Marissa B.

Rodrigo

PHED 1 REVIEWER
CORE CONCEPTS OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION

PHYSICAL EDUCATION
- Latin word “phycisa” means physics and “educatio” means training of body organ.
- a process through which an individual obtains optimal mental, social and fitness through
acitivites.
- enhancement of individuals growth and development through total body movements.

BRIEF HISTORY
Physical Education had existed since the eariest stage of humanity in areas where knowledge of
basic survival.
- Ancient Romans component of military training.
- Ancient Greeks form of intertainment
- Middle Ages sports are considered sinful
- Renaissance sports are revive
- 1700’s was promoted to masses
- 1800’s found its way to formal schools in (Germany, Sweden, United Kingdom, and America)
- 1900’s the most signifianct development was the large scale of PE programs to girls and people
with disabilities.

OBJECTIVES OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION

1. Physical Development- to maintain life long healt and high level of physical fitness.
2. Social Development- One can acquired desirable social traits through praticipation in sports
related activities.
3. Emotional Development- provides opportunities for self-expression and emotional mastery.
4. Mental Development- develops mental capacities in learning different activities.

FITNESS
- to carry out daily task efficiently with enough physical capacity.
- to carry out daily task efficiently with enough energy left over to enjoy leisure time pursuits and
to meet unforeseen emergencies.

PHYSICAL FITNESS
- to carry out daily task with vigor and alertness, without undue fatigue, and with ample energy to
enjoy leisure time pursuits.
- at any age depends upon (eating correct foods, having sufficient rest, taking adequate daily
exercise, and maintaining strong mental attitude.)

ASPECT OF FITNESS

1. Physical Fitness- ability to perform daily task efficiency without undue fatigue and has some
extra “reserves” in case of emergency.
 2. Social Fitness- ability to mingle with different types of people and interest and concern for
others.
3. Emotional Fitness- ability to control emotions and feelings.
4. Mental Fitness- ability to cope with common problems of everyday living.

EATING DISORDERS AND 4 TYPES OF EATING

EATING DISOREDRS
- is an illnesses that characterized by irregular eating habits and stress concern about size
- can be develop in any stage of life but typically during teen years and adulthood.
- it exist commonly with other condition such as anxiety, depression etc.

Cause of eating disorders:

*Genetic
- some genes identified have been shown to be associated with specific personality traits. These
traits are (obsessive thinking, perfectionistic tendencies, sensitive to reward punishment,
emotional stability, hypersensitivity, implusivity, and strictness.)

*Biochemical
1. Anorexia Nervosa- low weight, fear of gaining weight, strong desire to be thin, resulting in
food restriction.
2. Bulimia Nervosa- characterized by recurrent binge eating followed by compensatory behaviors
such as self-induced vomiting, exesive use of laxatives or exessive exercise.
3. Binge Eating- eating much more rapidly than normal, eating until feeling uncomfortably full,
eating large amount of food when not feeling physically hungry, eating alone by feeling
embarassed, and depressed or guilty afterwards.

*Psychological
- common in individuals who struggle with clinical depression, anxiety disorders and obessive-
conpulsive disorders, low self-esteem, feelings of hoplessness and inadequacy, trouble with
coping with emotions and, perfectionist.

*Cultural
-exposed to cultural pressures regarding weight and appearance.

*Invironmental
-cause of family or relationship problems, history of physical or sexual abuse, activities that
encourage thinness or focus on weight, peer pressure, being bullied by weight of physical
appearance in general.

4 Types of Eating You Should Know Fuelling for Performance

Nutrition- critical for both academic and sports performance.

- Consuming 30-60 carbohydrates in each hour during prolong exercise will prevent under-fuelling trap.
- just a matter of timing, wrong timing/timing of intake can cause of imbalance nutrition.
- Body needs to reach the high level of optimum efficiency.
- Tips(1. Know your limitations, 2. Eat fruits and Vegetables, 3. Control yourself)

1. Emotional Eating
 Tips to stop emotion eating:
* Identify the trigger- stress, emotions, social influences, boredom.
* Find ways to overcome them insted of eating- manage yourself, read a book, go to an
amusement park, watch comedy show, comfort with confidence, if lonely just call someone, play
with pets,etc.
* Practice mindful eating- awareness of your physical and emotional cues, awareness of your
non-hunger triggers for eating, awareness on how you buy, choosing foods that give you both
enjoyment and nurishment.
* Pause and think- Construct a strategy to avoid this.

2. Social Eating
Tips to avoid
* Say no! For events with many foods
* Try to manage and control
* Make a decision
* Change your habits
* Encourage others too
* Know your limits
* Make yourself busy

3. Distracted Eating
Tips to avoid
* Make the time to eat
* Take a break on gadgets etc.
* Chew food mindfully

RISK
- chance or posibility of danger, loss, injury, or other adverse consequences.(Oxford Dic.)
- to signify negative consequences (loss). (Hopkin P. 2012)
- events with the potential to have a significant negative impact on the organization. (Hopkin P.
2013)
- Combination of the probability of an event and its consequences. (Institute of Risk Mgt.)
- The chance high or low, that somebody could be harmed by certain hazards, together with an
indication of how serious the harm could be. (Hartley H. 2009)
- The chance of injury to your members. (Corbett, 2002 in Hartley H., 2009)
“In order for a risk to materialize, an event must occur”
Example:
What could disrupt a theatre performance?
Events that can cause disruption:
* Power cut
* Absence of a key actor
* Substancial transport failure (audience, performers)
* Road closures that delay the arrival of the audience and performers
* Illness of the significant number of staffs
Risk: Cancellation of the performance.

TYPES OF RISK: (Hopkin, 2012)

A. Hazard (pure) — mitigate

B. Control (uncertainly) — manage
 C. Opportunity ( speculative) — embrace
In general term, org. we seek to: mitigate, manage and embrace.

HAZARD RISK:
- associated with a source of harmful on an situation with the potential to have a negative result.
(Hopkin P. 2012)
- events that can only result in negative outcome
- anything that may cause harm such as lightning, heat exhaustion, extreme wheather (flooding,
slippery floor, cleaning chemicals, etc). ( Hartley H., 2009)

CONTROL RISK:
- give rise to uncertainly about the outcome of a situation
- associated with unknown and unexpected events
- referred to as uncertainly risk that can be extremely difficult to quantify

OPPORTUNITY RISK:
- risks taken to achieve positive outcome or return
Example:
1. Owning a motor car. (Hopkin P. 2012)
Risk associated with owning a car
Hazards of owning a car (event that you do not want to happen)
- you pay too much for the car
- you are involved in the collision
- the car gets stolen.
2. Uncertainties involved in owning a car ( the cost you know will be involved, but will vary)
- cause of borrowing maney could change
- price if fuel could go up and down
- breakdown and repair costs will vary
3. Opportunities offered by owning a car ( the benifits you are seeking)
- you can travel more easily
- enhanced job opportunities
- saved money on other forms of transport

FUNDAMENTALS OF MOVEMENTS

Locomotors
* Jumping- taking off with both feet and landing on with both feet
* Hopping- Propelling the body up and down on the same foot
* Walking- Each foot moves alternately, with one foot always in contact with the ground or floor
* Running- same as walking but done at a much faster pace. Should be done with a slightly body
lean forward
* Skipping- a series of step hops done with alternate feet
* Leaping- elongated step designed to cover distance or move over a low obstacle
* Sliding- going from one side to another by a one-count movement with the leading of the foot
stepping to the side and the other foot following quickly
* Galloping- similar to sliding but progress is in the forward direction. One foot leads and the
another is brought rapidly forward to it

Non-Locomotors
* Bending- movement if a joint
* Stretching- moves body parts away from the both center
 * Pushing- controlled and forceful action performed against an object to move the body away
from the object or moved the object in a desired direction by applying force to it
* Pulling- controlled and forced action that moves an object closer to the body or the body closer
to the object
* Twisting- the rotation of the selected body part around its own long axis
* Turning- rotation around the long axis of the body ( body as a whole)

Manipulative
* Propulsion
- Throwing- an object is thrust into a space and is accelerated through the movement of
the arm and the total coordination of the body
- Striking- to hit sharply with hand, fist, weapon, or foot
- Kicking- striking with the feet
* Reception
- Catching- using the hands to stop and control a moving object
* Redirecting- an object in flight

Developmentally apropriate PE
1. One critical premises of motor development is that children develop at different rates.
2. Age does not predict motor ability.
3. Children develop skills naturally through play.
4. One sport myth is that there are natural athletes.
5. There are difference between the physical abilities of boys and girls.

SKILL THEMES
- fundamental movements that form the foundation for success in sports and physical education in
the later years.
- to focus on one skill at a time and then in later grades skills are combined with other skills and
used in more complex settings.
Movement Concepts
- always modifiers or adverbs
- they describe how a skill is to be performed
1. Space awareness- where the body moves.
* Location- self-space and general space
* Directions- up/down
forward/backward
right/left
clockwise/counter clockwise
* Levels- low/middle/high
* Pathways- straight/curved/zigzag
* Extensions- large/small
far/near
2. Effort-how the body moves.
* Time- fast/slow , sudden/sustained
* Force- strong/light
* Flow- bound/free
3. Relationships- of body parts, with object and/ or people, with people.
* Of body parts- round (curved), narrow, wide, twisted, symmetrical/ no symmetrical.
* With objects and/ or people- over/under, on/off, near/far, infront/behind, along/through,
meeting/parting, surrounding,around,alongside.
 * With people- leading/following, mirroring/matching, unison/contrast, alone in a mass, solo,
partners, groups,between groups.

CURRENT CONCEPTS: STRETCHING AS WARM UP AND COOLING DOWN FOR SPORTS

AND EXERCISES

Suggested Warm-up Protocol

- Jogging (increase body temperature) x 5minutes.
- Core Stabilization (pillar preparation) x 5minutes.
- Dynamic Stretching and General event-specific Drills ( reduced tightness, movement
preparation) x 5minutes.
Suggested Cooling-down Protocol
- PNF or Static Stretching x 10minutes.
- Myofascal Release x 5minutes.