SINGLE LINE DIAGRAM FOR POWER DISTRIBUTION

SERVICE CONNECTION

SUPPLY AUTHORITY CUTOUT

METER

DOUBLE POLE SWITCH

POWERSUBCIRCUIT
LIGHT SUBCIRCUIT
SERVICE CONNECTION -INSULATINGCABLE (OVERHEADED/ UNDERGROUND)
SUPPLY electrical power to the consumer terminal is service connection.
-power is fed to DPIC(double pole iron clad switch).from service
connection cutout and easy meter.
-main switch on the consumer side (double pole switch)peads the
power to distribution board.
-distribution board splits the total load in smaller subcircuit and
mainsubcircuit.
EARTHING CLASSIFICATION
In electrical wiring and installation,earthing is the important
thing that we must make sure it in our job scopes.Earthing
system for electrical installation is for the safety and
electromagnetic power supply purpose. Earthing
system function is to ensure all equipment or device is safe from
risk of electric shock and make sure the residual current device
operate properly.
We should decide a suitable types of earthing system for our
application and must understand the classification.Earthing system
have a several types commonly used in all around the world listed as
below :-
TT system
TN system ( TN-S,TN-C and TN-C-S )
IT system
Letter Classification
1) First Letter ( Types of supply earthing )
T : It mean ” one or more the source of power supply is earthed ” e.g
: The neutral point of transformer.
I : It mean ” No source of consumer power supply is earthed at all
“.The main purpose is to avoid or limit the fault current.
2) Second Letter ( Earthing arrangement )
T : It mean ” all exposed metal conductor connected directly to the
general mass of earth ”
I : It mean ” all exposed metal conductors are connected to the earth
conductor of the user power supply source ”
3) Third and Fourth Letter ( Arrangement of the earthed supply
conductor system )
S : ” Separation system of neutral and earth conductors ”
I : ” Neutral and earth is the combined together for single
conductor ”
This is the terminology from International Standard IEC 60364.For
more detail please refer to the standard.
TT SYSTEM
A TT system has a direct connection to the supply source to earth
and a direct connection of the installation metalwork to earth. An
example is an overhead line supply with earth electrodes, and the
mass of earth as a return path as shown below.
2.IT SYSTEM
The IT earthing system, when used properly and in the relevant electrical installations,
provides numerous advantages, despite the misconceptions held against it. The main
advantage is that it increases the availability of the installation. It helps reduce the risk of
fires and explosions. It increases the lifespan of the electrical equipment. It also facilitates
preventive maintenance and at the same time optimizes the overall maintenance costs,
which means that the initial extra-costs are paid back.
TN-S system
This is probably the most usual earthing system in
the UK, with the Electricity Supply Company
providing an earth terminal at the incoming mains
position. This earth terminal is connected by the
supply protective conductor (PE) back to the star
point (neutral) of the secondary winding of the
supply transformer, which is also connected at that
point to an earth electrode. The earth conductor
usually takes the form of the armour and sheath (if
applicable) of the underground supply cable.
TN-C-S system
In this system, the installation is TN-S, with separate neutral and
protective conductors. The supply, however, uses a common
conductor for both the neutral and the earth. This combined earth
and neutral system is sometimes called the 'protective and neutral
conductor' (PEN) or the 'combined neutral and earth' conductor
(CNE). The system, which is shown diagrammatically in , is most
usually called the protective multiple earth (PME) system.
TN-C SYSTEM
The neutral conductor is also used as a protective conductor and is
referred to as a PEN (Protective Earth and Neutral) conductor. This
system is not permitted for conductors of less than 10 mm2 or for
portable equipment.
The TN-C system requires an effective equipotential environment
within the installation with dispersed earth electrodes spaced as
regularly as possible since the PEN conductor is both the neutral
conductor and at the same time carries phase unbalance currents as
well as 3rd order harmonic currents (and their multiples).
The PEN conductor must therefore be connected to a number of
earth electrodes in the installation.
Caution: In the TN-C system, the “protective conductor” function has
priority over the “neutral function”. In particular, a PEN conductor
must always be connected to the earthing terminal of a load and a
jumper is used to connect this terminal to the neutral terminal.