MN Tep Infinite Series [EBB intropuction Infinite series occur so frequently in all types of problems that the necessity of studying their convergence or divergence is very important. Unless a series employed in an investigation is convergent, it may lead to shear Seal 1s. Hence it is essential that the students of engineering begin by acquiring an intelligent grasp is subject. (EM sequences () An ordered set of real numbers, @y, dy, dg, @, is called a sequence and is denoted by (a,). If the st Bt al a ha ead sh id pase Urg For instance (i) 1, 3, 5, 7, ..., (2n- 1), (ii) 1, V2, 1/3, ..., Un,..., iii) 1,-1, 1,1. ... 1, .. are infinite sequences. (2) Limit. A sequence is said to tend to a limit /, if for every ¢ > 0, a value N of n can be found such that 1-1 N. We then write Lt (a,) =/or simply (a,) >lasn ><. (3) Convergenee. Ifa sequence (a,) has a finite limit, it is called a convergent sequence. If (a,) is not convergent, it 1s said to be divergent. In the above examples, (it) is convergent, while (i) and (ii) are divergent. (4) Rounded anquence. A sequence (n,)is anid to be houndad, if there exists a number k such that a, < & for every n. (6) Monotonic sequence. The sequence (a) is said to increase steadily or to decrease steadily according 24, OF G,, $4, for all values of n. Both increasing and decreasing sequences are called monotonic A monotonic sequence always tends to a limit, finite or infinite. Thus, a sequence which is monotonic and bounded is convergent. (6) Convergence, Divergence and Oscillation. If Lt (,) =/is finite and unique then the sequence is said to be convergent. 365If Lt_(a,) is infinite (+ =), the sequence is said to be divergent. Af Lt (a,) is not unique, then (a) is sald to be oscidtacory. Solution. (i) Lt convergent. (ii) Lt (2") =, Hence the sequence (a,) is divergent. (i) Lt B+ 1] =8 + 1=4 when a is even =3-1=2, when n is odd ‘ie., this sequence doesn’t have a unique limit. Hence it oscillates. CU) Deh If tip tg, ty ny Uap Be ar infinite sequence of real numbers, then Uy tly + gt tg te is called an infinite series. An infinite series is denoted by Su, and the sum of its first n terms is denoted by s,, (2) Convergence, divergence and oscillation of a series. Consider the infinite series Su, =u, + Uy + Uy tant Uy tne ‘and let the sum of the first n terms bes, = 14, + ug + Us ++ Uy Clearly, s,, is a function of n and as n increases indefinitely three possibilities arise : (@) If, tends to a finite limit as n + «, the series Yu, is said to be convergent. Gi) If, tends to + = as n +=, the series Zu, is said to be divergent. (iii) Ifs, does not tend to a unique limit as n —> «, then the series Du, is said to be oscillatory or non- Solution. (i) Here 5, =14+24+3+..+n= Lt ot Lt n(n+ 1), Henee this series is divergent. i) Here 5—4—145-4—145-4-14..n terms 0,5 or 1 according as the number of terms is 3m, 3m +1, 3m +2. Clearly in this eaee, «,, dove not tend to a unique limit. Hence the cerioe is oscillatory.Solution. Let ss lere ett Case I. When |r| <1. Lt r=0. Also -. the series is convergent, Case It. i) When r> 1. Ltr" Also the series is divergent. (i) When r= 1, then 5, = 14141... and ye. The series is divergent. Case IIL, (i) When r = then the series becomes 1 - 1+ 1-1+ 1-1... which is an oscillatory series, i) When r <~ 1, let =—p s0 that p > 1. Then r* = ( 1)" p" and ela oe ie ave So Tor ep Pa Lt_5, >-© or + © according as n is even or odd. Hence the series oscillates. [EGIR GENERAL PROPERTIES OF SERIES ‘The truth of the following propertics is self-evident and these may be regarded as axioms : 1. The convergence or divergence of an infinite series remains unaffected by the addition or removal of a finite number of its terms ; for the sum of these terms being the finite quantity does not on addition or removal alter the nature of its sum. 2. Ifa series in which all the terms are positive is convergent, the series remains convergent even when some or all of its terms are negative ; for the sum is clearly the greatest when all the terms are positive. 3, The convergence or divergence of an infinite series remains unaffected by multiplying each term by a finite number. [EBGH SERIES OF POSITIVE TERMS 1. An infinite series in which all the terms after some particular terms are positive. i a positive term series. eg, -7-6-242+7 + 13 +20 +... is a positive term series as al its terms after the third are positive. 2.A series of positive terms either converges or diverges to + =; for the sum ofits firstn terms, omitting the negative terms, tends to either a finite limit or + =.Ea Hionen Enanieenina Matiehanicn | 3, Necessary condition for convergence. Ifa positive term series Su, is convergent, then Ltt, =0- Let 4 = ly + Uy + Ug +. + ty Since Zu, is given to be convergent, =k Lt_s,= a finite quantity & (say). Also Lt s,_ But 4 Hence the result. Obs. 1. It is important to note that the converse of this result is not true. Consider, for instance, the series 1+ + Fete tone ‘Since the term go on descending, # Nalt Bt Etat ee pi lt Sin ‘Thus the sores i divergent even though Lt uy = Lt Te =0 Hence Lt uy, = 08.0 necessary but not sufficient condition for convergence of Dy ‘Obs. The above result leads to a simple test for divergence: If Lt ty #0, the series Su, must be divergent Lt_u, = Lt (s, ©: SON To en es In Ta In In Tn [EKG comparison TESTS 1. If two positive term series Bu, and Sv, be such that ( w, converges, Giyu, <»v, for all values of n, then Eu, also converges. Proof. Since 3», is convergent, Lt (oy + 0p 4 Ug + oF vq) = 8 finite quantity k (say) Also since U $04, ly $ Upy ny Uy SUy Adding, ty (upton bag ZU 4 Upton 10, 8 Lt (i,t iy ton #4 )S Lt (+0, ton Y= Henve the series Eu, also converges. ‘Obs. If, however, the relation 2, su, holds for values of n greater than a fixed muimber m, then the first m terms of both the series can be ignored without affecting their convergence or divergence. Il. If two positive term series Su, and Yv,, be such that : @ Bu, diverges, Gi) u, 20, for all values of n, then Zu, also diverges. Its proof is similar to that of Test I. IL, Limit form If two positive term series Yu,, and ¥v,, be such that Lt 4® = finite quantity (#0), then Eu, and Xv, converge or diverge together. rand, Proof, Since Lt “ =1, a finite number (#0) By definition of a limit, there exists a positive number €, however small, such that *ailee forn>mor ~em Omitting the first m terme of hoth the series, we have free * cite foralln of) Case I, When 32, is convergent, then EL) +0, + +0,)= kya finite number A2) Also from (1), Bctee ie, u,<(L+ ev, for all n. Le (uy +g ton ty) < UH) LE 0, +00 + Y= HOR By (2) Hence Eu, is also convergent. Cuse IL. When Zu, is divergent, Uren Oto tte oo (3) Alsofrom (1) I—e< “® or u,>(U~e, forall n (LO tage) 200 LE Oy tnt tml oe ry) Hence Su, is also divergent. TEGRAL TEST A positive term series {(1) + 112) +. + fin) +... where fin) decreases as n increases, converges or diverges according as the integral ff toa fd) is finite or infinite. ‘The area under the curve y = flx), between any two ordinates lies between the set of inscribed and eseribed rectangles formed by ordinates atz=1,2,3,... as in Fig. 9.1. Then Ae f2)+ + ODE ff" Pardes 2/2) + 7B) +. +fln+ D o 6,2 [0 ferde 2s, -0 ‘Taking limits as n =, we find from the second inequality that Lt, ,,< J” f(x) ds + fC). Teuce if integral (1) is finite, 90 is Lt», , . Similarly, from the first inequality, we see that if the integral (1) is infinite, so is Lt s,. But the given series either converges or diverges to + ~, ie., Lt s, is either finite or infinite as n > =, Hence the result follows.dx_ yy (nde xP oma h P 1. o = pape finite forp>2 ae forp<1 Ips, Itp=1, [7 = f° og x this proves the result. 2n-1 2-1/n Solution. () Wehave uy = TT Disa) nF Ue i/ma+ Bln) ‘Take by = Un; then m8 in meg, oh Tsim a) 4 004 = 2, which is finite and non-zero both Eu, and Zp, converge or diverge together. But Zu, = Zin? is known Wy be convergent. (i) Here Taking n= Uq zee Now since Eo, is divergent, therefore 2, is also divergent. i nt 1 (ay (i Hare ws evtnmsT rT)» Maite tr Taking v, = Un, we have weg, ase nad noel nd ft uot i (ay 1 2 =i Lt — aoe nan) ae Now since Ze, ie divergent, therefore Zu, is also divergent. 40