MODULE12 andareus ua

llyig nored.
 Bendingmome nt sca
nnotbene gl
ect
edift
hey
DES
IGNANDANALYS
ISOFCOMPRES
SION
area cti
ngon t heme mber.Memberswith
MEMBERS
axi
alc ompressiona ndbe ndingmomentare
Thi
sl ect
urepr e
sentsthebehavi
orof cal
ledbe am­
columns .
pract
icalc
ol umnss ubj
ect
e dtoaxi
alcompressi
ve
l
oading
2.AXI
ALLYLOADEDCOMPRES
SION
Thec onceptof“ef
fect
ivel
ength”ofthe
MEMBERS
col
umnha sbe e
nde scr
ibed,whic
hc oul
dbeus ed
asthebasisofde si
gnofcolumnswi t
hdiff
ering Cl
ass
ifi
cat
ionofCol
umns
boundaryc ondit
ions.
1.S
hor
tCol
umn
1.I
NTRODUCTI
ON Forshortcol
umns,thefa
ilur
ewillbeby
Compr ess
ionMe mbe rs crus
hingandnobuckli
ngwill
occ
ur.
As tr
uc t
uralme mberwhi chissubj
ect
ed 2.I
nte
rme
dia
teCol
umns
toc ompress
iveforce
swhi chtendtodecrea
seits
l
e ngthisc
all
e dacompr ess
ionme mber. Fori nter
mediat
ec olumns,someoft he
Ift
hene tendmome ntsareze
ro,thent
he fi
berswi l
lreac
ht heyieldstr
essandthe
l
oa di ssai
dt obea cti
ngc once
ntri
cal
lytothe me mbe r
swi l
lfailbyac ombina
tion of
me mbe randt hestruct
urei ssai
dtobea xia
lly crushingandbuckli
nga ndthei
rbehavi
or
l
oa ded. issaidtobeel
asti
c.

3.LongCol
umns
Columns
Ac olumni sac ompr es
sionme mberthatiss o For l ong c olumns ,t he a xialbuc kling
sle
nde rcomparet oi t
slengtht
hatitusual
lyfail
s str
es s us ua l
ly r ema i
ns be low t he
bybuc kl
ingrathert hancrushi
ng.Iti
ss t
ructura
l propor ti
ona ll i
mi ta nd t hec olumn wi l
l
elementsthataresubj ect
edtoaxia
lcompr essi
ve usuallybuc klee last
ica l
ly.Longc olumns
forces.Columnsa res ubje
cte
dt oa xialloads usuallyf ailby buc kli
ng or e xces s
ive
throughthecentroid. lat
eralbe nding.Thel ong erthec ol umni s
,
theg reateritst endenc yt obuc kl
ea ndt he
STRUT sma l
lerl oadi twi l
lsuppor t
.Thet ende ncy
Aba rormemberofastruc
tur
e(st
ables
yst
em) of a me mbe rt o buc kle i s us ual
ly
i
na nypos
iti
ona
cteduponbyacompre
ssi
vel
oad. me asure dbyi tsslende rnessr atiowhi ch
isdefineda sther ati
ooft hel engthoft he
St
ress me mbe rt oi tsr adiusofg yration.The
Thes tressint hec ol
umnc r oss­
s ect
ionc anbe greatert hes lenderne ssr at
io,thes ma ll
er
cal
culateda s willbet hec apa c
ityofs uc hcolumn.
P
f=
A
f­
isa s
sume dtobeuni for move rthee nti
rec ross­
3.COLUMNBUCKLI
NG
sec
tion.
 Thi sidealstat
eisne verrea c
he d.Thestres s
­  Consi
der a l ong s l
ender c ompressi
on
sta
tewi llbenon­uni formduet o: membe r.Ifana xi
alloadPi sappli
eda nd
­ Ac c i
dentale cc
e nt r
ici
ty ofl oadi
ng wi t
h inc
rease
ds l
owly,i
twi llul
timatel
yre ac
ha
respecttothece nt r
oid val
ue Pcr t
ha twil
lc ause buckl
ing ofthe
­ Me mbe r out ­of –strai
ghtne ss col
umn( Fi
gure1).PCR i
sca l
ledthec r
iti
cal
(crookedness),or buc
kli
ngl
oadoft
hec
olumn.
­ Re s i
dualstresse si nt heme mbe rc ross­
secti
onduet ofa br i
cationpr ocess
es .
 Ac cidentaleccentricitya ndme mberout ­of­
str
aightnessca nca us ebe ndingmome ntsin
t
heme mber.Howe ve r,t
he sea res econda r
y
 P
Cr
iti
cal
Str
ess= cr
A
2
πEI
Cr
iti
cal
Str
ess= 2
AL
2
πEI
Cr
iti
cal
Str
ess= 2
()
L
r
2
πEI
Cr
iti
cal
Str
ess= 2
λ

Fi
gur
e1.Buc
kli
ngofa
xia
llyl
oade
dcompr
ess
ion Whe
re:
member
s
A=a
reaofc
ros
sse
cti
on

r=r
adi
usofg
yra
tiona
boutt
hebe
ndi
nga
xis
4.BUCKLI
NG
λ=s
lende
rne
ssr
ati
o
Buckl
ing occ urs when a s tr
a i
ght column
subj
ected to a xi
al compres
sion s uddenly Ca
se1:
Fix
edEnds
undergoesbendingasshownintheFigure1(b).
Buckl
ingiside nt
if
ieda
saf ai
lur
el i
mit­
stat
ef or
col
umns .

 Thecr
iti
calbuckl
ingl
oadPf
orc
olumnsi
s
the
ore
tica
llygi
venby:
2
πEI
Pcr=
(
KL)
2

Whe
re:

I=mome
ntofi
ner
tiaa
bouta
xisofbuc
kli
ng

K=e ff
ect
ive l
engt
h f
act
or ba
sed on e
nd
bounda
rycondi
ti
ons

Fi
gur
e2.
Fix
ede
nds
5.EULER’
SFORMULA

Eul
er’
sfor
mul aforc
rit
ica
lloa
dforapin­
ende
d 2
πEI
P=
col
umnsubje
ctedtoaxi
all
oadisg
ive
nby: (Le)2
2
πEI 2
πEI
Pcr= 2 P= 2

Whe
re:
L
()
L
2
2
4πEI
L=l
eng
thofc
olumnbe
twe
ent
hehi
nge
dends P= 2
L
E=modul
usofe
las
tic
ity

I=mome
ntofi
ner
tiat
hec
olumns
ect
ion

Thecolumn wil
lbe c
omeuns er
viceabl
ei fthe
l
oadsarela
rgertha
nPcr.I
ntheEuler’
sequati
on,
i
tisassumedthatthestr
essisproport
ionalto
st
rai
n,t
heref
ore,
 2
Ca
se3:
Hing
ede
nds πEI
P=
(
0.7L)
2

2
2πEI
P= 2
L

Ca
se4:
Onee
ndf
ixe
d,t
heot
herf
ree

Fi
gur
e3.
Hing
ede
nds

2
πEI
P= 2
L

Ca
se2:
Onee
ndf
ixe
d,t
heot
here
ndhi
nge
d Fi
gur Onee
e5. ndf
ixe
d,t
heot
herf
ree
2
πEI
P= 2
Le
2
πEI
P=
(
2L)
2

2
πEI
P= 2
4L

6.LI
MITATI
ONSOFEULERSFORMULA

P
1.If excee
dst
heproport
ionall
imi
tthe
A
Eul
er’
sfor
mul
aisnotappli
cabl
e.

L
2.I
f <100Eul er
’sf
ormulaisnotval
idand
r
t
heproport
ionalli
mitist
hecrit
ica
lstr
ess
:
Fi
gur
e4.
Onee
ndf
ixe
d,t
heot
here
ndhi
nge
d P
=propor
tionall
imit
A

2
πEI RELATI
ONSBETWEENS
HORT,I
NTERMEDI
ATE
P= ANDLONGCOLUMNS
(Le)2
 consequentl
y, load c a
rryi
ng c a
pacit
y al
so
r
e duces.
Radiusofgyr
ati
onwi l
lbel
easta
long
ma j
oraxisofcros
ssect
ion.

Eg
:forar
ect
ang
ula
rcol
umn,
alongyy–a
xis

7.EFFECTI
VELENGTHOFCOMPRES
SION
MEMBER

Thee ff
ect
ivelengthofcompres
sionme mbe ris
equaltothedi st
ancebetweentheinterse
c t
ion
planesofa l ater
all
y def
lec
ted me mber.The Imin= I
y→Col
umnbuc
kle
sabouty­
axi
s
eff
ecti
velengt
hise x
pres
sedasKL,whe r
eLi sthe
act
uallengthofme mbera ndKi sthee f
fect
ive
 Foragi
venare
a,tubula
rsecti
onwil
lhave
l
eng t
hfact
or.
maximumradi
usofg yr
ati
on.
Le
t,  H­Se
cti
onismoreeff
ici
entthanI
­Se
cti
on.

e­
I e
ffe
cti
vel
eng
thofac
olumn

I
­ac
tua
lle
ngt
hoft
hec
olumn

l
oad
Pcr=c
rippl
ing loa
dingoft
hec
olumn
cr
iti
cal

Cr
ippl
ingl
oadf
ora
nyt
ypeofe
ndc
ondi
ti
on
2
πEI
Pcr=
(
Le)
2

8.S
LENDERNES
SRATI
O

I
tisde f
ine
dbyrati
oofeffe
cti
veleng
thofthe
c
olumntothel
eas
tradi
usofgyr
ati
onofit
scr
oss
­
sect
ion.

Si
gnif
ica
nce:As sl
ende
rnessrat
ioi nc
reas
es,
per
missibl
est
res
s or cri
ti
cals
tres
sr educ
es,
S
AMPLES
OLVEDPROBLEM r
y= I
x/A=97.
28mm
1.Abui l
t­
ups ectionc onsi
sti
ngofW 350×90 KL 0. 5(10,000)
wit
h12mm pl ateswe l
dedt oform acox Rx= x x = =37.
66
rx 132.784
sec
tionass howni nt hefi
gure.Thesect
ion
i
sus eda sac ol umn10me t
erslong.The b.Det
erminetheef
fect
ivesl
ende
r ne
ssrati
o
col
umni sf ix
eda tbothe nds,andbraced oft
hecolumnwithrespe
cttothelat
era
l
atmidheighta boutt heweaka xi
s(Y­axi
s). buc
kli
ngofthey­ax
is.
UseFy­248MPa .
S
OLUTI
ON:
Pr
ope
rti
esofW 350×90
KL 0. 7(5,
000)
RY= Y Y = =35.
98
bf=250mm rY
97.
28

t
f
=16.
4mm c
.De t
ermi
net
heax
ial
loa
dca
pac
ityoft
he
c
olumni
nkN.
d=350mm
S
OLUTI
ON:
w =9
t .
5mm
KL
6 4 Ma
ximun =37.
66<CCs
hor
tcol
umn
x=2
I 66×10 mm r
6 4
y=4
I 4.
54×10 mm KL
r 37. 66
A=11,
550mm
2 ∝= = =0.
2984
CC 126.
17
a
.De t
erminet heef
fec
tivesl
ender
nes
srati
o 5 3 α
3

ofthe column withr e

specttolat
eral FS= + α­ =1.
775
3 8 8
buc
kli
nga boutx
­axi
s.

( )α F
2
2 Fa= 1­ y =133.
476MPa
2πE 2 FS
CC=
FY
P=Fa×A
2
2π(
200,000)
CC= P=133.
476(
19,
950)
248
P=2662.
8kN
CC=126.
17
2.Thei ni
tialcompr
ess
iveforc
eofas te
el
Pr
ope
rti
esofbui
lt
­ups
ect
ion
column c an be dete
rmined by usi
ng
2
550+2×(
A=11, 350)
(12) πEI
Pcr=
(
Le )
2
2
A=19,
950mm
The prope
rti
esoft
he c
olumn a
ret
he
6 12(
350) 3
fol
lowi
ng:
I
x
=266×10 +2×
12 2
A=8129mm
6 4
x=3
I 51.
75×10 mm 6 4
x=1
I 78.
3×10 mm
x= I
r x/A=132.
784mm 6 4
y=1
I 8.
8×10 mm
I
y
f
y=345MPa
=44.
54×10 +2
6350(
12
12)
3

[ ] E=200,
000MPa

( )
2
250 12
+(
350)(
12) + Pr
opor
tiona
lli
mit
:fs=320MPa
2 2
6 4 Thex­a
xishasanunbr
a c
edleng
thof8m
y=1
I 88.
79×10 mm
whichi
spinnedatt
hetopandfi
xedatt
he
bot
tomwi t
h
K=0.70topr e
ventside
sway.They­a
x i
s b.I
nit
ial
compr
ess
ivel
oad
ha
sanunbr a
cedlengt
hof4m duet othe 2
br
aci
ngatthemid­he
ight. πEI
Pcr= 2
(L)
2 6
π( 000)
200, (18.8)
10
Pcr=
(
4000)2

Pcr=2319357N

Pcr=2319kN

c
.Mi n.l
engt
hofc ol
umns othati
twi
ll
notex
cee
dt hepr
opor
tiona
lli
mit
:

Pcr=A×pr
opr
tiona
lli
mit

Pcr=Af
s

Pcr=8129(
320)
a
.De t
ermi
ne t
he c
rit
ica
lsl
ende
rne
ss
r
ati
o. Pcr=2601280

b.Computethei
nit
ialc
ompr
ess
ivel
oad
oft
hecolumn. 2
πEI
Pcr= 2
c
.Wha tist
hemini
mum lengt
hthatwi
ll
(L)
note
xcee
dthepr
opor
tiona
lli
mit
. π(
2
000)
200, ( 8)
18. 10
6
2601280=
(L)
2
S
OLUTI
ON:
L=3777mm
a
.Cr
iti
cal
sle
nde
rne
ssr
ati
o:
L=3.
78m

3.AW 150×30c ol
umnha salengt
hof3.6m
I
y andthee ndsarepinnedconnect
ed.The
y=
r
A ste
eluseisA36wi thFy=250Mpaa nd
6 theproporti
ona
llimitisassumedtobe
18.
8×10
y=
r 230MPawi thaf act
orofs af
etyof3.0.
8129
Es=200,000MPa .
y=4
r 8.
09mm
Pr
ope
rti
esofW 150×30
I A=3790mm
2
r
x
= x
A
x=6
f 7.
4mm
6
178.
3×10
x=
r
8129 y=3
f 8.
3mm
6 4
x=1
r 48.
10mm x=1
I 7.
2×10 mm
6 4
L 8000(0.7) x=5
I .
56×10 mm
= =37.
81
r
x 148.
10
a
.De t
ermi
netheal
lowabl
ecompr
ess
ive
L 4000(1) s
tres
susi
ngEul
er’
sFormul
a.
= =83.
1
r
y 48.
09
b.De
ter
minet
hebuc
kli
ngl
oad.
L 4000(0.
7)
= =58.
22 c
.De t
erminet
hea
llowa
blec
ompr
ess
ive
r
y 48.
09
c
apaci
ty.
c
rit
ica
lsl
ende
rne
ssr
ati
o=83.
18
 S
OLUTI
ON

a
.Al l
owa bl
ec ompres
sives
tee
lst
res
sus
ing S
OLUTI
ON:
Eule
r’sFormula.
a
.Mi ni
mum l
eng
thf
orwhi
chEul
erf
ormul
a
2
πE i
svali
d.
f=
()
e 2
KLu
r 2
πEI
Pcr= 2
KLu (1)3600 (L)
=
r 38.
3
π(50)
2
4
I= =306796
KLu 64
=93.
99

()
r 2
π π(
200,
000)(
306796)
210 (
50)
2
=
π(
2
200,
000) 4 (L)
2

f=
e ( 99)
93. 2
L=1200mm
e=2
f 23.
42MPa<230MPa
L=1.
2m
(
propor
tiona
lli
mit
)

b.Buc
kli
ngl
oad
b.Eule
rbuckl
ingloa
dift
hec
olumnha
sthi
s
Pc=f
eA minimumle
ng t
h.

Pcr=fA
Us
efe=223.
42MPa<230MPa s

42(
Pc=223. 3790) Pcr=210 ( )( )
π
4
502
Pc=846762N
Pcr=412334N
Pc=846.
76kN
Pcr=412.
3kN
c
.Al
lowa
blec
ompr
ess
ivel
oadc
apa
cit
y.

P
Pe= c c
.Allowa
blea x
ialloadfor t
hisc
olumn
F.
S.
a
ssumingf
act
orofsa
fet
yis2.
5.
846.
76
Pe= P
3 Pa= cr
F.
S.
Pe=282.
25
412.
3
Pa=
4.As t
eelbarofs ol
idcirc
ularc r
os ssec
tion 2.
5
i
s50mmi ndiame t
er.Theba rispinnedat
each e nd a nd s ubjec
ted t o a xia
l Pa=165kN
compressi
on.Thepr oport
iona llimi
tof
t
hema t
eri
alis210MPaa ndE=200, 000
MPa. 5.AW 360×33c ol
umnsect
ionhasalengt
h
of3.6m a ndisas
sumedt obepinned
a
.De t
erminethemini
mum l
eng
thf
orwhi
ch connect
edatbot
hends
.A36s t
eeli
sused
Eul
erFormulai
sval
id. with Fy=250 MPaand aproport
ional
b.Deter
minet
heEul
erbuckl
ingloa
fift
he li
mitof230MPa.
col
umnhast
hismi
nimumle
ngth.

c
.De t
erminet
hea l
lowabl
ea xi
all
oadfor Pr
ope
rti
esofW 360×33
thiscol
umna s
sumingfa
ctorofs
afe
tyis
2.5.
 2
A=4170mm 6.Two C 310×45 c hanne lsarel a
ttic
ed
toget
hers otheyha veequa lmomentsof
x=1
r 41mm ine
rtiaabouttheprinci
pa laxe
s.Ass
ume d
6 4 bothe ndsarepi nneda ndpr opor
tional
y=2
I .
91×10 mm
l
imitis240MPa .E=200, 000MPa
x=2
r 6.
4mm
Pr
ope
rti
esofC310×45c
hanne
l
2
Ar
ea=5690mm
a
.De
ter
minet
heEul
er’
sst
res
s. 6
x=6
I 7.
3×10
b.De
ter
minet
heEul
erbuc
kli
ngl
oad.
x=1
r 09mm
c
.De t
erminet hemini
mum l
ength ofthe
c
olumna twhicht
heEul
erf
ormulawould x=17mm
s
til
lbevali
d. 6
y=2
I .
12×10

y=1
r 9.
32mm
S
OLUTI
ON:

a
.Eul
er’
sst
res
s
a
.Comput
ethedi
sta
nceba
ckt
othec
hanne
l.
2
πE
Fe= b.Comput
ethemi
nimuml
eng
thofac
olumn
(KL r)2
KL ( 1)
(3600)
= =136.
36
r 26.
4
2
π(200,000)
Fe=
(
136.36)2

Fe=106.
15MPa<230MPa

b.Eul
erbuc
kli
ngl
oad

Pc=FeA

Pc=106.
15(
4170)

Pc=442646N ha
vingt
hiss
ect
ion.

Pc=442.
65kN c
.Wha tsa
fel
oadwi
llt
hecolumncar
ryfor
l
engt
hof12mwit
haf a
ctorofs
afe
tyof
2.
5.

c
.Mi ni
mum le
ngthoft
hecolumnatwhi c
h
t
heEule
rformul
awoulds
til
lbeva
lid.
S
OLUTI
ON:
2
πE
Fe= a
.Di
sta
nceba
ckt
oba
ckofc
hanne
l:
(KL r)2
2
π(
200,000)
230=
( )
2
L
26.
4

L=2446mm

L=2.
446m
 L=9.
86m

c
.Safeloa
dof12mlengt
hofc
olumnwi
tha
f
act
orofsa
fet
yof2.
5.

2I
r
x
= x
2A

I
r
x
= x
A

x=1
r 09mm
2
P πE
=
A (L/
r)2

L 1200
=
r 109

L
=110.
9
For2c
hanne
ls r

x=I
I 2
y P π(
200000)
=
6
5690) (
2( 9)
110. 2

y=2
I ( 3)
67. ×10
P=1854kN
6
y=1
I 34.
6×10
1854
S
afel
oad=
y=[ K)]
6
I 2.12×10+5690( 2 2
2.
5

134.
6×10
6
S
afel
oad=741.
6kN
=[ 2]
6
2.12×10+5690(
K) 2

3×10 =[ 12×10+5690K]
6 6 2
67. 2.

K=107.
03mm

b
+17=107.
03
2

b=180.
06mm

b.Mi
nimuml
eng
th

P
=pr
opor
tiona
lli
mit
A

P
=240
2(
5690)

P=2731.
2kN
2
πEI
P= 2
(L)

2731200=
π(
2
000)
200, (134.
6×10)
6

(L)2

L=9863mm
EXERCI
SES

1.AW250×73istoservedasapi
n­e
nded12
ml ongcol
umni sbracedatmid­he
ight
wi
th r e
spec
tt o its weaka xi
s.The
pr
oporti
onall
imi
tis235MPa.

Pr
ope
rti
esofs
afe
tyof2.
5
2
A=9280mm

d=253mm

bf=254mm

t=14.
2mm a
.De
ter
minet
hec
rit
ica
lsl
ende
rne
ssr
ati
o.
f

b.Deter
mi netheEul
er’
sbuckl
ingl
oadPei
f
x=1
r 10
theproport
iona
lli
miti
s235MPa.
y=6
r 4.
7
c
.De t
erminet
hea
llowabl
ecompre
ssi
vel
oaf
6 4
x=1
I 13×10 mm c
apaci
tywit
hafa
c t
orsa
fet
yof2.
5.
6 4
y=3
I 8.
8×10 mm
3.A col
umnha vi
ngal engt
hof7m i st o
supportanaxia
lloadof450kN.De si
gna
a
.De t
ermine t
he sl
ende
rne
ssr
ati
o wi
th Ws ecti
ont ocarr
ythegivenloadsusing
r
espectt
oy­a
xis
. Euler
sf or
mulawi t
hapr opor
tionall
imit
of200MPa ,E=200,000MPaa ndaf a
ctor
b.De
ter
minet
heEul
er’
sbuc
kli
ngs
tre
ss.
ofsaf
etyof3.
c
.De te
rmine t he a l
lowable a x
ial
a
.As
sumebot
hendsa
rehi
nge
d.
compre
ssi
vel
oadus
ingafac
t orofs
afety
of2.
5. b.Ass
umeonee
ndf
ixe
dandt
heot
here
nd
hi
nged.

2.Twochanne
lsC310×37s
e r
vesasa10.
6
mlongpi
nende
dcolumnasshown. 4.Compa rether ati
oofthes t
rengthofsoli
d
ste
e lcolumnt ot ha
toft hehol l
ow steel
Pr
ope
rti
esofoneC310×37
col
umnoft hes a
mec ross­
sect
ionalarea.
A=4720mm
2
The i nt
e r
na ldiameter oft he hollow
t
h
col
umni s3/ 4 ofthee xte
rnaldiameter.
x=17.
1mm Thec olumnsha vethes amele ngt
ha nd
6 4 are pinneda tbothe nds.Use Euler’
s
x=5
I 9.
9×10mm
theory.
6 4
y=1
I .
8559.
9×10mm
5.For t he column s
hown i nt he Fi
gur e,
'
fc=28 MPa ,f
y=415 MPa ,f l
exur a
l
2
rigidit
y EI=780,000 N.mm ,e f
fec
tive
leng t
h factor K=0.70. Cal
culat
e t he
following
.
a
.The loca
tion of t
he pl
ast
icc
ent
roi
d
me
asuref
romtheli
ne1.

b.TheEul
er’
scr
iti
cal
loa
d.

c
.Thenomi na
lax
iall
oadc
apa
cit
yoft
he
c
olumn.
EXERCI
SES(
KEYTOCORRECTI
ON)

1.AW250×73istoservedasapi
n­e
nded12 b.Eul
er’
sbuc
kli
ngs
tre
ss
ml ongcol
umni sbracedatmid­he
ight
KL 1(12000)
wi
th r e
spec
tt o its weaka xi
s.The =
r 110
pr
oporti
onall
imi
tis235MPa. x

KL
Pr
ope
rti
esofs
afe
tyof2.
5 =109.
09>92.
74
rx
2
A=9280mm
L
Us
e =109.
09
d=253mm r
2
bf=254mm πE
Fe=
()
2
L
t
f
=14.
2mm r
2
x=1
r 10 π(200000)
Fe=
(
109.09)
2

y=6
r 4.
7
Fe=165.
87MPa<235MPa
6 4
x=1
I 13×10 mm
6 4
y=3
I 8.
8×10 mm
c
.Allowableaxia
lcompr
ess
ivel
oad us
ing
f
actorofs
afe
tyof2.
5

d.Dete
rmine t
he sl
ende
rne
ssr
ati
o wi
th Pe=FeA
re
spectt
oy­a
xis
.
87(
Pe=165. 9280)
e
.De
ter
minet
heEul
er’
sbuc
kli
ngs
tre
ss.
Pe=1539274N
f
. Dete
rmine t he a l
lowable a x
ial
compre
ssi
vel
oadus
ingafac
t orofs
afety Pe=1539.
3kN
of2.
5.

P
P= e
S
OLUTI
ON: F.
S.

a
.Sl
ende
rne
ssr
ati
owi
thr
espe
ctt
oy­
axi
s. 1539.3
P=
2.
5

P=615.
71kN

2.Twochanne
lsC310×37s
e r
vesasa10.
6
mlongpi
nende
dcolumnasshown.

Pr
ope
rti
esofoneC310×37
2
A=4720mm

x=17.
1mm
6 4
x=5
I 9.
9×10mm
KL 1(6000)
= y=1
I .
8559.
9×10mm
6 4
ry 64.
7

KL
=92.
74
ry
 A=2(
4720)

A=9440

I
r
x
= x
A

6
119.
8×10
x=
r
9440

x=1
r 12.
65mm

d.De
ter
minet
hec
rit
ica
lsl
ende
rne
ssr
ati
o.
6
e
.De t
erminetheEul
er’
sbuckl
ingl
oadPei
f 170.
4×10
y=
r
9440
t
heproport
iona
lli
miti
s235MPa.

f
. Dete
rminet
hea
llowabl
ecompre
ssi
vel
oaf y=1
r 34.
35mm
ca
pacit
ywit
hafa
c t
orsa
fet
yof2.
5.

KL 1( 10600)
=
r 112.65

KL
r
10(
=94. cri
ti
cal
sle
nde
rne
ssr
ato)
i

b.Eul
er’
sbuckl
ingl
oadi
fthepr
opor
tiona
l
l
imiti
s235MPa.
2
πE
f=
e
(K r)2

2
π(200,
0)0)
f=
e (
94.10)
2

e=2
f 23MPa<235MPaok

S
olut
ion:
Pe=FeA
a
.Cr
iti
cal
sle
nde
rne
ssr
ati
o
6
Pe=223(
9440)
x=5
I 9×10(
9. 2)
6
Pe=2105120N
x=1
I 19.
8×10
Pe=2105.
12kN(
Eul
erbuc
kli
ngl
oad)
y=[
6 2]
I 1.85×10+4720( 9)
132. 2
6
y=1
I 70.
4×10
c
.All
owa bl
ecompressi
vel
oadc
apa
cit
ywi
th
af
act
orofsaf
etyof2.
5
 P L 7000
P= e =
F.
S. r 64,
52

2105.
12 L
P= =108.
49>100
2.
5 r

P=842.
04kN P 1350000
=
A 9290

P
3.A col
umnha vi
ngal engt
hof7m i st o =145.
32<pr
opor
tiona
lli
mit=200
A
supportanaxia
lloadof450kN.De si
gna
Ws ecti
ont ocarr
ythegivenloadsusing Us
eW 10×49
Euler
sf or
mulawi t
hapr opor
tionall
imit
of200MPa ,E=200,000MPaa ndaf a
ctor
ofsaf
etyof3. b.Onee
ndi
sfi
xed,
othe
rendi
shi
nge
d:

c
.As
sumebot
hendsa
rehi
nge
d.

d.Ass
umeonee
ndf
ixe
dandt
heot
here
nd
hi
nged.

S
OLUTI
ON:

a
.Bot
hendsa
rehi
nge
d:

πEI
P= 2
L

P=450(
3)
2
πEI
P=1350kN P=
(
Le)
2

π(
200,000)I Le=0.
7(L)
1350000= 2
(7000)
6
Le=0.
7(7)
I=33.
51×10
Le=4.
9m
2
π(
200000)I
1350000=
(
4900)2

6 4
I=16.
42×10mm

L
r≤
100

4900
r≤
100

r≤49mm

4.Compa rether ati

oofthes t
rengthofsoli
d
ste
elc olumnt ot ha
toft hehol l
ow steel
Sel
ectas
ect
ionwi
thmini
mum rl
essthan col
umnoft hes a
mec ross­
sect
ionalarea.
70mma ndminIg
rea
tert
han33.
51×10
6 The inte r
na ldiameter oft he hollow
t
h
col
umni s3/ 4 ofthee xte
rnaldiameter.
6
Tr
yW 10×49,r
y=64.
52,I
y=38.
7×10, Thec olumnsha vethes amele ngt
ha nd
A=9290 are pinneda tbothe nds.Use Euler’
s
 t
heor
y.

Soluti
on:
Let‘d’bethedia
me teroft
hes ol
idst
rut
andDbet heouterdiameteroft
hehollow
str
ut .
a.Ast hecros
s­sec
tional
ar e
asaresame,

[ ( )]
2
π 2 π 2 3D
d = D­
4 4 4

2 2 9 2 7 2
d =D ­ D = D
16 16 d.The l
oca
tion of t
he pl
ast
icc
ent
roi
d
meas
uref
romtheli
ne1.
Le
t,
e
.TheEul
er’
scr
iti
cal
loa
d.
Pcrh
=buc
kli
ngl
oadofhol
lowc
olum f
. Thenomina
lax
iall
oadc
apa
cit
yoft
he
col
umn.
Pcrs=buc
kli
ngl
oadofs
oli
dcol
um
I
h
=l
eas
tmome
ntofi
ner
tiaofhol
lowc
olumn

[ ( )]
4 S
OLUTI
ON
π 4 3D π 175 4
= D­ = × D
64 4 64 256

I
h
=l
eas
tmome
ntofi
ner
tiaofs
oli
dcol
umn
π 4
= d
64
Now,
2 2
πEI πEI
Pcrh= 2a
ndPcrs=
(Le) (Le )
2

Pcrh I
=h
Pcrs I s
π 175 4
× D
Pcrh 64 256
=
Pcrs π 4
d
64
Pcrh 175 4 175D
4
25
= D= 2=
Pcrs 256
256 D
7 2
16 ( ) 7 Gi
ven:

b=500mm
Pcrh
=3.571
Pcrs h=700mm

L=2.
75m
5.For t he column s
hown i nt he Fi
gur e,
' f
c=28MPa
fc=28 MPa ,f
y=415 MPa ,f l
exur a
l
2
rigidit
y EI=780,000 N.mm ,e f
fec
tive f
y=415MPa
leng t
h factor K=0.70. Cal
culat
e t he
following
. 3 2
t=12× (
As 25)
4
2
As
t=5890mm

Ag=500(
700)
2
Ag=350000mm
2
EI=780,
000N.
mm
a
.Loc a
tionoft
hepl
ast
icc
ent
roi
dfr
om t
he
l
ineis350mm.

b.Eul
er’
scr
iti
cal
loa
d.
2
πEI
Pcr= 2
(L)
2 3
π(
780,000)
(1000)
Pcr=
( 7×2750)
0. 2

Pcr=2077.
45kN

c
.Nomi
nal
axi
all
oadc
apa
cit
yoft
hec
olumn

80[ ]
'
Pn=0. 0. c(
85f Ag
­As
t)+f
yAs
t

Pn
=0.80
[0.
85( (
28)350, 5890)
000­ +(415)
( ]
5890)

Pn=8507kN
CONCLUDI NGS UMMARY
 Ve rys hor tcolumnss ubject
edt oa xial
compr e ssi
onf ailbyyi el
ding.Ver ylong
columnsf ai
lbybuc klingintheEul er
mode .
 Pr acticalcolumnsg ene ral
lyfai
l by
i
ne last
icbuc klinganddonotc onf ormt o
thea ssumpt ionsma deinEul erthe ory.
The ydonotnor mallyr ema i
nline arl
y
elasti
cupof a i
lureunl esstheya reve ry
sle
nde r.
 S lender nessr at
io(l/r)a ndma terialyiel
d
str
e ss(fy)ar edomi na ntfact
orsa ffecti
ng
theultima tes t
rengthsofa xi
all
yl oade d
columns .

REFERENCES
(1)Lice
ns ureexamsf orCi vi
lEngineeri
ng
byVe nancioI.Besavil
laJr
.
(2)CE405:De s
ignofSt eelStructures–
Prof.Dr.A.Varma
(3)DesignofS t
ee lStr
uctures–Prof.S.R.
Sati
sh Kumarand Pr of.A.R.Santha
Kumar
(4)Punmi a B.C.,
"Theory ofS t
ruc t
ures"
(SMTS )VolI I,La xmiPublishingPvt
Ltd,Ne wDe l
hi 2004.
(5)Simplifi
eds t
ee ldesi
gn( ASD)me t
hod
witha pplic
ationsoft he2001NS CP
Specif
icati
ons