1 Result due to Blumenthal:

Let us consider the function F (z)

1
X 1
X
F (z) = cn z n + cn z n
0 1

Which is regular for jzj R0

Again let
F (z) = P (r; ') + iQ (r; ')
Then
1
X 0 00
P (r; ') = (cn cos n' + cn sin n')rn
1

And
1
X 0 00
Q (r; ') = (cn sin n' + cn cos n')rn
1

Let the square of the modules of F (z) is given by

2 2 2
m (r; ') = jF (z)j = [P (r; ')] + [Q (r; ')]
Let us consider the series of positive terms
1
X n 1
X n 1
X n
cn ej'j r = cn ej'j r + c n e j'j
r
1 0 1
2
Which is convergent for r R0 e and 0 j'j 2
Again
1
X 1
X n
P (r; ') jF (z)j = cn z n = cn rei'
1 1
1
X n
jcn j rei'
1
1
X n
cn ej'j r
1

Similarly
1
X n
Q (r; ') cn ej'j r
1

Therefore the series P and Q are regular in the domain r R0 e2 ; j'j 2

Hence this also true for m (r; ') and @m(r;')
@' :
Hence there can be arranged in order of ascending powers of ' and they
represents functions of r & ', regarded as complex variable, analytic and regular
in the domain r > R0 e2 ; j'j < 2

1
 @m
i.e., We may thin for r > R0 e2 ; m (r; ') and @' are regular in the circle
j'j < 2

Lemma 1 Given an annular region R jzj R0 ; there is a function u (z) with

the following properties:

i) U (z) is regular throughout the region and vanishes at a given interior

point.
ii) U (z) has a pole and doesn’t not vanish in the neighboring annular R0
jzj R02 =R:
iii) The modules of U is constant on each of the circles jzj = R and jzj = R0 :
Proof. We may suppose that R = 1 and R0 = k > 1
Let be the given point at which U (z) vanishes, also let 0 w.r.t the unit
circle (i.e, j 0 j = 1 and they lie on the same radius)
X1
1
Now, since the series k2n is convergent, by Theorem 6 we can construct
0
the following function.
1
Y z
P (z) = 1
0
k 2n

which is an integral function with zero at the points z = 1; k 2 ; ::::k 2n ; ::::::

i.e, z = k 2n ; n = 0; 1; 2::::::
Therefore,
1
Y
1 1
P = 1
k2 z 0
zk 2(n+1)

1
Y z
= 1
2
k 2n

is also the function S (z) = P (z) P k12 z is regular in any annular described
about the origin as center with zeros are the points z = k 2n , n = 0; 1; 2:::::
Now we consider a function
z
S
U (z) = z
S 0

Which has zeros at the point z = k 2n , n = 0; 1; 2:::::

point at z = k; n = 0; 1; 2:::::;
U (z) has no other singularities in the …nite part of the plane. Again U (z)
can be expressed in the following forms,

2
 S( z )
U (z) = (form 1)
S z0
P ( z )P ( k2 z )
= 0
P ( z0 )P ( k2 z )
Q
1
z
Q
1
1 k2n 1 zk2n
0 1
= Q
1 Q
1
z 0
1 0 k 2n 1 zk2n
0 1
Q
1
z
Q
1
1 k2n 1 zk2n
0 1
= Q
1 :Q
1
0 z
1 zk2n 1 0 k 2n
1 0
Q
1
z 0 Q
1
1 k2n 1 z 1 zk2n
0 1
= Q
1 :Q
1
0 z z
1 zk2n 1 k2n 1 0
0 1
1
! 1
0 Y 1 z Y 1
k2n zk2n
= : 0 z
z 0
1 zk2n 1
1 0 k 2n

Again
Q
1
z
Q
1
0 (1 k2n ) (1 zk2n )
0 1
U (z) = :Q
1 :Q
1 (form 2)
z 0 z
(1 zk2n ) (1 0 k 2n )
0 1
Q
1
z
Q
1
0 (1 k2n ) (1 zk2n )
0 1
= :1 :Q
z Q 0
1
z
(1 zk2(n 1) ) (1 0 k 2(n+1) )
1 0
Q
1
z 0 2
k
Q
1
0 (1 k2n ) 1 z (1 zk2n )
0 1
= : Q
1 :Q
1
z 0 k2 z z
(1 z:k2n ) (1 0 k 2n+2 ) 1 0 k2
0 0
1
! 1
k2 Y 1 z
k2n
Y 1 zk2n
= 0 k2 z
z2 0 1 zk2n 1
1 0 k 2n+2

In form 1 every factor is constant in modules on the circle jzj = 1 and in

form (2) the same is true on the circle jzj = k, which can be veri…ed as follows.
For jzj = 1; z = ei' = cos ' + i sin '

3
 )
z k2n z
1 k2n k2n
0 = zk2n 0
1 zk2n zk2n
2n
k cos ' i sin '
=
(k 2n cos ' 0 + ik 2n sin '
q
2
( k 2n cos ') + sin2 ': 2
= q
2 (k 2n cos ' 0 )2 + k 4n sin2 ': 2
p
2 k 4n +1 2 k 2n cos '
= p
2 (k 4n + 0 2 0 k 2n cos ')
p
2 k 2n +1 2 k 2n cos '
= p
2 k 4n +1 2 k 2n cos '
= 1

similerly we can show for the other factors.

Thus U (z) is regular and vanishes at the point in the annulas 1 jzj k
and has a pole in the neighbouring annulas k jzj k 2 :
The condition of the lema are therefore ful…lled.

Remark 2 The function U (z) is known as Green’s function for the region.

Lemma 3 The real point of the cirle jzj < r at which @m @' are vanishes are …nite
in number, for all values of r with one possible exception.

We have already show that, for r >?R0 e2 , the function @m(r;')@ is regular in
the circle j'j 2 : So unless it is identically zero, it has …nite number zero”s
(in particular real zero) in the circle j'j < 2
So if @m @' is identically zero, the function m (r; ') will be constant on the
circle j'j < R0 e2
We also show thAT M (r; ') canot be constant for r = R and r = R0 . i.e.,
on the circle jzj = R and jzj = R0
Suppose jF (z)j is constant on the two circlejzj = R and jzj = R0 and let
1; 2;:::::: p be the zeros of F (z) in the annulas R jzj R0
we construct the function U (z; 1 ) U (z; 2 ) ::::::U (z; p ) which is vanish at
these points respectively and satisfy the condition of previous lemma .
Let us consider the function
F (z)
V (z) =
U (z; 1 ) U (z; 2 ) ::::::U (z; p)

this will be regular and does not have any zeros in that annulas R jzj R0
and also jV (z)j will be constant on the two boundary circles
Let jV (z)j = VR for jzj = R

4
 and jV (z)j = VR0 for jzj = R0
We choose h2 R such that V (z) z h is same for jzj = R and jzj = R0
i.e.,
VR Rh = VR0 :R0h

log Vr log Vr0

=) h =
R R0
Let jv (z)j = M for jzj = R & jzj = R0 and since

jV (z) z h j M

at all the points of the annulas.

Similerly since V 1(z) is also regular in that annulas

1 h 1
z
V (z) M
at the points of the annulas.
jv(z)z h j = M for all values in R jzj R0
And since v(z)z h is regular there, we havev(z)z h is constant so,we can write

v(z)z h = k

F (z):z h
) =k
u(z; 1 ):::::::::::u(z; p)
h
) F (z) = k:z :u(z; 1 ):::::::::::u(z; p)

Which is impossible , since each u(z; i ) have poles neighbouring annulus

02
R0
jzj RR (by construction of u(z; )
Therefore jF (z)j is not constant and hence m(r; ) can not be constant on
the circle jzj = R and jzj = R0 i.e, for r = R & r = R

Lemma 4 No one of the set of real points (r; ) at which @m @ = 0 and m(r; ) 6=
0 can be isolated Let u = log m(r; ), being the real part of an analytic function,
which satis…es laplace’s equation and hence @@u = m(r;1 @m
) @ also satis…es , which
is a real part of the analytic function H(z), say.

Let p(r0 ; 0 ) be a point such that @m(r

@
0; 0)
= 0 and m(r0 ; 0 ) 6= 0:
and consider the circle C with centre at p and su¢ ciently small radius c ,so
that m(r; ) has no zero in the circle ,C : jz r0 ei 0 j = c.
then by cauchy’s integral formula ,
Z
1 jf (z)j
dz = H(r0 ei 0 )
2 i z r0 ei 0
c

5
 Z2
1 H(r0 ei 0 + cei ) i
) ice d = H(r0 ei 0 ) putting z = (r0 ei 0 + cei )
2 i cei
0

Equating the real part we get

Z2
1 1 @m(r; ) 1 @m(r0 ; 0)
: d = =0
2 m(r; ) @ m(r0 ; 0) @
0

1 @m
Which shows for at least one value of (0 2 );m @ vanishes . hence
@m
@ must therefore vanish at least one on the perimeter of C:
Therefore the point p(r0 ; 0 ) is not isolated (since the radius c is arbitrary)
Those values of r which are greater than possible exception of lemma B2
.For such values @m(r;
@
)
has only isolated zeros on r =constant.
Let (r0 ; 0 ) be a point of the circle jzj = r0 at which m(r0 ; 0 ) is maximum
. then @m(r@
0; 0)
= 0 and in the neighboured of that point ,we can write

@m(r; ) X
= kl (r r0 )k ( 0)
l
@

Now ,by implicit function theorem , the equation @m(r;

@
)
= 0 can be solve for
the variable in the domain jr r0 j ;j 0j ; as a …nite number of
1
solutions which are regular with respect to (r r0 ) ; being certain integer .
Then the solution can be written as
1
= 0 + ((r r0 ) )

on the domain , which are …nite in number .

Then by lemma B3 , at least one of these function is real . Let C0 be one of
the analytic arcs obtained from this solution and substitute that value of in
m(r; ) we get
1
m(r; ) = m(r0 ; 0 ) + 1 ((r r0 ) ) ( )
Where 1 (u) is regular in the circle juj 1 ; and equal to zero at u = 0(that is
r = r0 )
Now repeating this process for each of the circle r = r0 at which m(r0 ; )
has maximum we obtain a …nite number of expression similar to ( ) and valid in
[r0 2 ; r0 + 2 ] and these give all the relevant values of the maxima of m(r; )
in the …nite interval [r0 3 ; r0 + 3 ]
Now let for the circle r = r0 , the maximum value of m(r0 ; ) is [M0 (r0 )]2 :
Then for the portion of circle of radius r0 , exterior to the arcs j 0j
(that is j 0 j 2 ) we get

m(r0 ; ) [M0 (r0 )]2

6
So , we can …nd a small annulus r0 3 r r0 + 3, such that , in those
portion exterior to the angle j 0j ; we get
1
m(r0 ; ) [M0 (r0 )]2
2
Now , the functions ( ) are continuous and we consider their di¤erences taken
in pair . They constitute a …nite set of regular function of a single variables
1
(r r0 ) , all zero at the origin .Therefore we can …nd intervals r0 r r0 + 4
and r0 5 r r0 , in which one of these functions ( ) is greater then or equal
to all the others , through not necessarily the same function in each intervals.
In each of these intervals M (r) is a branch of an analytic function of variable
1
(r r0 ) s0 :
Therefore M (r) is di¤erentiable .Thus to every su¢ ciently large value of r ,
there on certain curves such as we have found . Further M (r) is di¤erentiable
in this interval except possibly at r , where it has right and left hand derivatives
. then by Heire -Borel theorem , that any …nite interval [R; R0 ] can be covered
by a …nite number of intervals in which M (r) has the following properties

Theorem 5 For all values of r greater than a certain number R , the maximum
modulus M1 (r) is di¤ erentiable in adjacent intervals and is attained on certain
1
arcs of curves , = 2 ((r r0 ) s0 ) , where 2 is an analytic function , the
number of these arcs in any annulus being …nite .

NOTE:
In the case of integral function the theorem is true for all values of r
From, theorem 10 , we can …nd , for r r0 R
Zr
W (x)
log M (r) = log M (r0 ) + dx (4)
x
r0

Where W (x) is an inde…nitely increasing function continuous in adjacent

intervals .
The maximum term m(r) and the functions of …nite order
1
X
Let f (z) = cn bn be an integral (entire) function.We consider the sequence
0
of the moduli of the terms in the expansion of f (z) that is
c0 ; c1 r; c2 r2 ; :::::::::::; cn rn ; ::::::::::
1
X
Since f (z) is entire cn rn converges 8r and hence the above sequence
0
tends to zero 8r
) for every …xed r ,one term of the sequence fcn rn g is greater than or equal
to all the rest . this term (or one of these terms) we shall call the "maximim
term " for that given value of r ,and denoted by m(r)

7
1.0.1 A general relation between M (r) and m(r)
To …nd the maximum term m(r) ,we shall adopt the following procedure
Let , log cn = gn 8n
1
X
Since , cn rn converges 8r ,we have,
0

p p
lim n
cn = 0 ) log lim n
cn = 1
n!1 n!1
1
) lim log cn = 1
n
n!1
1
) lim ( gn ) = 1
n!1 n
gn
) lim =1 (5)
n!1 n

Now,we draw a graph and plot the points An of coordinates (n; gn ) . By the
construction of gn ,we can see that , if cn = 0; the y-coordinate of An is +1
Now, we costruct a newton’s polygon having certain of the points An as its
vertices while the remainder lie either or above it , We denote this polygon by
(f ) . If n is the rank of maximum term and m 6= n ,we get

cn rn cm rm ) log cn + n log r log cm + m log r

) gn + n log r gm + m log r
) (m n) log r gm gn
gm gn
) log r =
m n
Which is the slope of Am An as n > = < m
Now if log r passing through An ,then by the above inequality ,we can say
Am will lie on or above the line Dr .
Now if log r is not equal to the slope of one of the sides of (f ) ,Dr is a
tangent at An and hence An is to the slope of a side of (f ) ,there are several
such terms and their number is equal to the number of the pointsAn which
lies on the side of the polygon [as in …g(iii), An 2 & An both lies on Dr ]. In
such case m(r) will be the term of the heighest rank amongest them with the
convention N (r) will be used to denote rank of the maximum term .

NOTE:

N (r) is an un-bounded ,non-decreasing function of r with left hand dis-

continuous.
those values of n ,for which An be vertices of (f ) ,are called principal
indices
if two functions have same newton polygon , they have same number of
maximum terms ,that is m(r) and N (r) are identical for those functions

8
 Now we consider the function
1
X
Gn n
w(r) = e r (6)
0

Then f (z) and w(z) have the same newton’s polygon, (f ) ,where w(z) is a
dominant function for f (z)
Now the ratio Rn = eGn Gn 1 of the coe¢ cients in w(r) corresponding to
cn 1 and cn , is called the recti…ed ratio of cn 1 to cn
hence log Rn = Gn Gn 1 = Gnn (nGn1)1 ; which is the slope of the side
Bn 1 Bn of (f ) . then clearly log Rn is a nondecreasing function of n tending
to in…nity.

Now suppose jf (0)j = 1, then

rN (r) rN (r)
= G
R1 R2 :::::::::::RN (r) eG 1 eG 2
:::::::::::::::: e N (r)
eG 0 eG 1 e
GN (r) 1

rN (r)
=
eGN (r)
Since jf (0)j = 1 ) G0 = g0 = log c0 = log 1 = 0 ) eG0 = 1

rN (r)
=
egN (r)
for n = N (r); An is a vector of (f ) ) GN (r) = gN (r)

rN (r)
=
e log cN (r)
N (r)
= crN (r)

rN (r)
= m(r) (8)
R1 R2 :::::::::::RN (r)
And again
R
Zi+1
N (x)
dx
x
Ri
R
Zi+1
dx
= i since N (x) = i for Ri x Ri+1
x
Ri
Ri+1
= i log
Ri

9
We can write
RN (r)
Zr ZR1 ZR2 Z Z0
N (x) N (x) N (x) N (x) N (x)
dx = dx + dx + ::::::::::::::::::: dx + dx
x x x x x
0 0 R1 RN (r) 1 RN (r)

R2 R3 RN (r) r
= 0 + 1 log + 2 log + ::::::: + fN (r) 1g log + N (r) log
R1 R2 RN (r) 1 RN (r)
N (r) 1
R21 :R32 :R43 ::::::::::RN (r) :rN (r)
= log N (R) 1 N (r)
R11 :R22 :R33 :::::::::::RN (r) 1 :RN (r)

rN (r)
= log
R1 :R2 :R3 :::::::::RN (r)
= log m(r)

In general , which can be written as

Zr0 Zr
N (x) N (x)
log m(r) = dx + dx
x x
0 r0

Zr
N (x)
) log m(r) = log m(r0 ) + dx for 0 r0 r (9)
x
r0

Now , we shall construct a relation between m(r)and M (r) . We have already

seen that cn rn M (r)8n
therefore m(r) M (r)8r
Again M (r) = sup jf (z)j and jf (z)j W (r)
jzj=r
Therefore M (r) W (r)8r
Now , suppose that p 2 N
/ such that p > N = N (r) with the recti…ed ratio
Rp r. then for q p;

Gq q Gp eGp 1 p 1 q p+1
e r = e 1
: :r :r
eGq
Gp eGp 1 :rp 1 :rq p+1
= e 1
: [eGq = Rq :eGp 1
= Rq :Rq 1 :e
Gq 2
= ::::::::::::::::::::::]
Rq :Rq 1:::::::::::Rp :eGp 1

Gp rq p+1
r q p+1
= e 1
:rp 1
: m(r)( ) eGp 1
[Rn is m.i]
Rp :Rp+1 :::::::::::Rq Rp

10
 Hence ,
p 1
X 1
X
Gn r n Gn r n
W (r) = e + e
0 p
1
X r q p+1
< p:m(r) + ( ) m(r)
p
Rp
r
Rp
= m(r)[p + r ]
1 Rp
r
= m(r)(p + )
Rp r
r
Now to make p and Rp r substantially equivalent , we take

r
p = N (r + )+1
N (r)

Which implies that

r r
Rp r+ ) Rp r
N (r) N (r)
1 N (r)
)
Rp r r
r
) N (r)
Rp r

Therefore
r r
p+ N (r + ) + 1 + N (r)
Rp 1 N (r)
r
2N (r + )+1
N (r)

Thus we get ,
r
W (r) m(r)(p + )
r Rp
r
m(r)[2N (r + ) + 1]
N (r)

Hence we can state the following theorem

Theorem 6 M (r) and m(r) holds the following condition

r
m(r) M (r) m(r)[2N (r + ) + 1]
N (r)

NOTE:

11
 The coe¢ cient 2 in the bracket can not be replaced by any number less
then 1 and the value N (r + N r(r) ) can not be replaced by N (r) . [can be
varify by some examples]
M (r) is asymptotically equivalent to the sum of the …rst 2N (r+ N r(r) ) log N (r)
terms in f (z)

1.0.2 De…nition of order functions of …nite order

First we consider those function which satisfy the condition
log N (r)
<k (11a)
log r
that is N (r) k
Then from theorem we get
r
log M (r) log m(r) + log[2N (r + ) + 1]
N (r)
choose such that
r
log M (r) = log m(r) + log[2N (r + ) + 1] (0 1)
N (r)
log M (r) log[2N (r + N r(r) ) + 1]
) =1+
log m(r) log m(r)
log M (r) log[2N (r + N r(r) ) + 1]
) lim = 1 + lim
r!1 log m(r) r!1 log m(r)
Now,
r r k
log[2N (r + N (r) ) + 1] log[2(r + N (r) ) + 1]
lim lim [since N (r) k]
r!1 log m(r) r!1 log m(r)
log[2r (1 + N 1(r) )k + 1]
k
= lim
r!1 log m(r)
k
log(2r + 1) 1 k
= lim [ lim (1 + ) = 1]
r!1 log m(r) r!1 N (r)
= 0

Since m(r) increasing more rapidly then any power of r

Thus we get ,
log M (r)
lim =1 (11)
r!1 log m(r)

Or in used notation log M (r)~ log m(r)

That is the function log M (r) and log m(r) are asymptotically equivalent
But this is not general property of functions for which N (r) does not satis-
fying the condition (11a) imposed above ,for this

12
 To be precise ,let us suppose that
log N (r)
lim = < +1
r!1 log r

Which implies,
log N (r)
+
log r
+
) N (r) r
Now ,by equation (9) ,we get

Zr
N (x)
log m(r) = dx
x
0
Zr
+ 1
x dx
0
1 +
= r
+

Now
log log M log log M (r) log log m(r)
lim = lim
r!1 log r r!1 log log m(r) log r
1
log( r )
1: lim
r!1 log r
=
Conversely, we suppose that for r 1

log M (r) < r 1+

Again from (9) we get

Z2r
N (x)
log m(2r) log m(r) = dx
x
r

Now
m(2r)
log m(2r) log m(r) = log
m(r)
cN (2r) (2r)N (2r)
cN (r) = log
cN (r) rN (r)
cN (r) (2r)N (r)
> log
cN (r) rN (r)
= N (r) log 2

13
Also
Z2r
N (x) 1+
dx log m(2r) log M (2r) (2r)
x
r

For r r1 , we get
Z2r
N (x) 1+
N (r) log 2 dx (2r)
x
r

Therefore the ratio loglog

N (x)
r and loglog
log M
r have the same upper limit as tends to
in…nity,the properly
log log M
lim = +1 (12)
r!1 log r
is thus a further characteristic of the class of function satisfying(11a)
We say that the functions satisfying this condition are integral function of
…nite order . All other integral function are called function of in…nite order .
NOTE:
For a function to be …nite order it is necessary (and su¢ cient) that there
should exist a number k such that the inequality

log M (r) < rk

is satis…ed beyond a certain value of r .The order is then at must equal to k.

Now suppose ,f (z) be an integral function of order , then

log N (r)
lim =
r!1 log r
+
) N (r) r

For su¢ ciently large values of r , r 1 say and being arbitrary small .Hence
,we can state the following theorem

Theorem 7 For a function of …nite order ,the inequations

+
m(r) < M (r) < m(r)r
+
A(r) < M (r) < A(r)r

are satis…ed for r r1 , being arbitrary small

Let us now turm to the derivative f 0 (z) of f (z)

clearly, we have
Zz
f (z) = f 0 (z)dz + f (z)
0

14
with the integral along a line segment .
Now suppose ,
sup jf 0 (z)j = M 1 (r)
jzj=r

Then ,we get

Zz
jf (z) j f 0 (z)dzj + jf (z)j
0
) M (r) rM 1 (r) + jf (0)j
M (r) jf (0)j
) M 1 (r)
r
Next let c be the circle jz xj = R r, then by cauchy’s theorem
Z
1 f (z)
f 0 (x) = dz
2 i (z x)2
c
Z
1 f (z)
) jf 0 (x)j j dzj
2 (z x)2
c

1 1 M (R)
) M (r) 2: (R r)
2 (R r)2
1
) M 1 (r) M (r) (13)
R r
putting R = 2r; we get
1
M 1 (r) M (2r)
r
Thus we get,
M (r) jf (0)j 1
M 1 (r)
M (2r)
r r
Now let M 1 (r) be the maximum term and N 1 be it rank in f 0 (z)
Then for r r1
1
m1 (r) = N 1 cN 1 rN 1

N1 1
= cN 1 rN
r
N 1 m(r)
r
Again by theorem (12),
M 1 (r) < m1 (r)r +
N 1 m(r) +
r
r
< m(r)r2 + 1
[N (r) r +
) N1 r ]
< M (r)r2 + 1

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Thus ,we can state the following theorem

Theorem 8 For an integral function of …nite order

M 1 (r) < M (r)r2 1+

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