According to the study of Emma R. Allanson, Mari Muller & Robert C.

Pattinson

(2014) entitled “Causes of perinatal mortality and associated maternal complications is

South Africa province”: challenges in predicting poor outcomes. They found out the a

significant proportion of women have no recognisable obstetric or medical condition at

the time of a late perinatal death; we may be limited in our ability to predict poor

perinatal outcome if emphasis is put on detecting maternal complications prior to a

perinatal death. Intrapartum care and hypertensive disease remain high priority areas for

addressing perinatal mortality. Consideration needs to be given to novel ways of

detecting growth restriction in a LMIC setting. The past study and present study have

different focus. The study of Allenson ER et al, they focus on what cause do perinatal

death gave to South Africans province in which they found out that women or the mother

is still healthy in the other late perinatal death. On the other hand, both studies focuses

about perinatal death.

Entitled “When do newborns die?”: A systematic review of timing of overall and

cause-specific neonatal deaths in developing countries. Of M J Sankar, 1 C K Natarajan,

1 R R Das, 1 R Agarwal, 1 A Chandrasekaran, 1 and V K Paul I (2016). According to

them about 99% of neonatal deaths occur in low- and middle-income countries. There is

a paucity of information on the exact timing of neonatal deaths in these settings. Pooled

results indicate that about 62% of the total neonatal deaths occurred during the first 3

days of life; the first day alone accounted for two-thirds. Almost all asphyxia-related and

the majority of prematurity- and malformation-related deaths occurred in the first week of

life (98%, 83% and 78%, respectively). Only one-half of sepsis-related deaths occurred in

the first week while one-quarter occurred in each of the second and third to fourth weeks
of life. The distribution of both overall and cause-specific mortality did not differ greatly

between Asia and Africa. The first 3 days after birth account for about 30% of under-five

child deaths. The first week of life accounts for most of asphyxia-, prematurity- and

malformation-related mortality and one-half of sepsis-related deaths. The first 3 days of

life account for almost 60% of total neonatal deaths while the first week accounts for

almost all asphyxia-related deaths and the majority of prematurity- and malformation-

related deaths. About one-half of sepsis-related deaths occur after the first week. Previous

study attempted to provide the approximate breakdown of deaths at different time points

in the first 4 weeks of life based on the literature published in the last 10 years. The

results are not entirely new, but tend to reaffirm the key findings of earlier reports from

international agencies. Their review provides a summary of the fraction of deaths

occurring at each time point in the neonatal period, which should help policy-makers and

program managers devise optimal strategies for the delivery of proven interventions. The

similarities of the study is they both study on the deaths of a newborn.

According to the study of Li Liu, Henry D. Kalter, […], and Robert E. Black

(2016). Entitled “Understanding Misclassification Between Neonatal Deaths And

Stillbirths”: Empirical Evidence from Malawi. Improving the counting of stillbirths and

neonatal deaths is important to tracking Sustainable Development Goal 3.2 and

improving vital statistics in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). However, the

validity of self-reported stillbirths and neonatal deaths in surveys is often threatened by

misclassification errors between the two birth outcomes. In this study, they assessed the

extent and correlates of stillbirths being misclassified as neonatal deaths by comparing

two linked population surveys, a full birth history (FBH) survey and a verbal/social
autopsy (VASA) survey in Malawi. Treating the VASA survey as the reference standard,

we found that overall one-fifth of neonatal deaths identified in the FBH were stillbirths as

classified by the VASA survey. Deaths without reported fetal movement right before

birth, with reported birth injury and with older mothers were found more likely to be

misclassified. The past study and present study have different focus. The past study is in

a survey form while our study is more on one-on-one interview. On the other hand, the

similarities of both of the studies is that both study tackles on death of newborn babies.

According to a study conducted by Schroeder J. entitled "Ethical issues for

parents of extremely premature infants" Evidence suggests that NICU (neonatal intensive

care unit) parents with an baby born at the threshold of viability do not always receive

sufficient counselling during an emergency admission and as a consequence, are not

well-informed to accept withdrawal of treatment or quality of life decisions. As

prospective parents are not educated earlier in pregnancy about extreme premature

delivery, crucial information and counselling explaining neonatal issues is only offered to

labouring women during their emergency admission. As a result, most have difficulty

understanding the risks and benefits of baby's treatment and therefore rely heavily on the

perinatal physician to take responsibility for the initial treatment. However, this lack of

understanding often leaves parents disadvantaged, as many are left unprepared to

participate objectively in quality of life decisions. According to recent research,

morbidity figures remain relatively high with one in five survivors at risk of a long-term

disability. This shows that some parents will still be confronted by ethical decision of

whether or not to continue treatment, and this may not be apparent until days after

treatment has been established. As recent research has shown, parents do, in fact, want
increased involvement in the decision-making process regarding their child's treatment.

Therefore, it has been argued, that parents should be provided with information earlier in

pregnancy to familiarise themselves with quality of life issues which they may encounter

as the NICU parents of an extremely premature infant. However, the former study

focuses on the parents not being educated or not taking any counselling about the

delivery so they rely heavily on the perinatal physician not knowing the risks and benefits

of baby's treatment. While the latter study only tackles about the effects of the

consequences on the Mother and how they will cope-up with it.

According to a study conducted by Hughes M. and McCOLLUM J. entitled

"Neonatal Intensive Care: Mothers' and Fathers' Perceptions of What Is Stressful"

Although there are numerous anecdotal reports of parental stress following preterm birth,

there are few empirical studies that document parents' perceptions concerning what is

stressful. Of the extant research literature, there are even fewer studies targeting fathers

as well as mothers. The purpose of this study was to describe and compare mothers' and

fathers' perceptions of stress during the initial few weeks of their preterm infant's NICU

hospitalization. Thirty-two mothers and 25 fathers were asked open-ended questions

concerning the general experience of having a low-birthweight, premature infant

hospitalized in a NICU. They then identified all the things they considered stressful,

described the stressor they felt had been the most stressful, and rated the stressfulness of

the NICU experience. Results showed that numerous stressors were identified across

several different contexts (e.g., NICU, work, family). In addition, there were differences

between mothers and fathers in the number and types of stressors. However, when asked

to identify which stressor was most stressful, the majority of both mothers and fathers
chose stressors related to the infant's health and the physical separation due to the

hospitalization. The service implications of these results are discussed. However, the

former study focuses on Mothers' and Fathers' perspectives on which stressors was more

stressful. Also, it only tackles on psychological effect on both parents. While the latter

study tackles on a Mother experienced multiple perinatal death and how she will going to

cope-up with the struggles in dealing with this life issues. Also, it tackles about how this

life issue change their everyday living and how it will going to affects them in terms of

physical, emotional, mental, spiritual, and social aspect.