Pimpri Chinchwad Education Trust’s

Pimpri Chinchwad College of Engineering

Department of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering

Experiment No.: 1
Academic Year: 2019-2020 Year: B.E. (A, B, C) Semester: II
Course: Lab. Practice-IV (Audio Video Engineering) Course code: 404194

TITLE: Voltage and waveform analysis for color TV.

OBJECTIVES OF THE EXPT.:

1. To observe the various waveforms of horizontal and vertical section.

PROGRAMME SPECIFIC OUTCOME (PSO)

PSO1: Comprehend the technology in Signal processing & Communication Engineering

PSO3: Application of contextual knowledge of E&TC Engineering, activity based learning and
automation to asses’ societal, environmental, health & safety issues.

CO and PO MAPPED: CO1 and PO1, PO2, PO4

CO1: Students will be able to analyze analog television and able to find faults in different
sections of analog receiver.

Engineering Graduates will be able to:

PO1. Engineering knowledge: Apply the knowledge of mathematics, science, engineering
Fundamentals, and an engineering specialization to the solution of complex engineering
problems.

PO2. Problem analysis: Identify, formulate, review research literature, and analyze complex
engineering problems reaching substantiated conclusions using first principles of mathematics,
natural sciences, and engineering sciences.

PO4. Conduct investigations of complex problems: Use research-based knowledge and

research methods including design of experiments, analysis and interpretation of data, and
synthesis of the information to provide valid conclusions.

APPARATUS:
1. Color TV receiver with test point
2. CRO.
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THEORY:
FORMATION OF A COLOUR SIGNAL
A colour camera produces red, green and blue video signals for each picture element.
A monochrome signal Y is formed by combining red (R), green (G) and blue (B) signals from
their respective camera tubes in the following proportion.
Y=0.3R+0.59G+0.11B
Thus the colour television transmitter should transmit R,G,B and Y signal information’s , for
which a colour sub carrier frequency is introduced.

DIFFERENT TYPES OF COLOUR TV SYSTEMS

There are three types of colour TV systems used in the world:
1. PAL System
2. SECAM
3. NTSC
In India, PAL system is used
PAL: Phase alteration by line
THE PAL SYSTEM
In PAL system , used in India, one part of colour subcarrier is directly modulated by R-Y video
signal in an “ In phase modulator”. However, the phase of the colour subcarrier is reversed on
alternate lines by means of an electronic line by line switch.The other part of the colour sub
carrier is passed through a 900 phase shifted and is then modulated by B-Y video signal in
“Quadrature modulator”.CCIR TV Standard used in India. The TV signal to be received by the
TV receiver has the following ranges:
Bandwidth of audio signal: 20 Hz to 20 KHz Modulation techniques used is frequency
modulation
Bandwidth of video signal: 5 MHz Modulation technique: AM-VSB
Total bandwidth of each TV Channel =7 MHz
The picture carrier IF is 5.5 MHz away from the sound carrier IF i.e PIF-SIF=5.5 MHz where
SIF=33.4 MHz and PIF=38.9 MHz
Video is formed taking 25 frames per second and each frame is scanned in 2 fields by interlace
scanning (each field scanned by 312.5 lines). Thus, the vertical frequency of camera or picture
tube beam is 2x25x312.5=15625 Hz.
That is, the scanning frequencies are:
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Vertical frequency = 50 Hz and Horizontal frequency = 15625Hz

Frequency bands assigned for TV transmission

Name of the TV Band Freq-Range (MHz) Channel Nos in the band
Band I (lower VHF) 41-68 41-47 Unused
2-4
Band III (Upper VHF) 174-230 5-12
Cable TV 230-300 13-20
Band –IV (UHF) 470-582 21-27
Band-V (UHF) 582-870 28-60(69)

Picture carrier frequency: lowest channel frequency + 1.25 MHz

Sound carrier frequency: Highest channel frequency – 1.25 MHz
A COLOUR TV SCREEN
A colour TV Screen differs from a black and white screen in three ways:
1. There are three electron beams that move simultaneously across the screen. They are
named the red, green, and blue beams.
2. The screen is not coated with a single sheet of phosphors arranged in dots or stripes.
3. On the inside of the tube, very close to the phosphor coating, there is a thin metal screen
called a shadow mask.
4. This mask is perforated with very small holes that are aligned with the phosphor dots(or
stripes) on the screen.

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HOW THE TV MASK WORKS

1. When a colour TV needs to create a red dot, it fires the red beam at the red phosphor.
Similarly for green and blue dots to create a black dot, all three beams are turned off as
they scan past the dot. All other colors on a TV screen are combinations of red, green and
blue.
2. To create a white dot red, green and blue beams are fired simultaneously the three
colours mix together to create white.
3. To create black dot, all three beams are turned off as they scan past the dot. All other
colours on a TV screen are combinations of red, green and blue.

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COMPOSITE VIDEO SIGNAL :
Consists of :
Camera signal - corresponding to the desired picture information
Blanking pulses – to make the retrace invisible
Synchronizing pulses – to synchronize the transmitter and receiver scanning
-horizontal sync pulse
-vertical sync pulse
-their amplitudes are kept same
-but their duration are different
-Needed consecutively and not simultaneously with the picture signal – so
sent on a time division basis
VIDEO SIGNAL VARIES BETWEEN CERTAIN LIMITS
Peak white level: 10 to 12.5%
Black level : 72%
Blanking level : Sync pulses added - 75% level
Pedestal : difference between black level and blanking level – tend to merge
Pedestal height : distance between the pedestal level and the dc level – indicates the average
brightness
Picture information: 10% - 75%

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DC COMPONENT OF THE VIDEO SIGNAL
Average value or dc component corresponding to the average brightness of the scene
Average brightness can change only from frame to frame and not from line to line
Low pedestal height – scene darker
Larger pedestal height – higher average brightness
BLANKING PULSES
Make the retrace lines invisible by raising the signal amplitude slightly above the black level
(75%)
Repetition rate of horizontal blanking pulse = scanning freq.= 15625Hz
Freq of vertical blanking pulse = field scanning freq. = 50 Hz

P/S RATIO = 10/4

Justification:
If the picture signal amplitude is ↑ at the expense of sync pulses – when S/N ratio at the receiver
falls, sync pulse amplitude becomes insufficient to keep the picture locked

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If the sync pulse amplitude is ↑ at the expense of the picture signal, then the raster remains
locked but the amplitude of the picture content will be too low
P/S ratio of 10/4 represents the most efficient use of TV system

HORIZONTAL SCANNING DETAILS :

Total line period = 64µS

Line blanking period = 12µS
Differential leading edges are used for synchronizing horizontal scanning oscillator
Divided into three sections:
Front porch : 1.5µS - allows the receiver video to settle down
Line sync : 4.7 µS - for blanking the flyback/retrace
- blacker than the black
Back porch : 5.8µS - time for the horizontal time base circuit to reverse the direction of
current for scanning the next line- same amplitude as that of blanking level ; used by AGC
circuits at the receiver to develop true AGC voltage

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 VERTICAL SYNC DETAILS:

Added after each fields

Complex in nature

Vertical sync period = 2.5 to 3 times the horizontal line period

In 625 line system: 2.5 × 64 = 160µS

Commence at the end of first half of 313th line (end of first field) and terminates at the end of 315th line

Similarly after an exact interval of 20mS (one field period), the next sync pulse occupies the line numbers

1st, 2nd and first half of 3rd.

Horizontal sync information is extracted from the sync pulse train by differentiation i.e. Passing the pulse

train through an HPF – leading edges are used to synchronize the horizontal scanning oscillator

Furthermore, receivers often use monostable multivibrators to generate horizontal scan, and so a pulse is

required to initiate each and every cycle of the horizontal oscillator in the receiver

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SHORTCOMINGS AND SOLUTIONS:
Horizontal sync pulses are available both during the active and blanked line periods but there are
no sync pulses (leading edges) available during the 2.5 line vertical sync period – horizontal
sweep oscillator would tend to step out of synchronism during each vertical sync period
The situation after an odd field is even worse
-since it begins at midway
-leading edge of the vertical sync pulse comes at the wrong time to
provide synchronism for the horizontal oscillator
Therefore five narrow slots (4.7µS width) are cut in the vertical sync pulse at intervals of
32µS – rising edges are used to trigger horizontal oscillator.
This insertion of short pulses : called notching of serration of the broad field pulses

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It is seen that the synchronization of the vertical sweep oscillator in the receiver is obtained from
vertical sync pulses by integrator (LPF) Voltage built across the capacitor of the LPF
corresponding to the sync pulse trains of both the fields is shown in fig.

Each horizontal pulse cause a slight rise in voltage across the capacitor, but this is reduced to
zero by the time the next pulse arrives (charging period=4.7µS and discharging period = 59.3µS)
But during broad serrated region, capacitor has more time to charge and only 4.7µS to discharge
Situation is different for the beginning of the 2nd field-here the last horizontal pulse
corresponding to the beginning of the 313th line is separated from the first vertical pulse by only
half-a-line. Therefore the voltage developed a/c the vertical filter will not have enough time to
reach zero before the arrival of the 1st vertical pulse Hence the voltage developed a/c the o/p
filter is some what higher at each instant as compared to the voltage developed at the beginning
of the 1st field (shown as dotted chain) i.e. Oscillator get triggered a fraction of a second early as
compared to the first field - upset the desired interlacing sequence
Equalizing pulses are used to solve this problem

EQUALIZING PULSES
Solves the shortcomings occurring on account of half line discrepancy Five narrow pulses of 2.5
line period are added on either side of the vertical sync pulses : known as pre-equalizing and
post-equalizing pulses The effect of these pulses is to shift the half line discrepancy away from
both the beginning and end of the vertical sync pulses
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Pre-equalizing pulses:
- 2.3µS duration
- result in the discharge of the capacitor to zero voltage in both the fields
Post-equalizing pulses: necessary for a fast discharge of the capacitor to ensure triggering of the
vertical oscillator at proper time
With the insertion of equalizing pulses:
- The voltage rise and fall profile is the same for both the field sequences
- The vertical oscillator is triggered at the proper instants.
i.e. exactly at an interval of 1/50th of a second.

BASIC ARRANGEMENT OF COLOUR TV RECEIVER

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SECTIONS OF THE TV TRAINER KIT
1. Tuner
2. Video IF
3. Sound I. F. and Audio output amplifier
4. Horizontal Amplifier and sync separator
5. Vertical Oscillator and vertical output amplifier
6. Video output amplifier
7. Colour decoder
8. E. H. T.
9. S. M. P. S.
10. Colour picture tube
11. Control section

BLOCK DIAGRAM OF A COLOUR TV RECEIVER

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THEORY OF OPERATION
TUNER:
The basic objective of colour TV trainer is to study all the signals or voltages in different
sections of the circuit. The RF signal received by antenna is fed to the tuner section by antenna
wire. Tuner section separates the IF signal from received RF signals.
VIDEO IF:
These IF signals are supplied to VIF and SIF section. This IF signals are here amplified by video
IF amplifier and then detected by video detector. So in this section composite colour video signal
is obtained.
SOUND I. F. AND AUDIO OUTPUT AMPLIFIER:
Sound signals are separated from this composite colour video signal by a SIF filter and then fed
to sound IF amplifiers. Sound IF amplifiers amplify the sound signal which is then detected by
FM detector. Audio amplifier amplifies the detected audio signal which are again amplified by
audio output amplifier and fed to speaker.
HORIZONTAL AMPLIFIER AND SYNC SEPARATOR :
Composite colour video signals are supplied to video/ chroma section (IC CD7698). This video
signal contains Horizontal and Vertical sync signals. Both the signals are separated by sync
separator.
VERTICAL OSCILLATOR AND VERTICAL OUTPUT AMPLIFIER :
Vertical signal is amplified by vertical amplifier and drive by vertical driver section, its output is
fed to vertical output section where two output transistors are used. Amplified output is supplied
to vertical yoke coil, at the other end if this coil vertical feedback is provided from vertical
amplifier section. Horizontal synchronous signal is fed to Automatic Frequency Control section
which is used to stabilize the output of Horizontal Oscillator to 15,625 Hz. From here, signals are
fed to Horizontal Driver Section. In this section mainly a transistor and a horizontal driver
transformer is used.
VIDEO OUTPUT AMPLIFIER :
Output of horizontal driver transformer is given to horizontal output amplifier transistor, where
signal is amplified. This amplified output signal is supplied to horizontal deflection yoke coil.
This yoke coil is used to spread electron beam is left/right direction horizontally.

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COLOUR DECODER :
Composite colour video signal given to IC CD7698 separates luminance signal and chrominance
signal from this composite colour video signal. Luminance signal is black & white signal. In
black and white TV, only this signal is produced and used. Chrominance signal contains three
colours which are red, green and blue. So from this section three type of signals are emerged
which are as follows.
• G - Y Signal
• R - Y signal
• B - Y signal
These three coloured Y signals are fed to red output, green output and blue output transistors
amplifiers. Amplified three coloured output signals are fed to green, red blue cathodes of picture
tube. Luminance signal emerges from IC7698 and is amplified by luminance amplifier.
Amplified luminance signal is supplied to the emitter of all the three colour transistors. Each
output transistor gets colour difference signals at there base and luminance signal on their emitter
which mixes them the amplified signal is transmitted as corresponding colour. For white
balancing, three presets are provided, which are adjusted such that the Percentage of colour
should be in following equation. Y = 0.59% Green + 0.30% Red + 0.11 % Blue When this
equation is satisfied we can get better results on the screen.
S. M. P. S.
The power supply circuit provides the necessary operating voltages for the instrument input AC
supply 230V is provided to bridge rectifier. Its output is 300V DC. This DC voltage is provided
to SMPS transformer. This Transformer provides +22V, +110V, +33V DC supplies which are
used in various circuit sections.
E. H. T.
EHT transformer supplies +22KV (EHT) accelerating potential to final anode of picture tube.
EHT transformer also produces AFC fly back pulses. Focus and screen voltage are produced by
EHT Transformer fed to the picture tube at G2 and G4 (grid). Heater filament is supplied by
EHT transformer pin no. 9.

CONTROL SECTION:
The main controlling system for this trainer kit is, system control section. It is IC FONDA4ST.
This system controls IC control all the remote control functions as well as front panel control like

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volume, brightness, contrast, colour menu etc. This IC system is also related with memory
section, which can store the channels in its memory and similar functions can also be stored in it.
OBSERVATIONS AT DIFFERENT TEST POINTS

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E & TC- LP-IV (Audio Video Engineering)- 2019-2020
E & TC- LP-IV (Audio Video Engineering)- 2019-2020
PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the television monitor Supply to the base unit
2. Connect the antenna cable to the base unit
3. Connect one end of 26 pin flat cable to base unit & the other to monitor
4. Connect one end of 8 pin octal cable to base unit & the other to monitor
5. Connect one end of 11 pin octal cable to base unit & the other to monitor
6. Connect the AC mains cord to the monitor

OBSERVATION TABLE:
SR. NO. TEST POINTS WAVEFORM DESCRIPTION
1. 23
2. 28
3. 29
4. 31
5 33
6 35
7 37
8 52
9 53
10 54
11 55

FAULTS
Fault 1: There is magenta shade colour on the screen with OK picture.
Fault Insertion: Remove the shorting shunt from pin 1 & 2 and connect it between 2 & 3 of
jumper J23
Symptoms: Sound and picture OK with magenta shade
Fault Section: Video & Chroma section.
Procedure:
• We know that if there is magenta colour on the screen it means that green colour is absent
• Check pin no. 20 of IC501 it should be +7.2V approximately (if not then IC may be faulty) if
OK then,
• Check this voltage at G terminal. If it is not then, there may be track open between pin no. 20
of IC501 & G terminal

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• Remove the shorting shunt from pin 2 & 3 of and connect it between 1 & 2 of Jumper J23
Result: Now, you should get picture with normal colours
Fault 2: There is cyan colour on the screen with OK picture.
Fault Insertion: Remove the shorting shunt from pin 1 & 2 and connect it between 2 & 3 of
jumper J24.
Symptoms: Sound and picture OK only screen has cyan colour shade.
Fault section: Video & Chroma section.
Procedure:
• We know that if there is cyan colour on the screen it means that red colour is absent
• Check pin no. 21 of IC501. It should be 7.2V approximately, if not IC may be faulty
• Check this voltage at R terminal, if it is not then, There may be track open between pin no. 21
of IC501 & R terminal.
• Remove the shorting shunt from pin 2 & 3 and connect it between 1 & 2 of jumper J24.
Result: Now you should get picture with normal colours.
Fault 3: There is yellow colour on the screen with OK Picture.
Fault Insertion: Remove the shorting shunt from pin 1 & 2 and connect it between 2 & 3 of
jumper J25.
Symptoms: There is good picture on the screen with yellow shade colour
Fault section: Video & Chroma section
Procedure:
• Check pin no. 22 of IC501 (IC7698) it should be + 7.2V approximately. If it is not then IC may
be faulty.
• We know that if there is yellow shade on the screen it means blue colour is absent.
• Check circuit of pin no. 22 of IC501 (B-Y output) it should be +7.2V approximately at B
terminal (Berg strip pin), if it is not.
• There may be track open between this B terminal and pin no. 22 of IC501.
• Remove the shorting shunt from pin 2 & 3 and connect it between 1 & 2 of jumper J25.
Result: Now you should get picture in normal colours.
Fault 4: Very low sound.
Fault Insertion: Remove the shorting shunt from pin 1 & 2 and place it between 1 & 2 of
jumper J38
Symptoms: No variation in sound
Fault Section: System control Section.

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Procedure:
• Check the voltage variation at the collector of the transistor Q901. It will be between 3.19V to
4.60V approximately If this variation of voltage is not present then
• Check the voltage at TP55 while varying the volume control. Variation of voltage level is
noticed between 17 mV & 4.6V but still there is no change in sound then,
• Check the continuity of track between TP55 & Q901 (BC547). If continuity is not present then
• Remove the shorting shunt between 2 & 3 and connect it between 1 & 2 of jumper J38.
Result: Now you should get good, full sound & full volume variation.

Fault 48: OSD is not present.

Fault Insertion: Remove the shorting shunt from pin 1 & 2 and place it between 2 & 3 of jumper
J42
Symptoms: Picture & sound OK but not getting OSD.
Fault Section: System control Section.
Procedure:
• Check the vertical Blanking pulse at TP46, if it is OK then
• Check the Horizontal Blanking pulse at TP45, if it is not present then
• The components are faulty and no continuity of track for horizontal blanking pulses.
• Remove the shorting shunt between 2 & 3connect it between 1 & 2 of jumper J42
Result: Now there should be OSD.

OBSERVATION TABLE:
SR.NO. JUMPER NO. DESCRIPTION OF FAULT
1 23
2 24
3 25
4 38
5 42

COMMENTS AND CONCLUSION:

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QUESTIONS:
1. Discuss the main features of PAL colour TV system.
2. Explain the following terms:--
i. Chrominance signal
ii. Q & I signals in NTSC
iii. U & V Signals in PAL
iv. Colour burst
3. Compare the PAL with NTSC & SECAM systems.
4. Explain how by frequency interleaving the colour information is accommodated within the same
channel bandwidth of 7 MHZ

REFERENCES:
1. Television and video Engineering, A. M. Dhake, TMH Publication.
2. “Monochrome and color television”, R. R. Gulati
3. S. P. Bali, “Color TV Theory and Practice”.
4. Bernard Grobb, Charles E, “Basic TV and Video Systems”.

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