Republic of the Philippines

Department of Education
Region X
Division of Cagayan de Oro City
GUSA REGIONAL SCIENCE HIGH SCHOOL - X
Gusa, Cagayan de Oro City

C. E. R. A. E
(Content, Experience, Reflection, Analysis and Evaluation)
TOPIC: Limits and Discontinuity

Submitted by:
Cagampang, Jodi Elle P.
11 – Resilience

Submitted to:
Sir Ferdinand Corpuz
Basic Calculus Teacher
 CONTENT

Limits

In Math, a limit is the value of the function y when x approaches to a certain value. Limits
are essential to calculus, and are used to define continuity, derivatives, and even integrals.
The limit of a function at a point aa in its domain (if it exists) is the value that the function
approaches as its argument approaches a.a. The concept of a limit is the fundamental concept of
calculus and analysis. It is used to define the derivative and the definite integral, and it can also be
used to analyze the local behavior of functions near points of interest.

Limit of a Function

Suppose f(x) is a function and a is a real number. The value of f(x) can be as close to L
when you assign the value of x near but not equal to a, where a is a constant number. In this case,
the equation can be read as “the limit of f(x) as x approaches a” or interpreted as:

If and only if for all real numbers > 0, there exists δ > 0 such that | f(x) – L | < ε, whenever
0 < | x – a | < δ.

Intuitive Definition of Limits

The concept of a limit is essential to study Calculus. It is used in defining concepts like
continuity, derivatives, and the definite integral of the function. The limit of a function f(x)
describes the behaviour of the function when the value of x goes near the value but not equal to a.

As the variable x approaches a, the function f(x) approaches L as shown in the figure below:
Proving Limits

In proving limits, we need to find a way to relate the function itself. For example,
you were given the premises of f(x) = 3x - 2, a = - 3, and L = - 11. In order to prove the following,
it must follow the given statement, | f(x) – L | < δ wherein 0 < | x – a | < ε. Substituting the
premises to the equation will result to | 3x – 2 – (- 11) | < δ, | x + 3 | < ε.

Solution:

| 3x – 2 – (- 11) | < ε , |x+3|<δ

| 3x – 2 + 11) | <ε , |x+3|<δ

| 3x + 9 | <ε , |x+3|<δ

| 3(x + 3) | <ε , | x +3 | < δ

𝜀
|x+3| < , |x+3|<δ
3

𝜀
∴ δ= < 3

By proving the limit, we showed how the function f(x) relates to the definition that is being
fulfilled by the premises above.

One Sided Limits

A one – sided limit is either of the two limits of the function f(x) of a real variable x as x
approaches to a from the left or right.

Right Hand Limit

Let f be a function defined at every number in an open interval (a, c). Then the limit of f(x),
as x approaches a from the right is L, written as:

If per any ε > 0, there exists δ > 0 such that if 0 < x – a < δ, then | f(x) – L | < ε.
Left Hand Limit

Let f be a function defined at every number in an open interval (a, c). Then the limit of f(x),
as x approaches a from the left is L, written as:

If per any ε < 0, there exists δ > 0 such that if 0 < a - x < δ, then | f(x) – L | < ε.

Two Sided Limits

A two – sided limit is a limit whose value is the same as L. It only exists if the limits are
coming from both directions based on the theorem below:

exists and = L iff. = L and =L

Infinite Limits

An infinite limit is a type of limit where the value of f(x) increases or decreases without
bound near the constant a. Hence, getting the equation:

Values Decreasing Without Bound

Let f be a function defined at every number in an open interval containing a, except

possibly at a. As x approaches a, the limit of f(x) decreases without bound, which is written as:

If for any number n < 0, there exists δ > 0 such that if 0 < x – a < δ, then f(x) < n.
Values Increasing Without Bound

Let f be a function defined at every number in an open interval containing a, except

possibly at a. As x approaches a, the limit of f(x) increases without bound, which is written as:

If for any number n > 0, there exists δ > 0 such that if 0 < x – a < δ, then f(x) > n.

Continuity of a Function
The function f(x) is continuous at x = a iff. it meets three conditions:

1. The function is defined at x = a.

2. The limit of the function f(x) as x approaches to a exists.
3. The limit of the function f(x) as x approaches a is equal to the function f(a).

Classifications of Discontinuity

Discontinuity

A discontinuity of a function occurs when ≠ .

It can also be classified as jump, removable, infinite, endpoint, or mixed discontinuities.

Classifications

Jump discontinuity - both one - sided limits exist, but the limits have different values

Infinite discontinuity – both one - sided limits are infinite

Endpoint discontinuity – only one of the one-sided limits exists

Mixed discontinuity – at least one of the one-sided limits does not exist

Removable discontinuity - both one - sided limits exist, but have different values; but can be
removed and fixed
Continuity of an Open Interval

A function f(x) is said to be continuous on an open interval (a1, b1) (a2, b2), iff. it is
continuous at every point in the interval except possibly at a1, b1, a2, and b2. In other words, f(a1),
f(a2), f(b1), and f(b2) does not exist which makes the interval (a1, b1) (a2, b2) valid.

Continuity of a Closed Interval

Either one point is closed

A function f(x) is said to be continuous on a closed interval [a1, b1] (a2, b2) when the point
of the function is at a1, and b1 except possibly at a2, and b2. In other words, f(a1), f(b1) exists and
f(a2), and f(b2) does not exists or vice versa; which makes the whole premise valid.

Both points are closed

A function f(x) is said to be continuous on a closed interval [a1, b1] [a2, b2] when the point
of the function is at a1, b1, a2, and b2. In other words, f(a1), f(a2), f(b1), and f(b2) exists which makes
the whole premise valid.

Exponential Function

An exponential function is a function where a and b are both positive real numbers, and x
occurs as an exponent. For real numbers c and d, in which c is the constant for x and d is the
general constant of the equation. The equation is written as follows:

Logarithmic Functions

A logarithmic functions is the inverse of the exponential functions. It can be written as

y = ax or x = ay or in its logarithmic form, y = logax for x = ay and x = logay for y = ax. The
logarithmic function y = logax is valid only if it meets the following conditions:

1. y > 0, and
2. a ≠ 1
3.
Transcedental Function

A transcendental function is an analytic function that does not satisfy a polynomial

equation. It transcends the algebra that it cannot be expressed in terms of a finite sequences.
EXPERIENCE

Self

These lessons of experience molded me into what I am rigyht now. It pushed me to my

extent and that everything can be answerable only if you also have the will to study and the
persistence of passion into certain topics. I also can conclude that math is everywhere and can be
use in our everyday life.

Family

In the family, I learned how to be a critical thinker and applied it to real life. These
equations were used by doing things accurately, as well as the creation of the house itself. The
equations and graphs are used to analyze some matters that cannot be mentally solved by yourself.

Community

In the community, these equations are used for the infrastructures to be as accurate as the
client wants it to be. Also used for sketching buildings for community projects, these equations
help the community by making life easier for the people.

Science and Technology

In science and technology, the equations can be used in inventions and innovations. It can
also help create new theories and formulas that are able to make the people from the Mathematics
community make their progress even further.

Industry

In business, the equations are used by engineers by building infrastructures and things that
are useful in public. It is also used for formulating and analyzing ideas in order to obtain high profit
and to determine sales accurately.
 REFLECTION

Math has been around for quiet a long time. We all see math in a different way some can grasp
it and some cannot. Learning math concept is very frustrating some will master it and some want.
I have struggle with math myself. Mathematics relies on both logic and creativity, and it is pursued
both for a variet yof mathematics lies in its beauty and its intellectual challenge. Mathematics is
the number one that we used in our daily life and daily activities.

ANALYSIS

As an in-depth analysis of limits, I have observed that it is essential and a requirement for
student like us to undergo this topics and lesson to understand further problems. I also recommend
to start from the fundamentals because you need more of it in higher forms of educations.

EVALUATION

Since limits is the gateway for Calculus, you can make use of the basic limit equations to
answer and understand high – tier questions. You can also evaluate its formula and the topic and
understand how it works. By applying it properly, you are able to answer such questions easily.