrrrerpdvtrlv.Aurrl r1
orpotpeurrj 6ro6rroo(oouve$(eroroe 6trr1rq 6rdprerorrlg e(elrrrrrrlq
pogrorop(og.llfpo on6 ulv oqotp€urr1 6ro6troo(o,or oprOpo( Enerrd-
0qrov.Iulv opXrlunrlpXovpr6vonenepoopr€veg outrtroydg
ovrrrergdvov
Korlrronenepoo;.r€vq orotrou0(o opr0ptirv.'Enrrro owt]q<p0(ropr6rt or
guorro(opr0po(e(vordnerpor - 1.rto
€vvoro nou 6Evuno6rllov6rov on6
ro oro0rlr4ptord 6e6op€vo (rot pto t6€oq ono(oouvovro0oe orpo6pfg
ovn6pdoerg en(Xilrer(eg).
AIId q en€rrooqouveX(or1re. Or oprOpo( enerrd0rlrov, riore vo ou-
pnepildBouv ro rtrdopororor perdrouqopvrpKo0gopr0godg. Ilpoor€-
Oqrovor dpprlrorror ot uneppouro( oprOpo(. hr1 ouviXero orerprr]rope
roug ptyo6rro6g,roug uneppryoOrro0g rot rouq urspTr€nepoop€voug
opr0porig. Aurq 11611111 Orobrroo(o qq orpo(peoqg Korrrlq endrroorlg
Xoporrqp((er rrlv e[€trr{qrov poOqpolrcOv pog evvou.0v. MnopoUpe
dpoyevo uno06ooupe nog 6Xou;rerptdoeroro r€trog;BeBo(oq, oe rd0e
yevrdrdnorordv0ponorentg6vouv 6u q e{dtrrfq6Xerotror]r1pur0e(. tldrg
pnope(rdnorogvo qovrclor€(vo ndernopon€po;'Otrulq, ov Bpror6po-
ore pdvooro np6ro ord6roqq Trv€uForrK{q ror no}rrtoprrrlgpoge{€trt-
(r19,r6re pnopo6pevo uno0€ooupe 6n ror 11ovriArlgripoq yro rouq
opr0;rorigror ro poOqportrdpoq e(vororetrr1. Ot dworegnou orpopo6v
rouqoptOgorlg 0o npoXrrrprjoouv KrdtrIooe dyvooregneptoX6g.
Aurrl 4 eupfreprlerrdvorqg ovOptinrvrlg <p6or1g uno6qtrtiver pro
6rorpopenrrl €rpoorlrou npoptrqgorropo0 poq yro rrlv ovrotroyrr{ro-
rdoroorlrov oprOpdrv. Ag uno0€ooupe 6rr, ev pdpet,q ovrfir1$r1 pog
yro rousoprOpo0g ovrovqrtrd ro roro(efpooreog dv0ponor.E(oprd-
ror, 6qtro6r],
on6 14 ouyrerprtrrdv4 rorooreurlgog.To eptirrrl-
Brotroyrrr]
po lotn6vr(0erotog e[49:n6oo c(vorroOopdovOpdrntvrl 11ovrfir1{rr1
362 Kor
Uoq n6ooe(vororroupevrr{; Mnopo0;re vo 6o0peprroovd}oyr1 ro-
rdoroorlorrl yeurperp(o. hqv opXt],unoO€oopte 6rt rl qfon rou otipno-
vrognpdnervo e(voteurtre(beto. Kotdntv ovorotrdtfoge pq euxtre(6eteq
yeuperpfeg. Atdnerot, ]otn6v,ro ofgnov on6 rrlv eurtre(6eto yetlperp(o
rj on6 gro on6 ttg pr1eurle(6ereg yeurperp(eg;O Atvoroiv un€Oeoe pto
'Optrtg,
gr1eurtrs(6ero yeoperp(oyro 14 ytvrrri0etrrp(o rrlg oXertr6rrlrog.
11yeurperp(o tou <puotro6 o0pnovrog gnope( vo Frlve(votpt(oon6 rtg
ouyrerprp€veg yrur;rerp(egnou dXoutrreovonr0(et.O Xtitpogpnope(vo
dXetpronro yevrreup€vr1 on' 6,rt onotoOqnort
notriloptoprp(o ouYKsKpt-
pdvqyeurperp(o, 6rot 6ore vo pnopodpe6wulgvo enil6(oupe6noro
yeoperp(o mrOupodpe.
Opo(trrg, rou odpnovroggnope(vo e(vqtnto yevtrdqon6
ot otrr1Oereg
rouqoprOpofqKotrouq rdrtrouq rov po0qgorrrdtv pog.Av ouvovroU-
oop€Urodllrl opd6oe[orpertrdeurpudtv 6vrtltv,gnopt(vo pntrsr6po-
qn6
or€ Korvclclvoororov6goort ro 6trd toug,ouyrerptpivogo0rlpo-
trrd. fl(otrton6 ro 6rrd roug rot ro 6trd gog poOrlportrd pnopeivo
pp(orerotpro po0Uteprl otrr1Oeto,
€vo e(6oq petopo0rlportrt0v nou yevt-
rrdovroro'6vo ov6repoen(le6o.E6dr6EXpqotponortir 14 I€[4 opero-
poOrlprortrd, ovorpepdprevoq orrlv ovotrurrrq petr€rr1 rov rov6vtlv rot
rov opXtirvnou 6tdnouvrn Xprionrov po0qporrrdrv ouppdtrurv, otrtrd
npore(vur dvo Bo06repoKotnto yevtreup€vo v6r1po. T6oo ro 6trd pog
go0qpolxd,6oo rot ro po0qportxdrulvdtrtrurv dvrov 0o onoretrofvet-
6rr€gneprnrrioerg our6v ttuv petopto0rlpottr6v.
hqv npoond0etdgog vo onorol6Qoup€ rrlv undoroorlrov optO-
pdrv,orqprpqrogeortg troytrdq6to6troo(eg ovdtruorlg.
rqg Aur6 e(vot
orlo16,orpoUor oprOgo( e(votovttre(p€vo rrlq or€$r1q.OUurS, ov np6-
Krrrorvo pdOoupre rdrt on6 rr1 porpoXpdvto lorop(o FoS, oC pd0ouge
drr e(votouXvdentr(v6uvovo unoO€roupts nog o utrtrdgr6opogtret-
roupye(ndvro oriprpovoF€ rouq rov6vegqq e{oyoydgoupnepoopd-
Turvl-rspdorlrq troyrrq.Ot t66egouv66ovrot pero[6rouqUt ]oytr6 rp6-
no ror ofvotrot6etirvprnopo0v e(tevo ou;lrpovodv pero[0rouge(revo
e(vorovrupottrd.Orov npoono0odps vo erpopp6ooup€ rl troytrqoe
rd0entreupdrou rpuotrododgnovroq ge oro0ep6 tp6no, nopaoup6po-
ore ouXvdoro povondrtrou orpdlporog.lto vo rorotrdBoupre ro ytor(, 3S3
 0o npinervo Oupq0o0trre 6tr or r6€egpogyro ro <puorrd r6opooy4pror(-
(ouv€vo povrdtroror, pr6oooe our6 ro povritro,e(dyoupetroyrrdou-
pnepdoporo. 'En€rro,
neptprdvoupre vo oup<pr.ove(
o rpuorr6q r6opogpe
ro oupnepooporo ourd. 'Orovro oro0rlqprordgoq6e6op6vo 6r ou1.r_
rpovorlvpero troyrrdoupnepdoporo, pno(vou1.rr
ouyvdorov nrrpoop6
vo {erpoprtrrOo0prro oroOqrrlprord 6e6op€vo, ovr( vo npoono0{ooupe
vo peltu.0ooupe ro povrdtro poq.
O tlopgsv(6qq Koro Zrjvovn(orsuov,orqpr(6grvor oro loyrrd ent_
Xctp{pordroug,6l o r6oproq rjrov operdBtrlroqKordrr 11r(vr1oq {tov
onl6g pro orp0otrpondrrl. To otoOqrqprord 6e6og6vo 6trr.rrv
rov rrvo0_
p€vovguorKtirv ovrtrerp€vrrrv oyvorl0qrov.KdnotoenoXrlrlrov troyrrd
vo orerpr6poote drt o rdopoqrjrov enine6ogyror(ro povr€lonou sL
XoF€yro qv npoyporrr6r4ropog enfrpenevo ouvdyoul_re loyrrd rcdrr
r€roro.Av 11fq {rov orpoyyu}q,ov {rov oov Fropndtro,0o €nerpre p€_
oo o' rivopeydtrorevd.'Hrovotroyrr6"vo nroredoupre 6u unr]pXov trr6_
vo 6dro oupdvtootirgoro,orpodro 6€ro r]rov rep6qopr0p6q,Kororov
opr0pdoutd nepilol.rBdvovrov 6troro oupdvrootirporo.Enop€vtrrg, 6r_
rorotroyrlp6vo <putrdrroov rov lotrilofo,o<pori
toXup(orrlre 6u e(6erpey_
ydpro y0purond rov A(o. To oro0qrrlprord6e6op€vorou fotrrtro(ou
enpenevo 4rov eorpolp€vo, orpof 11rlnop{qneproodrepov on6 6€ro
oupdvrcuv orrlpdrtrtv
0o onoretrofoe ovr(rpoo4.
Av pnopodpevo e(pooreo(youpotyro rdtr, out6 e(vorro e{r1g: ro
ofprnov6ev e(vorovoyroop€vovo orotrou0e( ro oupnep<iopctrct rulv
troyrr6vonoytrryrirv poq.'Orov ptdrvoupe oro0rpqprord6e6oprdvo nou
dpyovroroe ovr(<pooq pe ro povr€troFoSyro qv npoyporrrdrqro,0o
npdnervo (ovoorerprotipre ro govr€trotrroq.
Av ro ofpnov rjrov onotrf_
rrrrgop0otroyrr6,r6re o l6yogrqg 6topdrpou rou xdrlounposqv n€pr_
rpdperd rou nr0ovdvvo rlrov 3 - €vo {erd0opo,orptpdqror rorlrd 3.
Av eytirrouldXrotoverXoerpe0per ro o0pnov,e(vornr0ov6vvo etXoent_
tr€(erro n vo rooUrorge 3. Xo(popor6pognou 6everpedpo ro o0pnov.
fro pdvo,11ovordtrurlrrltrlg otr40tvrjq
rtpqgrou n e(vornotrdnto ouvop_
noorrrc{ror evbrorp€pouoo on6 onorov6rlnore oprOgd0o gnoporioovo
364 e(Xooroprprore(.
 qv runtrrl ovdmu[r1turv opr0gdrvpe ro ipyo rou fr6-
Otroxtrrlprirootrre
opyr Kdvtopyto rous ull€pn€n€poopr€voug oprOpo0q oro t€trqrou 66-
xorouivorou ottitvo.Aurd onoretre(u1v tetreuro(oen€rrooq rqg dvvotog
oltrd 6Xrro t€trogrrlg torop(oqrouq.fl€po on6 tov opt-
trrrvoprOptirv,
opd ttrrvdppqturvoprOpdrv on6 tov Ntfvrertvt Kotrov ufltpn€n€po-
op€vovoprOtrrdrv ord tov Kdvtop,orlpertirOrlrov n d}tregonou6o(eq go-
0qpotrr€qe[el[[etq,rotd q 6rdpretotou 6edtepou tou
1-ttooti etroorof
ouivq. H p(o rjrov q ovordtrur|4 ruJVprl eurleOetovyetlperpttivrot r1
6e0tepq,ouuj nou pog ev6rorp6pet o' ttotjto to ptptr(o,{rov 11npo-
ondOero 6trovrov po04potrrdrvoe o{rtirgoro.
Oepetr(uroqq
yr' outrl qv npoond0etorlrov ro €pyorou Eurtrebq,o
To trrowdtro
ono(ogXpqotgono(,r1oe dvoo0volo olrurpdturvrot ofrogortr6v npotdoe-
ov yro vo ouvoydyerto 0etrrpr]poto qg rtroorrr]qyeurpetp(oq. Or poOq-
6tr 0o ppeOeiivo ofvotroo[rurpdturvon6 to ono(o0o
potrro(r1trnr(ov
pnopo0oovvo ouvoX0o0v troyrrd6treqor otrq0etegrqq optOprlttr{q.Av
out6 rirov 6uvot6,r6te 6trotor (eXurproro( toge(gttttv poOqportrtiv0o
gnoporioovvo ouvoX0o0v ond qv opt0pqlrrl, to otro66-
ror otr6rtrr1po
Urlporov poOqgotrrdrv 0o pnopoOoe vo mqprpei pto Ytondwo, oe ye-
pd 0ep€ho.To orjvotrotutv o[topdrov 0o np€nervo dXet6Uor6t6qreg: 365
 ro o(uirporo0o np€nervo e(votntr(pn,enoprrl6qlo6rjyrovo nop€Xouv
rrgoXerrr€g
6treq rbr6r4req rrlqoptOpqrtrrlq
rot, en(oqg,
0o np€nervo oup-
rpovodv pero(0roug.lro vo oup<prrrvotiv
pero{drouq,ro 0eoprlporo nou
ono6errvUovror pe pdorlro o(uiporo6e 0o np€netnor6vo ovlrpodouv
ro €voro dtrtro.Av rlrov 6uvor6vvo ouvdyoul.re ovnrgotrrdOeop(poro,
ndrg0o pnopo0oe rove(gvo €Xer oro poO4polrd;
epnroroodvrl
To 1889,o lro}69poOrlportr6g T(ou(€nefledvobrordnooe €vqodvotro
ndvreo(ulpdTUJV nou0o pnopo0oov yrovo ouvoyd-
vo Xprloigonorq0o0v
youpsro Oeopqporo Aurdto ontrdo{r6proro
rrlqoprOtrrqlrr1g. rltov:

1. To 1 e(voropr0p6q.
2. Av ro x e(voropr0p6g,
o en6pevoqrou x efvoren(or1goprOpdg.
3. To 1 6eve(voto erdpevogrdnorouopt0poU.
4. Av 6doopr0po( (oougen6pevoug,
€Xouv 16rre(vor(oor.
5. Av dvoo0votrooprOpdrv rov opr0p6'l ror neprdXe
nept€Xer r 6troug
roug mdpevouqrov ororye(ovrou, r6re ro orjvotronept€Xet
dtrougtougopr0podg.'

Ie ourd to o(r6proro,o fkdvo 6ev dptoerqv €vvororou opr0;-rotl

oUrerqv dvvororou er6pevou. Oot6oo,e(vorrpovep6 drr ot oprOpo(
6noq rciugXpqotpronote(o flsdvooro o(uirpordrou, e(voror <puorro(
oprOpo(.Me pdorl ourd ro ontrdo{uir;rorcr, Kclr{errvtirvroqon6 rov
np6ro rpuorrdopr0p6,ro 1, rordrpepe vo op(oetdtrougrouqrpuorrotig
opt0porig.An6 q orryprlnou EXoutrre rouq rpuorroUg oprOpotlg, pno-
podprevo ouvoydyoupe rougundlotnoug opr0podg roOdlg ror rrg oX€-
orrqrouq.E(vorerntrrlrrrr6ro drr rdoo ontrdo{r6poroe(vor16ootoXu-
pd. Aeve(votpnep6eprdvo o0te ooorprl,otrtrdnrptrtrr(ouvour6gorpr-
p6g rrg dvvoregnou e(votpoorr€g yro rouqrpuorro0q oprOgodq: ro 6rr
(ertvdpt on6 ro 1 Kor,orn ouv€Xero, npoXrrrpdpe 6ro6oXtrdos rd0E
en6pevo opr0g6.To n€pnroo((opo t(vot ro o(ftrrgorqg enoyuryrjg. Iq-
go(veronltirq61, ov pnopo6pevo ono6e(oupepro r6r6qro yro ro 1
Koryro 6lougrougendgevoug opr0po0g, r6re ono6errv6eror yro dloug

366 l . B o y e ro
, .645.
roug<puotxorig opr0po0q.Aurd to o{uir1loto,6nurgXpqorponor{04rov
on6tov fledvoror dllouq poOrlporrrodq, rjrovypogp6voge oupBotrrrd
rp6norot ouvo6edovrov on6 ouotqpoUq rovdvrqyro t4 loyrrr]e{oyur_
y4 oupnepoopdrov.E6dr6rorundroops ro poorxdo{rdr;.roro F€ Tnv
ontronorlp€vr1goprp{roug.
H 6ro6rroo(oo(urrpourr]gOegetr(oor;q rtrrvpoOqpourdvouveX(oq_
re on6 rouq Mn€prpovrPdoetrror AtrgpevrNop0 OudrrXevt(1861_
1947)pe rrlv oud rorvo0npoond0erd rouqvo ouvOdoouv 6Io to o(urt_
potrrd poO4pottrdpe qv runtr{ troyrrrjoro principiaMathematica.Av
our6 prnopoUor vo €rnrEux0e(
tdre 6troro poOqgorrrd 0o pnopodoov
vo ovoX0ofvoe Boorrdo{uirtrroto qq }oyrrrjg.Tt 0o pnopotjoevo
epno6(oerr6po ro go0qpourd;

To nopdSo{o

AuoruXdrg, ro np6ypoptrro qq ovoyoyriq6lurv rov go0qprolrrilvoe

o{uiporo 6evnpoXriprlo€ Jr€rov rpdnonou ro eiXovoXe6rdoer or [led_
vo, Pdoel,OudrrXevr ror d}tror.Eprpov(or4rovpruyp€S oro onou6o(o
orxo66pqpo nou 6pr(ov.To nptirronpdptrrlporjrov 4 ovordlurfr4rtrrv
nopo66{ovnou npoipXovrovon6 ug 6rotoOqrrris Foqovtr}r]{rerg yto
ro oUvotro- q dvvororov ouvdlrrrv oro sn(rcevrporov v6ov
Bprordrov
o(u.oprorrr6vgoOrlpotrrtirv,
ytor( ro odvotroXpqorponototivrov yro vo
op(oouvrqv dvvororulv oprOprirv.
'EXouge
{6q ovogiperro np6ro nopd6ofo:e(vorro nopd6oforou
Kdvrop,6tr 6r1tro6{
6evpnope(vo undp{er€voggdyrotoquTr€pr€rspo-
opfvoq optOpdq.Ag unoOdooupe drt ro O e(voro nlq0tr6q opt0p6q
ev6qouv6}ou,ororXe(o tou ono(oue(vor6lo ro dtrtroodvotro.Autd ro
yryovrro(oo0votro0o np€netvo nepr6Xer dXrpdvorov eour6rou, oltrd
ror rdOenr0ov6unoo0votro tou eourodrou. Enogdvoq, o ntrr10rr6q
opr0p6qrou ouvdtrounprinervq e(vqrgeyotrdrepog ond ro O. Itqv
rpoyl-rorrr6qro,0o npEnervo e(votroutrdXrorov 20,rdu nou ovurpd-
oK€r1r€rov roxuproFddrr o ntrr10rr6qrou opr0p6qe(vorto o. B€po(oq, 367
 qur6ro ovrtperon(oope opvoripevor ontrdrg 6rr undpyerdvo16oo;reyd-
troo0votro, 11€vog16oopeydtrog ntrr10rr6gopr0p6g.
O Pdoelovordtru{re €vonopd6o{onou rpov rpupp€vooqv on}oi'-
rrl 0eop(ortovouv6}ulv,ro ono(orlrov nro bdorolovo npoono0{oou-
p€ vclro orrrotroyrlooupe.Mnopo0grvo 6rlproupyrlooupe o6volo,nou
ro orotXe(o rouge(vorrr ourd odvolo.Av unoOdooupe 6rr ro A e(votro
orjvotrodlov rtr-rvoprorep6Xetpcuv norXrdrv rou gn€r(pnotr ror 6rr ro B
e(vqrro ofvolo 6lov rov opoevrrtivnonrtirv,r6re ro {R,a}e(vordvo
orjvolonou onoretre(ror un6 60o ofvotro,6qlo64ro odvotrqA ror B.O
PdoeloXrlpduoe 6voo0volo,ro I, rou ono(ouro orotXe(o {rov ror ro
(6toorjvotro.E(nr6rr dvoorivotro0o e(vorororXe(o rou I ov 6evneprd-
X€rulqororxsio rou tov equr6rou.Av I = {o'',az,o2,...1, r6re rdOeo, eL
vot dvo otjvolo nou 6ev nepriXeru.rgororXr(orou rov eour6rou. Oo
np6nettrorn6v,ovopurrrl0rlre o Pdoetr,vo oupnepildpoups ro I urg
ororXe(o rou I; Av to I 6evneprdXrr tov eour6rou, 16110o npdnetvo
efvorororXe(o rou I. Atrtrd,ov e(vorororXe(o rou I, r6re neprdXet rov
Eour6rou rot 6,: 0o npinet vo e(vorororXefo rou I. Atrtrd,ov 6eve(vor
orotXe(o, r6re 0o npfnervo e(vor!E{ ou ror ro nopd6o{o.An}drq6ev
e(vor6uvor6vvo dXoupe €voodvolooov ro I.
To nopd6o(orou Pdoetr on66er(e 6rr or Ororo0rlrrrdg ovrrtr4rf€r(Foq
yro ro orivotroo6rlyo6oovoe ovrupdoerq ror 6rr or poOrlpotrrof 0o
€npenevo orerprofvvo npooeyy(oouv rov optop6rr.rrv opr0gtirvge dtr-
loug rp6noug,n6po on6 ouroriqrqg ontroirqgOrurp(og rov ouvdtrtrrv.
Aur6 o6{yr1oe,rord rr16rdpretorou etroorodou.0vo, orqv ovdruu(4
rqgrunrrrlqo(ulporrrrlg0eurp(oq rtrrvouv6trrrrv.
To nopd6o(orou Pdoetr ev0dppuve rr dltrougvo rpd{ouvyro nopd-
6o(o orrg6roro04rrrdq ovrrtrrlrfrrg
;.rog.Kdnoroon6 ourd ro nopd6o(o
erntr{ooouvror e(vorbtoore6ootrrd.kerpre(rrro nopd6o(orqg trd-
UroSrou T6;roov,nou ovorotrJrprrlrr on6 ro Bpetov6rprtrdoorpo T(€rpg
T6proov ro 1970.'Oetrrpo6pe 6l €youge€vo rd}etoplXdvrlpoyto vo

2. E.l.BorowskiKorJ.M.Eorwein,The HarperCollins
Dictionaryof Mathematics
i?n
$e66 (NeoYopxrl,HarperCollinsPublishers,
ig91),a. 5Bg.
 APIO MO I

ovdpoupe ror vo oprlvoug€glo ldpno. Iqv opXqro qurqovdBetyto

ivo lenr6 ror perdoprlveryro trrrod trenr6..Entrro,ovdperndh yro dvo
ritopro rou trenrodror opqveryto 6vody6oorou trenrod. AurdouvcX(-
(etor pe ro gog vo ovdperKorvo oBrlvetfotepo
on6 to pro6 rrlq
nporlyorjpevrlg Xpovrrrjqnepr66ou..yorepoon6 60o ol6rlqpo Imrd,
0o €XerougBe(pro dnetprloxotrou0(o ovoppdrov ror oBqorpdrov.
'Yorepo
on6 60otreurd,ro rprrlq0o e(votovoppdvo{ oB4op6vo;
'Evo
dllo urpo(onopd6o{oBoor(etoroto opXtrdnopd6o{orou pd_
oetr.kegre(re pro n6trr1nou €Xerdvo g6vo roup€o.Aur6q
o roup6oq
(upr(rr6notov6ev{up(,(eror p6voqtou. floroq{upftr rov roup€o;Av o
roupfog6ev{upr(erottrrdvoq tou, rdre {upr(errov eourdrou.Av {upr(e-
ror trr6voq tou, rdrr 6e 0o np€nervo {upr(errov eout6rou.
'Evo
dltro6{unvonopd6o{oovorolUrprqre qnd ro BperovdprB}ro04_
rdproT(.T(. Mn6pr.AgunoO€ooupre 6n ro[tvopo6;re dtrouq rougOeurotiq
oriporougopr0godE pe pdo4 ro prrpdrepoopr0p6oulloptirvnou e(vot
onopo(tr;teg, oro oyytrrrd,yro vo rousneprypdrfoupr. Enog€vurq, o opt&
p6q oep-ev-nv'onorre(rperqoutrtrop€q, evdro opr0p6gvdrv_l_oeB_evo
rdooeptq. Ag oregrodpertirporo o0vorodl,v rov or.pourrvoprOptirv
nou onolrodvroutrdXrorov 6sroEwdooutrtropdg yro vo fi€prypo<potiv.Ie
our6to odvoloneprdXeror o prrcpdrepog or€poroqopr0p6qnou qnorts(
6rrorvv€ooullopig. 'Opurq, pdhgneprypdrfoge out6 rov ordporooprO_
p6 utgto "prrp6rrpoordporoopt0p6o olo(oq6w neprypdrpror
ptetrty6_
tepeqon6 6eroevv€o oulloBiq,, nou on6 gdvorou onoretre( neptypogrj
rov 6eroorrri outrlopdrv!Enop€voq, 6ev undpXetrdnoroqprrpdtepoq
or€porog rou vo onorre(yroulv neptyporpr] tou 6rroevv€o outrlopdq.;
llotrtrdon6 to nopd6o{oy(vovrornopd6o{odrov gro
nepryporpr]
or4pt(erororrlv ouroovorpopd. 'EXoupe,
enopdvoq, ro nopd6o(orov
ouvdlovnou nepr€Xouv rov Equr6roug,rov neprypogtilv nou neprypd_
qouvrov rour6 rouqKorrov roup€rrlv nou (up(ovrortrrdvot roug.Aurd

3. Seventeen (sev'en,teen):
6eroenrd.(I.r.M.)
4. Ninety-seven(nine,ty-sev,en):
evev{vroenr<i.(I.t.M.)
5.'O.n.,o. 49.
3Sg
 ro nopd6o(oqno6etrv0ouv 6tt, oe ewototroytr6 en(ne6o, e{orotrou0o6-
pevo nolefoupsF€ng poorr6govtrtrrirlrerq nou Xplotgonotodge yto vo
6toruntivoupe rtq €vvoteg YtorousoprOpo0g ror ro poOrlgortrd.
Mro 6e0rtpq6uoxotr(o ot 6,tt orpopdr4v npoond0etovo Bpo0pe
o[uirptoroyro 6troro ptoOrlprotrxd ouv6€erotps rlv 6vvotou1gntrr1p6-
qrog. 'EXetunoreOe( 6rr dvo ntrrjpeqodoqpo o{ttlgdttrtv,6noq out6
rou fledvo,0o np€netvo e(votoprerd toXupd,tiorE vo onoDerrvfet 11
vo 6rorfrtf6etrdOetoXuprop6 nou 6totuntir0rlre evt6qrou ououlporog.
Mnope(vo XpetoorofvXp6vro6outrerdg yto vo pnop€ooutrt€ v'onoqov-
OoUpe yro onotov6rlnore ouyrerprp€vo roXuprog6 otrtrd,Oeopqrtrdrou-
IdXtorov,0o np€netvo gnopo0pevo ono6ei{oupe ov e(vototrqOe(q {
rlreu6e(g6troror roXupropo(. Aurq q dno{q dtrtro{eon6 ro 6pyorou
Kouprfriwel (1906-1978), o ono(ogto 1930onC6erle dtt, trt€oooe
onoro6{noreo6orrlgoo{topdrov, nou t(vot opretd toXup6t0orevo
epprlve0er rqv oprOpqrtr{,e(vot buvordv vo 6toruntitooug€ toxupt-
opo0gnou 6evpnopofvvo ono6etyto0v. Aur6e(votro looiyvtooro0r-
d,pqpau1qoti)tng tou fr€vretr.Aut6 orprpdrqto Oetirpqpo ror66et(e
6116eve(vot6uvot6vvo onoOe(oupe ov undpXet r] 6ev undpXtt€vog
opt0p6govdgsoootov NoKotrov N'
ntrr10rr6g
H ovordtru{rq rou Oeurprlporoq qq or€trtrogrord<ptpe €vopfnqpo
oro odyXpovo po04porrxd, oov ro Xrdnqponou rordrpepe orouq[1u0o-
ydperoug rou oodp;rerpou
11ovordtrurlrrl qq 6toytlv(ou. An6rrlv onrrrrl
yov(o rrlg rpilooorp(og,trroqtr€et6tt 11troyrr4rot proOqgortrri ovdtruorl
6evenopro0vyto vo onoKotrUrlrouv dtreqrtg otrr1Oereg
Yto rous optOpo0g.
Enop€vtrtg,0o e{orotrou0ofv ndvrovo undpyouvotrr]0eteq nou 4 ovord-
Iu{rqrougnopop€vet d(rrron6 ourd roOoutdto poOqportrd.

Merd Tov aKoor6 CIlovo

Meydtrotprlpo outtirvnou dXou;reratrUrpet

neptypdger ro 6pyo0eop4-
6noq our6 ouvO€erot
rrrdrvpoOr1;rortrtitv, Jl€rq 6trq pog dvvotoyto
37O rougoprOpo0q.'Opoq, 11e(dtrt{r1 on6
e(votnto notrdn}orr1
rurvoptOgtirv
 APIO MO I

ng Oeurp(eg nou ov€mu(ovouto( or enoyyetrpor(eg go0rlpottxo(. Or

onordo6v rprlpo tqg (6roqrrlg 6o;1119
oprOtrro( rou notrtrtogoU pog.
Enop€vog, evtir11Oeurp(o rrrtvopr0gdtve(etrtoo6rov oro vou trrrvpo0q-
porrxtirv,
o notrrrrop6g rrrrvopr0p6vovonruoodrovnovtotjorrlv Kotvo-
v(o gog.Av ro poOqporrrd efiov ev6torpdpov p6voyro rougenoyyelpro-
r(egpo04potrro6gxor ro oyvootioeq undlotnrlrotvutv(o, rdre o 16-
opog0o {rov 6vrog 6vog (o<pep6q r6nog.Or opt0po(xot ro poOqport-
rd onoretrodv r4v rrvqrrjpro60vo;rqqg reXvotroy(oq gog ror ouv6io-
pre
vror Korro 60o orevd rqv ro04geprvri Uoq0nop{q.
'Evop6rpoyro n6oo notrdnlorqfXouvy(verto poOrlpottrdpog
to
e(vor11Xp4o4rtrrvpoOrlporrrtiv ond ro gdoonotr(rq.Ifgrpovo Usrov
roOqyqrrlpoOrlpourtivT(dptKtvyr,undpXouv nep(nounev{vroyiltd-
6rq enoyyelpor(eg po0rlporrro( olq HnA,ov perp{ooupe ro p6}qrov
rpuirve0vrr6vpo0qprourdrv opyovtitoEurv.Auro(ot nevqwo Xttrtd6eg
;ro0qpotrro( 6rlpoore6ouv rd0e Xpdvo, Xfironewqr6otq6rogoperr-
oe
rd nepro6rrd, nep(nouefroorn€vreXilrd6egpo0qportrigovorotvtioetg
nou orrlp((ovroroe ipeuvo.uh4 ouvdXtro, o Krvyrentoqpo(vet 6rt oXe-
6dv rov€voq6e 6roBd(er ourrigrtg e(rootn€vreXrtrrd6tg entorqpovtrdg
ovororvtioe lq. Og en(ro nle(orov,6ropd(ovroton6 rrlv rprlrrl €ntrpo-
nrj rov nepto6rrtirv Kcrrrouq (6rougtouq ouyypoqe(q. Enop€vog, nop'
6tronou dXouge ndpo nollodg enoyyetrpor(eq poOqportro0g, rt ouro(ot
po0rlgorrro(rd0eXp6vonopdyouv€vo 6pyopeydtrooe 6yro, out6 ro
6pyo6rv €Xer dproqen(6pooq o'epdgrouqun6}ornoug.
Aur66purq6e orlpo(vet 6rr ot vdegovorolf{rergrov po0qpottr6v6e
rprdvouvoro eupf rotvdyror(,puor4pul66q,rptdvouv. Aur6nou <prd-
verog epdge(vorro rotrdreporoppdrrrov poOqprortrdtv, our6 bqlobrl
yro
noue(vqroqpovrrr6 Uoqorn Fn poOqgortrrl(ttti ltoS.'EXouv undp-
(et oprer€grpdotrg-rtrtr6rd oqv ov0p6ntvrltorop(o,6rov eiXopepto
€rpn[nXpqorprono(r1onq rov goOrlpourtivon6 ro p€oodv0pono.Aur6
6e orlpro(ver6tr 6trororrlv rorvov(oeno6(r1oov ug yvtioetgroug 6oov
o<popd orouqopr0go0g, otrtrddrt ro drovov peydlo rpqporo tou ntrr1-

6 . K i n g ,o . 6 377
 0uopo6.M(o ond rrg npurreqqop€grlrov 6rov ovonrdX0rlrov or oypo-
rotrhdpyertg orrl 6urrrrlAo(o,y0ptrroro 8500n.X.,6rov ouv40rop6vor
dvrpegror yuvo(reg dnpenevo prdOouv vo prerpofvror vo rdvouvtroyo-
ptoolrotig.
tlpotirOqoq rurv proOrlgolrtivefioperr 6rov e(etrtX0qrov or ndtrerg,
yfpur oro 3500n.X.,ror or rupepvrlreg Xperd(ovrov ypoge(qror repe[g
yro vo rdvouvo0v0eroug unotroyropotigyro ro ndvro, on6 rqv nopo-
rotro604oq turv enoXc0v pdXprro po(poopoqq ylq Korrov Korop€pr-
opd rrlg epyoo(og. Auq q e(dlt(r1enrroXtivOrlreond rqv erpe0peoq r4g
ypoqqqorrl loupcp(o,y6puroro 3100n.X..
flop'6tronou 4 EtrIdbo€(4oeproon(ouurqdv0rloqoro poOqgol-
rd ror orrl rpilooo<p(o .l00p.X.,yro
ovdpeoooro 500n.X. rqr ro roug
ouvrl0rogdvoug notr(teg6w dltro(ovnoltrd.O dporogror ro unotroyt-
ortrd ntvdrrodyrvov6r1porpilioq Bo40nporoyro roug unotroyropo0g,
utrId o p€oogdvOptrrnog 6e ouppererXe orov ntrofto rov ;roOqporrrdrv
rou ovorotrfrrrovrov.
Aurddllo(e ro 1455,6rov o loXdveqfrofrevprnepyr (lourepBdp-
yroq)nopouo(ooe Xurdperotrtrtrdrrvrlrdrunoyporprrd orotXe(o yro rnv
errUnoorlprptr(ov. An6 ouul rrlv enoXrlrot perd,gnopo0oovvo cKTU-
ntivovrorpeydtror oprOgo( oXerrrdrp0r1v6v yro po(r<4rqrqvd-
BrBtr(trrv
trooq. Aur6 porlOr1oe orqv npo60qorlrurv tbetirvrqg Avoy€vvqor1g,
orrq ono(egoupnepilogpdvovrov or €Trrorlllovrrfq ovorotr0qr€rq, Kor
rcuvrv6oopoBrr6v opr0prlrrrdrv ro
{rr1rp(ov, ono(o etor]X0qoov ond rrlv
EyyfqAvorotrr1. Aur6 eyrotv(ooeen(o4qrqv reXvoloyrrrlenoX(nou
oxotroppdvoupe oqpepo.Or entorr]prov€q Koror reXvrro( gnoporlvvo
npooeyy((ouv rrq r6degrov ;loOqprotrrtivror vo erpoppd(ouv rrq ovo-
rolf gerqrouqorcrro0rlpeprvd npoptrrlporo. Auto(ot er6tro(,U€rn osr-
pd roug,dpXroovvo errrporjvro poOrlporrrd yro rrlv oro0rprrqroug
o[(o.
O etroordgouirvogpdgnpdo<pepe 66o peydleqe(etr(erg oro ;ro0r1-
portrd,rou F€rr1oerpdroug0o ouppdtrouv orrl 6rd6oor1rurv;ro0r1;ro-
rrr6v orov euptintrr1Ouopd. H nptiul, rpuorrd,e(vorq erpedprorl rcrrv
372 unolovtor6v.
M o O n p o r r r <odn 6 P n x o v f q

Or neptoo6repot enoyyetrpot(eg poOqgolro(dpyrloovvo onobeXrofv

roug unoloytor€g.Evdrot iloverltorqptoro( p4Xovtro(€nor(ovn€ptxo-
pe(qge trg v6egouoreu€q oro t6lr1rrlg 6eroer(og rou nevrlvroKotortq
opXdgqg 6eroer(ogrou e(tivto,ot poOqportro( nouvo0oov to rerpdtrt
rouq Kt €treyovdrt or prlXovdg 6ev pnopodoovvq rdvouvono6e([etq,
rot or ono6e((etg rirov ourd pc ro orlo(oooXolo0vtovot po0rlportxo('
M6voot enroujpoveg nou ooXotro0vrot P€ltr sqopFooUdvo goOqport-
rd ovrrtr{rp0qKov rrl peydtrrl
Xprlorg6rrpo ttlv unotroytor6v rot o top€-
og qg oprOprlrtxrig ovdtruoqq €rove6vo ;rrydtrodtrgonpogto egnpdg'
Kotd q 6tdpretottlv retreuro(tlv rptdvro€rtiv, ot neptoo6repor go0r1-
pottxo(npooXtirprloov retrtrdoq Xprloqrov unotroytottitv, ox6port ov
notrlo(on6 ouroUgeforotrou0odv vo vtt(lOouv 6tr ro npoypotrrdpo04-
'EXeroprptopqrrlOt( or6po rot 4
pottrd y(vovrorpe gol0pr rot Xopr(.
6tt ot unotroyror€g
ovtitrrlrlrq 6ev;rnopo0v vo rdvouv ono6e(etq' To no-
o(yvooroOttirpqpo tov teoodptlvXprrrpdrov ovorp€per 6116e Xperd(o-
vtor neptoo6tepo on6 r€ooepoXptirporo vo
Ylo Xpopor(ooupe oflotov-
6rjnoreXdpq, 6rot6ote vo UrlvundpXouv nouOevd 60oyetrovtrdg Xtl-
ptq U€ro (6ro To 0edrpqpo npord0qre ro 66rorodvoto ottitvo,
Xpdrgo.
otrId 6ev ono6eftrqre p€Xpr ro 1976, Ve rn Xpnoqrofupdrvunotroyt-
ottirv.H on66er[qrou Oeurpriporoq ge gotr0prror Xopt(6eve(vot
pdvo
Ouvoulen(rou noPdvrog.
0o16oo,undpXouv 66ontreup6g
rt dtrtreq ttlv unoloytott0v nou e(vot
pe rr1ou(qrrloriUoq.flptirov, ot unotroytot€q,
oXerrr6g orrlv ouo(o,e(-
prlXovdq
vor unotroytoux€q oprOgtirv'
6uo6txtilv To ndvro orougunolo-
yrordg(ertvo0vq ovdyovrotorrlv onoO{reuor1, trlv np6o0eonn rrlv
orpo(peoq 6uo6trtiv oprOptirv. orov
Enopr€vutg, nuprlvo orptptitgtt'lv
unotroytordv
PP(orovtur oPt0Po(.
'OUoq,ro nto orlpovrtrd Yto ro
rov unotroytottitv
XopoKrlpiortK6
p€oodvOprrrno gdg entrp€nttvo no(ouge pe
e(vot6rt o unotroyrorrlg
'EXoupe q6q ovc<p€pet16oo orlpovrrxde(votto notXv(6tpe
opr0po0q.
xdrt nou ouXvdnopoptrdnetot
opr0poriq, ortgou(rpqostq Ytoro rt t(vot 373
 Oo16oo,q 6poorqprdrrlronou npo4ye(rotrqq oopo-
ro po0r1trrortrd.
p4g evooXdtrqolq rou Oeurpquxori poOqpolrori1.1€ rrlv on66et(q0eo-
prlpdrurve(vorro ouvoproolK6norXv(6tpe rtq 6vvoteg rov optOptitv.
poOrlpotrr€g
llotrtrdg €yrvovenet6rlrdnotogpoOrlportrdg
ovorotrrirperg
6nor(e;.reoprOpo0g rot forpvtrdnopor4prloerdrt 6rorpopettr6. O p6-
ooqdvOpurnog iXerrtirpoorq 6td0eor1 rou Ftctonou6o(o prlXovqyto vo
no(er pe rougoprOpo0q. Aeve(votontrdrq 6rr €Xoupe €vo rolfrepo pto-
tr0Brror Xopr(,dXoupe pro prlyovrjnou poq entrp€net vo no(ouprepte
rougoprOpodg, pe rpdnougnou rlrov o6rivototXutp(g ourr1.Mnopofpe
ttirpo vo 0€roupeorougeouro0qgog epurrrlporo nou orpopotivopt0-
pofg ror perd vo XpqorgonoroUpte rr1ptqXovrj yto vcl no(oupe,roOti.rg
'lotrtg
ovo(rltodperrg onovr4oerg. ot onovujoetqvo ourorporoOo0v.
Aur6 e(vqrdvo ntreov€rtnl.roTrou6ev etXeroprd yevtdnprv on6 epdg.
M6vor6po, pe q peydtrq6td6ooqttr.tvotrtortiv unoloytottitv, pnope(
o p€oogdvOponog vo epeuvrloer ror vo pretreuloetpe euXdptoro rp6no
rr1Bootrrl<p0oq rov oprO;rdrv. fro vo rdverourodrou e(6ougrtg 6peu-
veg p' 6vov unotroyror{,o Xprlorqgnp€netvc yvopr(etpto ytrtitooo
npoypolrForropo0. Enop€vr,-rg,
or vdotdvOpurnot np€nervo ev0oppdvo-
vror vo pro0o(vouv npoypopgorrollo, yro vo pnopo0vvo Xpnotponot-
ofv ntrripogout€qrtg roronlqrrtr6gp4Xov6g.
Oo obqyrloer,dpoye,oErdrr rotvoripyro ourq q eurotp(o,rdoo rov
;roOqporrrc0v,6oo rol rov prl proOqpottrtirv,
vo oololofvrcrtF€rdrt 16-
'EXouge (noer
roto; 116l rqv np6rq peydtrrlovordtrugrlnou Boo(oqre
oro norXv(6rF€rous unoloytordq - rr10eop(orov rppdrrol.

K o r r t r r v r orgo v 0 € 6 K ordU oro

dv0ponordXouv
Or nsproo6repot ouvovr4oetto rppdrrol.E(votere(veg
or novfproprp€q err6vtgnou
Xpol.lorror6g (6poupe 6rt ouv6dovrot,pe
rdnoropoyrr6rp6no,16oope ro po0r1;rorrrd 6oo rot pe rov rotp6.
ro rppdrrotre(vorotivOereg
Ito ouyrerprprdvo, yeurprerprr€gropn6]eg,
3F€ o€ onld oXrlpotclclvrtq peye0rjvoupre
nou 6e perooXrlpori(ovror rot 11
I
II
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6rdoroorlroug Bp(orerorovdpeoooe ordporouqoprOgofg.yndpXouv
6t1opoprp€q outrlgr4q ovonruoodpevrlg neptoXr]q: q Oeurp(o rou Xdoug
oug rpuotr€g entor(pegror 110eurp(o rurvrppdrrotroro poOrlportrd. Or
ouv€neteg, yro
16oo rrg rpuorrdg entou]peq, doo xoryro ro go0rlpourd,
e(vorrepdorreqror 0o otrId(ouvro np6oonorov rpuotr6ventorrl;ltirv
Korrov po0qporrrtirv poqorouqen6;levoug ouiveg.
Oo e{erdooupe nptirrorrg rpuorr€g entorr]peg. Mo04portrdpovr6tro
Xp4otyonotorlvrov e66 ror oui_rveq yro vo neprypd{rouv ror vo npoB}d-
tfouv<puorrd rporv6pevo.Or ntrovrlreq rrvodvroroe Ellerntrr6g rpoXr6g
ytipo on6 tov'Htrroror or pndtreq rov rovovuirv orolou0o6vnopcBotrr-
r6qrpoXr€g otov odpo.H entorr]pr1 npoptrdner pr prydtr4enrruX(o ourd
rq ontrdrporv6pevo. 'Opoq,
6rov ro <porv6pevo y(vovroretrdXroto nro
notr0ntroro, ro poOrlporrrdpog povrilo rpo(veror vo onoruyXdvouv.
Itor( dpoye,nopd rouqpnecupotroyrrofg 6opurpoprrodq oro0po6qror
rouq un€punotroyror€q, 6ev gnopo0vor ;rerer.opotrdyor vo npoBtr€{rouv
ov odpro0o Bp€(er11ov 0o dXouprtrrord6o;Ae (qrdpevo ;rdOoupre rr
rorp60o rdver€voUrlvon ordporot pto eB6ogd6o opy6repo. O€lou-
pe onl6g vo yvurp((oupe pe rdnorooryouptdrov rotp6 yro lq en6pe-
veg6uo-rperg nFdp€q. 0o16oo, r; rrov6rrporuJVF€uopotr6yov vo npo-
ptrdnouv rrgronrrigrorprriqouv0rjrrq yro uq en6peveg prori 6uo4p6-
peqe(vot,6nog(6poupe6tror,ovenoprrlq.
frqr( 6ev ;rnopodpe vo Xprlorponotrlooupe roug unotroyrordg trrog
yro vclnpoptr6rfoupe ro Xprlporrorr]pro ror vo y(voupre nlo0oror;Tr y(-
v€rorF€ro qntr6€pyor4q neptyporprlq rtrrv6tvtirvrou vepo6yfptrron6
rougBpdXoug o'€vo yeipoppo;H olrlOero e(vor6tr noltrdouorrlporo
r4g <pUorlg 6ev pnoporiv vo Trsprypoqotiv pe ro rloorrd po0qporrrd.
Kdnore,n(oreuovdrt ro pdvonou dXoupe vo rcdvou1lr e(votvo enil6-
(oupero ooor6 ofvolo e(rorioeovror vo prprloougsrrq rordtrtr4leg
opXrrdg ouvO{regror, re}trd,0o enrtr0ooupe 6troro npoBtrrlporo ou-
roUrou e(6ouq. Oprop6vo ond ro ouorr]poro rqq <priorlgnou pelerdpe
rpo(vovror pdtrIovoro0epdror 11nope(orulv yeyov6ttrrv 6e 6toropdo-
oErolono prrp6qovopotr(eg rord rr16tdprerorrlq e{€}r{nqroug.Ag
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 |(EOAAAIO I 5

ir1 0o {erpriyet
on6 r4v rpoXrdrrlq Kor0o eyroro}e(tper ro rltrtordori_
orqporord 14 6tdpreroev6goerogoU rj rnq €rprl(rlgev6g4rpororerou.
En[or1g,or (u,vrovo(opyovropo( <po(vovror on6truroovOerrrro( orrgotr-
Ioy€q.Mtrpd (tirorou (6roue(6oug, nou yevvrofvror oe 6rorpoperrr6
neprBdtrtrov,peyotrrrrvovroqe{oro}ou006vvo 6xouvu1v (6ro yevrrri
popqrl. flpdy;rorr,our6q e(voto rp6nog rqrd rov oro(o trerroupye(
ol6rtrr1p4n qUon.
fro vo ovrrperon(ooupe 6rjorotroouorrlporo,dnog o rorp6g,ovo_
nr6(ogeo0volq e(ro6oetr.rv 16oonohjnloro, riore trrrodpeoqmiluor1
6ev4rov nporlrd 6uvor{,rr 6rorXploryonou]0qrov yryovrro(or uno_
troyrordg yro vo prnop€ooupre vq ro rrpoo€yy(ooupe. Evrofrorg,noild
ouor4pororqg rpdorlgovrrordrovrorenrpdvogouq npo_
;rryotrdt€p€S
ondOerig Foqvo rdvoupenpoptr€{erg. Ot entorqpoveg, }otndv,dpXr_
oov vq ovopurrroUvror pr]nurg6evunripXouv ouor{poroorrl rp6or1 nou
vo e(vorryyevdlqooro0{, Trouvctotrtrd(ouv 6qlo6rj nope(oFErnv ro_
poprrp{ oltroyrjouv04rdrv.Aur6 nou ovordlurfovqrov notrudpr0po
ouorqporoe{orpeurdeuo(o0r1ro otrg opXrr€q ouv0rlreg. Ilpdyporr,er_
vol 16ooeuo(oOr1to, tiore 6eve(vqt6uvor6vvo perprlooups uS opxr_
rdg ouvO4req gr enoprr]orp(Beto, nporerp€vou vo rdvougenpoptrd_
Qerg.Eroxtrrp{or€ oro xdog.AvrrtropBovdpoore rdrpo6rr rdnotrgn}eu-
p€grou ofprnovroge(vorrdoo unepruo(o0r1uq, rou rpo(vetor vo ou_
gnepup6povror g'€vov evretrtirg
xoortr6rp6no.Aev€xeroqproo(o n600
pehr6vovror ro po04porrrdpog,ro ouorr]poro ourd 0o rororp€pvouv
ndvro vo otrld(ouvnope(onpoqroreuOdvoerg nou 6ev pnoporjpe vo
npopl6rf oupe.
Aeve(vordprrrqro ndvro onoyoqreurrrd. AvorolUnrovroq ro Xdog,
ovoroldrpope en(or1q6tr dvoodoqpo nou e(voreuo(o0qro ror letroup_
ye( odprptrrvo pe tr(youqp6vo ontroUq vdpouggnope(vo nopdyere[o_
rppevrrdno}dntroroonoretrdoporo. Enopdvog, o f6rogo nloUrogrrlg
g0o4ge(voronordtreopo qq €goppoyrlg ontrrirvrov6vurvnou erpopp6_
(ovror{ovd rot (ovd o'6vo euq(o04ro o6or4pro. To tetrtxdonordtreopro
6ev pnope(vo npoBtrerp0e( on6 r4v ontr6r4rorov rov6vtrrvKcrr€pn€_
EF* pr6xer pto on(orrurqnolunlor6r4rorrrou6evr4 ptr€noupe otougev16-
yo rov6veq.Aur6€Xtrouv€nereq yto ro ndvro,on6 ro ntig peyotrtirvouv
or opyovropo( ge Bdorlontro0gyevertrodg r66rregog ro nrirgtrerroup-
ye( q e0vrrqorrovop(o.H ovordlu$r1rou XdougKorrov euo(oOrpov
ouorqpdrovqrov ro dpeooonor€treopo rrlg npoondOerog povretrono(-
qoqgrdrorovouorrlpdrovpe unotroyrordq.
'Otro
6oo dXoupener g€Xptrdrpo qo(verorvo ouv6dovrclr [r€ ro
erpoptrroopdvo poOqporrrd. tkirgpnoporivor unotroyror€q Korro ouorrl-
gorq rrlq <p6or1gvo enrlped(ouv tov ro0op6,notrugo0rl r6ogorov 0e-
oprlrrrc0v poOrlporrr6v; Ilporole(€rntr4(r1 ro 6rr o rdopogFoqruJVKo-
0otrrrdv€vvouitv, 6nogerrppd(eror fr€Too0or4poopr0prirv, neprfXer ro
6tr6 rou ydog. Orov oXe6rd(oupr pro errdvoouto0 rou Xdouqorov
uno)\oytorq, 6rlproupyorjpe €vorppdrrotr. il69 gnope(vo ouprBofver ou-
16; tl6q pnope(q orptpqqpoOrlporrrrj opXrjrurvopr0;rdrv vo neprdXet
etx6veg Xdoug;To vo Buiroouge dpeooro Xdognou wundpXeroroug
opr0po0g e(voroov vo rorrd(ou;re rov Oe6rordporo.
E(vor16ooon}6 vo 6qproupyrlooup€ orov unotroyrorrl gro ovonopd-
orooqev6gpo04gortrod rppdxrotrxorvo 6o6peour6ro Xdog,t6orepno-
pe(vo ro rdvero xoOdvog nou xorovoe(oe pdOogu1v dlyeBpon 6Xet
oro on(rrtou €vovunotroytorri.'Ag ndpouge,yro nopd6erypo, ro oltr6
notrutirvul,to+ =
x' 8 0. H e{(ouroqourrj nepr€Xet dnrtpontrr10oq notrdntro-
rov tremogepeuiv, rrou6w e(Xope nor€rpovroore( nprvond ro retreuro(o
e(roorXp6vro.Arpo6to nolutirvutrro e(vorrp(rou po0po0,€Xerrpetg16-
o€rq,lq xl, x2Kcnx,. M(o on6 lg tr0oerg e(voro prp6goprOpdq -2. Av
ovurotoor{oouFs ro xr F€ro -2, iXoupe: (-z)' * a = -8 + =
8 0. Or dtrtreg
66ol6orrge(vorot pryobrro( opr0go(x2- 1 + y'ji ror Xi = 1 - i/f i. nurdq
nq rp€rqtrfoergpnopodpe vo nS ovorcrpoorqooupe yporptrdoro en(ne-
6o rov ptyo6rrtivopr0puirv, qo(verotorqv Err6vo54.
dntr-rg
pd0o6og
Mto 6r1porpilrlg enfiuorlqnolurrrv0purrv e(vor11enovolqnrr-
rrl npoo€yyror1. fto vo Xprlorponor{ooupe ourrjv rr1 pd0o6oopi(ouge
6vovunotroytorrr6 oly6pr0pro, €ror droredrov errd(ougerr1tr0or1ror

7. RogerT. Stevens,Fractal:Programmingin Turbo Pascal(P6vryouvtI(1, M&T

E€€
P u b l i s h i ntge,9 0 ) . Sgas
 t(EoAAAtO l5

rou x'+ 8 = 0 €Xouvovonopooro0e(yporprrd

ElKONA54.Or rpergtrrioerg oro en(ne-
6o rou frdouq (( en(ne6otrlv yryo6rrtirvopr0pdrv)oq xl, x2 ror xr. En(oqq,iXouv
ovonopooto0e(ypogrrd or npdrtegr€ooeprgugdq (r,, E2,E3Ko(Er)nou no(pvoupe
6rov Xprlorpronorodpre
rr1pr€0o6o rou Ne0tovqyro vo pporipre ro xr.

ronoOerotipe our{ r4v erroo(ootov oly6pr0po,ro onori}eopovo e(vor

pro rol0rep4Erroo(o.'Enerroypqorponoto0;re ourrjrrlv rolUrepqerro-
ofo otov otry6pr0go,yro vo ndpoupeprro6rUrepr1, orprBdorepq errco-
o(o.IuveX(ouU€ pr our6 tov rpdno, 6onou vo nerorofpe6rr 11ond-
vrqo4 poq pp(oretorrnoprtirqrovrd orrlv npoyportr4tr0or1. E(vorev-
6rorp6pov vo enroqprdvoupe drr dnoroqotry6pr0poq Xpqorgonore(ror
otrlv enovdtr4{q6Xerdvoe(6ogevoopotop€vnq opxiq ouroovorpopdq,
rrlv oro(o ouvovr4oope drov ou(qrodoop€ yro ro nopd6o{o.H tr0oq
rou otrydpr0poue(vutpro dtrtrqtrUor1
rou otry6pr0pou ror ofro ro0e{r19.
Enop€vtug, 11enovdtrq{4ovortrdrotnd}r orov eour6rr1g.
'Evo
378 e(6ogenovotrrlnlrr]gpe066ouovom6X0rlreond tov loodx
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APIOMOI

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rTuor4povo o}trdror
po0qpottr6nou €(qoenot€. Ie ourrjvt4 p60o6oiXoupr
tov nopord_
rul olydpr0goyro vo enovotroppdvoupeouveXtirq
ug }doerqFoqyro ro
x' + 8 = 0, dnouq rd0eetroo(ooupBoh(eror
urgE.

r, = r, -Ei' J-
3E,'
Aq(ertvr]ooup€ F€ulv npdrq ert(pqo4Uog nou tooUrorp€ro pryo_
6116opr0p64 + 4i. Aurdto E,€Xer ovonopooroOe( ypogrrdorqv Err6vo
54. 'Orovovonoprotorige ypogtrd roug pryo6rro0q opr0porjq Foqrous
ouppotri(oupe oq 6toreroyg€vo (edyq,64lo6rj wg (+,+)yro rov 4 + 4i.
Ttitpo,ogoti ro E,Bp(orcerornro rovrd or4 tr6oqx, pnoporipe vo uno06_
ooutrre6n, (envtirwoqond ourq rrlv err(pqoq,0o rorolr]{oup€
vo lto-
pdyoupe6ro6oXrriq erroo(eq nou ntrrlord(ouv dlo ror neproodr€po oul
xr. Kor,npdyporr,our6 orprpdrqougBo(ver. Avrtro0rordvros ro 4 + 4i
orov nopondvtrr oly6pr0po,no(pvoupe 6rr E, = 2,67+ 2,75i,ro ono(o
6XeteniorlgovonopooroOe( yporprrdorqv Err6vo54. Awrro0rordwoq
lorndvro E2orov oly6pt0pono(pvoupe ro E3,Toono(ope rq oerpdrou
nopdyerro Er.Ttirpopptor6;.roote notr6rovrd or4 ooorrj lfoq t + y'J;,
q ono(o roodrornep(noup€.1 + 1,73i.Mtypt rtipo,
dtrotrerroupyoriv
6ntr;gnepr;rdvope. Xprlorponotdrvroq q p60o6otou Nrrjrovo,(ertvdpe
pe proerroo(onou pp(orerorrowd orn x2Korrorotr4youpe
o€ FrooKo_
louO(oertrprloecuv nou ouyrcI(ver orn xr.
Oo prnopodoops vo uno06ooupe 6rr rd0e rpopdnou I npdrr4ercr(_
FnoriFoq,4 E,,pp(orerotnto rovrd os Frclouyrerprpdv4 tr6o4,rr1x,
r6re 11pet€nerro orotrouO(o errrpu]oeov 0o ouyrl(veroe ourqvrr1x,. H
Errdvo55 Oeryver ro en(ne6o rov ptyo6trdrv opt0ptirv,ro ono(o€Xet6r_
orpeOe( pe dwovegypopp€S o€ rpsrqneproXdq yUpuron6 lg tpsrqtr6_
oerg.Oo uno0€ooupe 6rt 6tregor nprireqeruprloerg y0purond rr1x, 0o
ouyrtr(vouv orn x2,ror 6rr ro (6ro0o oupBe(perrqdtrtreq _
6fo neproXig
6u or np6reqerrrpqorrg0o ouyrtr(vouv ndvro orrlv rovrrvdreprl trUo4.
Oo ;.rnoporioe vo undp{rr€vo p6voepdrr4podoovorpopooro oqpe(o
nou Bp(orowororo ev6rdpeoo orprprirg
rcr_rv6rioltiorurv.Aur6ro eo6_ EF*
 KEOAAAIO I 5

oqpe(onououyrl(vouv
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orlpe(onououyrl(vouv
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orl x3

EIKONA 55. To pryo6rrden(ne6odXrr6rorpe0r(os rpsrs (oegneproX6g.'Orov

Xpqor-
gonoro0getr1 p60o6oenfiuorlcrou Ne6rulvo,q troyrrrjun60eoqe(vor6tr exe(voro
oqpreionou pp(orovtornro rovtd oro orlpe(ord0e tr0or1q
ouyxtr(vouv
oe our6 ro o4-
geio.Iuyrtr(vouv6gurg;

rrlpo €0eoovotov T(ov Xrorignopvrro 1976or nporoers(qrporqr€g

oto pdO4gorou on€rpoortro0 }oyropo0.ufltrqord(ouv ndvru or opXrriq
erroo(egnpoqqv rovlv6reprltr0or1; Aevrjrov o(youpoqyro rqv ond-
wqon Kortouge(ne6110o touqonowo0oerrlv endpev4 ep6opd6o.
O Xto6pnopvr 6rv pn6peoevo Bperpro rord}trqtrrlondvrrlorloe pro
ep6opd6o. 'Enpene
vo nderotov unotroyrorrltou ror vo opX(oet vo no(-
(er.To norXv(6r
rou rov o6rlyqoeorqv ovoxdtrurp( rou drr rdrr notrdno-
pd(evoouvdporve oro ;rryo6rr6En(nr6o.H opXrrqun60eor1 yro rrq €r-

8. lames Gleick,Chaos:Making a New Science(N€o ydprrl, Viking penguin,

38G $s7\.'o.217.
 APIOMOI

Koorrqrou ouyrl(vouvot4v rovtrv6rep4

trrio4iByo(evdrltrroror r]rov
loytrrl' otrid 'rov en(orlgevter6qtrov'oop€v4.
aefretr ouppo(ver orrlv
Err6vo56, 6rov nopouord(oupr rqv nqy{ 6}trrvtrrrvnputroveruprloe_
urv nou o64yotivot4 x,l Aev no(pvoupe
€vov (erdOopo6roXurprop6
rtrrv6rogoperrr6vtrUoeov,no(pvoupepro
nofuj nep(nlorc4rrr6vo'_
no(pvoupedvo rppdrrol.Tr ouppo(vetov
ndpoupetrrroprrp{ neproX4
nolfntrorov lenropepertirv rcor14 pryeOdvoupe;H lenropdpero 6ev(e_

EIKONA 56' H ef€roor1rov oqpre(trrv

oro pryo6rxden(ne60pe 14 p€0060rou
vo nopdyerpro rrrdvo rppdrrol' ot poripeg Ne6rul-
neprox€grrrq€rKovoq eivor exeiveq or
nptiregexlpfo€rq U€rrl p60o6otou Nefrovo,
o, or,olq o64yorivor4 x,
tor). Or <ionpeqneproX€g 1Oe,pofve_
r(vor.orextr;ujoerq
nou o6qyotivorq x2rj orq x,. Melerdr_
vros .q po'peq neproxiq6e(r<ion6
rov rd'ero ri{ovo, pnopefvo ovoprrrrrl'0ripe:
ytoti or np6req er<rtpr]oerg,
nou e(vornotr6nro rovrd e(reorq x,
ritr;_n
"!!r /!r/
_;;n_vv'r-
YouvoIn xr;
B€E
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on6 ro n6oo 0o peyeO0voupe rrlv etx6voovdgeoootrg 6tdrpopeq tr6-
o€rqTrourpo(vovror pe trsnrop6peteg, 6e 0o 6Xouge nor€6vov(erd0opo
ror ontrd6roXoprop6. Or ntro0oreg lenrop6peteq rou rppdxtotrouveXi
(ouvvo undpyouv, yto ndvro!
Err6gon6 rov Xro6pnopvr, rr dtrtrotdXouvepeuvqoet trg nopd{eveg
err6vrgrou 1.rryo6rro0 entn€6ou. Or nptiror rlou ro 6ruvovrpov 60o
fd}trorgo0rlgorrro(,or froor6v Zttrtdror fltcp Ooto6,ot ono(otEnpene
vo rdvouvrougunotroytopoUq tougXurp(g rq Borj0eto unotroytorrl, rotd
14 6rdprerorou A' floyr6oprrou flotr€pou.A]]d ro €pyotoug, rot ot
enor6}ou0eg novdgop<peq err6vtqnou ovopd(ovtototjvotrqrou Ziltd,
oe peydtropo0p6oyvor10r1rov. Irrl 6eroet(orou 19l0,o MnevoudMd-
wetrprnpot dpXtoevo prelerdro o6votrotou Zilrd Kot,ro 1979,ovar6-
tru{rerov nonno0rov <ppdrrotr rou ptyo6rrotienrn66ou, to o0votroMd-
vrelpnpor.'
To o[rooqpre(rlro oXertrdpe ug errdveq<ppdrtotr, 6nurqourrl orqv
Err6vo56,e(vorro 6116t orqp((ovrorFs rov€vovrp6no endvcrl oro Xd-
oq rou ouordgorogrou npoyportrodr6ogou.Ot p6vegfvvoteqnou
Xprlorponoro0vrot dpXovror oneuOe(og on6 ro Oeop4rtrdpo0rlpottrd.
Iqv Etr6vo56 Btrdnoupre €vo0epetrrdr6€q XqpoKrlprorrrd tou ouorrlpo-
roq rov opt0pdrvpoq.l-ror(undpXer 16o11lenropr€pero; Kd0enotrutitvu-
po pe Bo0p666o r1geyolUrepo 0o nopdyerpto etr6vorppdrrotr Xprlor-
ponouivrogrrlv (6royevtr{ reXvtrrj.Xp4otponouioope ro x' + 8 : 0 p6-
vo ener6rje(vor16ooonl6. Av 6yougeerpedper 6leqrtq t6iegnou oXsr(-
(ovrorpe ro po0rlprorrrd, pe notovtp6no eqedpop€ rrlv ovonopdoto-
orl rnq Err6vog 56;
Mro eprnerp(o,nou 6e 6torp€per on6 ro vo oxotig1-tto onou6o(ooult-
rptuv(o,e(vorro vo rd0eoorpnpoordorqv o06vr1 rou unotroyror{ rot vo
vo
Btrfnerg (r.uvrove6erUroXpoportoul ovonopdoroo4 ev6g noluovul.tt-
ro6 rppdrrotr.Evderrul(ooovror or trenropdpeteg,ivo qtrexrptrd <popr(o
6ronepvdro otirl.ropog roOtirgouvsr6rlronorofpe 6rt rotrd(oupre, p€oo

38? 9.'O.fi.,o. 222

 EIKONA
52. H preyi0uvo4
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ouo(o trlq dnop{r1E.To rppdrrotr e(vor dvo ox6po nopd6€rypo 1uoqovo-
rdtru$qq nou rdver rouq po0qpotrro6q vo nrote0ouv or4v on6trurq
dnop[q rurv po0rlpour6v cvurerpivrrrv. Ito e{orperrr6 prptr(orou Xriog;
pn v€a cmotr1pr1,o T(irpq f rtrirr onorotrpd vo ner:
Ar1lttoupytitvraq

To o6votroMdvtetrpnpot [...] un<ip1er. YnrjpXenporoO[...]o Xtodpnopvr

ror o DauadyrototrdBouv q poOqpottrr]ouo(orou, nprv ordpo ro
ovorolUQer o Mdvtetrpnpot. YnripXe on6 q otryprinou 11enro{pq 64-
ptotipyqoedvqnlo(oto - pto 6opuj;uyo6trtivopr0ptirvror pro ovtilqrlrrl
yro rtq enovoloypovdpeveg trerroupy(eq. Metdnep(geve vo onoroluqtei.
'lor.uq
dpoq ror vo unrlpXeor6go vurp(repo, ond tq otry;rr]nou n qdorl
dpXroevo outoopyovtirveror ll€ rrl por]0eroonl6v rpuor(rirv
vdpru-rv,
or
ono(orenovoloprpdvovrov ge ot€treurrtr1 KorF€rov (6rotp6no
unoprovrl
nqvto0.to

T o r e A e u r o f oOe c0 p n p ro
o u Oe p p d

flptv retreuirooupsp€ trq enrruX(egrou aroorod ouirvo,6ev pnopo0pe

vo pqv ovorpepoupe 6vo np6ogoto oupBdv,to ono(opnope(vo Oeo-
pq0e(trlq€vo ond ro oqpovrrrdrepoenrredyporo rov goOqporrrdrv.
Oupdore6n or nu0oy6perot optOpo(e(vorrprd6eqor€pourrv oprOgtirv
rrourKovororo0v tqv e{(ouroq: o'* F' = y'. =ipoupedrt undpXardnerpo
nlrl0oqrdrorurvrprd6cov ror dl r]tovyvurordg otougopXo(ouqBoputrdr-
vtoug.Mro guorr{ en€rroorltov nuOoy6peurrv opr0pdrve(vorvq ovq-
poqOo0peov undpXouvonororO{note rp€rqguorKo(opr0po(Trouor
r0portougvo ouv66ovror perq oX€or1: o'+ F'= y'.
O flrepwe Oeppdyewrj0qrero 1601oro Mnog6vvre Aoptiv,or4
fotrtr(o.Kdnoror0etrrporiv6tr {rov o ro}dtspoqpoOrlporrr6q rou 6iro-
tou €p6opououivo ror ofuouporlrov €voqo16 rouq onou6ordrepoug
tpoorrdXveg po0rlporrro0g rou r6otrrou,npoorp€povrog o4govttrd6pyo

384 10.'O.n.,
o. 239.
 I
I
5

I
i
l oe 6,rr orpopdq Oepetr(oo4 rou orr€rpoorrrodtroytopof,erpsup(oro_
i
I vroq rrlv ovotrurrr4yeoperp(oovefdprqtoond rov Nrerdprrqr 0€ro_
: vrosrcl 0epdtrro
rrlg odyXpovrlq
Oerr;p(og
rt.rvopr0pc0v.,,
I O Oeppd,ro i637,svdrpetrnorioe 6voovr(ypoqorou 6e6repou pr_
j ptr(our,v Apr9prlurdtvrou At6<povrou, orlpr(,oe oro nepr0rirpro
ro
o16lou0ore(pevo:

Avn06rurq,
eivoro6dvorovvo Xurp(ooupe
6vovrdpooe6riordpoug, pro
r€roprq6dvogrloe 6dor€topregbuvdperg r1,yevrrd,onoro6lnou6U_
voprlnovoonoro 2 oe6Uo6uvdgerg rou (6roupoOpo0: €yurovorotrri_
{er prooArl0rvd
un€po;1 ond6er(r1,
otrtrd
ourdto nepr0tirpro
e(vorunep_
otvo yrovorl Xoprocr.''
Botrrrci

E6riro Oeppdondvr4oeoe no}6neproo6repo on6 ro epdrr4gd pog.

OXrp6vos(voro6rivorovvo ppod;r€ rp€(qrpuorroUg opr0po6g rou vo
trqvororo0v rr1oX€o4o' * g' = y', otrId e(voro60vorovvo BpoUpe
rpergopr0podq nou vo rKovororodv q oX6o4o" + 0" - y" 6rovro v E(_
vor peyolfrepoon6 ro 2. Aur6go on}6groXuptoprdg e(voryvoor6qctrg
nro retrguro(o 0e6pr1po rou Oeppdo. O Oeppd,6prog,6ev ror€ypo{re
nor€rrlv on66er(4 rou Kcrr nollo( 0eu-rpo0v6rr eorpotrp€vo
n(oreuenog
rrlv erXeBper, yror(ro epyole(onou 4rov onopo(rqroyro ulv ond6er{4
rou 0roprlpor6g rou 6evrlrov6ro0dotgo ro 16j1. Oot6oo,noroqUno_
pefvo e(vororyoupog; Aurdnou f6poupre E(vordrr on6 ro 163/o( ro
'l
993,pro nep(o6o356ertirv,rovdvoq6ev prn6peoe vo ono6e({et ro re_
treuro(oOetirpqpo rou Oepprd - ror npoond0rloovo;rdrprporenoyyel_
ForisqKorepoorr€Xvrg poOqporrro(. Mnop6 vo Oupr10rir 6rr, orqrporrq_
rrlg oro lloventoull.rro
rrlg ftodro,or roOrlyrlriqfrourov proOrlporrrdrv
gdg npoer6ono(r1oov vo pq Xdvoupe rov rorp6 pog npoono0dvrog vo
ono6e({oupre ro retreurq(o Oerirprlpo
rou Oeppd,yror(oe ndpo notr}odg
rporrrlr6gerXey(vetdppovrl16€o,6uorotredovrdg rougdrororrgonou66g
roug.Aevoro6oope 6trorourrlrrlvnpoer6ono(r1or1.

11.Bell,Men of Mathematics,
o. 5t.
1 2 . ' O r t .o, . 7 1 . ES5
 Kordtq 6rdprero rpr6v qpeptirv, on6 rrq21 cuqrrg23 louv(ou1993,
6voqvrponotr6g Ayytrogpo0rlpolr6gond ro flovenrorrlpro rou llp(v-
orov,o Avrptouloudrlg,nopouo(oortpetgopro(eg6rol€(ergge 0€po:
olXrjporop€rpou,etrtretnrrrdg ropndtreg Korovonopoordoerg rou fro-
troudo."An6 qv npdrq p€po,ro oxpoor4progdvrerptnpoq ro nod
66eueo foudrtrg. ho r€Ioqrrlg rp(rrlq6rdtre(qq,o ioudilq dypogeorov
n(vororo releuro(oOedrprlpro rou OeppdKorro oKpoorrlpro (6onooe
oe 0uetrtrti6r1Xerporpor4poro.Tetrrrd,dorepoon6 356Xp6vro,rdnorog
e(Xenopouordoer pro ond6er(q.Oo ovrd(er6poq n on66er{r]Touor
ouorrlp4e(droo4;Oo np€nervo nepr;r€voup€ yro vo to 6tonlor6oou-
pe,yror( o foudrlg 6ev €Xetor6po 64poorefoet rrlv on66er{r1 rou o€
rdnotoenrotrlpovrr6 nepro6rr6, 6ore vo pnopoUv rr dtrIorpoOqpouro(
vo e(erdoouvrr16outrerd rou. Ogtrrg,ere(vornou noporolouOo0v rrg
6rotr€(ergrou e(vornenerog€vor drr ro rordrpept.Av s(vot6rorro npdy-
pcrrcl,o Avtprouloudttrg€Xete(oorpol(oer 14 0€or1rou oro roroprrdpr-
Btr(o,ener6rl€truor€voon6 ro 6uorol6reponpoBtr{pororov po0qpo-
rtrtiv, evtir11on66er(r1
rou 0o 0eopr10e( 6voon6 ro e(orperrrdpo0rlpo-
rrrd enrreriyporo rou etroorofouirvo.

f l 6 o o p n o p o U p €v o n p o x u r p r i o o u p € ;

T6po nou €Xoupe roug6rro09pog unotroytor€g rot 6rrd pogBrBtr(o

po-
0rlpolrtiv, n6oo prnopofpre vo npoXtrtptlooupeovorolUnrovtogv6o
poOqprorrrd;Av o eyr€rpo}6q Uoqe(vot
rdroroq nou 11p€or1eurputo
e(vor
nep(noueror6orqv rtr(pororou 6e(rrrlvoqgoodvrlq, ndoo porprdprno-
pe(vo gog o6rlyrloerourrl q dp<purr1
eurpuioprog,ro0drqovo(4rofpe
6tro ror nro nep(reXvo poOrlporrrd;BeBo(og,ov poq enrordnrovrov
err(voror e{oyrlrvoron6 ro rdvrporou lotrol(orqr ono6errvu6rov 6rr
e(Xov6e(rregvo4poofv4gy6prrroro 66o Xrtrtdbeg, pnope(vo vuiOope

,<Finito Fermat'sLastTheoremo,Iime (5 loutr(ou

13. MichaelD. Lemonick,
386 B%\, a.47.
noq oneilo0poorerdnoq on6 qv e{orpeurrloutr}oyrorrrrj rrovdrrlrd
rouq.Mnopofpe,dpoye,vo totrpriooupe vo nrotirpoupe dtr 0o e(Xope
qv rrov6qro vo Korovorjooupe ro go04potrrdrouq;Mrjnurq0o vrdl-
Ooge6nrrlqvrdrOouv ro ror6noulo q ro orutrrdorodyovroqQtotr€(erq
yto q 0eop(orou orr€rpoouroti troyropori,ener6r]6e 0o rorotropo(vope
r(noron€poqn6 to 6rr rdnoroqtrroqpilder;YndpXer rdnoro6pro6oov
orpopdoro no0 pnoporipe vo rprdooupe, onl6q ror p6vo}dytrrqq ne-
proprour{q6op{grou eyrerpdtrou pog;
Ag unoO€ooupe 6u rdnolo pdpo(erler6tirvoups dtroto rtrer6rd
tou
yevetrroU
poq166rro.Ag uno06ooupe, enrntriov, 6rt pnopofpevo X€rpr-
otodpcoutd tov rdr6rro€rot6ote vo 6tirooupe oro nor6rdUoqro €Tu-
0upqrd,npoypol.lponop€vo Xoporcrrlprourd. Oo pnopofoope,16r€,vo
npoypoppot(ooupe epnpo0drog ro nor6rdpoq c0orevo dXouv6e(rrrl
vorlpoodvqqOrordoro, r] tnpordoro, { or6go ror 6rjo Xilrd6eq; Tr e(-
6ouggoOqpotrrd 0q ovoxdtrunrov;'O,rt rr ov {rov, 6oorond epdqovrj-
Koup€ornv nolord yrvrd e(vornr0ov6vvo Frlvto roroloBo(vope not€.
Oo [6pope,6;.u.,r9,
6u oorpoldrg 0o {rov evrunoorordror nep(reXvo.

387
dparag.opXo(ounotroyrortr{ouoreur]nou onoretre(rot on6 otporp(6ro nepoop6vo
oe pdp6oug,ot ono(eqpp(orovrorrono0er4p6veg p€ooo,ivo {dtrrvontro(oro. Or
unotroyropo(y(vovrotgerorrvcirvrog ro orporp(6ro rord puirogrov pdp6trrv.
a)yeppu6gap0p69.opr0p6qnou e(vortrrjor1 evdgnotruovripou, 6troror ouwrtreordq
tou ono(oue(vorpqro( oprOpro(.
ak{ov6ptv6 oiorqpa op01ttiu. ro etrlrlvrrdo0otrlpo opiOptrlorlq nou Boo((eroroe
e(roorenrd 6ro<popetrrd opr0prltrrdq,qq(oKorXpqorponou]0qre rup(ogprtri ro
100n.X.Ovopd(etorenioqqu,-rvrr6 o0orr1po.
arEporoqapfip6g. onoroo6{noreopt0p6qrou ouvdtroururvoprOpdrv nou onoretreG
rot on6 toug 0etrroriqKotrouq opvrltrro0qrpuotrodq opr0go0gouv ro pr16iv.
oro)ou9ia @qnovdrot:oxotrou0(o optOgdrv nou opX((etpe ro 1, 6nou rdOe6ro6o1_
K6q6poqeivorto dOporopotu.rv66o nporlyofpevuiv 6prrrv.Or npdrtorenrd 6por
r4g oroAouo(oq e(voror: i, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, i 3,...
dpeo4 errQ4o4: q dpeorl en(yvtrlorl. rou ntrrjOoug tov ororye(rrlv
cv6g ouv6trouovl-
rrrp6vov.
ova)unrri yeupetpfu:q yrurpetp(oorrlv ono(oor 06oergonerrov((ovror pe opr0prltt-
r€gouvtetoypdveq ror e<poppd(ovror or otryepprr€g pd0o6or.
avanogdootry:prdoooe 6vo tunrr6 ;"ro0qpolr6r] loyrr6 orjorqgo, gro npdtoorl
nou 6ev pnope(vo ono6erXre( r] vo grlv ono6eryre( pe pdo4 ro o(rc0gotorou
ouorr]protog.
a6poteg e{o6oeq. e[rodroergprr dnerpo oprOpdtr0oeurv,dnoq, yro nopd6erygo,r1
e[(ooo4x + f - 7. Autdqor e{rotiroerg e(vorXp4orpreg yto rq petr€rqnoltrtiv rpuor-
r6v ouor4pdrcov.
anttr6vro4 Evo npoq iva (aprptltovoo4povt4antwdvto4): ercXdrpqo4 ev6gror p6vo 3SS
 rAoffAPto

ev6q orotle(ou ev6q ouv6lou (n.X. turv oprOprrltrrdrv

evdq6edrepououvdtrou(n.X.rtrrv6oXrrltrov).
dnetpo:yup( qpdypo, pq rppoypr€vo, gr1nenepoo;"r€vo.
tri{eulv) oe rd0e orotXe(o

Irqv nep(nrooq ev6qouvd-

1
j

trou,ro oOvotropnope(vo onerrovrore(en( ev6gyvrlo(ouunoouvdtroutou, 6nog,

yro nopdOetyyo,or guorro( oprOpo(,nou onerrov((oworeni rov tetpoyrirvrrrv
rov quorr6v opt0gtirv.
arAd 6nrerayytva. tvo o0volo oprOprirv e(vorqntrd 6toteroyp€vo6rov yto onorouo-
6r]norerperqoprOgorigx, y, z rou ouvdtrouroXtiouvor nopor<ito 60o ouvOrjreg:
(1) x =y ri x <y { y < x Kor(z) ov x <y Ko(y < z r6te x < z. Or npoypotrro(
opr0po(e(voronld 6roretoypCvor, evtiror pryo6rxo(oprOpo(6ev e(vor.
on66e(r:l: gro oxotrou0(oloyrrtirv prlpr<irovnou ono6errv0etqv otrr]0eroev6qou-
pnepdoyotoq pe pdo4 €vo orivolo o(rurprdtu_rv. Ot npdrreqntrrjprrrqrotovoqr€g
ono6e({erqovomdX0qrovon6 rouq'Etrtrr1veq, yro vo ono6e(ouv xdnoreqyeope-
rprr€qoX6oerg.
an6r)o4: q rordorooq gtog dnerprlqorotrou0(ogopr0ptirvri opr0pqlxrlg oerpdq11
ono(o 6ev 6Xerrpp<lyporj 6pro.
an6Aut4ng{: 4 Oenrq ugri evdgoprOprori ove{dptrlto on6 to opXrxdnpdoqprotou
opr0pro6.
an6)uro dnetpo: ovt6vlto q ono(o rout((eror pe ro dOporopodtrov rrrrvone(purv,
peprr€qrpop€qouoXer((eror pe tov Oed ror ougpotr(erolU€ro o. Mro €vvoro
nou 6ev pnope(vo y(verrotovorltrjloyrxd.olld pdvo puonrrotrrd.
aftp1orroe unepnnepooptvog apfip6q. unepnenepoopdvoq opr0pr6qnou 6ev pno-
pe(vo oprore(pe pdorl purpdrepouq unepnenepoop6vouq oprOpodq.
apfipr1o4:erlpeorlrou ntrrlOrroriopr0prorievdqouv6trou.
ap(0yr1o4pe rAa6d: Evo e(6ogop(0prr1o4q nou 6ev onorre(rr1 Xpr]o4ytrtiooog.To
ovlre(pevo pe to ono(o perpdpe,rlo6rd r] Xol(rro yro nopd6erypo,onerrov((o-
vror opqrpovooripovro eni rou ouv6troutov ovurerp€vovnou perptirvror.
ap(0p4o4 pe ta 6dXtuAo:11lp4orgono(qoq rulv 6oXr0l0iv yro rrlv onerr6vro4en(
xdnorououv6lou ovrtret;"rdvtr_rv
nou np6rertorvo pretpq0e(.
ap(01t4o4pt ro otitlto: pro en€rroorl qg opfOprloqgpreto 6d;rutro, 6nou 6to<pope-
trrd pdprlrou odrprotoq ovonoprororivrpuotrodq oprOpro0q.
ap6p4otpo oivo)o: ivo onerpoo0votronou prnope(vo te0ei oe opuprprovoor]povq
onerx6vroq F€rouq quorKorig oprOpo0q.
ap0pqurd (t49fu kopndp: to oprOprrltrrdrlrrlrp(onou Xpqorponorodvrov on6 touq
Apopegtov 90 ordrvog.X.ror onorelo0oovgeroyporp€q ru_rv
opXor6tepovrv6o-
ppoXpovrrdrv opr0prpxrirvrfqq(urv.
ap6p4trx( aro)ou1fu: €vo odvotrooprOpdrv:A1,A2,A3,...A",...oXrlprou(erUro or(o-
louO(ooprOptirv ov or oprOpro( e(vorrotrd6roreroyp€vor, 6qtro6rjov or unore(gr-
vor 6e(rtegorotrou0o0v tr1oerpdturv guorrtirvoprOprdrv.
ap0p4nrfi avd)uoq: I Xp{on unotroyrottirvror unotroyrotrrdrvotryop(0ptrtv yto r4v
npoo6yyroq qq l0oqq odv0ertrrv npoplrlgdrov.
390 ap0p4nni oetpd:to outrtroyrr6d0poropoev6qouv6trouoprOpdrv.
 rAoff,APlo

ap&pr1tu| r!4qb:to ypont6 odppotroTIouovofloptotd €vov opt0p6 11ovonoptorq

ro rlrryp(oev6goPt0Poti.
aptllto( Atouph:uneppottro(opt0po(qg gopqrlg:
q,/10''+ orllo't+o,/10'r+ ..'

dnouro o e(votoxCpototopr0po(pe ttp€q0T160 €oq 9'

apt0y6E-etrxtm:opt0pr6gnou Xprlorponoteitotoq 0ior1ev6gov6ptotoq'
ypdgo-
ip,eyAS tuv apillttitv (number-number):o 6ero6tr6qop0pdq nou oXqpot(etot
wog 6to6oXrrd 6lougrougrpuorroriq yro
opt0po09 nopd6erygo 0,12345678910111213"'
dpp4tog apr0trt6E opt0g6gqg eu0e(ogruJVTlpoYpotlKdrv opt0pdrvnou 6ev pnopa(
vo errppoore( rrrgtr6yog 6tio ordporov opt0gtitv'
apy4:to oqpe(otrlg euOe(oq tov opr0ptirvnou ouvO€etotpe tov opt0p60 q pe to
oqge(otou lttyo6tro0entn66oudnou tdpvovtotot 60o d{oveq'
6rjo or6pottrlv
aoitrpttpa,, dtov 6rlo yey€0q6ev pnopo0v vo errppootofv r'rgtr6yog
opt0ptitv.
attrx| otlotqpa apfi1ttiu. €vo opXoio,yponr6, etrtrr1vrr6 oUorrlpo oprOgdrvnou Bo-
o((etot oe i(r opX€tunooprOpqttrd rlrryp(oxor lprlorponotqOrlrenep(nou pfXp'
To 100n.X.
qvttorotxouv
ppayyovrcd
' optllt4ttrd tp4Efu: wloutottrd optOpqttrd {rypio TIou
*orq optOprotig qn6 to 1 d{xqro 9, to ono(q Xprlotponoto6vtov ri6q on6 tov 3o
tetrtrd oto ofyXpovo rv6oopoprrd optO-
ouirvon.X. To o0pBotrooutd o6riyrloov
pqurd rlrryp(ofiou Xprlotponoro0vtot or1pepo'
ypo1ttrrrc4 t{buoq: effooorl 6nou 6trotor dyvt'totot€Xouver06tq q povd6o'
'6,oio0r1uopaq.
q n(otq 6tr to po6r1fottrd 6ev np€netvo ooXotrotivtotpreonetpoo6-
rlou II€pl-
votroror dtr np€nervo y(vovrot ono6ertCqp6vo ere(veqor ono6e(etg
troppdvouv nenepoop€vo ptipoto ti 6og6q'
6ua6rxrlap@1tr1or1: gto opXo(opoprprlop(Opr1onq flou Xpqotponore( opt0prlttrdqtr6-
pe to.6vo' xot to '60o', xo0drg ror npoo0aur€g ou(e0(etqou-
[etg too6tlvopeg
I t6v rulv 60o ouPtP6trtrtv.
ewooa6w6oiot4pa apfiptitu €vo o0orrlpo opr0gtirvpe pdoq ro 20, ot ovt(0eor1
ge

i
.
to rv6oopoptr6orlotqponou €Xetog Bdorlto to'
exltr4E opt0p6qnou ypd<perotog unepre(gevog 6e(xtr1g o' 6vo 6e0tepoopt0p6
out6g o
(opr0p6 pdoeurq) xor 6efiver tq 60voprq oulv ono(o npdner vo urpurOe(
6e0tePog oPt0P6g'
tyllolano6elxtwript0o6ogono6etrurrr]p€0o6oqnouovoxotrri<ptrlreondnotrtr€g
opXo(egrotvtlv(eg,6nourdnotoguno06tertoovt(0etoon6our6nounpoKttrot
vo ono6erXte(rot petd 6etXvet6tt undpXerrdnoto ovt(rpooq'Ovopd(etoten(or1q
reductioad absurdum(etgdtonov onoyutyti)'
e{4rovta6tr6 otot4pa apfiptitu o0otqpo oprOprdrv pe pdoq ro 60' os ovt(0eoq pe
ro 6116poq tv6oopoptr6oriorrlpo nou €Xet og pdoq to 10'
en*tdotltog nA40w6q ap0y6E.
t v * w \ ' o
v pretlotr0tepog
FsYu"vrLvv) ntrr1Otrdq
" " ' r " " ' - ) opr0p6g
-r'-r- ) nou yvurpi(ouge
391
npog to nop6v'
 r^nffAPl o

u\efu tuv ap&ytiu pto ypoppri one(pouprlrouq,6nou rdOeorlpa(oouoXet((etot

pe dvovxor pr6vo6vovnpoyportr6opt0g6.
euild\en ynpttpfu: 11yeu-rptetp(o nou ovonr0X04rEon6 tov Eurle(6r1Kot tKovo-
nore(to o((topot1g nopotrtrqtrou, to ono(otr€Et:ov 6o0e(pto euOe(o xot 6vo oq-
pr(o rrrdg eu0e(oq, on6 ourd ro orlpe(optnopeivo nepdoetg(o p6vo dtrtrr1 tu-
Oe(onopdtrtrqlqnpoqrrlv opXtxrleuOe(o.
1tti.tp41to: puo np6roorl rj Cvogr0noq nou ouvdyetot ond €vo ofvotro o{rurpdturv
ror/rj titrtrov0eurp4pdrov.
*rl:rt:, apfiptiu 11pe0o6rrri getr€q turv rpuotxtitvoptOgtitvKot rov oX€oetiv

cpauni ypagfl: opyoh otyumroxr]yporp{, nou Xprlotponototivtovon6 toug ypo-

rpe(q yro qv roOrlpeprv4 rr1pr1o4 opXeiov.
ttpoy)urpwd:opXo(ooryumtoxti yporp(, nou Xpqorponotodvrovortq en(orlgegnept-
ordotrg ror oto pvrlpeio.
u6oapapw6 otjorqpa apfiptittt to rup(opXoo0orrlpo opt0ptitvnou Xp4ottrronote(ror
otrg pr€peg poq,ro onoiopoor(eror oro 6dro ptovoOtrdoUppotro0,1,2,3,4,5,
7,
6, 8 Kor9, KotxprloruoTrorr( ivo oriotrlpo0€oqq-npr1q.
xa0opt(6ytvoan6 t4 0to4 oiot4po apfiptitu odotrlpo oprOprtivnou ouv6ud(etqv
trgrj evdqoprOprltrrod rlrqq(oupe rr1Odoqtou evr6gtrlg nopdotoorlqtou oprO-
prori,yro vo 6tiroerqv tetrrrrjlgrj tou. To otiyXpovorv6oopoprr6odoqpo opt0-
gdrve(vor€vo odotrlpo roOopr(6trrevo ond tr1 06oq.
xaAd \tdtetaypivo: (vo otjvotroe(vot rotrd 6totetoyp€vo ov yto r<iOeunooUvotro,
oupneprtroppovogdvou rou (6routou ouv6trou,undpXer€vo npdto ototXe(o. To
rev6 orjvotro,ro O, 0eope(torrotrd 6toreroyp€vo.
ravowr6gap0trt6Eopr0pdgnou to 6ero6tr6ovdnruygdtou nept6yet oe (or1ovotro-
y(o ror ro 6€ro rpqrp(o on6 to 0 6oq to 9. Anotrdturg rovovtrdgopr0g6ge(voto
opr0prdq nou to 6ero6rr6ovdmuyprdtou rdtcoond onoro6rinorepdoq nept€Xet
oe (oq ovotroy(ord0e Qryp(o.
ropteonvd oiotqpa ouvtetoylttvuu n Xpion 6ilo rd0etov optOptrlttrdrveu0etdv
yto rov npoo6roptopdr<iOeoqpe(ouev6qenrnd6oupre6fo npoygottxodgopt0-
uouq.
'lvro
rinou: 6rdrpoporop66vrope r6pnouq,to ono(o Xprlorptonototivtov on6 touq
oto N€o K6opoyro t4v roroypoqri tov unopX6vttrtvKotrov ouvotrtroytitv touq.
rAaotd oivo)o: 6vo odvotroopr0ptitve(votrtretordyto pto npd[q, ov rd0e €qoppo-
yr] outrjgqg np<i[qqoe opt0pro6g nou ovtixouvoro o0votro€yetog onot€Aeopo
€vov dtrtroopr0pdrou ouvdtrou.
xovotparnpop<iq 11n(otr16tr to proOq;,rottrdovttre(gevo6ev undplouv ove(dprr1-
to ond rov ovOodlntvo vou.
roun6vt (r1 ltdpxa): ot4v op(0pqor1,ivo gtxp6 n{trtvo teXvodpYnpo,TrouXpnotpo-
noro0vrovorq DutrrrjAo(o peto(0 8500Kqt 3500n.X.,yto rqv KoroYporp{ tou
ntrr10rrorl ouvdtrrrrv
opr0pori6rd<poptrtv ovttxetg€vtrtv.
392 Aa1ep€v4napa6opi: p60o6oqeniiuorlg e(todroeurv Xpqotponotdtvtoggto etroo(o r1
 ono(oovlroO(ororororrlv e((oororl yro vo nopdyerpto ovtiorotXrlnpoooppoy4
nou o6r1ye( oe gro petrloprivqerroo(o.
Aoydpr1poq. o ex0€rqgorov ono(onp€netvo urlro0e( ivoq opt0pt6g nou ovopd(etor
pdoq, yro vo €yougeoq onot6treo;ro €vo ouyrerprg€voopt0p6.O loydpt0pog
rou v p€ pdorl ro o ypd<petor log"v.tto nopd6etypo,log,o100 = 2, 10' = 100.
{
)oytortxri: q opXoio etrtrqvrxri unotroyrotrr{tdXvq,11ono(o Oeurpo0wovepnoptrrlou-
votrtroy(rr 6Xreyreqotrtr{ovo(tr1oq.
'Etrtrr1veq
1-tt0o6ogqq e{dvrA4oqq.trXvrrrl nou ovont0X0qxeond toug yto vo ppl
oKouvro rprpo66vroprn0trov yetrrgerprrdrv Me rqv telvtr{ ouul ppi-
oXrlprdrurv.
oKovtor6ro6oyrrdolo€vo ror xotr6ttpegnpooeyy(oerg, unotroy((ovrog to tppo-
6dv opOoyov(ovror rpryrirvrrrv evr6gtqg ropn0lrlg.
1tt0o6oEtuv Ptitouvyuprraiu gd0o6ognou opXtxdXpqotponot{0qre on6 toug op-
Xo(ougAry0ntrouq yro rov notrtronloorooprd opr0pritv,6rntrootd(ovrog 6to6o1trd
€vovopr0p6xot npooO€rovtoq orrl ouv6Xero to rotdtrlrltronotrtrontrdoro. Yro0e-
fi0r1re opy6trpo ond roug Kevrpoeuponofoug.
1t46iu o ntrq0rr6gopr0g6gtou revof ouvdtrou'ro o0ppotronou 6ev dXetrtg{, otrtrd
prnope( vo Xpqotptonorrl0e( urqopr0p6g06o119 o' dvo xo0opt(dprevo on6 tq O€oq
oriorrlpoopr0ptirv'to opr0prlttr6q,rlgio0.
pq ur)e6en ytuperpb'. xd0e yeoprerp(onou poo((etor otrlv ovttrordoroorl rou
eurtre(Oerou o[tdrporogqq nopo]tr(]ou g' 6vo btorpopettx6 o{itrrpo.Btr.eurtre(-
6etoyttrtperp(o.
pr1 ra0opt(61ttvoan6 tq 0ior1 otjot4pa ap0ptitu. onoto6{note o6orrlgo opt0puitv,
6nou q 06o11 ev6gouyrerprp€vou opr0prrltrroU Qrlq(ou6t Boq0dorov npoo6to-
ptopr6trlg rtprrlgrou {rqrp(ou. Enop€vtrrg,to opt0prlttxdQqrg(ognopo0vvo ypd-
qovro( pe onoro6qnoteoerpd,Xcop(g vo otrtrd(et
q rtp{ tov optOgtitv.
lttyo\rxdEap0p6E opr0p6qqS Uopqris(o,P) ri o + pi, 6nouto o Kotp e(votnpoy-
prolro( optOgo(rot to i e(vorro fi. Or npoyirotrro(Kotot qovroortro(opr0-
go( e(vorunoo0volourrvgryo6txtirv opt0gtitv.
pova6nb x)dopa:xtrdoporrlg Fopqrlq1/v, xtr<io1io nou o optOgrlt{qtou t(vot to 1.
veo6uo6rxrl ap(0pr7o4: opXo(ogoprp{ opiOpqoqg,nou XprlotUorlote( optOprlttr6gtr6[etg
roo6rivogeg pe ro <rivo>xor ro.60on. ro0drgrot ou(eUfeqg outtirvtutv 6tio ougB6-
lulv, ror nrprtroppdver qv np6o0eoq,rqv orpoipeoqror rov notrtrontrootoop6.
ovto)oyh: q pretr€tq tou vo(triorogrrlg dnop{r1q.
dpro:q orotrouO(o rtrlv 6prrrvAr,A2,Ar,...A",...€X€l€vo dpro I ov yto rd0e 0ettxqtt-
pr1e undpXerivoq opr0p6qN r€rorogtirote,yto rd0e v > N, 11on6truq ugrj rou
L-A"<€.
napayovur6: ro yrvdpevo6trttv turv <puotr6voptOgtirvnou e(vqt ptrp6tepot 11
(oorpr'€voouyxerprp€vo rpuotx6opr0p6ror 6qtrdrveror ge to o0ppotroo!,, to
ono(o rono0ere(rorpetd tov ouyrerprg€vorpuotr6opt0g6. fto nopd6etypo,
5!=1'2.3.4.5=120.
napd6o{o:€vo rnrXe(prlpro on6 to ono(o npor6mouv ovrtqottrd oupnepdoptoto,
p€ot,ronoyurydvnou roXrlouv pe pdoq broroOqrtxd ono6errorigoulAoyropoUq. 393
 ne6b ap0ptiu xdOeodvolo npoypotrrt0v { ptyo6rrtiv opt0ptirv r6toro tiote to
d0poropo, q 6ro<popd,to yrvdpevoror ro nr1tr(rorouq (pe e[o(peo4to gq6€v)
e(votrivogdtrtroqoprOpdgrou ouvdtrou.Enogdvtrrg, ro ne6(o opr0truirv
e(vorrtrer-
o16yro trq r€ooeprqnp<i(erq qq optOptqtrrqq.
nevtaiul ap(9pqo4:€vo opXo(oo0oqpo opr0gtirvpe pdorl ro 5.
il40tx6g ap6p6g opt0y6go ono(oqro0op((ern6oo ororXe(oundpXouvo'dvq oUvotro.
noAuuvupwf e{buo1: e{(oooq p' dvov r] neproo6tepougoyvtirotoug,nou urftirvo-
wor oe 6uvdperqror notrtrontroord(ovror pe opr0podq,or ono(or ovopd(ovtor
ouvteleot€q.'Evonotrurirvupo p'6vov dyvtrroto.rov x, 6Xerq yevtr{ pop<pri:
oox"+ o,xu-t* ... * ou_rX+ o" = 0.
npoypaux6gap0p6q. or opr0po( nou ouoXer((oworpe 6tro ro oqpe(o u1q eu0e(oq
trrrvoptopr0v.Anotetrodv€vooq tov npoypotrr6v xor tov unepBottrtivoprogtirv.
npopoAwl yeuyerpfu: rtrdOoqrulv po0rlpouxdrvnou ooXotre(torpe ere(vegtrq t6rd-
rnr€STov yeoperprr6v oX4pdtov nou 6e peroBdtrtrowqr drov to oXripotonpo-
pdllovrot o' dvo 6rorpopetrrdXtirpo.
npdtog apt01t6gguorrdq opr0p6q nou prnope(vo 6rorpe0e(r€trerogdvo ond tov
eour6rou ror tov opr0p61.
nu0ay6peo 0edp4pa: ro terpdyovo trlg unote(vouooqev6qopOoyov(ourprytirvou
roor3torpe ro dOporogorov rerpoydrvovtrrrv66o npoore(pevovntreupdrvrj, otr-
truirg,o' * P' = y', 6nou y e(votto prjroq trlq unote(vouooqKorro o ror p e(vor
ro p{xr1rov 66o npoore(pevovntreuptirv.
nu0ay6petotopr9pot onoto64noteodvotrotprtirv rpuotrtiv opr0ptirvnou rrovonore(
ro nu0oy6peto0e6pqpro.fto nopd6etypo,4 tprd6o 3, 4 Kor5 e(votnu0oydperor
optOpo(, orporj3' + 4' = 5'.
nurv6E q r6rdqro 6rt ov<ipeoooe onorouo6{note60o optOpo0qundpXer6voqd}-
loq opt0g6q.Or pqto( or dppqror,or npoygouro(rot or truyo6rro( oprOpo(e(vot
6lor nurvo(.
pdp6o9 pe eyrontg. pdp6oq ouvrjOrrrq Xoptopdvqrord g{roq oro 6rio, 11ono(o iXer
'Otov
Xopoyp€veqeyronig yro rrlv xoroyporp{ rrrrv orrovo1uxtirvouvotrtroydrv.
evtitvovtorro 66o tpriproto,or eyrondgdpXovtor11p(o on€vovtroqv dltrr1.
pqtopwrl d)yeppa: pro opXo(opopcpridlyeppoq, 6nou to npoplrlptoto 6rotuntivo-
vrov offl ouv{Or1yltirooo Xtop(qq Xp{or1orprpo0qouppotrropoti.
p4t69 ap6p6q. rdOeopr0p6qnou pnope(vo er<ppoote( oq trdyoq6Uopr1p46evrr6v
orCpourlvopr0prirv.
p((a: tvog opr0p6qnou rrqvonore(pro e{(otooq'drov, 6qtro6rj,ovttrotootqoer tov
dyvtrrotoorqv e((orrlorlror to 60o or6trqrrlq e((otr-ror1q
6e(r<iror oprotepd ond
to (oov CXouvqv (6rottprj.
o4yeb ouootip€uon;. Vto ritrtrqovotrroo(oyro to 6pro, er6rr<i6tov undpXouvnepro-
o6tepo on6 6vo 6pto.
ototytb: CvoouyxexprpCvo ovure(pevo4 Filoq ev6qouv6trou.
ouyrerprytv4 apfip4o4:6rov to ovtrre(pevonou petpdrworpp(oxovtoto€ opqtgo-
394 voo{gowr1onerr6vtoqpe roundvto (p<ipreq){ o0ppotroop(0pr1or1q.
orjyx)to7:q rotdotooq puogdnetpqgorotrouO(oq oprOptitvt] optOgqttr{goetpdg
nou npooeyy((er ivo 6pto.
ouyront6ptvq dyeppa: dtryepponou pp(orerot ovdpreoootq pqtoptr{ Kotrn oug-
€vo ouv6uoop6oupp6trtrrv
Botrtrrjdtryeppo'Xprlorponote( xor ouvrlOtog€vulv tr6-
(eurvorrgotryepprrignpordoetgrqg.
ouypokni dAytppo:11rllytppo nou Xp1otgonore( rotrd npoo6roptog€vo otippotro
ror 6Xrt4 ouv{Or1ytrtitooo.
ouwyiq rkioya: opr0pt6gnou qnoretre(totond 6vov ordpoto rot dvo rtrdopo r€toto,
tiore o nopovogoorr]qrou rtrdo;.rotog vo eivot en(or1g €vogorEpotogrot 6vo
xtrdopotou [6rour6nou. Kd0edpprltoqopt0pt6qprnope( vo ovonopooto0e(pe
rrl Uopq{ ev6qdnetpououveXodg rtrdoptotog.
oAvlerogopt01t6g. rpuorr6qopr0g6gnou pnope(vo 6rotpe0e( rileto xqt on6 dtrloug
oprOpo0q, n€po ond q povd6orot tov eout6tou.
oAvo)o:Suooutrtroyriovttretpdvtovri otorXe(ov.
ouvt*aypiveE or 60o npoygortro(optOpro( nou ouv66ovrotge xd0eorlpe(orou ne-
6(ourqg ovotrulr{g yeulpttrptoq.
ouwetayytvog apfip6q. opr0p6qnou npoo6top((ertq oXerrrri0€or1ev6gorotXe(ou
oe €vo orivotro.
olotqpa ypapptxtitvt{rot6oeuu.6rio r] neptoo6repege[totiroerg, 6nou 11rd0e e((our-
€vovq neptoo6repoug
o4 nepttrotrrBdver oyvriorougrot o xd0Edyvoorog€Xettr-tg
er0€tnro 1.
tfAtroEapfi1tdg.<puotr6g opt0g6gnou e(votto dOpotopottrtv 6totpertivrou. To 6
e(voro npdrroqr€trerog orpo0e = 1 + 2 + 3, Kotro 28 e(voro 6e0tepog,
opr0pr6q,
o0(0o028:1+2+4+7+14.
tetpayuvtx6Eap0p69. dvogrpuorrdgopt0p6q,o ono(oqeivot to tetpdyurvoev6gdtr-
lou rpuorroU optOpo0.fro nopdbttypro, to 4 Kotto 9 e(vottetpoyu-rvtro(opt0po(,
ener6rje(votto tetpdytrtvorou 2 Ko(Tou3.
tttpo\uo( ap0porl ;rtyo6rxo( oprOpo(ge q popqrl o + pi + Yj + 6k, dnouto o, p, y
ror 6 e(vornpoypottro(opt0po(Kotro i, i rot k e(votuneppryo6tro( optOpto(16-
rorordrotri' = l' = k'= iik = -1.
tptyuvoyttpfu: 11pd€rq tulv oXdoeovpeto(0 ru-rvprrlrc0v ttrlv ntreupdtvev6grptytit-
vou Kotrov pr6rpovrov totlttptxtr.tvytrtvttitvtou.
unepanp\orcoqunepnmepaoytvoEap6y6E unepnenepool.tivog opt0y6g nou eivot
16oo onp6ottog,riore 11onpootrdtltd tou 6ev pnope(vo optore({errvdrwoq
on6 pnrp6repouqufi€prt€TT€pooprdvoug oprOpodq.Btr.onp6ottoq ufi€pr€n€po-
op€vogopt0p6g.
unepap0p4orl.to:ivo onetpoo6votro,tou ono(ou to ototXefo6ev gnopotiv vo te-
0odvoe oprprpovoorigovtq onetr6vtorlF€touq quo(Ko0q optOgodg.
uneppanr6gap0p6q. npoyprottr6gopt0g6q,nou 6ev onoretre(pt(o ti ldoq ev6gno-
pe pqtorigouvtetreot6g.'Evog
truurv0gou npoygortr6gopt0pdgnou 6ev e(vqtotr-
yeppr16g.
unepyrya6x69aptlltd1.opt0g6gnou nopdyeroton6 rrlv en€rtoorlrrlq €vvorogtou 395
 opr0potioe broordoerqn6po on6 toug 6to6tdototouqgryo6rro0goptOpo0g. Btr.
terpo6rro(opr0po(.
unepnmepoopfuoEopt0trt6q. o nlq0rr6q { tornrdg opr0p6gev6gonetpoouv6trou.
un60eo4 rcu ouvtyoiq. q un60eo4 6tt undpXet€voq unepnenepootrt6vog opt0p6g
ovdpeooorov No xot tov N,. H un60eor1 ouu] 6ev prnope(
vo ono6erXte(.
uno)oytour1 nudrrc:. opXo(oouoreur]op(0pqoqg,nou onotetre(toton6 pto ntvox(-
6o pe orlgd6ro rqt xtro6tdri 1otr(rtoyto tr1vop(Opr1or1.
unotefuouoa:o' ivo rpryovo, 11ntreupdon€vovtt on6 trlv op0ti ytlv(o.
gawaour6g ap6p6g, opr0pr6qorov rd0eto d[ovo tou ne6(outttv gtyo6trdrvopt0-
pdrv'opr0pr6g nou €Xerrn Uopqrioi, 6nou to o e(votnpoyprourdgopt0p6qrot
ro i e(vorto /J.
oe onl€q pop-
qpdrtaA: gro odvOetrlyeurgetptxrjropnritrrl,nou 6e ptetooX4pot((etot
qCqpe pey60uvonKorfiou q 6rdotoor] trlg pp(orerot ouvrlOutgovdpeoo oe or€-
porouqopr0go0g.
ypuo6qptooE11ypuo6E)dyoq o tr6yogtou (1 + ft npoqro 2 rl to rtrdopo( + lfs)12.
Avorotrfrptqreond rouq'Ellrlvegrot undpXetoe noMdqpo0qgottr€goX€oetq.
rp4qrb:onoro6rjnote on6 to 6dro optoprltrrdtl,nq(o0, 1, 2,3, 4, 5,6,7,8 Kot9 tou
rv6oopoprrori ouotrjpotoqop(0gqor1g.

396
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ttrf
ii
::
r i

': Brplroypogio
i.
i,:
1 .
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400
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