LIGHT

Content
1. Illumination/Light

2. Importance

3. Properties

4. Natural light / Artificial or Mechanical Light

5. Lamp

6. Fixtures

7. Types of Lighting (Mechanical)

Illumination/Light

 Lighting or illumination is the deliberate use of light to achieve a practical

or aesthetic effect.

 Light is electromagnetic radiation of a wavelength that is visible to the

human eye (in a range from about 380 or 400 nanometres to about 760 or
780 nm).
 In physics, the term light sometimes refers to electromagnetic radiation of
any wavelength, whether visible or not.
Importance Types of Light Characteristics

1. Daily Activities 1. Natural 1. Effects of Materials

2. Special Tasks 2. Artificial on Light
3. Aesthetics Purpose 2. Reflection
4. Festivals 3. Refraction
5. Emergency 4. Dispersion
6. Sports 5. Total Internal
Reflection
6. Interference
7. Diffraction
8. Scattering of Light
9. Polarization
General need for light is as follows
Reception 300 lux
Halls 150 lux at floor level
Stairs 100 lux at floor level
Landings 150 lux at floor level
Dining tables 100 lux
Lounges 150 lux
Food preparation areas 150-200 lux
Bedrooms 50-100 lux
Reading lamps 150 lux
Bathroom 100 lux
Mirror 150 lux
Writing table 300 lux
General overall lighting 50 lux
Light fixtures
1) AN INTRODUCTION TO
LIGHT SOURCES AND LAMPS
 Contents:
• 1.1- incandescent lamps
• 1.2- tungsten halogen lamps
• 1.3- fluorescent lamps
• 1.4- compact fluorescent lam ps
• 1.5- Induction lamps
• 1.6- mercury lamps
• 1.7- sodium vapor lamps
• 1.8- Metal halide lamps
• 1.9- cold cathode/ neon lamps
• 1.10- light emitting diodes (LED)
• 1.11- fiber optics
 1.1- INCANDESCENT LAMPS

T 1.1.a- Construction: A thin filament of tungsten inside a

glass bulb filled in with an inert gas.
Y
T P 1.1.b- Working:
Y Current passes Heat produced Temperature of filament
P E rises.
E S At certain temperature filament glows or incandescence.
S
O 1.1.c- Uses: Most commonly used in homes.
F O
1.1.d- Drawback:
L F Such lamps cannot give a daylight color.
A Loss of material by evaporation.
M
P L
S A
M
P
S
 INCANDESCENT LAMPS

1.1.1- GLS ( General Lighting Service Lamps):

Available in 40, 60, 100. watts
Has an efficiency of 10-15 lumens/watt.
T
Y Colour temperature of 2600 K.
P Colour index of 80
E It lasts for about 750 hrs.
S Has very low efficiency.
O
F 1.1.2- Reflector GLS Lamps:
L
A Wattage of 100 watts.
M Light intensity of 1000 candela
P Beam spread of 30 degrees.
S Has mercury coating hence a higher luminous intensity
obtained for the same number of lumens.
 1.2- TUNGSTEN HALOGEN LAMPS

1.2.a- Construction: A thin filament of tungsten inside a glass bulb

filled in with an inert gas along with some added halogen gas.

T 1.2.b- Working:
Y Current passes Heat produced Temperature of filament
P rises.
E Some amount of tungsten evaporates Diffuses towards the bulb
wall.
S Added halogen gives rises to a reversible reaction Thus
O increasing its productivity
F
L 1.2.c- Uses: For floodlighting, lighting of film and T.V. studios and
most
A widely used in automobile lamps.
M
P 1.2.d- Advantages: Has longer life and greater output than
S ordinary tungsten lamps.
 TUNGSTEN HALOGEN LAMPS

1.2.1- Tungsten halogen 12V dichotic.

Has a wattage of 50 watts.
20 lumens/watt efficiency.
T
Y Has a colour temperature of3000K.
P Colour index of 80.
E Life of 3000 hrs.
S
O Luminous intensity Beam spread
F
L (in Candela) ( in degree)
A
M 1100 12
4200 24
P
3400 30
S 2250 38
950 60
 TUNGSTEN HALOGEN LAMPS

1.2.2- Tungsten Halogen 220 V.

has an efficiency of 20 lumens/watt.
T Colour temperature and index
Y match those of 12V dichoric.
P
Life of 2000 hrs.
E
Available in 300, 500, 1000 watts.
S
O
F
L
A
M
P
S
 1.3- FLUORESCENT LAMPS

1.3.a- Construction:
A long glass tube containing a mixture of mercury vapor and
argon gas at pressure.
A starter and a choke to regulate current.
T Mercury in form of small globules on surface of the tube.
Y
P 1.3.b- Working:
E Argon gas starts the discharge.
S Radiations emitted due to current discharge through mercury
These radiations absorbed by fluorescent coating Light
O
emitted.
F
L 1.3.c- Uses: Most commonly used in homes.
A
M 1.3.d- Advantages:
P Has longer life and greater output than ordinary tungsten
lamps.
S
.

.
 FLUORESCENT LAMPS

Higher efficiency in terms of light energy.

Any color (including daylight) can be obtained by
T using different color coating.
Y
P 1.3.e- Drawbacks:
E Production process more difficult Thus lamps
S more expensive.
O Lower surface brightness.
F
L
A
M
P
S
 FLUORESCENT LAMPS

They are of two types:

1.3.1- 38 mm. diamater:
T Has wattage of 20, 40, 65 watts.
Y White Light Tube:
P
E • Has an efficiency of 70 lumen/watt

S • Colour temperature of 4300

O • Colour index of 63
F • Life of 7500 hrs.
L
Cool Day Light:
A
M Efficiency of 64 lumens/watt.
P Colour temperature of 6500K.
S Colour index of 72.
Life of 7500 hrs.
 FLUORESCENT LAMPS

1.3.2- 26mm. Diameter :

Available only in cool daylight effect.

T Has an efficiency of 68 lumen/watt.

Y Colour temperature of 6500 K.
P Colour index of 72.
E And a life of 7500 hrs.
S
O
F
L
A
M
P
S
 1.4- COMPACT FLUORESCENT LAMPS

CFL: ( Compact Fluorescent lamps)

Efficiency of 60 lumens/watt.
T Has a colour temperature of 2700 or 5000 K.
Y Colour index of 50and 60 respectively.
P And a life of 8000 hrs.
E Energy saver
S
O Has a wattage of 9, 11, 15, 20 watts.
F White light ( warm white)
L
A
M
P
S
 1.5- INDUCTION LAMPS

Induction Lamp:
induction coil creates magnetic field inside a gas.
The gas generates ultraviolet light, excites phosphor coating
T inside surface of the glass.
The phosphor glows with visible light.
Y
P The basic idea similar to fluorescent lamps, except they pass
E an electric current through the gas to generate UV light.
S
O
F Gives only white light.
L Wattage of 35, 60, 70 watts.
A Has high glare.
M
Colour temperature of 3800 K.
P
Efficiency of 70 lumens/watt.
S
Colour index of 80-90
Has a life of 10,000 – 80,000 hrs.
An expensive lamp type available only on importation.
 1.6- MERCURY LAMPS

Construction: A long glass tube containing a mixture of mercury

vapor and neon gas at high pressure.

T Working: (Same principle as fluorescent lamps )

Y At high pressure Radiations emitted by mercury Of
P greenish white color with some UV rays.
Some of these rays get converted to visible light by a
E fluorescent coating.
S
O So, major amount of radiations (by excited mercury atoms)
F +
L some radiations (by conversion of these into visible) =
A Acceptable color light for:
M
Uses: Streets, Factories and Warehouses.
P
S
 MERCURY LAMPS

Available in wattages of 125, 250, 400 watts.

Has wattage of 125, 250, 400 watts.
T Efficiency of 55-60 lumens/watt.
Y Colour temperature is 3800 K.
P
Has a colour index of 45-50.
E
S Life of 20,000 hrs.
O
F
L
A
M
P
S
 1.7- SODIUM VAPOR LAMPS

Construction: A glass tube containing

a mixture of sodium vapor and neon gas at pressure.

T Working:
Y Discharge starts in the neon gas is of red color Warms
P the tube Gradually vaporizes the sodium.
E After nearly 20 min. Sodium fully vaporized
Emits its characteristic yellow light.
S
O Uses: Street lighting, Flood lighting and Factories and
F Warehouse lighting.
L
A Advantages:
M Most efficient means of converting electrical energy into
light and have a long life.
P
S .
 SODIUM VAPOR LAMPS

Low Pressure Na. Vapors:

Wattage – 18, 36 watts.
Efficiency – 145 lumens/watt.
T
Y Colour temperature of 1700 K.
P Colour index of less than 20.
E And has a life of 15,000 hrs.
S
O
F
L
A
M
P
S
 1.8- METAL HALIDE LAMPS

Construction:
A long glass tube containing a mixture of mercury
vapor and neon gas at pressure.
T Addition of another metal, in form of its halide salt.
Y May have clear glass or fluorescent coating.
P
Working: (similar as mercury vapor lamps.)
E
S Uses: Official or commercial purposes.
O
F Advantages: Better color rendering than
incandescent lamps.
L
A
M
P
S
 METAL HALIDE LAMPS

Wattage of 2000 – 4000 watts.

Efficiency of 100 lumens/watt.
Colour temperature of 3800K.
T
Y Colour index 90-100.
P Life of 10,000 hrs.
E High efficiency.
S Good colour index
O
F
L
A
M
P
S
 1.9- COLD CATHODE / NEON LAMPS

Construction:
Bulb or tube with electrodes sealed at each end.
Different types of glass, colored or fluorescent coated can be
T used.
Y May also contain argon and mercury vapor for different colors.
P
Working:
E
Electric discharge through a variety of low pressure gases
S Giving characteristic red-orange glow.
O Lamp painted black, wherever no color needed.
F
If red glass used for tube Deep red color.
L
Addition of mercury and argon vapor Light blue color.
A (where argon produces negligible radiations but important
M for neon tubing to work)
P With green emitting phosphor coating Green rays +Red
orange neon rays Lighter red orange light.
S
 COLD CATHODE / NEON LAMPS

Advantages:
Long life which does not reduce by frequent switching.
Maintains better output during its life.
T Starts instantly.
Available in many colors.
Y
Can be bended into different shapes like letters and symbols,
P for decorative effects.
E Many effects can be obtained by using different types of glass.
S
O Uses: Illumination of cinema theatres and for other commercial
purposes like advertising.
F
L Drawbacks:
A Care to be taken in installation and maintenance to avoid
M risk of fire.
P High voltage power supply needed to power these signage.
S
 1.10LIGHT EMITTING DIODES (LED’S)

LED’S are available in all these

colors.
The color of an LED is determined by
T the semiconductor material, not by
Y the coloring of the 'package' (the
plastic body).
P
E
S
O
F
L
A
M
P
S
 1.11- FIBER OPTICS

T
Y
P
E
S
O
F
L
A
M
P
S
Content
1. Key Terminology - Revision

2. Types of light

3. On the basis of lamp

4. On the basis of function(Uses)

5. On the basis of location

6. On the basis of space

7. On the basis of land uses

8. Miscellaneous
Key Terminology – Revision

1. CCT

2. CRA

3. Lumen

4. Lux

5. Angle of Incidence

6. Lamp

7. Fixture

8. Working Hours

9. Working Plane
 Types of Light

On the basis of lamp----?

 Types of Light

On the basis of Function

1. Ambient Light

2. Task Light

3. Focus Light

4. Aesthetic purpose
 Types of Light

On the basis of Location

1. Ceiling Light

2. Wall Light

3. Table Light

4. Floor Light
 Types of Light

On the basis of Spaces

1. Indoor Lighting

2. Outdoor Lighting

3. Landscaping Lighting

4. Street Lighting
 Types of Light

On the basis of Land uses

1. Residential Lighting

2. Commercial Lighting

3. Industrial Lighting

4. Sports Lighting

5. Hospital Purpose
 Types of Light

Miscellaneous

1. Dam / Special project

2. Automobile

3. Emergency

4. DJ

5. Neon / Bar Etc.

6. Designer Light