Fog computing can be perceived both in large cloud systems and big data structures, making

reference to the growing difficulties in accessing information objectively. This results in a lack of
quality of the obtained content. The effects of fog computing on cloud computing and big data
systems may vary. However, a common aspect is a limitation in accurate content distribution, an
issue that has been tackled with the creation of metrics that attempt to improve accuracy.[7]
Fog networking consists of a control plane and a data plane. For example, on the data plane, fog
computing enables computing services to reside at the edge of the network as opposed to servers in
a data-center. Compared to cloud computing, fog computing emphasizes proximity to end-users and
client objectives (e.g. operational costs, security policies, resource exploitation), dense geographical
distribution and context-awareness (for what concerns computational and IoT resources), latency
reduction and backbone bandwidth savings to achieve better quality of service (QoS)[8] and edge
analytics/stream mining, resulting in superior user-experience[9] and redundancy in case of failure
while it is also able to be used in Assisted Living scenarios.[10][11][12][13][14][15]
Fog networking supports the Internet of Things (IoT) concept, in which most of the devices used by
humans on a daily basis will be connected to each other. Examples include phones, wearable health
monitoring devices, connected vehicle and augmented reality using devices such as the Google
Glass.[16][17][18][19][20]
SPAWAR, a division of the US Navy, is prototyping and testing a scalable, secure Disruption
Tolerant Mesh Network to protect strategic military assets, both stationary and mobile. Machine
control applications, running on the mesh nodes, "take over", when internet connectivity is lost. Use
cases include Internet of Things e.g. smart drone swarms.[21]
ISO/IEC 20248 provides a method whereby the data of objects identified by edge computing using
Automated Identification Data Carriers [AIDC], a barcode and/or RFID tag, can be read, interpreted,
verified and made available into the "Fog" and on the "Edge," even when the AIDC tag has moved
on.[22]

History[edit]
In 2011, the need to extend cloud computing with fog computing emerged, in order to cope with
huge number of IoT devices and big data volumes for real-time low-latency applications.[2][3]
On November 19, 2015, Cisco Systems, ARM Holdings, Dell, Intel, Microsoft, and Princeton
University, founded the OpenFog Consortium to promote interests and development in fog
computing.[23] Cisco Sr. Managing-Director Helder Antunes became the consortium's first chairman
and Intel's Chief IoT Strategist Jeff Fedders became its first president.[24]

Definition[edit]
Both cloud computing and fog computing provide storage, applications, and data to end-users.
However, fog computing is closer to end-users and has wider geographical distribution.[25]
‘Cloud computing’ is the practice of using a network of remote servers hosted on the Internet to
store, manage, and process data, rather than a local server or a personal computer.[26] Cloud
computing can be a heavyweight and dense form of computing power.[citation needed]
The term 'Fog Computing' was defined by Prof. Jonathan Bar-Magen Numhauser in the year 2011
as part of his PhD dissertation project proposal. In January 2012 he presented the concept in the
Third International Congress of Silenced Writings in the University of Alcala and published in an
official source[1][7].
Also known as edge computing or fogging, fog computing facilitates the operation of compute,
storage, and networking services between end devices and cloud computing data centers. While
edge computing is typically referred to the location where services are instantiated, fog computing
implies distribution of the communication, computation, storage resources, and services on or close
to devices and systems in the control of end-users.[27][28] Fog computing is a medium weight and
intermediate level of computing power.[29] Rather than a substitute, fog computing often serves as a
complement to cloud computing.[30]
National Institute of Standards and Technology in March, 2018 released a definition of fog
computing adopting much of Cisco's commercial terminology as NIST Special Publication 500-
325, Fog Computing Conceptual Model, that defines fog computing as a horizontal, physical or
virtual resource paradigm that resides between smart end-devices and traditional cloud
computing or data center.[31] This paradigm supports vertically-isolated, latency-sensitive applications
by providing ubiquitous, scalable, layered, federated, distributed computing, storage, and network
connectivity. Thus fog computing is most distinguished by distance from the edge. In the theoretical
model of fog computing, fog computing nodes are physically and functionally operative between
edge nodes and centralized cloud.[32] Much of the terminology is undefined, including key
architectural terms like "smart", and the distinction between fog computing from edge computing is
not generally agreed. Fog computing is more energy-efficient than cloud computing.[33]