FINAL Examination

The Child and Adolescent Learners and Learning Principles

(ED 101)

NAME: __________________________________________ DATE: _____________ TIME: ___________

COURSE & YR. LEVEL __________________________ SCORE : _________________

Instructor: ANNA MANELEINE B. CALUSCUSIN

I. Multiple Choice
Directions: Select the answer that is best in each case. White the letter of your choice on the space provided before the item
number.

Note: If you have questions, raise your hand and ask your teacher, not your seatmate. Thank you and God bless!!!

_______1. When Mika is asked why he should not hit his brother, he responds, "Because Mommy says so and if I do I will
get yelled at." Mika's level of moral development fits with which of Piaget's and/or Kohlberg's stages?
a. Conventional
b. Post-conventional Morality
c. Pre-conventional Morality
d. The first and second choices
_______2. Billy knows that when he goes out to dinner he needs to follow certain rules and mind his manners at the table.
Such standards are an example of :
a. Pre-conventional rule
b. Conventional rule
c. Post-Conventional
d. Moral rule
_______3. Brandi is a six-year-old first grader. When you ask her about the rules in her classroom, she lists several,
including, "Listen to the teacher," "Be respectful to others," and "Keep your hands to yourself." You then ask her
why the rules are important, and she responds, "Because teacher says so, and you don't want to get a note sent
home to Mom." Which level of moral development is Brandi demonstrating?
a. Social approval orientation
b. Punishment and obedience orientation
c. Law and Order
d. Universal principles
_______4. Angie decides to get a divorce. When two of her friends discuss her decision, one of them says, "Although I don't
personally agree with Angie's decision, it is ultimately her choice and I will be there to support her." This
response demonstrates what level of morality?
a. Preconventional
b. Conventional
c. Postconventional
d. None of these
_______5. Travis was very upset when Larry stole some candy, but did not care when Mike put his elbows on the dinner
table when he was told not to. What might explain his different reactions?
a. Stealing is a personal rule and putting elbows on the dinner table is a conventional rule.
b. Stealing is a conventional rule and putting elbows on the dinner table is a personal rule.
c. Stealing is a moral rule and putting elbows on the dinner table is a conventional rule.
d. Stealing is a moral rule and putting elbows on the dinner table is a personal rule.
_______6. Which of the following classroom scheduling practices would be developmentally appropriate for children of
preschool age?
a. providing frequent variations in routine
b. beginning each day with a half-hour circle time
c. introducing new learning centers each week
d. alternating physically active and quiet activities
_______7. A four-year-old child at the sand table is trying to fill a container with sand using a measuring cup. However, the
child's attempts result in more sand spilling on the floor than filling the container. Which of the following
statements by the teacher would most likely prompt the child to engage in problem solving in this situation?
a. "I'm going to watch you fill the container step by step. You tell me what happens at each step."
b. “I wonder if you’d be more successful if you tried to fill a wide-mouth container.”
c. “Now I see what’s happening. You’re pouring the sand before the cup is above the container.”
d. “Perhaps it would work better to use the container to scoop out up the sand.”

_______8. A kindergarten teacher regularly includes project-based investigations as part of the curriculum. This practice
would benefit students primarily by:
a. encouraging them to evaluate their own learning in a systematic way.
 b. fostering their understanding of their own learning needs and preferences.
c. introducing them to new information in a logical and orderly progression.
d. promoting their exploration of content from integrated and varied perspectives.
_______9. A second-grade teacher reads stories aloud to his class every day. One of his students, an English Learner with
limited oral language development in English, has difficulty comprehending the stories. Which of the following
modifications should the teacher make to the read-aloud activity to best address this student's needs?
a. varying the volume and tone of his voice when speaking as various characters in a story
b. reading each story aloud more than once while emphasizing key events in the story
c. preteaching key vocabulary words from each story using pictures and concrete examples
d. writing the names of the main characters from a story on the classroom word wall
_______10. In which of the following scenarios is an early childhood teacher acting primarily in his or her role as an
advocate for children and families in the program?
a. A preschool teacher collaborates with an agency in the community to organize a series of health and wellness
events.
b. A frist-grade teacher participates in a workshop about incorporating the arts into the early childhood
curriculum.
c. A second-grade teacher regularly reads professional journals to say informed about the developments in the
field.
d. A third-grade teacher maintains a folder for every student to track individual’s development in each of the
major domains.
_______11. All children are different and unique. Development follows an approximate range of ages. Which of the
following characteristics is not a description of a behavior typical of an infant 0–12 months old?
a. Sits with support.
b. Can discriminate among sweet, bitter, and salty.
c. Loves to interact with others, more aware of self and others.
d. Mimics adults' facial expressions and gestures.
_______12. Brain and child development research has several implications for those who care for young children. Which of
the following is not a key factor for early childhood professionals to know?
a. Babies are born to learn.
b. Remediation is more beneficial than prevention and early intervention strategies.
c. What happens to babies early in life has a long-lasting influence on how children develop and learn.
d. Critical periods influence learning positively and negatively.
_______13. Human motor development is governed by certain basic principles. Which of the following is NOT a basic
principle of motor development?
a. Maturation of the motor system proceeds from gross motor to fine motor behaviors.
b. Motor development is from cephalo-to-caudal or from head to foot.
c. Motor development proceeds from the distal to the proximal or from the extremities to the central part of the
body.
d. Motor development plays a major role in social and behavioral expectations.
_______14. The ability to acquire language has a biological basis but the content of the language is acquired from the
environment. Which of the following is true about a child's language acquisition?
a. Parents and other people are models for language.
b. Optimal language development depends on interactions with the best possible language models.
c. Development depends on talk between children and adults, and between children and children.
d. All are true about language acquisition.
_______15. Two significant developmental events occur at about age two. What are the two significant events?
a. Symbolic representation and mental symbols.
b. Vocabulary development and motor development.
c. Symbolic representation and vocabulary development.
d. Walking and talking.
_______16. Providing an enriched environment is a powerful way to promote infants' and toddlers' overall development.
Which of the following is an essential element of an enriched environment for young children?
a. Includes a wide variety of materials to support all areas of development.
b. Enables children to learn the basic language and cognitive skills necessary for future school success.
c. Provides for children's nutritional and health needs
d. All of the above.

_______17. Curricula for infants and toddlers consist of all the activities and experiences they are involved in while under
the direction of professionals. Which of the following concepts should be included in curriculum planning for
infants and toddlers?
a. Autonomy and independence.
b. Self-help skills.
c. Problem solving.
d. All of the above.
_______18. Early childhood professionals must get parents and other professionals to recognize that infants, as a group, are
different from toddlers. Infants need programs, curricula, and environments specifically designed for them.
Which of the following statements is not true about appropriate environments for infants?

a. Infants need adults who can tolerate and allow for their emerging autonomy and independence.
b. Infants need adults who can respond to their particular needs and developmental characteristics.
c. Infants need especially nurturing professionals.
d. Infants need stimulating interactions and conversations.
_______19. Children and families do not all come from the same socioeconomic and cultural background, and parents do
not all rear their children in the same way. Some policies or practices may conflict with some parents' cultural
beliefs and practices. Which of the following questions will help you make multi-culturally appropriate
decisions when conflict arises?

a. What is the cultural perspective of the family on this issue?

b. What are some creative resolutions that address both the parents' concerns and my own?
c. Is there any sound research data indicating that the family's practice is doing actual harm?
d. All of the above.

20. Systematic change in the mental processes that underlie all learning and performance is referred to as:

a. moral maturation.
b. cognitive development
c. social-emotional development
d. intellectual development

21. In Piaget’s theory of development, mental processing is considered to be constrained by two influences:

a. mental maturity and life opportunities.

b. Physical maturation and schooling.
c. cognitive schemes and disequilibrium.
d. assimilation and accommodation.

22. According to Piaget, the middle childhood years bring a new set of skills, concrete operations, that:

a. build on and expand development in fine and gross motor capabilities.

b. facilitate emotional development as the child resolves common cultural demands and tasks.
c. reduce anxiety in children at this stage by distorting reality to assist them in understanding
d. provide general, abstract rules and strategies for examining and interacting with the world.

22. According to Vygotsky, cognitive development depends on:

a. environmental pressure
b. mental maturity
c. social interactions
d. genetics.

23. Vygotsky’s emphasizes the importance of a more experienced other who serves as a guide to provide _____ for the
learner.

a. questioning
b. scaffolding
c. disequilibrium
d. motivation

24. The task that an individual can accomplish only with the assistance of a more experienced person represents the
learner’s:
a. area of cognitive dissonance.
b. zone of proximal development.
c. learning opportunity.
d. point of disequilibrium.

25. Which educational psychologist would most likely submit the following personal ad? I like long conversations with one
other person who allows me to learn at my peak ability. I enjoy doing the crossword puzzle with someone who is slightly
better than I am so I can learn from their skills. I frequently talk aloud to myself and appreciate when others do the same. If
interested in providing me with support, and being supported in return, please respond to this ad.

a. Piaget
b. Vygotsky
c. Freud
d. Skinner

26. Sammy wants to pour the milk on his cereal all by himself. When Mommy starts to pour the milk he puts his hands over
the bowl and shouts, “No, ME do it!” Sammy is MOST LIKELY in Erikson’s ____ stage, and is approximately ___ years
old.

a. trust vs. mistrust

b. initiative vs. guilt
c. autonomy vs. shame and doubt
d. industry vs. inferiority
27. According to Erikson, successful resolution of the “identity vs. role confusion” conflict faced in adolescence leads to
which of the following virtues?

a. a sense of purpose
b. feelings of competence
c. the ability to commit oneself
d. investment in future generations

28. Susan’s children are all married and living a good distance from home. Susan works as a legal secretary, and most of
what she earns goes into college funds for her 2 grandchildren. Her own children lead busy lives, with friends and work
activities occupying most of their time, so Susan volunteers one evening each week at the Children’s Hospital, reading
bedtime stories to the young children there. Susan is BEST classified as fitting into Erikson’s ________ stage.

a. intimacy vs. isolation

b. generatively vs. stagnation
c. integrity vs. despair
d. identity vs. role confusion

29. According to Erikson, ____ is “the ability to fuse one’s identity with someone else’s without fear you’re going to lose
yourself.”
a. trust
b. identity
c. intimacy
d. post-formal thinking
30. Rachel joined the Olympic gymnastic team when she was 13. She has been a gymnast all of her life and has not
considered other options. Now, at the age of 26, Rachel has severely injured her knee and can no longer compete. She finds
that she doesn’t have an identity beyond that associated with gymnastics. Which of the following statements would Erikson
most likely make?

a. Rachel can now resolve the crisis of identity achievement; it doesn’t matter when it happens.
b. Rachel missed her opportunity to reach identity achievement and there is little hope for her to lead a normal life.
c. Rachel can skip the stage of identify achievement and lead a normal life.
d. Rachel developed a maladaptive identity in her teens and needs to take time with a counselor to resolve the identify
crisis.

31. According to Bronfenbrenner’s ecological perspective, the influence of important social forces on a person who has no
direct contact with them represents the:

a. microsystem
b. mesosystem
c. exosystem
d. chronosystem
32. A child has a good day at school and goes home and shares that excitement with his or her parents. This represents the
influence of which system?

a. microsystem
b. mesosystem
c. exosystem
d. macrosystem

33. Rebecca, a 1 year-old, hits her head on the corner of a table and begins to cry. According to attachment theorists her
mother should:

a. Ignore her crying to encourage her to be more independent

b. Wait until she was done crying to soothe her verbally
c. React promptly and soothe her verbally and/or physically
d. Tell her to stop crying and act like a big girl

34. Which of the following is NOT a type of human development?

a. physical
b. traditional
c. cognitive
d. emotional

35. The period between puberty and adulthood in human development that typically falls between the ages of 13 and 19 is:

a. pre-adolescence
b. pubescence
c. senescence
d. adolescence

36. This refers to acquiring the ability to use the smaller muscles in the arm, hands and fingers purposefully.
a. fine motor development
b. gross motor development
c. manipulative skills
d. locomotor skills

37. at this stage, children are said to usually draw from experience and exposure.

a. preschematic
b. scribbling
c. schematic
d. experiental

38. Which of the following statements is true regarding physical development in middle childhood?

a. Girls in this age range tend to be slower and weaker, but more coordinated than boys.
b. By age 10, boys have begun to outpace girls in overall growth rate.
c. Between ages 6 and 12, children grow an average of ½ to 1 inch per year.
d. Brain development during middle childhood tends to slow, with no remarkable spurts.

39. Keisha is aware that she is not liked by the other kids in her class and tends to isolate herself instead of trying to make
new friends. This causes her to feel very lonely. Which of the following classifications best describes Keisha's social status?

a. Disruptive/isolated
b. Socially inept
c. Withdrawn/isolated
d. Withdrawn/rejected
40. The global evaluation of one's own worth is called ________.
a. self-image
b. self-esteem
c. self-concept
d. self-efficacy

41. The general view about one’s abilities, strengths and weaknesses is called ________.

a. self-image
b. self-esteem
c. self-concept
d. self-efficacy

42. This involves setting realistic boundaries that keep preschoolers safe and respectful of self and others, while allowing
them greater opportunity to explore, take risks and to engage in creative processes.

a. judicial permissiveness
b. more knowledgeable others
c. judicious permissiveness
d. fast mapping

43. This involves the ability to think above thinking, evidenced by awareness of and capacity to identify one’s own thinking
processes or strategies--- perception, comprehension, memory and problem solving.

a. Relativistic thinking
b. Longer memory span
c. Metacognition
d. Propositional thinking
44. Piaget believed that children in the preoperational stage have difficulty taking perspective of another person. This is
known as:

a. Reversibility
b. Egocentrism
c. Metacognition
d. Constructivism
45. Jane's mother has two crackers, both of equal size. She breaks one of the crackers up into four pieces. Jane says she
wants the one with the most and immediately chooses the four pieces, even though the two amounts are equal. Jane's choice
illustrates Piaget's concept of:

a. Accommodation
b. Egocentrism
c. False belief
d. Conservation

46. The ability to think abstractly and systematically solve problems emerges during the:
a. concrete operational stage
b. formal-operational stage
c. sensori-motor stage
d. pre-operational stage
47. According to Jean Piaget, schema building occurs as a result of modifying new information to fit existing schemes and
by modifying old schemes as per new information. These two processes are known as:

a. assimilation and adaptation

b. accommodation and adaptation
c. equilibration and modification
d. assimilation and accommodation

48. According to Piaget, a child between 2 to 7 years is in the _________ stage of cognitive development.
a. Formal operational
b. Concrete operational
c. Sensorimotor
d. Preoperational

49. According to Piaget’s stages of Cognitive Development, the sensori-motor stage is associated with:

a. ability to solve problems in logical fashion

b. concerns about social issues
c. ability to interpret and analyse options
d. imitation, memory and mental representation
50. Which of the following statements describes Piaget and Vygotsky’s views on language and thought correctly?

a. According to Vygotsky, thought emerges first and according to Piaget, language has a profound effect on thought.
b. Both view language as emerging from the child’s thought.
c. According to Piaget, thought emerges first and according to Vygotsky, language has a profound effect on thought.
d. Both view thought as emerging from the child’s language.

51. The concept of ‘private speech’ of children as proposed by Vygotsky

a. shows that children are stupid and thus need guidance of adults.
b. illustrates that children are egocentric.
c. shows that children love themselves.
d. illustrates that children use speech to guide their own actions.

52. Children who are actively disliked by their peers and are rarely nominated as someone's best friend are considered :

a. average
b. neglected
c. rejected
d. controversial

53. It is a period of transition in terms of physical, cognitive and socio-emotional changes, physical transition being
particularly coupled with sexual transformation.

a. Childhood
b. Adulthood
c. Adolescence
d. Senescence

54. Rory, 13, joins a friend in having some illegal alcohol after school. Later, when Rory is in trouble at home, his older
brother Rajid says, "Didn't you think about how much trouble you would get in? I would have." Brain researchers would
suggest that the reason Rory did not think ahead, while Rajid would have, is because Rory's ________ is less fully
developed than Rajid's.
a. parietal lobe
b. amygdala
c. frontal lobe
d. hypothalamus

55. Which of the following is a way for adolescents to exercise their brains for better development?

a. Long hours sending text messages to their friends

b. Vigorous hair washing twice daily
c. Frequent visits to amusement parks with thrilling rides
d. Learning to understand abstract concepts

56. Which adolescent is LEAST likely to abuse drugs?

a. Darla, who campaigns with an organization promoting medical uses of marijuana and other drugs
b. Brenda, who has poor impulse control
c. Carlos, who uses aggression to deal with interpersonal conflict
d. Adam, who has serious discussions with his parents about drug use

57. Which of the following would be LEAST effective as an intervention for suicide?

a. Programs that identify and treat young people who are at risk of suicide
 b. Programs to reduce substance abuse, violence, and access to guns
c. School curriculums that teach children coping and problem-solving skills
d. Telephone hotlines

58. Which of the following students is MOST likely to drop out of high school?

a. Lori, whose grades have been improving since her English teacher started calling her mom whenever she cut class
b. Jorge, who has been offered a chance to increase his work hours to full time
c. Jackson, who went to an award-winning preschool
d. Cookie, who is a cheerleader

59. This is the tendency among adolescents to think too much of themselves, such as to be too sensitive to social acceptance
of their appearance, actions, feelings, ideas, etc.

a. Idealism
b. Egocentrism
c. Aggression
d. Maturation

60. It is a sense of feeling responsible for one’s actions, particularly when harm has been done to oneself or others.

a. Frustration
b. Guilt
c. Indignation
d. Stagnation

II. TRUE OR FALSE

Directions: Carefully study statements 1-10. Decide whether each statement is true or false, and write the word
``True'' or the word ``False'' in accordance with your decision for each of the following questions. Write your
answer next to the number of the question.

1. Decentration is thinking that cannot take multiple variables into account.

2. Children grow more rapidly during middle childhood than any other time.
3. Thinking about committing suicide is actually quite rare among high school students.
4. The rates of unwanted pregnancy and STD are much higher among adolescents than adults.
5. Adolescents often create imaginary audience as they mentally picture how others will react to their behavior
and physical appearance.
6. Unlike younger children, adolescents typically are not egocentric in their thought patterns.
7. Permissive parenting is almost always that most destructive parental style.
8. The best way to get children to lose weight is to increase their physical activity.
9. Divorce is generally hardest on children at the beginning or end of middle childhood.
10. Physical growth in puberty proceeds from the extremities of the body to the core.

III. IDENTIFICATION TEST

Directions : Identify the following. Write your answer in the space provided before each number.

1. This is the case of the adolescent failing to find himself/herself.

2. This is the point where the adolescent fully finds himself/herself.
3. The moral reasoning stage in adolescence where he is able to understand and conform to social conventions,
consider the motives of peers and adults, engage in proper behavior to please others, and follow the rules of the
society.
4. The behavior of a minor child that is marked by criminal activities, persistent antisocial behavior, or disobedience
which the child’s parents are unable to control.
5. This personality type prefers to think rather than act, being interested in tasks that use conceptual skills.
6. He is an information-processing theorist who views the influence of the environment on thinking.
7. It is the ability to think scientifically through generating predictions, or hypotheses about the world to answer
questions.
8. This signals the first sign of puberty and sexual maturity in boys.
9. It is the capability of individuals to recognize their own emotions and those of others, discern between feelings and
label them appropriately, use emotional information to guide thinking and behavior, and manage and/ or adjust
emotions to adapt to environments or achieve one’s goals.
10. Refers to a group of people of approximately the same age, status and interest.
11. It is the child’s ability to maintain the equilibrium or stability of his/her body in different positions.
12. Refers to the series of movements organized and timed to occur in a particular way to bring about a particular
result.
13. The stage of play where the child plays with toys similar to those near him, but only plays beside and not with them
and without interaction.
14. It is the process of forming gender roles, gender-based preferences and behaviors accepted by society.
15. It is a stage in early child development in which a child falsely believes that actions cannot be reversed or undone.
 IV. ESSAY TEST (60 pts.)
Directions: Please read all questions carefully and make sure you understand the facts before you begin answering.
Write legibly and be as concise as possible. You must write your essay neatly !

1. Discuss your understanding of the key roles and responsibilities of a teacher with particular reference to
meeting individual pupil’s physical, cognitive and emotional needs. Use appropriate references/ theories to
support and illustrate your discussion.

2. How would you apply principles of cognitive development when you are teaching:

a. Pre-operational students
b. Formal operational students

RUBRICS
Element Description
Content (20 pts.) Clarity of purpose (5)
Critical and original thought (5)
Use of examples/ approaches/ theories, etc. (10)

Writing (10 pts.) Clearly written, well-presented, well-organized, and free

of grammar and other writing errors (-1 point for each
error)