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  • Introducción A La Lingüística en Lengua Inglesa - Unit 3 Syntax

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    Joaquín-José Cuéllar Trasorras
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    Introducción a la Lingüística en Lengua Inglesa - Unit 3 Syntax

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    11 views14 pages

    Introducción A La Lingüística en Lengua Inglesa - Unit 3 Syntax

    Uploaded by

    Joaquín-José Cuéllar Trasorras

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
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    of 14
    102. chapter 4 « Lexicon te in, 4. Tua ping the rn nba 2 ae Structure of Sentences: Syntax Inthe previous ta chapters we examined the internal make-up of words and th tion into parts-f-speech. We: tences, and examine the sr fanguagesis iy from language to language. However, inall languages two things are recurrent the existence of unis intermediate in ize these units and relations perm languages, ayers 5. Whats Saning wo Guide outer eadng 5 futher thoght and exces Notes 4104 chapter © Structure of Sentences {rama on smi rd eifeercec erween opin ant sre Tene pee decd phase case nae « seta ate in embasing eperenalrde ‘Openness In ll human languages words can be put together in sequences to express meanings for which no separate words exist: che range of complexities and muances of meanings that speaker might want to express ~ and distinguish from other posible meanings - mach Inger than canbe expressed by the leccal and morphological resources of any language For instance, no human language would have a single word to express @ meaning Hike that expressed by the previous sentence, Words and morphology alone ae insufficient to make ll the complex meanings and meaning distinctions people regulary need to make in thought and communication. “Siem ih heal ngup br ting wd oer i sequences Sometimes the tern grammar is sed instead of syntax, thoagh more usually Whats Syntax? ‘wk ik ‘opening’ the grammatical system for the express ig and links between ideas it provides means for speakers Symtax enhances the c between syntax and the ot The notion of sentence ‘The sentence, asi is usually conceived in linguistics isthe largest linguistic unit showing {grammatical structure the largest unit over which grammatical rules oe patterns apply iis ‘tthe opposite end ofthe scale of grammatical tems from the morpheme the smallest gram ‘matical unt. This understanding ofthe sentence goes back tothe American linguist Leonard Bloomfield (1887-1948) who proposed that a sentence isa string of words not included in any larger linguistic form by virtue of grammatical structure. Acconding to ths criterion, (5-3) consists oft sentences, since the two components, (-4) and (5-5), and are grammat cally independent of one another (63) The foreman hung thenatan the ence sou hin (S-4)The oheman ung the net on te ee 65) tewnin 105 106 Chapter 5 © Structure of Sentences gto te same person asthe farmer. But sreven law the poor guy (stil fe: aut usea different ver, such as i, say, or hung, andl preserve thes theeate of eeprate sentences, a in (6) The bam ung ten ote eee athe? sone bar the fisherman, whereas hi in J save him can, given rng to someone ote than the fisherman, ‘The openness of syntax zferred to in the previous subsection can now be understood as the openness o language provides «ready-made system of principles havenever pre sentences that express old meanings in new wa for sentence is novel; but speakers do fairly quite unremarkable, Th invention of new or ‘smote likely to sttke hearers as unusual, humorous or smart. Grammaticality Not all posible strogs of words in a language form grammatically aceptab While The fisherman hung the net onthe fence docs represent a grammatical sentence, the same wordsina different example, The the hung fisherman fence neon the isclealy not grammatical. It does no follow the grammar of English and a speaker could not make _mach sense oft. Such strings of words are ungrammoatcl Ii standard pactce opal ‘before ungrammatical strings of words “The the hg fisherman fence net onthe “The notion of grammati should not be confused with meaningfulnes or interpeeta~ «a flly grammatical sentences though is ‘nonsense vers’ By con! sentence although no speaker of English would have th “The notion of ungramimatical sentences i useful foe revealing things about the syntax of lage, What is gramateticl needs co be seen inthe context of what isnot if one is to Grouping Wetatve now thre types of grammatical unt tour spot for desrbing the yt structure of langage, eens, words and morpheme, Ae they sei? Can we ro wide a complete account ofthe sot of sentences a rings of words andor morphemes coming one ts the obec vdencesugests no, tht we ned to recog o Consider the English sentence Intermediate in sine (7) Tie rain hugged aa thee ough the reuns, Some moephemes andlor words seem to elong together: for instance, the fist the i satrally interpreted as belonging wit athe than with chugedc along. Atisirum, 4 ses reasonable to identify three groups of words or morpheres in (57) the tin hugged and along the fn through he mecurtains. Within the hind group another group can be secogniaed the Hine through the mountains, within which n turn troup he mountains forms yet another word group ‘uch descriptions in everyday Engh quickly become cumbersome and eifict to understand, and it is usefl to represent groupings of morphemes!words in diagrammatic Hierarchical Structure in Sentences 107 108 chapters o structure of Sentences wear 7 | rr | [Tm Fee eterna gee CE Ee eee ee de El that represents the groups by connecting them together tng lines, thos instead branches mee! at any node; this means that more word groups are ecogaized than in (5-8), and the structure is more hierarchical. You can of course always «edraw (5-8) to represnt the sume hierarchical structure as (5-9), and vice-versa ~ try it) 63) approach called Immediate C enjoy considerable popul with more rakelike they are sometimes ssid to repre chapter, there are reasons to prefer the string constituent Evidence for groupings of words GGrammarians are not sitisied with grouping words together on intuitive grounds. They

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