Phonemic script
Pronunciation learning -access reference books
-recognize words when spoken
-inaccurate pronunciation can
lead to misunderstanding
- gives ss a complete pic of
language
Controlled Pronunciation
practice
-to focus on accuracy
-allows for identification and
elimination of errors
Authentic materials
-exposure to real language in
real contexts helps learners use
TL realistically
Understand a text before
focus on language
-otherwise ss might tune out
- if they don’t understand the
text, they may not understand
the language
Focus on meaning before
form
-to notice the TL
-to activate their existing
knowledge
- to encourage independency
Rehearsal time
- to Improve final product
- ss feel safe/confident
-more fluency/accuracy
Ss need a task before reading
& listening
-to ease comprehension
-to have a clear purpose- ss know
what to do
-to prevent ss from trying to
understand/ translate every single
word
Activate schemata
-to raise interest
-helps with top-down
processing
Collaboration
-confidence
-ss feel secure
-autonomous/ independence
Tasks resembling real-life
conditions
-interesting
-relevance to learners’ lives
Reading & listening to
introduce TL
-similar to real life
-similar to L1 acquisition
-ss better understand the
meaning of TL if it’s in context
Familiar topics
-to increase learners’
motivation
-easier to activate schemata
 Guided discovery
-motivating
-allows for noticing the gap
- to aid retention/memorization
CONTROLLED
PRACTICE
- to improve accuracy
- to provide clear focus on TL
Move from receptive to
productive
-reflect L1 acquisition
-models give confidence/
reduce stress
-models provide scaffolding
Written record
- to aid memorization
-ss can review the lesson later
- to encourage independency
Focus on chunks
-İmproves communicative
competence,
- easier to store chunks in
memory than individual words,
-helps with accuracy,
-helps with fluency,
Personalization
-engaging
-motivating
MPF
- to make language more
meaningful
-easier to talk about concrete - to consolidate learning the
item
things rather than abstract ones
-ss can understand and use TL
effectively
INTEGRATION OF
SKILLS
-mirrors real life
-skills reinforce each other in Contextualize TL
language learning
- to aid retention/memorization
- to help ss understand
meaning/ use of TL
Visual stimuli / pics
Focus on form
- to activate schemata
-engaging -accuracy
-appeal to visual learners - to prevent fossilization
- to help clarify the meaning of -ss are aware of what they are
TL learning
Work out meanings from
context Focus on decontextualized
language/individual words
-independence
-easier to notice the TL
-helps with bottom-up
processing -ss can focus on one thing at a
time
-not distracting