17-Mar-19

CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM - 1

CARDIOVASCULAR MALFORMATIONS

University of Agriculture, University of Agriculture,

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Faisalabad. Faisalabad.

PATENT DUCTUS ARTERIOSUS

• Arises from the left sixth aortic arch. • A "continuous'' or ''machine-like" murmur
• In fetal life takes blood from the pulmonary
artery to the aorta. • Necropsy findings include those changes described for
• Functional closure — within minutes or congestive heart failure (generalized venous congestion,
hours after birth.
• Anatomical closure — 6th or 7th day after hepatomegaly, ascites, etc.).
birth.
• After closure ---- ligamentum arteriosum
persist.
• Failure to close — persistent or patent
ductus arteriosus
• In Patent Ductus Arteriosus part of the
arterial (aortic) blood is pumped into the
pulmonary artery.
– This is left to right shunting
– the systemic circulation is decreased.

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Faisalabad. Faisalabad.

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PERSISTENT RIGHT AORTIC ARCH (Vascular ring

anomaly) ATRIAL SEPTAL DEFECT
• In dogs, a persistent right aortic arch is a common Patent Foramen Ovale
vascular anomaly.
• The right aortic arch persists, resulting in • There usually is a left to right
displacement of the esophagus and trachea to the shunt.
left.
• A systolic murmur result.
• Both the trachea and esophagus become locked up
in a vascular ring formed by the arch of the aorta, • If the pressure between the
the pulmonary artery, the base of the heart, and the two atria equalizes, the flow
ligamentum arteriosum (or ductus arteriosus). through the shunt may
diminish, and may reverse
leading to cyanosis.

University of Agriculture, University of Agriculture,

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Faisalabad. Faisalabad.

VENTRICULAR SEPTAL DEFECT

• The majority of these defects occur in the
upper membranous portion (high septal
defect)
• Such defects are commonly referred to as
"subaortic septal defect".
– In young animals, the blood flow is
entirely from left to right
– congestive heart failure
• Small defects are usually well tolerated; large
defects may result in hypertension and
eventual cyanosis.
• A systolic murmur is best heard on the right
side.
AORTIC STENOSIS
• Stenosis obstructs the flow of blood into the aorta.
• The involvement may be valvular or subvalvular
• Subvalvular aortic stenosis is most common.
• It leads to an accumulation of blood in the left
ventricle with left ventricular dilatation and
hypertrophy.
• Subsequently, signs are pulmonary congestion,
edema, etc.
• Often, there is post-stenotic dilatation of the
ascending aorta.

University of Agriculture, University of Agriculture,

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Faisalabad. Faisalabad.

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PULMONARY STENOSIS TRANSPOSITION OF THE GREAT VESSELS

• Stenosis obstructs ---- right ventricle to the
• The aorta and pulmonary artery may be transposed
pulmonary artery
• aorta arising from the right ventricle and
• The stenosis may be
– Valvular • pulmonary artery from the left ventricle.
– Subvalvular • arterial side of the heart on the right and the venous side on the
• Blood accumulates in the right ventricle leading
left
to ventricular dilatation and hypertrophy. • No significant clinical signs are encountered.
• Subsequently, congestive heart failure
• In addition, post-stenotic dilatation of the
pulmonary artery may occur

University of Agriculture, University of Agriculture,

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Faisalabad. Faisalabad.

TETRALOGY OF FALLOT
• Several individual anomalies occurring together.
These include:
• Pulmonary stenosis (usually sub-valvular)
• Ventricular septal defect (VSD - usually high)
• Tetralogy of fallot has been reported in dogs, cats,
horses, and cattle.
Stenosis /Insufficiency of the Tricuspid
Valve
• Leads to incomplete filling of the right
ventricle
• Leads to an accumulation of blood in
the right atrium
• right atrial dilatation and hypertrophy
• generalized venous congestion

University of Agriculture, University of Agriculture,

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Faisalabad. Faisalabad.

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Stenosis/Insufficiency of the Pulmonary Valve

Stenosis / Insufficiency of the
• Leads to a return of blood from the pulmonary artery into the right ventricle
• blood accumulates in the right ventricle -> right ventricular dilatation and Mitral Valve
hypertrophy -> blood accumulates in the right atrium -> generalized venous • incomplete filling of the left ventricle
congestion occurs.
• Leads to an accumulation of blood in
the left atrium
• left atrial dilatation and hypertrophy

University of Agriculture, University of Agriculture,

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Faisalabad. Faisalabad.

Stenosis / Insufficiency of the Aortic Valve Ectopia cordis

• Leads to a return flow of blood from the aorta into the left ventricle during diastole
• Leads to an accumulation of blood in the left ventricle
• Left ventricular dilatation and hypertrophy (with subsequently the same results as
in insufficiency of the mitral valve).
• Heart is outside of the thoracic cavity
• Most frequently seen in cattle - (subcutis, neck)
• Usually secondary to sternal cleft or failure of thoracic cavity to close normally
• Some animals can survive for several days to months

University of Agriculture, University of Agriculture,

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Faisalabad. Faisalabad.

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PERICARDIUM
Dextrocardia
• The pericardium is the fibro-serous sac which encloses the
• Heart is on the right side rather than the left heart.
• Often associated with total or partial situs inversus (mirror image • It contains a small amount of clear serous fluid.
of normal left to right symmetry) • Most diseases of the pericardium are secondary to diseases
– Usually fatal – in the heart, lungs, pleura, and other sites in the body.
HYDROPERICARDIUM
• Hydropericardium is caused by those factors responsible for
generalized and/or local edema.
• If fluid accumulates rapidly, the pericardium is placed
under considerable tension (generalized venous
congestion).
• However, when fluid accumulates slowly, there is time for
the pericardium to stretch and adapt.
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Faisalabad. Faisalabad.

PERICARDIUM PERICARDIUM

HEMOPERICARDIUM INFLAMMATION OF THE PERICARDIUM

• Accumulation of pure blood in the pericardial sac.
• Following cardiac punctures.
• Spontaneous rupture of the intrapericardial
aorta in horses.
• In uremic dogs with ulcerative atrial
endocarditis.
• Following rupture of the coronary artery.
• CARDIAC TAMPONADE refers to compression of
the heart subsequent to the accumulation of any
fluid within the pericardial sac.
• Pericarditis refers to inflammation of both the parietal and visceral surfaces of the
pericardium.
• A true pericarditis is nearly always infectious with an accumulation of exudate
within the sac.
• Infectious agents usually reach
• by extension from surrounding structures
• by blood stream (hematogenous route).
• The hematogenous route of infection is most common
• The exudate tends to-be of the fibrinous or sero-fibrinous type.

University of Agriculture, University of Agriculture,

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Faisalabad. Faisalabad.

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PERICARDIUM PERICARDIUM
Fibrinous Pericarditis Purulent Pericarditis
• Characterized by an accumulation of fibrin within • Characterized by the accumulation of pus in the pericardial sac.
the pericardial sac. • It occurs most commonly as a result of traumatic perforation by a foreign body
• Grossly, originating from the reticulum (traumatic pericarditis).
• the fluid is grayish to yellow, • the exudate may be fibrinous or fibrino-purulent in nature.
• flecks of blood may be present. • The accumulation of pus — tension on the pericardium (congestive heart
• In cattle failure).
» it is commonly a part of blackleg,
» pasteurellosis,
» contagious bovine Pleuropneumonia,
» sporadic bovine encephalomyelitis,
» Some forms of neonatal coliform infections.

University of Agriculture, University of Agriculture,

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Faisalabad. Faisalabad.

PERICARDIUM PERICARDIUM
Traumatic Pericarditis Serous Atrophy of Pericardial Fat
• Occurs in cattle as a result of traumatic perforation • Indication of cachexia and/or
of the pericardium by a foreign body originating in debilitating condition,
the reticulum (traumatic reticulitis). • there is progressive mobilization of
• Ingested foreign bodies enter the reticulum; pierce depot fat, including that beneath the
the wall of the reticulum, overlying peritoneum epicardium.
and diaphragm and enter the thoracic cavity. • As normal lipid vacuoles are reduced in
size, they are replaced by a
• Subsequently the foreign body may enter the
proteinaceous fluid
pericardial sac (as well as the myocardium and
endocardium resulting in an exudative • Subsequently, normal fat is converted
pericarditis). to grayish-brown gelatinous masses.

University of Agriculture, University of Agriculture,

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Faisalabad. Faisalabad.

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ENDOCARDIUM MYOCARDIUM
INFLAMMATION INFLAMMATION
• Inflammation of the endocardium which may be • Inflammation of the myocardium, is
valvular or mural. usually secondary to a wide variety of
systemic diseases.
• In domestic animals, valvular endocarditis is more
frequent than mural. • Haematogenous
• Apparently, endocarditis occurs subsequent to a • The lesions are usually focal and may be
sustained or recurrent bacteremia. overlooked on causal gross inspection.
• Thrombi are formed in those areas where the
endothelium is damaged (valvular or mural). Suppurative Myocarditis
• The terms "vegetative" or "cauliflower" are • Is associated with the presence of
commonly used to describe the gross appearance of pyogenic organisms, and abscess
these thrombi. formation is common.

University of Agriculture, University of Agriculture,

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Faisalabad. Faisalabad.

MYOCARDIUM MYOCARDIUM
Necrosis and Ischemia
• Myocardial infarction is rare in domestic Haemorrhages
animals.
• Petechial, ecchymotic, and larger hemorrhages occur beneath the
• however, acute obstruction of the coronary
epicardium and endocardium as agonal changes (changes around
arteries due to emboli occurs with some
frequency, with the development of death).
infarction. – Agonal hemorrhages are due to anoxia and rupture of small
• if the coronary obstruction is chronic, the end vessels that occur during the process of dying.
result is diffuse scarring of the myocardium • Also, sub-endocardial and sub-epicardial hemorrhages are
and markedly altered function.
commonly associated with septicemias, bacteraemias, toxemias, and
• Coagulative necrosis of the myocardium is a
hypoxic conditions.
lesion commonly associated with vitamin E
and selenium deficiency (white muscle
disease) in lambs, calves, and pigs.

University of Agriculture, University of Agriculture,

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Faisalabad. Faisalabad.

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References:
References
• http://cal.vet.upenn.edu/projects/cardiosf/project/embprs/e
• Jubb, Kennedy & Palmer's, 2007. Pathology of Domestic mbprs1.htm
Animals (Fifth Edition). Saunders Ltd. • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patent_ductus_arteriosus
• McGavin, MD and JF Zachary, 2006. Pathologic basis of • http://www.heartpoint.com/congvsd.html
Veterinary Disease, 4th Edition. Mosby Elsevier, Elsevier Health • http://www.mercyangiography.co.nz/PatientInfo/OurProcedu
Sciences res/PAVR.aspx
• http://www.yorksandhumberhearts.nhs.uk/templates/page.a
spx?id=421
• http://yorkcardiology.co.uk/tricuspid-stenosis/

University of Agriculture, University of Agriculture,

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Faisalabad. Faisalabad.