RADIO TRANSMITTER.

The work or function of the radio transmitter is to send out or transmit the
radio signals coming from the radio station to the radio receivers.

 A radio transmitter is made up of an oscillator circuit which is capable of producing high

-frequency of electric current.
 Where the high frequency of electric current is used to produce radio signals.
 The radio signals can travel at a tremendous speed of 186,00o miles per sec. or
approximately 300,000,000 meters per sec.
 Each radio station has their own frequency to operate which is assigned by the National
Telecommunication Commission (NTC).
 The radio signal that is being produced by the radio transmitter does not carry any
information. Because the signal that is being produced is called carrier or unmodulated
signal.
MODULATION. Is the process of adding information signal to the carrier signal.

 We combined the radio signal to the carrier signal because the audio signal has a very low
frequency which has a frequency of 20 Hz to 20,000Hzthat can be detected and heard by
human ears.

TWO KINDS OF MODULATION

1. Amplitude modulation (AM)- A modulation where modulating signal varies the amplitude of
the carrier signal or the amplitude of the carrier signal varies but the frequency remains
constant.
2. Frequency Modulation ( FM) – Frequency of the carrier signal is varied but the amplitude
remains constant.
super heterodyne receiver
Radio receiver that converts all radio frequencies to a fixed intermediate
frequency to maximize gain and bandwidth before demodulation

PARTS OF A SUPERHETERODYNE RECEIVER

1. The tuner section

2. The IF Section
3. The detector Section
4. Automatic Gain Control (AGC)
5. The audio Amplifier section
6. The speaker section
7. The power supply Section.

THE TUNER SECTION

 Important function of the tuner section

1. It intercepts and collects the radio signals from the radio transmitting or broadcasting
station.
 2. It selects which of the selected radio signal should enter to the radio receiver.
3. It converts the frequency of the selected radio signal to iots intermediate frequency
signal.

Important parts of in the tuner section

1. Antenna
2. Tuning Capacitor
3. Local Oscillator
4. Mixer Converter stage

 The function of the antenna is to intercepts and collects all the radio signals that come
from the radio broadcasting station.
 The basic construction of the am radio antenna is made of two thin wire wound around an
iron core which is called antenna bar or ferrite core.

 The function of the tuning capacitor is to select the desired station which will enter from the
receiver.
 The basic construction of the tuning capacitor is made of two metal plates and mounted on
one adjustable shaft. The adjustable plates are called rotor plates and the fixed plates are
called stator plates.

 The main function of the local oscillator of the tuner is to produce a high frequency signal
which is called the local oscillator signal.
 The basic construction of local Oscillator is composed of two winding coils the primary
winding that has a center tap and the other coil is the secondary winding that is enclosed
to a small metal can that acts as a shield, to prevent the signal from radiating to nearby
circuits.

 The main function of the mixer converter transistor is to mix the selected radio signal and
the local oscillator signal so to produced the required Intermediate Frequency ( IF) signal.
The transistor acts an amplifier for the local oscillator.

IF Section

 The IF section is very important because it maintains the selectivity of the radio receiver,
which prevents other signal to enter the radio receiver when it is tuned to one station.
 It is called IF section because this section amplifies IF signal. the If signal is a signal
whose frequency lies between Radio frequency signal and Audio signal
 The required IF signal of a superheterodyne receiver is 455khz. The said 455khz signal is
being converted by the mixer converter transistor.

Parts of IF Section
1. IF Transformers
2. IF Transistor.

DETECTOR SECTION OR DEMODULATOR

  The function of the detector is to convert the IF signal into audio signal.
 The most common detector diode used in the radio receiver arte crystal diode. And the
identifying numbers are IN34 and IN60.

AUDIO AMPLIFIER SECTION

 Amplifier section amplifies the converted audio signal into a larger signal.

Important parts of amplifier

1. Volume control
2. Voltage amplifier
3. driver transistor
4. Power output amplifier
5. Speaker

SIGNAL OF FREQUENCY MODULATION

 F.M. Receiver Tutorial

Most of these blocks are discussed individually, and in more detail, on other pages.
See filters, mixers, frequency changers, am modulation and amplifiers.

The fm. band covers 88-108 MHz.

There are signals from many radio transmitters in this band inducing signal voltages in the
aerial.
The RF amplifier selects and amplifies the desired station from the many.
It is adjustable so that the selection frequency can be altered.
This is called TUNING.
In cheaper receivers the tuning is fixed and the tuning filter is wide enough to pass all signals in
the F.M. band.

The selected frequency is applied to the mixer.

The output of an oscillator is also applied to the mixer.
The mixer and oscillator form a FREQUENCY CHANGER circuit.
The output from the mixer is the intermediate frequency (IF)
The IF is a fixed frequency of 10.7 MHz.
No matter what the frequency of the selected radio station is, the IF is always 10.7 MHz.

The IF. signal is fed into the IF amplifier.

The advantage of the IF amplifier is that its frequency and bandwidth are fixed, no matter what
the frequency of the incoming signal is.
This makes the design and operation of the amplifier much simpler.

The amplified if. signal is fed to the demodulator.

This circuit recovers the audio signal and discards the RF carrier.

Some of the audio is fed back to the oscillator as an AUTOMATIC FREQUENCY CONTROL
voltage.
This ensures that the oscillator frequency is stable in spite of temperature changes.

The audio signal voltage is increased in amplitude by a voltage amplifier.

The power level is increased sufficiently to drive the loudspeaker by the power amplifier.

A.M. RECEIVER TUTORIAL

Most of these blocks are discussed individually, and in more detail, on other pages.
See filters, mixers, frequency changers, am modulation and amplifiers.

There are signals from thousands of radio transmitters on many different frequencies inducing
signal voltages in the aerial.
The RF filter selects the desired station from the many.
It is adjustable so that the selection frequency can be altered.
This is called TUNING.

The selected frequency is applied to the mixer.

The output of an oscillator is also applied to the mixer.
The mixer and oscillator form a FREQUENCY CHANGER circuit.
The output from the mixer is the intermediate frequency (IF.)
The IF is a fixed frequency of about 455 kHz.
No matter what the frequency of the selected radio station is, the IF is always 455 kHz.

The IF signal is fed into the IF amplifier.

The advantage of the IF amplifier is that its frequency and bandwidth are fixed, no matter what
the frequency of the incoming signal is.
This makes the design and operation of the amplifier much simpler.

The amplified IF signal is fed to the demodulator.

This circuit recovers the audio signal and discards the RF carrier.
It usually incorporates a diode in the circuit.

Some of the audio is fed back to the IF amplifier as an AUTOMATIC GAIN CONTROL voltage.
This ensures that when tuning from a weak station to a strong one, the loudness from the
loudspeaker stays the same.

The audio signal voltage is increased in amplitude by a voltage amplifier.

The power level is increased sufficiently to drive the loudspeaker by the power amplifier.
 A.M. Transmitter Tutorial
Read the page on amplitude modulation.

Modulation enables low frequency audio signals to be radiated long distances.

This is done by superimposing the low frequency audio signal on the high frequency carrier wave
by the process of modulation.

The microphone converts sound waves into electrical signals ( a range of 20 Hz to 20 kHz).

These signals are amplified by the audio frequency amplifier.

The carrier frequency is generated by the radio frequency oscillator.

The audio is superimposed onto the carrier by the modulator.

The low power modulated carrier is boosted in amplitude by the radio frequency power amplifier.

The aerial produces an electromagnetic wave which is radiated into space