Experiment No.

Response of 2ND ORDER SYSTEM to Unit Step Input

Aim: To find response of standard second order system for unit step input
forvarious values of damping ratio.

Theory: The order of a control system is determined by the power of s in

thedenominator of its transfer function. If the power of s in the denominator
of transfer function of a control system is 2, then the system is said to be
second-order control system. The general expression of transfer function of a
second order control system is given as

Here, ζ and ωn are damping ratio and natural frequency of the

system respectively:

The time response expression of a second order control system subject to

unit step input function is given below.

1. Underdamped system:
2. Critically damped system:

3. Overdamped system:
4. Undamped System:
5. Program:
a) Using hold on
>> num=[0 0 1]
num =
0 0 1
>> den1=[2 0.2 2]
den1 =
2.0000 0.2000 2.0000
>> t=0:0.1:10;
>> step(num,den1,t);
>> gtext('Zeta=0.1')
>> hold on
>> den2=[2 0.4 2];
>> step(num,den2,t);
>> gtext('Zeta=0.2')
>> hold on
>> den3=[2 0.6 2];
>> step(num,den3,t);
>> gtext('Zeta=0.3')
>> den4=[2 0.8 2];
>> step(num,den4,t);
>> gtext('Zeta=0.4')
>> hold on
>> den5=[2 1 2];
>> step(num,den5,t);
>> gtext('Zeta=0.5')
>> hold on
>> den6=[2 1.2 2];
>> step(num,den6,t);
>> gtext('Zeta=0.6')
>> hold on
>> den7=[2 1.4 2];
>> step(num,den7,t);
>> gtext('Zeta=0.7')
>> hold on
>> den8=[2 1.6 2];
>> step(num,den8,t);
>> gtext('Zeta=0.8')
>> hold on
>> den9=[2 1.8 2];
>> step(num,den9,t);
>> gtext('Zeta=0.9')
>> hold on
>> den10=[2 2 2];
>> step(num,den10,t);
>> gtext('Zeta=1')
>> den10=[2 2 2];
step(num,den10,t);
gtext('Zeta=1')
hold off
b)Using for loop and array

Program to plot input response for second order system for various value of zeta
>> t=0:0.2:10;
>> zeta=[0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1]

zeta =

0.1000 0.2000 0.3000 0.4000 0.5000 0.6000 0.7000 0.8000 0.9000 1.0000

>> for n=1:10;

num=[0 2*zeta(n) 0]
den=[1 2*zeta(n) 1]
[y(1:51,n),x,t]=step(num,den,t);
end
>> plot(t,y)
>> grid
>> title('plot of unit step response curves').

>> xlabel=('t sec')

xlabel =

't sec'

>> ylabel=('response')
ylabel =

'response'

>> gtext('0.1')
>> gtext('1')
>> gtext('.2')
>> gtext('.3')
>> gtext('.4')
>> gtext('.5')
>> gtext('.6')
>> gtext('.7')
>> gtext('.8')
>> gtext('.9')