Science, Technology and

Industrialization policies

Science and technology

a. Science and technology is a topic that
encompasses science, technology, and the interactions
between the two.
b.Science is a systematic enterprise that builds and
organizes knowledge in the form of explanations and
predictions about nature and the universe.
c. Technology is the collection of techniques, methods
or processes used in the production of goods or
services.
d.It is in the accomplishment of objectives, such as
scientific investigation, or any other consumer
demands.
e. Science may drive technological development, by
generating demand for new instruments to address a
scientific question.
f. In turn, technology may drive scientific investigation.
 g. It is done by creating demand for technological
improvements that can only be produced through
research.
h., and by raising questions about the underlying
principles that a new technology relies on.
Difference between Science and Technology

Comparison Chart

BASIS FOR
COMPARIS SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY
ON

Meaning Science is a Technology

methodical way of alludes to
gaining the practical
BASIS FOR
COMPARIS SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY
ON

knowledge on a application
particular of the
subject, through scientific
observation and knowledge
experiments. for various
purposes.

What is it? It is the It is the use of

process of laws of science to
exploring new create new
knowledge. products.

Effect It is useful It can be useful

or harmful.

Change Does not Changes

changes. continuously

Stresses on Discovery Invention

BASIS FOR
COMPARIS SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY
ON

Deals with Study of Putting those

structure and premises into
behavior of practice.
natural and
physical
world, to
create
premises.

Method of Analysis, Analysis and

evaluation deduction and synthesis of
theory design.
development

Use Used to make Simplify the

predictions work and fulfill
the needs of
people.
 The Role of Science and Technology in
Society and Governance
Science in Transition
a. In the past science has focused on short-term, small-
scale problems rather than on long-term, large-scale or
integrated problems.
b. While these approaches and perspectives have led to
a vast portfolio of useful technologies in the 20th
century.
c. Many of the problems now facing humankind can be
solved only if we approach science more holistically.
d.Scientific findings must also be applied at the right
scales.
e. The impact of technological interventions on
individual people, communities and the environment
must also be carefully considered.
f. To do this, science needs to become more
multidisciplinary.
g. Its practitioners should continue to promote
cooperation and integration between the social and
natural sciences.
h. The influence of science on people’s lives is growing.
 i. Science is useful in many aspects as well as in some
instances the impact has been harmful.
j. Long-term effects give causes for serious concerns.
k. The current trend toward privatization in many
countries is influencing the focus and practice of
science.
l. There is also concern over the social implications of
private ownership and control of technology.

North-South Issues
A. Science in the developing world differs from that
in the industrialized world in three main ways:
1. Budgets are much smaller
2. Research agendas are different because the
socioeconomic and biophysical problems to be solved
are different,
3. And there is a lower level of access to and public
understanding of scientific information and
technology.
4. The North-South knowledge gap is viewed by some
as the most pressing social and economic aspects of
modern science.
 b. Many developing countries have well-qualified
scientists.
c. But often they are few in number and lack the
resources and political support needed to solve
complex problems.
d. In the area of health, too, the problems of
developing countries are much different than
those of developed countries.
e. Chagas’ disease and schistosomiasis, for example,
are endemic in many developing nations.
f. Yet they receive very little attention by health
scientists and pharmaceutical firms in industrialized
countries.
g. Water management, tropical disease research,
and energy-efficiency technology were identified
as areas where the current co-operative programs
are weak.
h. Efforts should be stepped up to give developing
countries better access to scientific expertise,
information and technology.

Integrating Issues - Science and Society

a. Science is largely responsible for a growing public
awareness.
 b. Human activities are presently changing this
environment and threaten to change it seriously.
c. In the past two centuries, science has been used
mainly as a tool for economic expansion and military
power for the wealthier segments of the human race.
d. Science has an over-riding responsibility to help
societies make a transition from an obsession with
growth to achievement of a dynamically stable and
sustainable ecological and economic system.

Technology transfer
a. Technology transfer, also called transfer of
technology (TOT).
b.It is the process of transferring
(disseminating) technology from the places and in-
groups of its origination to wider distribution among
more people and places.
c. It occurs along various axes: among universities, from
universities to businesses, from large businesses to
smaller ones, from governments to businesses,
across borders, both formally and informally, and both
openly and surreptitiously.
d.Often it occurs by concerted effort to share skills,
knowledge, technologies, methods of manufacturing,
samples of manufacturing.
e. It facilities among governments or universities
and other institutions to ensure that scientific and
technological developments are accessible to a wider
range of users.
f. They can then further develop and exploit the
technology into new products, processes, applications,
materials, or services.
g. It is closely related to (and may arguably be considered
a subset of) knowledge transfer.
h.Horizontal transfer is the movement of technologies
from one area to another.
i. At present transfer of technology (TOT) is primarily
horizontal.
 j. Vertical transfer occurs when technologies are moved
from applied research centers to research and
development departments.
k.Technology brokers are people who discovered how
to bridge the emergent worlds and apply scientific
concepts or processes to new situations or
circumstances.
l. Technology transfer can involve the dissemination
of highly complex technology from capital-intensive
origins to low-capital recipients.

Industrialization- HEALTH CARE.

a. Industrialization - It is a process that has occurred in
history of economically development of nation, states
and government.
b. It is a series of radical changes and involvement of
economic cultural and scientific overview of a specific
place.
c. It remains a model to other undeveloped nations for
example third world country for looks at the
achievement of developed nations like United States
and China.
Health
 a. It is the state of being physical, psychological and
social well of an individual.
b. Healthcare Delivery - This is the delivery of
healthcare services to an individual and it
includes diagnosis and also treatment and
prevention of diseases.

Environmental Impacts of Industries

Industrialization Has Brought Significant
Environmental Damage
SECTOR AIR WATER SOIL/LAN
D
Chemicals · Many and · Use of process · Chemical
(industrial varied water and process
inorganic emissions cooling water wastes
and organic depending on · Emissions of disposal
compounds, processes used organic problems
excluding and chemicals chemicals, heavy · Sludges
petroleum manufactured metals from air and
products) · Emissions of (cadmium, water
particulate mercury), pollution
matter, SO2, suspended treatment
NOx CO, solids, organic disposal
CFCs, VOCs matter, PCBs problems
 and other · Risk of spills
organic (PCB-
chemicals, polychlorinated
odors biphenyls, are
· Risk of industrial
explosions and products or
chemicals)
fires
Paper and · Emissions of · Use of process
pulp SO2, NOx, water
CH4, CO2, CO, · Emissions of
hydrogen suspended
sulphide, solids, organic
mercaptans, matter,
chlorine chlorinated
compounds, organic
dioxins substances,
toxins (dioxins)
Cement, · Cement · Emissions of · Extractio
glass, emissions of process water n of raw
ceramics dust, NOx, contaminated materials
CO2, by oils and heavy · Soil
chromium, metals contaminat
lead, CO ion with
· Glass metals and
emissions of waste
 lead, arsenic, disposal
SO2, problems
vanadium,
CO,
hydrofluoric
acid, soda ash,
potash,
specialty
constituents
(e.g.,
chromium)
· Ceramics
emissions of
silica, SO2 NOx,
fluorine
compounds
Mining of · Emissions of · Contamination · Major
metals and dust from of surface water surface
minerals extraction, and groundwater disturbance
storage, and by highly acidic and erosion
transport of mine water · Land
ore and containing toxic degradatio
concentrate metals (e.g., n by large
· Emissions of arsenic, lead, slag heaps
metals (e.g., cadmium)
 mercury) from · Contamination
drying of ore by chemicals
concentrate used in metal
extraction (e.g.,
cyanide)
Iron and · Emissions of · Use of process · Slag,
steel SO2, NOx, water sludges, oil
hydrogen · Emissions of and grease
sulphide, organic matter, residues,
PAHs, lead, tars and oil, 14ydrocarbo
arsenic, suspended n, salts,
cadmium, solids, metals, sulphur
chromium, benzene, compounds,
copper, phenols, acids, heavy
mercury, sulphides, metals, soil
nickel, sulphates, contaminat
selenium, zinc, ammonia, ion and
organic cyanides, waste
compounds, thiocyanates, disposal
PCDDs/PCDFs, thiosulphates, problems
PCBs, dust, fluorides, lead,
particulate zinc (scrubber
matter, effluent)
hydrocarbons,
acid mists
 · Exposure to
ultraviolet and
infrared
radiation,
ionizing
radiation
· Risks of
explosions and
fires
Nonferrous · Emissions of · Scrubber water · Sludges
metals particulate containing from
(copper, matter, SO2, metals effluent
bronze etc) NOx CO, · Gas-scrubber treatment,
hydrogen effluents (liquid coatings
sulphide, waste)containin from
hydrogen g solids, electrolysis
chloride, fluorine, cells
hydrogen hydrocarbons (containing
fluoride, carbon and
chlorine, fluorine)
aluminum, soil
arsenic, contaminat
cadmium, ion and
chromium, waste
copper, zinc, disposal
 mercury, problems
nickel, lead,
magnesium,
PAHs,
fluorides, silica,
manganese,
carbon black,
hydrocarbons,
aerosols
Coal · Emissions of · Contamination · Major
mining and dust from of surface water surface
production extraction, and disturbance
storage, and groundwater by and erosion
transport of highly saline or · Subsidenc
coal acidic mine e of ground
· Emissions of water above mines
CO and · Land
SO2 from degradatio
burning slag n by large
heaps slag heaps
· CH4 emissions
from
underground
formations
· Risk of
 explosions and
fires
Refineries, · Emissions of · Use of cooling · Hazardou
petroleum SO2, NOx, water s waste,
products hydrogen · Emissions of sludges
sulphide, HCs, HCs, from
benzene, CO, mercaptans, effluent
CO2, caustics, oil, treatment,
particulate phenols, spent
matter, PAHs, chromium, catalysts,
mercaptans, effluent from gas tars
toxic organic scrubbers
coumpounds,
odors
· Risk of
explosions and
fires
Leather · Emissions · Use of process · Chromium
and including water sludges
tanning leather dust, · Effluents from (thick, soft,
hydrogen the many toxic wet mud)
sulphide, solutions used,
CO2 chromium containing
compounds suspended solids,
sulphates,
 chromium
Source: Adapted from World Health Organization
(WHO), Health and Environment in Sustainable
Development: Five Years after the farm Summit (WHO,
Geneva, 1997), Table 3.10, p. 64.

a. The future scale of environmental and health

problems from industrialization in developing
countries will depend greatly on policy actions taken
today.

Industrialization and Health

a. Studies show that people are often exposed to a variety
of environmental insults - unsafe drinking water, air
pollution, and tobacco smoke.
b. Health effects may take years or even decades to
emerge
c. Industrial pollution may act in concert with other
threats such as malnutrition and infectious diseases to
undermine health, particularly in the industrial slums of
developing countries.
d. Studies show that health risks from industrial
production can occur in three ways:
 1. Direct physical injury from accidents in
industrial production;
2. Acute chemical poisoning in the workplace or
surrounding neighborhoods;
3. Long-term exposure to chemicals released into
the general environment.
e. Concern now encompasses other health effects as well,
such as damage to the immune, nervous, and
reproductive systems.
f. Recent evidence suggests that a variety of chemicals,
including PCBs, dioxins, pesticides, and heavy
metals, can compromise the immune system.
g. The immune system plays a crucial role in protecting
the body from viruses, bacteria, and other invaders.
h.Industrial chemicals can persist in the environment
for many decades and accumulate in marine and
terrestrial food chains, thus posing health risks years
after these chemicals are no longer used.
i. Evidence also suggests the effects of exposure to toxic
substances could be transgenerational.
j. Medical history also shows that caution is appropriate;
some chemicals, such as asbestos and PCBs, were used
for years before they were found to cause adverse health
effects.
 Global Legal Status of Nine Persistent
Organic Pollutants
Toxic Chemical Are Widely Used Despite Known Risk
NUMBER OF COUNTRIES THAT HAVE
BANNED COMPLETELY
CHEM AFRICA NORTH SOUTH ASIA EURO OCEANIA
ICAL (53 AMERICA AMERI (46 PE (39 (10 countries
countries AND CA (12 countri countri included)
included) CENTRAL countries es es
AMERICA included) include include
(24 d) d)
countries
included)
Aldrin 1 4 2 9.0 10.0 x
Chlordan 2 2 2 7 9 x
e
DDT 1 3 4 10 9 3
Dieldrin 2 5 3 10 10 3
Endrin 3 3 4 9 8 1
Heptachl 2 2 3 9 - x
or
Hexachlo 1 1 1 2 6 2
robenzen
e
PCBs x X x x 2 x
Toxaphen 2 3 x 8 5 x
e
(Source: United Nations Environment Program (UNEP),
"UNEP Survey on Sources of POPs," prepared for
Intergovernmental Forum on Chemical Safety Experts
Meeting on Persistent Organic Pollutants, Manila, the
Philippines, June 17-19, 1996.)

Persistent Organic Pollutants

a. The wide dissemination of POPs in the environment is

generating increasing international concern.
b. POPs, long-lived organic compounds that become
more concentrated.
c. They move up the food chain, can travel thousands
of kilometers from their point of release.
FUTURE IMPLICATIONS
A. In many developing countries, industrial wastes
are burned in open dumpsites.
B. They can release high levels of POPs into the
immediate vicinity.
C. Cameroon is best example for the above.
 D. Industries such as oil refineries, electroplating,
and power generation are creating large quantities of
wastes contaminated with metals and POPs.
E. Scientists have measured extremely high PCB
(polychlorinated biphenyls, are industrial products or
chemicals.) loads in the surrounding area.

Are Hormone Mimics (Endocrine

disrupters) Affecting Our Health?
a. Some industrial chemicals commonly found in the
environment are wreaking havoc with human health.
b. They are disrupting the body's hormonal system.
c. These substances –are called "endocrine disruptors".
d.Because they interact with the endocrine, or
hormone system.
e. They create reproductive and developmental
abnormalities to neurological and immunological
defects to cancer.
f. High exposure of DDT(Dichloro-diphenyl-
trichloroethane), commonly known as DDT, is a
colorless, tasteless, and almost odorless
crystalline chemical compound, an organochlorine,
originally developed as an insecticide) and PCBs can
cause reproductive and developmental problems in
wildlife.
g. So far, at least 45 chemical compounds have been
proposed to be endocrine disruptors.
h.Many are long-lived organic compounds that can
persist in the environment for decades.
i. The list includes:
1. Certain herbicides,
 2. Fungicides, (a chemical that destroys fungus)
3. Insecticides (e.g., atrazine and chlordane); (All are
either natural (organic), man-made (synthetic)
formulas or preparations that are used to control or
kill unwanted insects.)
4. Industrial chemicals and byproducts such as
polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and dioxin;
5. A number of compounds found in plastics (that are
used to package foods and beverages)

The Endocrine System

a. The problems attributed to endocrine disruptors
interfere with the normal functioning of sex
hormones.
 b. Example like estrogen, testosterone, and
progesterone, or thyroid hormones are affected.
c. They are integral to the development of the brain and
other organs and tissues.
d. Natural sex hormones play a crucial role in governing
normal development.
e. Estrogen, not only helps orchestrate the sexual
development of the human embryo and fetus, but it is
also needed for the normal development of the brain,
bone, muscles, immune system, and other organs or
tissues.
f. Prenatal and/or lifetime exposures to sex hormones
are also hypothesized to influence the risk of
developing various cancers.
g. These hormones travel in the blood and exert their
effects by binding to molecules in cells known as
hormone receptors.
h. This in turn activates genes in the nucleus of the cell to
produce a range of biological responses.
i. Endocrine disruptors can work as both hormone
mimics and hormone blockers, in both cases with a
potential to disrupt normal cellular activity.

Heavy Metals and Health

a. The production of heavy metals such as lead, copper,
and zinc has increased exponentially.
b. Between 1850 and 1990, production of these three
metals increased nearly 10-fold.
c. The toxicity of these metals has also been documented
throughout history:
d. Greek and Roman physicians diagnosed symptoms
of acute lead poisoning long before toxicology became
a science.
e. Today, much more is known about the health effects of
heavy metals.
f. Exposure to heavy metals has been linked with
developmental retardation, various cancers, kidney
damage, and even death in some instances of exposure
to very high concentrations.
g. Exposure to high levels of mercury, gold, and lead
has also been associated with the development of
autoimmunity.
h. In which the immune system starts to attack its own
cells, mistaking them for foreign invaders.
i. Auto-immunity can lead to the development of
diseases of the joints and kidneys, such as
rheumatoid arthritis, or diseases of the circulatory or
central nervous systems.
 j. Mercury is still extensively used in gold mining in
many parts of Latin America.
k. Arsenic, along with copper and chromium
compounds, is a common ingredient in wood
preservatives.
l. Lead is still widely used as an additive in gasoline.

LEAD
a. Aside from smoke, lead is probably the oldest
human-made atmospheric and occupational toxin,
dating back at least 8,000 years to the first lead-
smelting furnaces (179).
b. Today, lead poisoning remains the single most
significant preventable disease associated with an
environmental and occupational toxin.
c. Generally, human exposure to lead comes from the
following main sources:
 1. Using leaded gasoline;
2. Using lead-based paint;
3. Having lead pipes in water supply systems;
4. Exposure to industrial sources from processes such
as lead mining, smelting, and coal combustion.
5. Additional sources of lead include soldered seams in
food cans, ceramic glazes, batteries, and cosmetics
d. Lead is particularly toxic to the brain, kidneys,
reproductive system, and cardiovascular system.
e. Exposures can cause impairments in intellectual
functioning, kidney damage, infertility, miscarriage,
and hypertension.
 (Additional information)


Economics versus Sustainable

Development
a. Science today seems caught in a cross-fire between two
opposing world views.
b.On the one hand, science is a major tool of the
ideology currently driving the world economy.
c. Free market system, continual growth and the pursuit
of personal wealth are examples.
d. On the other hand, science is increasingly being called
on to produce knowledge and technology.
e. They have to promote environmentally sustainable,
people-oriented development and long-term
management of resources.
f. The world economy continues to rely heavily on
cheap oil, a non-renewable resource and major
contributor of greenhouse gases.
g. The fact that they will do so despite the availability of
technically feasible alternative "green" energy
technologies, brings the dilemma into sharp relief.
 h. The imposition of structural adjustment policies has
forced some countries to reorient agricultural
research and production to focus on cash crops.
i. They generate foreign currency but food crops for local
consumption are declined.
j. In some cases, such policies have put food security and
the continued production of the land in jeopardy.
k. It created enormous personal hardship for citizens, and
led to social unrest.
l. Free trade arrangements, too, may pose a threat to
some of the underlying components of sustainable
development, affecting biodiversity, community self-
reliance, and local knowledge systems.
Recommendations
b. Policy makers must accept that, for certain key areas
like energy development, decisions must not be based
only on political expediency — such as the prospect of
short-term economic benefits and job creation.
c. To do so denigrates the role of forward-thinking
research and development (R&D) and undermines long-
term social development.
d.Scientists need to cultivate a new vision of science.

Science Policy and Ethics

a. Scientific advances are never, in themselves, a
guarantee of social benefit.
b.Technology has to be treated as a servant of society,
not a master.
c. Increasing commercial productivity, while at the same
time necessary, unemployment and poverty is not a
socially acceptable solution.
d. Science must be fully integrated with broad societal
needs.
e. One reason for public mistrust of science is that
ordinary people feel they will sometimes end up being
the ones to suffer the costs of technological innovation.
f. A major concern is that recent advances in health
sciences will lead to the "genetification of medicine".
g. It is, a trend toward understanding and explaining
human beings and human health largely in terms of
genes and their interactions.
h. A worry here is that the role of environmental and
social factors will increasingly receive insufficient
attention.
i. It is leading to a one-dimensional view of diseases and
disabilities.
j. A further ethical issue for science is
"commodification" of basic human needs such as
food, shelter, clothing, fuel and health services.
 k.They are being commercialized.
l. People have to pay for everything.
m. As cash economies and government welfare
programs increasingly treat these necessities of life
simply as commodities to be bought and sold.
n. There is a serious risk that technological innovations,
stimulated by scientists working within a commercial
framework, will be exploited mainly by well-to-do
minorities, with little or no benefit to the poor.
o. The potential of science to improve human social
conditions in non-material ways needs much more
attention.
Recommendations
b. The gaining of scientific knowledge must not be
assumed to lead automatically to direct commercial
policy exploitation of that knowledge.
c. Often the knowledge is of greatest benefit if it increases
public understanding and awareness.
d.Scientists cannot always control the application of
their findings.
e. However, they have a responsibility to engage in
public dialogue about the implications of scientific
findings and to help distinguish between socially
beneficial and socially harmful applications.
 f. Action is needed at the international level to protect
the human species from human-induced genetic
alteration.
g. Action is needed to ensure that technological
applications in the fields of human genetics are
ethically and socially sound.
h. Review committees at the institutional and national
level can help focus attention on key ethical and safety
issues.
i. UNESCO has an important role to play in this
regard.
j. Scientists should be more proactive in policy making.
k. This could be done by promoting, among governments
around the world, the concept of "science/policy
contracts".

Human Health Effects

a. Some of the strongest evidence on the reproductive
effects of endocrine disruptors in humans comes from
long-term studies of the potent synthetic estrogen
diethylstilbestrol (DES).
b. It was given to thousands of women in the 1950s and
1960s to prevent miscarriage.
c. Studies tracking DES-exposed sons and daughters since
the 1970s have found a significant number of
abnormalities in the structure and function of
reproductive organs (11).
d. Some studies have documented that men exposed to
DES prenatally are significantly more likely to have
smaller testicles and penises, undescended testicles, and
poor semen quality (12).
e. Other studies contradict those findings.
f. In addition, because the men were exposed prenatally to
much larger quantities of an estrogen-like substance
than they would be likely to encounter in normal
environmental settings.
g. Some of the increase in breast and prostate cancer is
thought to stem from better screening techniques, earlier
diagnosis, and the effect of an aging population.
h. Some researchers have posited that environmental and
occupational exposure to endocrine disruptors may also
explain some of the rise.
i. Indeed, some studies have found that farmers exposed to
certain pesticides and herbicides have an increased risk
of developing prostate cancer or testicular cancer.
j. Another potentially serious effect of exposure to
endocrine disruptors is neurological impairment.
 k. Much of the concern stems from a study conducted in
the Great Lakes region of the United States, which
found that children exposed to PCBs prenatally suffered
small but significant intellectual impairment.
l. The most highly exposed children were three times as
likely to have lowered IQ scores and were twice as
likely to be at least two years behind in reading
comprehension.
m. The exposed children were also more likely to have
problems with attention span and memory.
n. What's more, the levels of PCBs that these children
were exposed to were only slightly higher than those
found in the general population.

Effects of Industrialization on Health and Healthcare

Delivery
Positive Effects on Health

1. Promoting health through health messages

Through electronic media like television radio and
computers people are able to access important health
messages that ensures good health for example basic healthy
procedures like hand washing bathing and tooth brushing of
which facilitate individuals in observing basic hygiene and
thus promoting better health to individual. The media also
ensures that people are able to observe good hygiene
through advertisement that are currently making sure that
people are always keeping up with good health practices.
2. Promoting health through physical activities and activities
Industrialization has led to invention of machines of which
help to maintain quality and healthy daily lives through
physical activities and exercises this ensure healthy lives
and help in prevention of diseases caused by sedentary
lifestyle for example hypertension and atherosclerosis
3. Treatment of disease
Technology has ensured treatment of diseases due to the
manufacture of drugs and medicine of which are efficient in
treatment and prevention of diseases thus promoting
individual help and ensure efficient healthcare delivery
since some medications facilitate healthcare delivery for
example anesthetics
are administered before surgery thus ensuring effective and
sufficient time to deliver health during surgery
4. Prevention of diseases
Through the study of microorganism scientist are able to
understand disease causing microorganisms and how to
come up with a vaccine of which prevents the disease from
occurring for example polio vaccine for poliomyelitis
5. Development of education
Industrialization led to the development of education of
which people are eradicated on how to carry out essential
health practices and also to understand themselves better
and thus promoting health.

Positive Effects of Industrialization on Healthcare

Delivery

1. Easy access of health services

Through good infrastructures like roads they provide
transportation of individuals to the healthcare facility for
example hospital clinics and dispensaries. It has also
ensured transportation of healthcare practitioners and their
equipment to remote and marginalized communities to
provide health
2. Industrialization has led to provision of essential
machines
Machine like defibrillators, electrocardiogram and
suctioning machines are used in diagnosing of disease and
treatment of diseases thus enhancing health and reducing
pain and also help the healthcare providers to distinguish
between the normal and abnormal body changes and also
prevents complication from occurring.
3. Enhances research and study of different health hazards
Through industrialization history of diseases are
documented and helps in future research on factors affecting
health and healthcare deliveries. This study has helped us to
know different causes of diseases and their mode of
transmission and thus helps us in preventing the disease.
4. Enhancement of better communication
Through development of industrialization good
communication media was developed between healthcare
providers and their colleagues and also or other individual in
the society thus ensuring effective healthcare providence for
example through telephones, internet and mail services
patients are able to communicate with their doctors thus
facilitating healthcare delivery.

Negative Effects of Industrialization on Health and

Healthcare Delivery

Although industrialization has got the merits in health and

healthcare delivery it has also got the demerits of which
hinder health and healthcare delivery by healthcare
providers.
1. Urbanization
Industrialization led to migration of people from rural areas
to urban regions leading to overpopulation and
overcrowding thus resulting to poor health practices due to
congestion and development of slums. Individuals are more
susceptible in contracting diseases which results from
overcrowding for example tuberculosis. Overcrowding also
lead to easy spread of diseases of individuals in
overcrowded area. Urbanization has led to poor healthcare
delivery due to increase in number of population more than
healthcare practitioners
2. Pollution
Due to rapid industrialization and more building of
industries pollution in rivers and water bodies and also
release of smoke to the atmosphere can lead to diseases for
example cancer and respiratory diseases and can also lead to
genetic disorders if one is exposed to radioactive chemicals
thus leading to deformities of which affect health of an
individual
3. Spread of diseases
Overpopulation in urban areas has led to the spread of
diseases for example cholera, tuberculosis and all other
diseases of which are spread through contact, airborne or
waterborne thus leading to deteriorating of health to
individuals. The diseases are not easily controlled due to
huge numbers affected
4. Industrialization has led to emergence of social class and
corruption.
This has led unfair distribution of resources among
healthcare facilities thus affecting healthcare delivery.
Individuals with low status in society are not able access
healthcare facilities with well equipped with quality
diagnostic equipment thus the provision of care depends on
poor health delivery available

Throughout history and prehistory trade and economic

growth have always entailed serious population health
challenges. The post-war orthodoxies of demographic and
epidemiological transition theory and the Washington
consensus have each encouraged the view that
industrialization necessarily changes all this and that
modern forms of rapid economic growth will reliably
deliver enhanced population health. A more careful review
of the historical demographic and anthropometric evidence
demonstrates that this is empirically false, and a fallacious
oversimplification. All documented developed nations
endured the ‘four Ds’ of disruption, deprivation, disease and
death during their historic industrializations. The well-
documented British historical case is reviewed in detail to
examine the principal factors involved. This shows that
political and ideological divisions and conflict—and their
subsequent resolution in favour of the health interests of the
working-class majorities—were key factors in determining
whether industrialization exerted a positive or negative net
effect on population health.
However, Industrialization has both advantages and
disadvantages. We have discussed them below:
Advantages
The advantages of industrialization are given below:
1. The growth of industries has resulted in large scale
production of goods which are available to the
consumer at much cheaper rates.
2. There is saving of time and labor.
3. Industrialization has resulted in a considerable rise in
the standard of living of the people.
4. A number of substitutes in consumer goods are
available. The customer get wide variety of choices.
5. There are means to control and check the colossal
wastage of human energy that can be used otherwise.
6. Industrialization creates new job opportunities, leading
to the removal of poverty to a great extent.
7. Industrialization has also resulted in the development of
new modes of transport making quick export and import
possible. The world has become a small place.
Disadvantages
The disadvantages of Industrialization are discussed below:
1. The immediate result is in the gradual disappearance of
many natural resources, the pollution of land, water and
air.
2. The increase in vehicular traffic, launching of space
ships and rockets by competing nations, the incessant
working of machines in factories have brought in noise-
pollution and dust and smoke.
3. The general dirty and unhealthy conditions in and
around the industrial sites have affected human health
and happiness. Diseases, unheard of before, are
spreading far and wide.
4. There has been instances of child labor in factories.
5. The exploitation of the poor by the rich has increases
increases the crime-rate, isolation and sense of
loneliness.
6. The gradual displacement of manpower in industries is
ultimately leading to unemployment.
7. There has been a steady decline in spiritual values and
well-being of man consequent upon the growth of an
artificial, mechanical and materialistic civilization
brought about by industrialization.
8. Capitalistic ethics with a craving for more and more
money seem to dominate and influence millions of
 people. The grave uncertainties in the money-market
sometimes bring misfortunes for the common people.
9. Inflation sets in, the value of money goes down and the
poor working class becomes poorer. Class conflicts,
strike, dharnas, gheraos and bandhs and then lockouts
cause hardship and unrest. Society faces their impact in
various ways.
10. Large scale heavy industries lead to a sharp fall in
the number of cottage industries and their gradual
disappearance. Regional and local artisans and workers
of various trades and professions suffer a great deal.

Drawbacks of industrialization

In economic terms, industrialization is the social and

economic transformation of human society from agrarian to
industrial. Its environmental drawbacks include pollution of
air, water and soil that can result in significant deterioration
of quality of life and life expectancy. Because of
industrialization, there is a significant separation of labor
and capital. Those who own the means of production
become disproportionately rich, resulting in high income
inequality. The migration of workers, the separation of
family members, long working hours and overcrowding that
result from industrialization can lead to social tension and
diseases due to poor nutrition and stress.
Environmental Disadvantages
By far, the biggest negative effect of industrialization is on
the environment. Because many industrialized companies
are often not forced to pay damages for the environmental
harm they cause, they tend to impose a major
negative externality on human society in the form of
deforestation, extinction of species, widespread pollution
and excessive waste.
Financial Disadvantages
Financially, industrialization results in a wide gap between
the rich and poor due to a division of labor and capital.
Those who own capital tend to accumulate
excessive profits derived from their economic activities,
resulting in high disparity of income and wealth.
Social Disadvantages
Industrialization typically leads to the migration of workers
to cities, automation and repetitive tasks. Due to these
factors, factory workers tend to lose their individuality, have
limited job satisfaction and feel alienated. There can also be
health issues, brought on by dangerous working conditions
or simply factors inherent in the working conditions, such
as noise and dirt.
Rapid urbanization brought on by industrialization typically
leads to general deterioration of workers' quality of life and
many other problems for society, such as crime, stress and
psychological disorders. Long working hours usually lead to
poor nutrition and consumption of quick and low-quality
foods, resulting in increased incidences of diseases such as
diabetes, heart attack and strokes.

Difference between science and technology

Science is knowing, technology is doing. Science can
broadly be defined as the study of "things" such as:
Chemistry, Biology, Physics, Genetics, Geology,
Psychology, Sociology, and other fields of study that
analyze interactions, behaviors, physical properties, effects,
causes, etc. in order to rationalize or establish given
properties, behaviors and interactions about such "things".
The basis of Science is the conducting of experiments.
Basically, a theory is made (stated), analysis and testing are
performed with the use of various controls, and when a
specific, measurable result occurs, and can be reproduced or
proven time and time again, the theory then becomes
Scientific law, or a truism of sorts.
Technology, refers generally to items of use, created from
"Applied Science". A good example of this is the production
of Solar panels. Solar Panels are used in a variety of
different technologies, but the simplest example is a Solar
Powered Calculator. It was proposed long ago that the Sun
emits 2 types of energy, heat energy and light energy. The
Sun's heat energy is what warms the Earth's atmosphere so
that life as we know it can exist, by warming the atmosphere
to a tolerable temperature that the Human Body can function
in.
Definition of science and technology
Science from the Latin scientia (knowledge) is a system of
acquiring knowledge based on the scientific method, as well
as the organized body of knowledge gained through such
research. Science as defined here is sometimes termed pure
science to differentiate it from applied science, which is the
application of scientific research to specific human needs.
Technology is a broad concept that deals with a species'
usage and knowledge of tools and crafts, and how it affects
a species' ability to control and adapt to its environment. In
human society, it is a consequence of science and
engineering, although several technological advances
predate the two concepts.
Science refers to a system of acquiring knowledge. This
system uses observation and experimentation to describe
and explain natural phenomena. The term science also refers
to the organized body of knowledge people have gained
using that system.
Fields of science are commonly classified along two major
lines:
1. Natural science, which study natural phenomena
(including biological life),
2. Social science, which study human behavior and
societies.
These groupings are empirical sciences, which means the
knowledge must be based on observable phenomena and
capable of being tested for its validity by other researchers
working under the same conditions.
Industrialization is central to economic development and
improved prospects for human well-being (116). The
benefits of industrial production can be seen in all aspects of
life - from the range of consumer goods available, to the
efficiency of transportation systems, to the astounding
advances made in computers and communications
technology. Since the 18th Century, wealth in the developed
countries has paralleled industrial growth, and developed
countries continue to produce the lion's share of
manufactured goods - indeed, about 74 percent of the
world's industrial output takes place in the developed world
(117).
Today, many developing countries are experiencing an
Industrial Revolution of their own, capturing an ever-
increasing share of industrial growth. The pace of this
newest cycle - particularly in Asia - far exceeds that of
developed countries. In China, for instance, industrial
growth between 1990 and 1995 reached 18.1 percent a year;
East Asia and the Pacific and South Asia experienced
growth rates of approximately 15 percent and 6.4 percent a
year, respectively (118). By comparison. North America's
industrial output grew by only about 2.6 percent a year
during the same period.
The positive economic and social results of industrial
growth have been accompanied by serious environmental
degradation, however, as well as growing threats to health
from occupational hazards. To some extent, these problems
are analogous to those of early industrial Europe. In the 19th
Century, the shift from a rural, agrarian society to an urban,
industrial society initially involved widespread social and
economic disruption, unemployment, homelessness,
pollution, and increased exposure to health hazards both at
work and at home (119). Many of these same problems
characterize cities in the developing world today.
Despite the similarities between earlier European
industrialization and current changes in the developing
world, important differences exist in the scale and pace of
industrial growth. The earlier Industrial Revolution spanned
nearly 200 years; recently, countries like Thailand and
Indonesia have been undergoing similar changes in just a
couple of decades. As part of this growth, industrial wastes
are growing in quantity and becoming more varied, more
toxic, and more difficult to dispose of or degrade (120).
Densities in cities where much of the industrial production
is located far surpass those in developed countries, so the
number of people exposed to pollutants is potentially much
greater.
Furthermore, a substantial share of industrial growth in
developing countries revolves around the transformation of
raw materials into industrial products such as steel, paper,
and chemicals. The production of industrial chemicals, for
instance, has been shifting to the developing world. Between
1990 and 1994, this industry's annual rate of growth was 5.6
percent in developing countries, compared with a mere 1
percent in the developed world (121). Not only are these
processes resource-intensive, but also industries such as
electricity generation, chemicals and petroleum refining,
mining, paper production, and leather tanning tend to
produce a disproportionately large amount of hazardous and
toxic wastes. As Table 2.3 shows, a wide range of pollutants
is associated with these industries. In contrast, much of
economic growth in developed countries is now in the
service sector (e.g., education, entertainment, defense, and
finance) and communication sector (e.g., computers, cellular
phones, and electronics), which are inherently less polluting.
This rapid industrial growth has made water pollution, air
pollution, and hazardous wastes pressing environmental
problems in many areas of the developing world. Industrial
emissions combine with vehicle exhausts to cause air
pollution, while concentrations of heavy metals and
ammonia loads are often high enough to cause major fish
kills down-river from industrial areas (122). The lack of
hazardous waste facilities compounds the problem, with
industrial wastes often discarded on fallow or public lands,
in rivers, or in sewers designed to carry only municipal
wastes.
Lead exposures have also been associated with aggressive
behavior, delinquency, and attention disorders in boys
between the ages of 7 and 11 (185). In adults, lead exposure
has been related to increased blood pressure and
hypertension, conditions known to increase the risk of
cardiovascular disease.
As for a possible mechanism, laboratory studies have
suggested that exposure to PCBs prenatally or through
breast milk can lower blood levels of thyroid hormones
needed to stimulate the growth and maturation of brain cells
(26). However, the mechanism has yet to be determined, and
it is also possible that PCBs are impairing intelligence
through a mechanism unrelated to endocrine disruption (27).
Natural hormones also have a hand in shaping the prenatal
development of the immune system and influencing its
actions in children and adults (28), sparking concern that
endocrine disruptors might affect the immune system to
some degree and put people more at risk of developing
infections.
The role of endocrine disruptors in causing these and other
effects is now under active investigation worldwide. At this
stage, the general consensus among most experts is that
many more studies need to be done to assess whether the
synthetic chemicals that have helped shape agriculture and
industry are also shaping the health fates of individuals, or
even the population at large. At the international level, the
World Health Organization and the Organisation for
Economic Co-Operation and Development (OECD) are
undertaking an international inventory of research. National
governments, other international organizations, and even
private companies are funding and/or conducting research to
fill in the current knowledge gaps (29) (30). In the interim,
countries are struggling with whether and how to regulate
these substances as scientific understanding evolves.
References and Notes
1. Theo Colborn, Dianne Dumanoski, and John Peterson
Myers, Our Stolen Future (Penguin Books, New York,
1996), pp. 26, 81, 133-134, 199.
2. Ibid., pp. 260-268.
3. Stephen H. Safe, "Is There an Association Between
Exposure to Environmental Estrogens and Breast
Cancer?" Environmental Health Perspectives (in press) pp.
2-8.
4. Ronald Bailey, "Hormones and Humbug," The
Washington Post (March 31, 1996), p. C3.
5. Theo Colborn, Frederick S. Vom Saal, and Ana M. Soto,
"Developmental Effects of Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals
in Wildlife and Humans," Environmental Health
Perspectives. Vol. 101, No. 5, (1993), p. 379.
6. Op. cit. 1.p. 46.
7. Brian Henderson, Ronald Ross, and Malcolm Pike,
"Toward the Primary Prevention of Cancer," Science, Vol.
254 (Nov. 22, 1991), pp. 1135-36.
8. Stephen H. Safe and Timothy Zacharewski,
"Organochlorine Exposure and Risk for Breast Cancer,"
in Etiology of Breast and Gynecological Cancers, (John
Wiley and Sons, New York, in press).
9. Louis Guillette, Jr., D. Andrew Crain, Andrew Rooney,
and Daniel Pickford, "Organization versus Activation: The
Role of Endocrine-Disrupting Contaminants during
Embryonic Development in Wildlife," Environmental
Health Perspectives, Vol. 103, Supplement 7 (1995), p. 161.
10. Op. cit. 1, pp. 21-23, 131-132, 150-156.
11. R.J. Stillman "Inutero exposure to diethylstilbestrol:
adverse effects on the reproductive tract and reproductive
performance in male and female offspring," American
Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Vol. 142 (1982), pp.
905-921.
12. Jorma Toppari et al., "Male Reproductive Health and
Environmental Xenoestrogens," Environmental Health
Perspectives, Vol. 104, Suppl. 4 (1996), pp. 753-754.
13. Ibid., pp. 742-743.
14. Op. cit. 12, p. 743.
15. Larry Lipshultz, "The Debate Continues - the
Continuing Debate over the Possible Decline in Semen
Quality," Fertility and Sterility, Vol. 65, No. 5 (1996), p.
910.
16. Op. cit. 9, pp. 157-158.
17. Op. cit. 12, p. 751.
18. Karin van der Pal-de-Bruin, S. Pauline Verloove-
Vanhorick and Net Roeleveld, "Change in male: female
ratio among newborn babies in Netherlands," The
Lancet, Vol. 349 (January 4, 1997), p. 62.
19. Henrik Moller, "Change in male-female ratio among
newborn infants in Denmark," Lancet, Vol. 348, Sept 21
(1996), p. 828-29.
20. Ibid.
21. Op. cit. 7.
22. Kate Cahow, "The Cancer Conundrum,"
in Environmental Health Perspectives, Vol. 103, No. 11
(November 1995), p. 999.
23. K. Wiklund and J. Dich, "Cancer Risks Among Male
Farmers in Sweden," European Journal of Cancer
Prevention, Vol. 4, No. 1 (February 1995), p. 81.
24. Ibid., pp. 81-90.
25. Joseph Jacobson and Sandra Jacobson, "Intellectual
Impairment in Children Exposed to Polychlorinated
Biphenyls in Utero," New England Journal of
Medicine, Vol. 335, No. 11 (1996), p. 783.
26. Susan P. Porterfield, "Vulnerability of the Developing
Brain to Thyroid Abnormalities: Environmental Insults to
the Thyroid System," Environmental Health
Perspectives (June 1994), pp. 125-130.
27. Committee on Environment and Natural Resources,
National Science and Technology Council (CENR), The
Health and Ecological Effects of Endocrine Disrupting
Chemicals: A Framework for Planning (CENR,
Washington, D.C., November 22, 1996), p. 4.
28. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S.
EPA), Special Report on Environmental Endocrine
Disruption: An Effects Assessment and Analysis (U.S. EPA,
Washington, D.C., 1997), p. 55.
29. European Environment Agency (EEA), "Call for Action
to Reduce Uncertainties and Risks Concerning Reproductive
Health Due to Endocrine Disruptors," Copenhagen, April 17
(press release). Available online at:
http://www.eea.dk/document/NLetPR/PressRel/enocr.htm
(January 22, 1998).
30. Society of Organic Chemical Manufacturers Association
(SOCMA), "SOCMA Response on Endocrine
Modulators." Available online at
http://www.socma.corn/endopos.html (December 1997).
FIGURE 2.7 Global Production and Consumption of
Selected Toxic Metals, 1850-1990 - Heavy Metal Has
Soared Since 1850
Source: J.O. Nriagu, "History of Global Metal
Pollution," Science, Vol. 272 (April 12, 1996), pp. 223-224.
Furthermore, as the experience with the Great Lakes has
shown, even after decades of expensive cleanup,
concentrations of many pollutants, including dioxins, PCBs,
and methyl mercury, can remain unacceptably high in some
fish species (168) (169). In many parts of the world, fish
represent an important source of protein, so levels of PCBs
are an important health concern.