Analysis of Productivity Criteria for selection of Formwork

System for construction of High Rise Building Mega Projects

Author Details

Name: Yash Lohana

Department: Civil Engineering
University: Shivaji University, Kolhapur
City: Karad
Country: India

Corresponding author: Yash Lohana

Corresponding Author’s Email: yklohana@gmail.com
Alternate Email: yash.lohana@yahoo.in

Acknowledgments : Mr. Yogeshwar Lohana, Mr. Prasad Kolekar, Mr. Ravi Tamvekar, Mr. Niranjan Chinchankar,
Mr. Ravindra Khatavkar, Mr. Shripat Kulkarni, Mr. Hemant Pawar, Mr. Nitin Shinde.

Abstract
For the construction of high rise buildings in mega projects where the
quantum of work is more, the construction and execution process must be
efficient. Various methods of construction are available, and the choice
must be made. This paper determines the criteria for selection of
construction method based on Speed, Cost, and Quality. The analysis is
made by comparing the Conventional Formwork System, Aluminium
Formwork System, and Tunnel Formwork System.
Productivity is the parameter of the quantum of work involved in a project
which considers the speed of construction, cost of construction and
reusability of the formwork in the above-mentioned construction methods.
Variation in the productivity with a change in its parameters gives the
threshold value to serve as the formwork selection criteria. This threshold
of the quantum of work is compared with the estimated work of the
proposed project to make the decision.
The formwork cost and the rate of development for a square meter of the
built-up area are calculated and verified from the data obtained at the case
study for various formwork systems. It is compared with results obtained
by the thumb Rule analysis made by considering the cost and market value
for development.
The justification and inference are made based on the results obtained by
Rate Analysis, Thumb Rule Analysis, and Productivity Analysis. The
paper gives the summarized report on the Interpretation of the Productivity
Threshold and its comparison with the obtained and analyzed data.

Keywords: Project Planning; Productivity Analysis; Selection Criteria; Formwork Systems;

High Rise Buildings
1. Introduction
When introduced to the various methods of construction, the question arises, which of them
should we use? Every organization constructing high rise buildings tries to reduce the
duration and cost of the project proposed. This paper attempts to answers to these questions.
This paper gives a better understanding of the above-mentioned construction methods and
makes a comparison which makes it easier to decide which method of construction is best
suited for a proposed project.
2. Construction Methods
Construction Methods are commonly classified based on the formwork which is used. For
high rise building construction projects, mostly Conventional Formwork System, Aluminium
Formwork System (Mivan) and the Tunnel Formwork System are preferred. (Dr. Attar, 2017)
2.1. Construction using Conventional Formwork System
When this method is used, the load is transferred through Beams and Columns. Use of PT
Slabs is also possible in this method. Formwork used consists of common components known
as props and spans which provide up to 20 repetitions. They are often replaced with timber
which provides up to 5 repetitions and brings strength to the RCC structure by 20days. The
layout of such structures is basic and so it has no use of modular formwork systems.
2.2. Construction using Aluminium Formwork System

When this method is used, the load is transferred through the Load Bearing / Load Carrying
Concrete Walls. This allows the use of Modular Formwork Systems. Thus, the structure is
modified accordingly. It is comparatively different from the Conventional Formwork System.
This method is used for the construction of buildings with repetitive slab structure. It is
reported that this method is economical only if there are around 100 repetitions and brings
strength to the RCC structure by 10days. It is known as Semi-Modular Formwork System as
the formwork is not completely modular.
2.3. Construction using Tunnel Formwork System
To use this method, the plan, layout and the structure of the building has to be modified
accordingly. This modular type of formwork system is similar to the Aluminium Formwork.
Often, precast elements and load-bearing concrete walls are used in this method. It is reported
that this method allows up to 500 repetitions and brings strength within 3days. It is known as
Modular Formwork System.
3. Planning of the Project
At the planning stage, the project duration, cost and work sequence is all considered. The
maximum output is given in terms of productivity. Also, the selling price of built-up area and
the profit margin is considered.
3.1. Considerations of Market Value
In a typical example, (Salunkhe, 2018) a housing project in the city of Kolhapur, India where
the land cost and the market rate of sale of a built-up area are comparatively low than that in
the city of Pune, India. The high investment for the technology is not economic. Thus, this
method is not adopted in the places where the market value of a plot and built-up area is less
even though the project is big enough to make the technology affordable.
The market price of sale helps to calculate the profit margin of the project investor. Yet, the
cost of the construction stays competitive in the region. If the cost goes beyond this limit,
often the project is discarded. This study is based on the considerations of the cost for the
technology of the above-mentioned construction methods.
3.2. Consideration of Project Completion Period and Formwork
Repetitions
To understand the options which are available for the developer of a project, a practical
solution is necessary. For the approach to such a result, an example is studied. Consider a
housing project of 10buildings each of 15floors of 1000 m 2 of construction. There will be 150
floors to cast. (Kulkarni, 2018)
If Conventional Formwork System is used, then all the buildings must start at the same time
in order to complete the project in minimum time. For the construction of 10 sites of the 15-
floor building, optimistically it should take around 3years to complete if the formwork
material for 15buildings is provided, which makes it less economic.
If the Aluminium Formwork is used for this project, the floors must have same slab structure.
Then, either one set of formwork will be used 150times or two sets of formwork will be used
75times. In case one, optimistically the duration of the project will be 8years. Thus,
considering the expected maintenance if the formwork becomes economic, the project
duration will be the factor against the economy. In case two, the profits will be less due to
less use of the formwork making it more expensive in terms of built-up area and still the
optimistic duration of the project will be around 5years.
If Tunnel Formwork System is used, optimistically the project can be completed in 3years but
it may not be economical due to fewer repetitions, though a project with the much large
scaled quantum of work may be economic.
Thus, it becomes necessary for the economy to ensure that more repetition is achieved and
less formwork is used but this leads to the slow completion of the project as similar structures
cannot be constructed simultaneously. This is why the tower height also becomes the
criterion which governs the efficiency of the productivity of the formwork system in terms of
area. Hence, it is important to acknowledge that productivity should not be considered as the
only criteria for selection of the construction method.
4. Comparative Study
Comparative Study based on the data obtained from the case study of the project where these
construction methods are used.
1. Life Montage, Pune (Residential Project by Sanjay Ghodawat Group) for the study of
Conventional Formwork System (Chinchankar, 2017)
2. Blue Ridge, Pune (A Business Township Project by Paranjape Group and FIPL) and
MegaPolis, Pune (An Integrated Township by Kumar Properties) for the study of
Aluminium Formwork System (Pawar and Salunke, 2018)
3. Rohan Abhilasha (A Residential Project by Rohan Builders) for the study of Tunnel
Formwork System (Kolekar, 2017)
5. Comparative Study and Analysis
5.1.1 Rate Analysis
The summarized report of the cost of formwork is mentioned below from the data which was
obtained from the case study after it was compared and calculated from the DSR and
Quantity Estimation Report. The result is confirmed and verified by the authorities’ in-charge
of the concerned parties. (Tambvekar, 2018)
1. For Conventional Formwork System, the rate is given by,
𝑪𝒐𝒔𝒕 𝟏, 𝟏𝟐, 𝟗𝟕, 𝟖𝟐𝟎 𝑰𝑵𝑹
𝑹𝒂𝒕𝒆 = = = 𝟏, 𝟓𝟔𝟎 𝑰𝑵𝑹/𝒎𝟐
𝑩𝒖𝒊𝒍𝒕𝒖𝒑 𝑨𝒓𝒆𝒂 𝟕, 𝟐𝟒𝟏 𝒎𝟐
2. For Aluminium Formwork System, the rate is given by,
𝑪𝒐𝒔𝒕 𝟐𝟑, 𝟒𝟗, 𝟎𝟐, 𝟗𝟓𝟒 𝑰𝑵𝑹
𝑹𝒂𝒕𝒆 = = = 𝟐, 𝟐𝟗𝟒 𝑰𝑵𝑹/𝒎𝟐
𝑩𝒖𝒊𝒍𝒕𝒖𝒑 𝑨𝒓𝒆𝒂 𝟏, 𝟎𝟐, 𝟒𝟐𝟎 𝒎𝟐
3. For Tunnel Formwork System, the rate is given by,
𝑪𝒐𝒔𝒕 𝟏𝟕, 𝟓𝟓, 𝟑𝟑, 𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝑰𝑵𝑹
𝑹𝒂𝒕𝒆 = = = 𝟏, 𝟓𝟑𝟎 𝑰𝑵𝑹/𝒎𝟐
𝑩𝒖𝒊𝒍𝒕𝒖𝒑 𝑨𝒓𝒆𝒂 𝟏, 𝟏𝟒, 𝟕𝟎𝟎𝒎𝟐
5.1.2. Rate Comparison
The amount of budget spent on the formwork in percentage is compared for the above
projects. This comparison gives the idea of the investment provided for the formwork.
1. For Conventional Formwork System, Investment on Formwork is given by,
i. Initial Cost
𝑰𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒂𝒍 𝑭𝒐𝒓𝒎𝒘𝒐𝒓𝒌 𝑪𝒐𝒔𝒕 = 𝟖𝟐𝟗𝟒 𝑰𝑵𝑹/𝒎𝟐
ii. Basic Cost
𝑭𝒐𝒓𝒎𝒘𝒐𝒓𝒌 𝑪𝒐𝒔𝒕
= 𝟏𝟓𝟔𝟎 𝑰𝑵𝑹/𝒎𝟐
𝑩𝒖𝒊𝒍𝒕𝒖𝒑 𝑨𝒓𝒆𝒂
iii. Cost Comparison
𝑭𝒐𝒓𝒎𝒘𝒐𝒓𝒌 𝑪𝒐𝒔𝒕 𝟔, 𝟎𝟎, 𝟓𝟓, 𝟎𝟖𝟓
= = 𝟗% 𝒐𝒇 𝑷𝒓𝒐𝒋𝒆𝒄𝒕 𝑪𝒐𝒔𝒕
𝑷𝒓𝒐𝒋𝒆𝒄𝒕 𝑪𝒐𝒔𝒕 𝟔𝟐, 𝟐𝟏, 𝟖𝟕, 𝟗𝟖𝟐
2. For Aluminium Formwork System, Investment on Formwork is given by,
i. Initial Cost
𝑰𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒂𝒍 𝑭𝒐𝒓𝒎𝒘𝒐𝒓𝒌 𝑪𝒐𝒔𝒕 = 𝟏𝟐, 𝟔𝟕𝟐 𝑰𝑵𝑹/𝒎𝟐
ii. Basic Cost
𝑭𝒐𝒓𝒎𝒘𝒐𝒓𝒌 𝑪𝒐𝒔𝒕
= 𝟐, 𝟐𝟗𝟐 𝑰𝑵𝑹/𝒎𝟐
𝑩𝒖𝒊𝒍𝒕𝒖𝒑 𝑨𝒓𝒆𝒂
iii. Cost Comparison
𝑭𝒐𝒓𝒎𝒘𝒐𝒓𝒌 𝑪𝒐𝒔𝒕 𝟐𝟑, 𝟒𝟕, 𝟑𝟑, 𝟎𝟐𝟗
= = 𝟏𝟏% 𝒐𝒇𝑷𝒓𝒐𝒋𝒆𝒄𝒕 𝑪𝒐𝒔𝒕
𝑷𝒓𝒐𝒋𝒆𝒄𝒕 𝑪𝒐𝒔𝒕 𝟐𝟏𝟑, 𝟓𝟒, 𝟖𝟏, 𝟒𝟎𝟎
3. For Tunnel Formwork System, Investment on Formwork is given by,
i. Initial Cost
𝑰𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒂𝒍 𝑭𝒐𝒓𝒎𝒘𝒐𝒓𝒌 𝑪𝒐𝒔𝒕 = 𝟐, 𝟎𝟑, 𝟒𝟕𝟏 𝑰𝑵𝑹/𝒎𝟐
𝑯𝒂𝒍𝒇 𝑻𝒖𝒏𝒏𝒆𝒍 𝑼𝒏𝒊𝒕 𝑪𝒐𝒔𝒕 = 𝑯𝒂𝒍𝒇 𝑻𝒖𝒏𝒏𝒆𝒍 𝑨𝒓𝒆𝒂 ∗ 𝑪𝒐𝒔𝒕 = 𝟏, 𝟎𝟏, 𝟕𝟑, 𝟓𝟔𝟖 𝑰𝑵𝑹
ii. Basic Cost
𝑭𝒐𝒓𝒎𝒘𝒐𝒓𝒌 𝑪𝒐𝒔𝒕 𝟑𝟏, 𝟑𝟎, 𝟎𝟎, 𝟎𝟎𝟎
= = 𝟏, 𝟎𝟕𝟔 𝑰𝑵𝑹/𝒎𝟐
𝑩𝒖𝒊𝒍𝒕𝒖𝒑 𝑨𝒓𝒆𝒂 𝟐, 𝟗𝟎, 𝟖𝟗𝟐
iii. Cost Comparison
𝑭𝒐𝒓𝒎𝒘𝒐𝒓𝒌 𝑪𝒐𝒔𝒕 𝟑𝟏, 𝟑𝟎, 𝟎𝟎, 𝟎𝟎𝟎
= = 𝟖. 𝟖𝟔% 𝒐𝒇 𝑷𝒓𝒐𝒋𝒆𝒄𝒕 𝑪𝒐𝒔𝒕
𝑷𝒓𝒐𝒋𝒆𝒄𝒕 𝑪𝒐𝒔𝒕 𝟑𝟓𝟑, 𝟎𝟎, 𝟎𝟎, 𝟎𝟎𝟎
The above-mentioned results show that Tunnel Formwork System and Aluminum Formwork
System have high initial investment and eventually it becomes economic with increase in the
repetitions of the use. On the other hand, the Conventional Formwork System has same rate
throughout the project irrespective of repetitions.
5.2 Productivity Analysis
The productivity is the output which is returned to the investment. Factors with govern the
productivity of a formwork system are its properties which are responsible for project cost
and project duration. Study of these factors and its variation gives better understanding of the
productivity.
5.2.1. Productivity Parameters
The factor of the cost of formwork in terms of area is market dependent while the factors
which govern the cost are technology dependent viz. Allowed Repetitions and Slab Cycle.
The Productivity is given by equation 1,
𝑨𝒍𝒍𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒅 𝑹𝒆𝒑𝒆𝒕𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏𝒔 ∗ 𝑪𝒐𝒔𝒕
𝑷𝒓𝒐𝒅𝒖𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒊𝒕𝒚 =
𝑺𝒍𝒂𝒃 𝑪𝒚𝒄𝒍𝒆
(1)
2
Productivity parameters for the built-up area in terms of m are given in the Figure 1. The
cost mentioned in the chart is taken from the results mentioned in the Rate Comparison
section. The parameter of Possible Repetitions and Slab Cycle are taken from an article by
Dr. Attar (2017)

For 1 sq.mtr
50 45

40

30
24 22.92
20 15.6
14 12.5
10.76
10
3 2
0
Slab Cycle ( In days) Repetitions (x10 times) Cost of one set (x100 INR)
Tunnel Mivan Conventional

Figure 1: Productivity Parameters

The result obtained from the above-mentioned data provides the Optimistic Productivity. This
result can be considered only when the complete potential of the mentioned construction
method is utilized. In many cases, this may not happen. Also, the result of productivity
changes as the parameters change.
5.2.2. Optimistic Productivity
The optimistic productivity indicates the maximum utility of a formwork system.
The results obtained are given by,
1. The productivity of Conventional Formwork System is given by,
𝟏𝟓𝟔𝟎 ∗ 𝟐𝟎
𝑷𝒓𝒐𝒅𝒖𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒊𝒕𝒚 = = 𝟏𝟑𝟎𝟎
𝟐𝟒
2. The productivity of Aluminium Formwork System is given by,
𝟐𝟐𝟗𝟐 ∗ 𝟏𝟐𝟓
𝑷𝒓𝒐𝒅𝒖𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒊𝒕𝒚 = = 𝟐𝟎𝟒𝟔𝟒. 𝟑
𝟏𝟒
3. The productivity of Tunnel Formwork System is given by,
𝟏𝟎𝟕𝟔 ∗ 𝟒𝟓𝟎
𝑷𝒓𝒐𝒅𝒖𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒊𝒕𝒚 = = 𝟏𝟔𝟏𝟒𝟎𝟎
𝟑

The results are represented in the Figure 2 in terms of productivity.

For 1 sq.mtr

1300
Productivity 20464.28
161400

0 20000 40000 60000 80000 100000 120000 140000 160000 180000

Conventional Mivan Tunnel

Figure 2: Optimistic Productivity

The result shows that Modular Formwork System has a high rate of productivity which
results in a reduction of construction cost by a significant amount than that of the Non-
modular Formwork System.
Aluminum Formwork System being semi-modular has around 15times the productivity of the
Conventional Formwork System and the Tunnel Formwork System being modular has as
around 7times the productivity of Aluminium Formwork System.
5.2.3. Change in Productivity
By changing the value of one of the parameters, we can change the resulting value of
productivity. The slab cycle is the significant property of the construction methods under
study and thus, this parameter stays constant. The cost of the formwork depends on various
factors. Its value is different on every site and changes with time due to various reasons but a
site which is under consideration has a specific value during the course of the execution of
the project. The parameter of repetitions depends on the quantum of work and it is flexible
and so it becomes the deciding factor for the selection of the formwork system.
As the repetition of a formwork system is reduced, its productivity reduces which in turn
increases the cost of formwork. If a project is executed with such conditions, the profit
margin and output from the project will reduce. It may also cause loss of the investment.
The decrease in the repetition causing a decrease in productivity and increase in cost is shown
in the Figure 3.

For 1sq.mtr
200000 500

400
150000

No. of Repetitions
Productivity

300
100000
200
50000
100

0 0
Increase in Cost →

Tunnel Aluminium Conventional

Figure 3: Change in Productivity

The result shows that the productivity of formwork system reduces as the repetitions reduce.
The cost of the formwork increases as the productivity decreases. This relation shows that for
the specified quantum of work and the method of construction, it is necessary to have
maximum repetitions to have minimum cost.
𝑹𝒆𝒑𝒆𝒕𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏𝒔 𝟏 𝜶 𝑪𝒐𝒔𝒕
(2)
This result is linear and it also concludes that increase in the repetitions, increases the
productivity and the cost of formwork is also reduced.
It is observed for the modular formwork systems but is insignificant for the non-modular
formwork system due to less optimum repetitions allowed in its case. Though insignificant
but the principle is still valid. Thus, the non-modular formwork system works as the base of
the reference for the modular formwork system.
5.2.4. Change in Cost of Formwork
As the repetitions change, the cost changes according to the relation shown in equation 2. The
change in the cost is different for different formwork system. This change is relevant to the
repetitions of the formwork.
The figure 4 shows the increase in the cost in multiples of the optimistic formwork
productivity.

For 1sq.mtr
20.0
19.0
Increase in Cost (x times)

15.0

10.0 9.5

3.8 6.3 6.0

5.0 4.8
2.1 2.4 2.7 3.2
1.1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.9 2.0
3.0
1.0 1.5 1.0
0.0
1.0 Decrease in Productivity

Tunnel Mivan Conventinal

Figure 4: Increase in Cost (Multiples)

The graph shows that the cost of Tunnel Formwork System escalates by 19times while the
cost of Aluminium Formwork System escalates by 6times when the decreases from its
optimistic value. The Conventional Formwork System is used up to its optimum and its value
of cost does not change.
The competition ensures that the selling price of the built-up area would not exceed than the
market price but increase in the cost due to a decrease in productivity reduces the profit
margin. When this becomes less than zero, the project would be in loss. This is the sale
threshold which is decided by the market value of the region where the project is proposed.
The Figure 5 shows various market value which works as the sale threshold for the cost at a
specific value of productivity. The difference between these values gives the margin for profit
and loss.

For 1 sq.mtr
25000
Tunnel Mivan Conventional 20444

20000
Market Value

15000 13752
10222
10000
6815
6876
5111 4584
5000 2921 3407
1560 1859 2272 2556 2750 3438
2292
0 1076 1203

Productivity

Figure 5: Cost v/s Productivity

To simplify, consider the market value to be 5000 INR/m 2. Tunnel Formwork System seems
to be in profit when the productivity is more than 35867 and the profit margin decreases
gradually. Aluminium Formwork System seems to be in profit when the productivity is more
than 26900. In Conventional Formwork System, the productivity does not increase beyond
the market value, thus it will be profitable until the productivity reduces less than that of the
formwork itself. Such case indicates that the formwork availability is less than required.

5.2.5. Productivity Threshold

By taking the difference of productivity of various formwork methods at every stage of
change in productivity, a graph is plotted. This graph gives the threshold at the intersection
points against the formwork systems in consideration. This gives the limit at which a
formwork system becomes economic. The window of the limit where a formwork system
becomes economic is indicated by the area enclosed with the plotted lines in the graph.
The Figure 6 shows the expected threshold graph.

Expected Threshold
Mivan-
Productivity to be compared by

Conventional
Tunnel-Mivan Threshold
Threshold

Tunnel-
Conventional
Threshold
Productivity to be compared with

Tunnel-Conventional Mivan-Conventional Tunnel-Mivan

Figure 6: Expected Threshold

The chart which gives the productivity comparison to obtain the threshold graph is given by
taking the difference between the productivity
Table 1: Formwork System Productivity Threshold

Conventional-Tunnel Conventional-Aluminum Tunnel-Aluminum

145666.67 20992.857 149902.381
138000 23785.7143 145028.5714
130333.3 26578.57143 140154.7619
122666.67 29371.42857 135280.9524
115000 32164.28572 130407.143
107333.3 34957.14286 125533.3
99666.67 9100 92009.52384
92000 11892.85715 87135.71429
84333.3 14685.71429 82261.90476
76666.67 17478.57143 77388.09524
69000 20271.14286 72514.28571
61333.3 23064.28572 67640.47619
53666.67 25857.14286 62766.67
46000 0 29242.85714
38333.3 2792.857 24369.04762
30666.67 5585.7143 19495.2381
23000 8378.57143 14621.42857
15333.3 11171.42857 9747.619
7666.67 13964.28572 4873.809
0 16757.14286 0
-8000 19550 -4873.8
The Figure 7 shows the observed threshold obtain from the data of Table 1.

160000 Tunnel-Conventional

(IV) Mivan-Conventional
140000
Tunnel-Mivan
120000

100000

80000

60000 (III)
(III)
40000

20000 (X)
(II)
(II)
0 (I) (I)
150000 130000 110000 90000 70000 50000 30000 10000 0
-20000

Figure 7: Observed Productivity Threshold

The observed threshold of the productivity allows us to iterate the result and interpret it.
There are 4regions which are formed at the intersection points of the graph. The productivity
at intersection becomes the threshold. The enclosed region depicts the zone where the
considered formwork is economic and the region which is not enclosed gives the zone where
the considered formwork is not economic.
1. In open region, 1-1 Tunnel Formwork is not economical. A similar result is observed
in region 4-4. This section will intersect at a point further in the analysis. The region
enclosed by 1-1 and 4-4 is where the Tunnel Formwork and Aluminium Formwork
are economical. Also, depicted as the economic zone.
2. Region 3-3 cuts the enclosed area within the region 1-1 and 4-4. These closed areas
show the economic threshold zone of Tunnel Formwork System and Aluminium
Formworks System. Here the productivity is obtained by both methods.
3. Region 2-2 gives the threshold for Conventional Formwork System and Aluminium
Formwork System along with the enclosed area X. The Minima region shows the
uneconomical zone and the maxima region shows the economic zone for the same.
4. The enclosed Area X indicates the merging of all thresholds within nearest proximity
to each other. It indicates the minimum productivity for the project for a specific
formwork system.
5.2.6. Threshold Result
The threshold at minima depicts that the project will not be economic below this limit and
that at maxima depicts that the project will be economic beyond this limit. The threshold
ranging between these values is the window of the buffer. No conclusion is made on the
buffer with certainty.
The threshold in terms of Productivity,
1. For Conventional Formwork System,
𝑴𝒂𝒙𝒊𝒎𝒂 = 𝟏𝟔, 𝟓𝟔𝟒 𝑴𝒊𝒏𝒊𝒎𝒂 = 𝟏𝟎, 𝟐𝟒𝟎
2. For Aluminium Formwork System,
𝑴𝒂𝒙𝒊𝒎𝒂 = 𝟏𝟗, 𝟒𝟗𝟓 𝑴𝒊𝒏𝒊𝒎𝒂 = 𝟏𝟐, 𝟏𝟎𝟐
3. For Tunnel Formwork System,
𝑴𝒂𝒙𝒊𝒎𝒂 = 𝟏, 𝟔𝟔, 𝟐𝟕𝟑 𝑴𝒊𝒏𝒊𝒎𝒂 = 𝟔𝟒𝟑𝟓
Threshold in terms of Formwork Required,
1. For Conventional Formwork System,
𝟐𝟎 𝟐𝟎
𝑴𝒂𝒙𝒊𝒎𝒂 = 𝟏𝟔, 𝟓𝟔𝟒 ∗ = 𝟏𝟑, 𝟖𝟎𝟑 𝒎𝟐 𝑴𝒊𝒏𝒊𝒎𝒂 = 𝟏𝟎, 𝟐𝟒𝟎 ∗ = 𝟖, 𝟓𝟑𝟑𝒎𝟐
𝟐𝟒 𝟐𝟒

2. For Aluminium Formwork System,

𝟏𝟒 𝟏𝟒
𝑴𝒂𝒙𝒊𝒎𝒂 = 𝟏𝟗, 𝟒𝟗𝟓 ∗ = 𝟐𝟏𝟖𝟑𝒎𝟐 𝑴𝒊𝒏𝒊𝒎𝒂 = 𝟏𝟐, 𝟏𝟎𝟐 ∗ = 𝟏, 𝟑𝟓𝟓𝒎𝟐
𝟏𝟐𝟓 𝟏𝟐𝟓

3. For Tunnel Formwork System,

𝟑 𝟑
𝑴𝒂𝒙𝒊𝒎𝒂 = 𝟏, 𝟔𝟔, 𝟐𝟕𝟑 ∗ = 𝟏, 𝟏𝟎𝟖𝒎𝟐 𝑴𝒊𝒏𝒊𝒎𝒂 = 𝟔𝟒𝟑𝟓 ∗ = 𝟒𝟑𝒎𝟐
𝟒𝟓𝟎 𝟒𝟓𝟎

The above results are verified by the data provided in the case study.
6. Significance and Conclusion
6.1. Significance
The significance of this study is mentioned as,
1. The tunnel formwork comprises of tunnel-like modular formwork which is made by
assembling two half tunnels. The area of a single unit of half tunnel aligns with the
minima of the productivity threshold for Tunnel Formwork System.
2. The basic cost of formwork of the Tunnel Formwork system is close to the cost value
provided in the data obtained from the case study.
3. The values of the amount of formwork used provided from the case study of
Aluminium Formwork and Conventional Formwork match with the values provided
by the Productivity Analysis.
 4. It is depicted that the multiple uses of formwork system with less optimum repetitions
can also be used instead of the formwork system with more optimum repetitions.
5. The productivity of a formwork system when reduced to zero aligns with the
productivity of the compared formwork system
6.2. Inference
The productivity for a formwork system describes the potential of the formwork in terms of
area. When the amount of formwork in terms of area is used, it takes more time to complete
the quantum of work considered in a proposed project of high rise building. The economy is
achieved when minimum repetitions are needed, the interest on investment during the project
duration or the total slab cycle period must also be accounted.
The study of productivity is important to make the decision on what formwork system is to be
used for a specified proposed project but this is not the only criteria. Other factors must also
be taken into consideration while making such decision.
6.3. Future Scope
1. This study is based on the data obtained from the case study. Study of other projects
in this similar manner may give a general and more precise statements in which can
be considered as a reference.
2. Many factors which also play important role in formwork selection process are not
considered.
3. Many approaches and methods of analyzing the data to redefine the productivity can
be implemented.
4. The results obtained to analyze the productivity can be used for another crucial study
in the same context.
7. Bibliography
7.1. Indexing
7.1.1 List of Figures:
1. Productivity Parameters
2. Optimistic productivity
3. Change in Productivity
4. Increase in Cost (Multiples)
5. Cost v/s Productivity
6. Expected Threshold
7. Observed Productivity Threshold
7.1.2. List of Tables
1. Formwork System Productivity Threshold
7.2. Resources
7.2.1. Email Communication
1. Hemant Pawar (2018) E-mail to Yash Lohana, 21st June
2. Niranjan Chintankar (2018) E-mail to Yash Lohana, 26th April
3. Prasad Kolekar (2018) E-mail to Yash Lohana, 5th January
4. Ravindra Tambvekar (2018) E-mail to Yash Lohana, 18th April
5. Vijay Nerlekar (2018) E-mail to Yash Lohana, 29th June
7.2.2. Thesis
1. Lole. C., (2015) Advanced Formwork Systems, Tunnel Formwork System vs Alu-
form. M.E. Civil thesis. Shivaji University, Kolhapur.
2. Patil A. et al, (2018) Comparison of Tunnel Formwork System with Conventional
Formwork System. B.E. Civil thesis. Shivaji University, Kolhapur
7.2.3. Legal Material
1. India. Public Works Department, Maharashtra State DSR – Kolhapur Region (For
2016-17).
2. India. Ministry of Housing & Urban Poverty Alleviation, Modular Tunnel Formwork,
BMTPC – PAC (2015)
7.2.4. Journals
1. Dr. Attar. A. C., & Kalbhor S. S. (2017) Comparative Analysis of Tunnel Formwork
System & Aluminium Formwork System for High Rise Buildings, IJERT,
ISSN:2278-0181
2. Ms. Hangarge R. & Waghmare A., (2017) Comparison of Conventional, Aluminium
and Tunnel Formwork, IJSR, ISSN 2250-3153
3. Ms. Chaudhary A., (2017) Study of Tunnel Formwork System & Comparative
Analysis with Conventional Formwork, IJSER, ISSN 2229-5518
7.2.5 Websites
1. Rohan Builders (2017) Rohan Builders PVT.LTD. Available From:
nd
<https://www.rohanbuilders.com> [Accessed on 22 February 2018]
2. Scribd (2018) Scribd Inc. Available From <https://www.scribd.com> [Accessed on
20th May 2018]