POOL BOILING HEAT TRANSFER ON

MICROFINNED SURFACES

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Submitted by:

DEEPESH MAKHIJA (17BME027)

DEVAL M PATEL (17BME028)

SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
NIRMA UNIVERSITY

i
 CERTIFICATE

To Whom It May Concern

This is to certify that, Mr Deepesh Makhija and Deval M Patel student of Mechanical
engineering, 5th Semester of School of Engineering, Institute of Technology, Nirma University
has satisfactorily completed the Mini project-I report titled “POOL BOILING HEAT
TRANSFER ON MICROFINNED SURFACES”.

Date:

Guide: Prof Balkrishna Shah Head of the Department

i
 Approval Sheet

The Project entitled POOL BOILING HEAT TRANSFER ON MICROFINNED

SURFACES by DEEPESH MAKHIJA (17BME027) and DEVAL PATEL (17BME028) is
approved for the course MINI PROJECT I in Mechanical Engineering.

Examiners:

___________________

___________________

___________________

Date: 28/11/19

Place: Ahmedabad

ii
 Acknowledgement
In preparation for our mini project report, I had to take the help and guidance of a respected
person, who deserve our deepest gratitude. As the completion of this seminar gave us much
pleasure and learned new things, we would like to show our gratitude to our guide Prof. B.A.
Shah, Assistant Professor, Mechanical Engineering Department, Institute of Technology,
Nirma University and Mr Kathit Shah for giving us a good guideline for mini project report
throughout numerous consultations. I would also like to expand my gratitude to all those who
have directly and indirectly guided us in completing this mini project.

Deepesh Makhija (17BME027)

Deval Patel (17BME028)

Date: 28/11/19
Place: Ahmedabad

iii
 ABSTRACT
Boiling is a two-phase solid-liquid phenomenon in which heat transfer occurs. It can be
classified into many types one of which is pool boiling and flow boiling, in pool boiling fluid
is at rest with respect to the heating surface whereas in case of flow boiling the fluid is in motion
with respect to the surface. In our project, we mainly focused on pool boiling only.
Pool boiling is used mainly for high heat removal and it is used in various industries like
electronic cooling, in power plants and for power generation in marine ships. Researchers have
studied pool boiling by experiments and plotting pool boiling curve in four regions among
which nucleate boiling region has a maximum heat flux value (critical heat flux) for feasible
temperature difference and hence most of the research is done in this region.
Experiments were performed on different surfaces at various pressures and readings for heat
flux and temperature differences were noted. All the values of heat flux, temperature difference,
and their corresponding properties were added in the excel sheet. After obtaining sufficient
points, non-dimension groups of properties are made by Buckingham-pie method. From this
data regression analysis is done by choosing appropriate p-values, this will give a correlation
between those groups based on the reading points provided. Using this correlation, the
theoretical value of HTC can be calculated and can be compared with the experimental values
at corresponding temperature difference value.

iv
 Table of Contents
CERTIFICATE ...................................................................................................... I
APPROVAL SHEET ........................................................................................... II
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT .................................................................................. III
ABSTRACT ........................................................................................................ IV
LIST OF FIGURES ............................................................................................. VI
LIST OF TABLES .............................................................................................VII
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION .......................................................................... 1
1.1 BOILING ........................................................................................................................... 1
1.2 POOL BOILING ................................................................................................................. 1
1.3 POOL BOILING CURVE ..................................................................................................... 2
Natural Convection Boiling (CURVE OA) ............................................................ 3
Nucleate Boiling (CURVE ABC) .......................................................................... 3
Transition Boiling (CURVE CD) ........................................................................... 3
Film Boiling (CURVE DE) .................................................................................... 3
1.4 FLOW BOILING ................................................................................................................ 4
1.5 ENHANCEMENTS IN THE HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENT ................................................... 4
Enhancements in heating surface properties .......................................................... 5
CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW ............................................................... 7
2.1 THE OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT ...................................................................................... 7
2.2 THE STUDY BY DIFFERENT RESEARCHERS ........................................................................ 7
CHAPTER 3 EXPERIMENTAL SETUP AND RESULTS .............................. 11
3.1 EXPERIMENTAL SETUP .................................................................................................. 11
3.2 AN EXPERIMENT OF POOL BOILING ............................................................................... 11
3.2.1 Procedure .............................................................................................................. 11
3.2.2 Preventions ........................................................................................................... 11
3.3 OBSERVATIONS AND RESULTS ....................................................................................... 12
3.3.1 Details of Specimens Used ................................................................................... 12
3.3.2 Observations ......................................................................................................... 12
CHAPTER 4 CORRELATION DEVELOPMENT............................................ 15
4.1 CORRELATION DEVELOPED BY TARRAD FOR HTC......................................................... 15
4.2 CORRELATION DEVELOPMENT ....................................................................................... 18
4.2.1 Linear Regression model ...................................................................................... 19
4.2.2 Exponential Regression model ............................................................................. 19
4.2.3 Logarithmic Regression model............................................................................. 20
4.2.4 Polynomial Regression model .............................................................................. 21
4.2.5 Power Regression model ...................................................................................... 22
CHAPTER 5 RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS .............................................. 24

v
 5.1 FUTURE SCOPE .............................................................................................................. 24
REFERENCES .................................................................................................... 25

List of Figures
Figure 1.1 Boiling ...................................................................................................................... 1
Figure 1.2 Pool Boiling Curve ................................................................................................... 2
Figure 1.3 Flow Boiling ............................................................................................................ 4
Figure 1.4 Structured Surfaces .................................................................................................. 6
(A) Integral Fin (B) T-Shaped Fin (Gewa-T) (C)Y-Shaped Fin (Gewa-Y) (D)Thermoexcel-E
Fin (E)Turbo-B Fin ..................................................................................................................... 6
Figure 2.1 Parameters Defined In Research Done By Rocha..................................................... 7
Figure 2.2 Heat Flux V/S Wall Superheat Work Done By Thome ........................................... 9
Figure 2.3 HTC V/S Heat Flux In Work Done By Chen ........................................................ 10
Figure 3.1 Heat Flux V/S Wall Superheat For R141b At 0.5 Bar ............................................ 13
Figure 3.2 Heat Flux V/S Wall Superheat At 0 Bar In Liquid R123 ....................................... 14
Figure 4.1 Linear Regression Model For Heat Flux And Wall Superheat .............................. 19
Figure 4.2 Exponential Regression Model For Heat Flux And Wall Superheat ...................... 20
Figure 4.3 Logarithmic Regression Model For Heat Flux And Wall Superheat ...................... 21
Figure 4.4 Polynomial Regression Model For Heat Flux And Wall Superheat ....................... 22
Figure 4.5 Power Regression Model For Heat Flux And Wall Superheat ............................... 23

vi
 List of Tables
Table 3.1 Experiment On Specimen 6 At Pressure 0.5 Bar In Liquid R141b .......................... 12
Table 3.2 Experiment On Specimen 6 At Pressure 0 Bar In Liquid R123 ............................... 13
Table 4.1 Comparison Of Different Regression Model ........................................................... 24

vii
Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Boiling
It is the process in which the heat transfers take place in liquid, due to which the liquid gains
heats and phase changes to vapour.
Boiling may be a vaporisation method that happens throughout the liquid.
Boiling starts wherever the temperature of the liquid reaches the saturation temperature of the
vapour.
To divide the boiling into categories:
1. Pool Boiling
2. Flow Boiling
Pool Boiling is a type of boiling that happens in stagnant liquid.
Flow Boling is a type of boiling that happens in flowing liquid. The fluid is moved across the
surface.
When we heat a liquid in a container, the liquid’s temperature and pressure increase with bubble
formation when the temperature is above the saturation temperature. When the heat transferred
is from heating surface to liquid it is generally given by Newton’s law of cooling that is:

𝑄 = ℎ𝐴(𝑇𝑠 − 𝑇𝑠𝑎𝑡 ) (𝑊)

Figure 1.1 Boiling [1]

1.2 Pool Boiling
Pool boiling is a mode of boiling where the fluid is stationary in the beginning with respect to
the surface which is heated. Pool boiling takes place in numerous stages.

1
The different stages are
 Free Convection Boiling
 Nucleate Boiling
 Transition Boiling
 Film Boiling
1.3 Pool Boiling Curve
It is a curve that represents the different stages of pool boiling heat transfer on the plot of heat
flux vs the temperature difference.
This curve may be planned for any liquid.

Figure 1.2 Pool Boiling Curve [2]

In this curve, the curve OA represents the free convection boiling, the curve ABC represents
the nucleate boiling, the curve CD represents Transition boiling and DE curve represents the
film boiling.
Let assume a vessel in which a liquid is kept, and it is heated from below.

2
 Natural Convection Boiling (CURVE OA)
As we heat the surface, the temperature of the liquid starts to increase. As the temperature of
liquid increases, the temperature difference also increases and starts to attain a positive value.
As heat is supplied from heating surface to liquid, there is a heat transfer between them. Heat
transfer between them is all thanks to natural convection. As the heat transfer is occurring, the
heat flux increases. As the temperature increases the temperature of the liquid goes below the
saturation temperature of vapour the temperature difference becomes positive. Hence boiling
takes place. This stage is called free convection boiling.
In this stage, as temperature increases, the heat flux also increases.
Nucleate Boiling (CURVE ABC)
As we are continuously heating the liquid surface, the temperature of the liquid has attained the
value of saturation temperature, hence the vapour formation takes place in the liquid. Due to
this, the bubbles are fashioned at the lowest surface of the liquid. These bubbles start to travel
in an upward direction. They carry some amount of the liquid. They cannot travel the whole
distance as they do not have that amount of energy. So, they break after travelling some distance
inside the liquid. This occurs between point A and B. This phenomenon is called Liquid
Entrainment. As this happens the bubble carries the heated liquid up to some distance in the
liquid and hence the heat transfer increases due to these bubbles. So, the heat flux also increases.
The bubble formation increases the heat transfer coefficient.
Due to continuous heating, the speed of bubble formation will increase. The bubbles grow at a
faster rate and they carry more amount of the vapour. As bubbles are fashioned incessantly
varied columns of the vapour are formed within the liquid. The bubble carries the vapour and
that they collapse at the free surface of the liquid. As the bubble carries the vapour content, heat
transfers increases. Due to this, it attains a maximum value called Critical Heat flux. This
development happens from purpose point B to purpose point C. Point C is that purpose point
of most heat flux. Hence this stage is called Nucleate Boiling due to nucleation of bubbles at
the surface of the liquid.
Transition Boiling (CURVE CD)
When the temperature difference goes beyond the critical point C, the heat flux starts to
decrease. This happens thanks to continuous bubble formation. The bubble formation will
increase the quantity of vapour within the liquid. The concentration of vapour increases
regardless. Due to this, a film of vapour is created at the heating surface. This vapour film acts
as an insulator. This decreases the heat transfer because the thermal resistance will increase.
Leading to a decrease in heat flux. This point is the point at which the heat flux attains the
minimum value. This purpose point corresponds to the Leiden frost point. Purpose point D is
the minimum point of heat flux.
In this, each nucleate boiling and film boiling takes place hence referred to as transition boiling.
Film Boiling (CURVE DE)
After the purpose of point D, the heating surface is totally lined with a stable layer of vapour.
As this film is developed all over the surface, the content of vapour is more than that of liquid.
This creates a vacuum inside the surface. As the vacuum is created the heat transfer due to

3
convection decreases. As the vacuum is there is no medium to convect heat. No matter the heat
transfer because of radiation will increase through the vapour film. Hence the heat flux will
increase. This stage is named as film boiling.
1.4 Flow Boiling
Flow boiling is a type of boiling in which the liquid is flowing with respect to the heating
surface. The external conditions affect the boiling with the changes in buoyancy effects and
surface tension force. Flow boiling is usually characterized by forced convection. Therefore,
the heat transfer coefficient of flow boiling is always greater compared to that of pool boiling.
[3]
The flow boiling can be two types:
1 Internal flow boiling
2 External flow boiling
Internal flow boiling is the type of flow boiling in which the heating surface is all around the
flowing liquid.
External flow boiling is the type of flow boiling in which the liquid is in contact with heating
surface from one aspect only.
Internal flow boiling is a lot necessary than external flow boiling as there are two phases of
fluid flow in internal flow boiling. In external flow boiling as the vapours are formed, it is
removed as it is in contact with the atmosphere.

Figure 1.3 Flow Boiling [4]

1.5 Enhancements in the heat transfer coefficient
The main motive of the pool boiling heat transfer is to increase the heat transfer coefficient in
a finite temperature difference. As the input is small and the output getting is more, its efficiency
4
is very good. As in order to increase the heat transfer coefficient, it depends upon the properties
of the heating surface as well as properties of liquid/fluid.
In properties of heating surface, it depends on surface roughness of the surface, the structure of
the surface, number of fins, fin spacings, etc.
In properties of liquid/fluid, it depends on surface tension force, the density of the liquid, the
pressure of the liquid, partial pressures, viscosity, etc.
All the properties of the heating surface conclude that the sites of nucleation on the heating
surface must be increased. As the nucleation sites increases, the number of bubbles forming on
the surface increases, hence the heat transferred increases and overall heat transfer coefficient
increases.
To increase the heat transfer coefficient by changing the properties of the liquid, it also can be
increased. The additives within the liquid will increase the boiling heat transfer coefficient.
Enhancements in heating surface properties
There are two types of enhancing the heating surface
 Structured Surfaces
 Porous Surfaces
1.5.1.1 Structured Surfaces
Structured surfaces are surfaces made by increasing the surface area of the surface by adding
additional metal to make a definite structure. Specified design and structure of the surface are
decided and made to increase the bubble formation. [5]
The structured surface increases the boiling enhancement is because of both increase in surface
area and bubble nucleation behaviour.
The structured surfaces are of four types:
 Integral fin: This surface is created by increasing the fins or extending the surface at
some distance on the surface. It is done by a rolling method.
 GEWA series: This can be like integral fin rather than straight fins, T formed fins are
used. The form of the fin is modified supported the improvement required.
 Thermoexcel-E: This surface has fins of a serrated sort. They have a little portion of fin
tips that are then bent horizontally to the definite structure.
 Turbo-B series: This surface encompasses a pattern during which rectangular flat blocks
are lined with a slim gap. It is shaped by cross shaping and rolling operations on the
integral fin surface.

5
 Figure 1.4 Structured Surfaces [5]

(a) Integral Fin (b) T-shaped Fin (GEWA-T) (c)Y-shaped fin (GEWA-
Y) (d)Thermoexcel-E fin (e)Turbo-B fin

1.5.1.2 Porous Surfaces

Porous surfaces are created by making pores within the surface. The porous surface will
increase the surface area and active nucleation sites within the surface. It is a matrix in which
the materials are connected via wires or meshes. The two properties that decide the
enhancement are pore size and matrix thickness. The porous surface is created by the
subsequent method: [5]
 Sintering
 Spray coating
 Electrochemical deposition
 Chemical vapour deposition
 3-D printing

6
Chapter 2 LITERATURE REVIEW

This section of the report contains the work done by different scientists in the section of pool
boiling heat transfer. This section also depicts how far the pool boiling heat transfer can be
achieved by changing the different properties of the heating surface or properties of liquid used.
2.1 The objective of the project
Through this project, we are going to derive a correlation based on different experimental
results and have maximum heat transfer between heating surface and liquid. For a small
temperature difference, it is to be observed that the heat transferred is more. By using, different
data and results of previously done by scientists, a correlation is to be developed. By using this
correlation, the value of the boiling heat transfer coefficient can be obtained directly putting the
values of constant but between a region.
2.2 The study by different researchers
Sergio Pereira Rocha, Olivier Kannengieser, Elaine Maria Cardoso, Julio Cesar Passos
performed experiments for the nucleate pool boiling of R134-a on plain and micro-finned tubes
at pressures varying from 6.1 bar and 12.2 bar. From their experimental results it was found
that as the heat transfer increases by raising the pressure, it can be concluded that the effect of
the tube diameter negligible at high heat flux. Also, at low heat flux in an isolated bubble
regime, the value of heat transfer coefficient is higher at the bottom as compared to the top.
This happens because fins at bottom shift the partial dry out (because fins trap some liquid in
the fins) and increase heat transfer. In this paper, they have used cooper and Gorenflo and
kenning correlation to compare the results. Cooper correlation was used for plain surface/tube
while Gorenflo and kenning correlation was used for the plain as well as micro finned tube.
Gorenflo and kenning have underestimated the results at low heat flux and pressure but at high
pressure, there is an agreement with the experimental results. At higher heat flux, when the
boiling reaches the fully developed nucleate boiling regime, there is no variation in the heat
transfer coefficient along the surface of the tube. For flat plates, at low heat fluxes, the heat
transfer is higher on downward-facing plates than on upward-facing plates. The conclusion is,
on flat plates at low heat fluxes the heat transfer is higher on downward-facing plates than on
upward-facing plates. [6]

Figure 2.1 Parameters defined in research done by Rocha

7
Jeet S. Mehta, Satish G. Kandlikar conducted a two-part experimental study on pool boiling
heat transfer over enhanced cylindrical micro-channel test surfaces with water at atmospheric
pressure. In their first part, Experiments were performed for circumferential rectangular open
micro-channels and results obtained for horizontal and vertical orientation of test surface were
compared. For different surfaces, at higher heat fluxes the performance deteriorated
significantly and was similar for all tubes. Out of experiments conducted on various geometries,
greater fin height and a smaller tunnel pitch resulted in better performance, it recommended
finned tubes with rectangular bases and fin heights of 0.7–1.0 mm for enhancing the heat
transfer. The porous layer coatings reduced the bubble departure diameter and increased bubble
frequency. Enhancement of up to 1.4 times was observed at an inclination of 15° from the
horizontal, from this it was concluded that the reduced bubble slug formation at the bottom
surface of the tube was due to the slight inclination. For circumferential rectangular micro-
channel (CRM), test sections with smaller micro-channel depths yielded better heat transfer
performance than deeper micro-channels. The critical heat flux condition for the plain test
section was reached at 700 kW/m2, whereas for all the microchannel test sections were
successfully tested up to 1100 kW/m2 without reaching their CHF limit. Hence there was an
extension of at least 1.6 times in the critical heat flux limit for micro-channel surfaces. [7]

In their second part, bubble dynamics for circumferential V-groove and axial rectangular micro-
channels (ARM) was studied. The surface having deeper micro-channel grooves was relatively
better than the surface which had shallower grooves and surface having deeper and narrower
micro-channel grooves was relatively better than that observed for the surface which had
shallower grooves. Observing bubble dynamics, ejection of the bubbles from multiple
nucleation sites closer to each other were seen to feed and grow a larger bubble. The partial
filling of deeper V-grooves compared to the shallow channels was concluded to be one of the
contributing factors responsible for enhanced heat transfer performance with deeper V-grooved
micro-channels. [8]

From both the papers, the important conclusion was, for CRM surfaces better performance was
observed in the horizontal orientation whereas for ARM better performance was observed in
the vertical orientation.

Gherhardt Ribatski, John R. Thome conducted experiments that used tubes of different
enhancement factors. The experiment consisted of tubes of High Flux, Gewa-B, Turbo-CSL
and Turbo-BII tubes. The heat transfer coefficients enhanced ratios of High Flux, Gewa-B,
Turbo-CSL and Turbo-BII tubes were 4.9-21.3, 2.4-5.2, 2.4-2.9 and 1.8-7.0 compared to plain
tubes. Heat flux was varied from 20 W/m2k to 70 W/m2k.

According to the experiment, the porous High flux gives the best heat transfer performance
independently of the heat flux range. [9]

At saturation temperatures of 5oC to 10oC, the heat flux seems to have to effect on heat transfer.
It was further observed that the heat transfer coefficient increased with heat flux up to peak
value and slightly decreased with further increase in heat flux.

8
In Turbo CSL, at lower heat fluxes the heat transfer coefficient presents a decrease in with
decreasing saturation temperatures. At high heat flux, saturation temperature does not seem to
affect the heat transfer coefficient.

Figure 2.2 Heat flux v/s Wall superheat work done by Thome [9]
Myeong-Gie Kang in 2000, expresses that the ratio of a tube length to its diameter affects the
surface roughness of the tube. This experiment shows the effect of surface roughness on
different tubes which affects the heat transfer coefficients.

As roughness increases, the temperature difference required for a given heat flux decreases.
The increase in roughness results in several bubbles forming nuclei on the surface and it resulted
in a decrease of tube surface temperature. [10]

In horizontal tubes, bubbles generated at the bottom side of the circumference get buoyancy
and slide up towards the top side of the tube circumference along the sides of the tube. These
bubbles coalesce with other bubbles during the movement and further continue to grow large
bubbles and finally departs from tube surface near the top region. Hence a bubble layer is
formed around the tube to decrease the active nucleation sites on the tube surface and results in
decrease the heat transfer coefficient.
Tailian Chen has done an experiment comparing the plain surface and the enhanced surface in
liquid R123. The experiments were done at saturation temperatures of 4.4, 11.1 and 17.8oC.
The work done also told that the pool boiling graph is of two regimes, first is low flux regime
and other is high flux regime.

In the low flux regime, it is observed that with the increase in the heat flux, the low flux
characteristics will increase, and pressure remains constant. In the high flux regime, it is clear
from the experiment that the high flux characteristics remain constant, but pressure increases.
[11]
The plain tube shows normal results as expected. The heat flux increases normally with an
increase in heat transfer. Enhance tube shows increasing nature up to nearly 25 kW/m2 and then

9
remains approximately flat because of two opposite nature at the top and bottom part of the
tube. Effect of saturation temperature is minimum at low flux compare to high heat flux. The
small bubble has large HTC while large bubbles get combined and generate a layer which
creates resistance in liquid-vapour exchange.

Figure 2.3 HTC v/s Heat flux in work done by Chen [11]

10
Chapter 3 Experimental setup and Results

3.1 Experimental Setup

There is a hollow cylindrical test surface in which an electrical heater can be fitted to provide
uniform heat to the cylindrical surface. This whole is enclosed in a cylindrical glass casing in
which refrigerant is filled and the surface is kept in it. The casing is transparent to observe the
bubbles departing from the surface. At the top of the casing, there is a coil into which cold water
flows to condense the vapours of refrigerant passing through them. This cold water in the coil
comes from the cooler placed nearby and it works on the VCR cycle to cool the water. Two
thermocouples are attached to the test surface to measure the surface temperature during heating
(average value of both is taken), one thermocouple is placed in an RTD to measure the
refrigerant temperature. The electrical energy is provided to the heater and it uses this energy
to heat the surface and this can be controlled through a variac. The temperature obtained from
the thermocouples at a given instant is recorded by a data logger and it sends data to a laptop
connected.
3.2 An experiment of Pool Boiling
The liquid used in the experiment is R141b and R123. The heater used is a cartridge type heater.
The capacity of the heater is about 400 W and the glass tube is having the capacity of pressure
1.5 bar. So, we must ensure that the pressure is not more, and the heat supplied is not more than
400W hence the setup will get damaged.
3.2.1 Procedure
 First, ensure that the liquid to be condensed is proper. Also, make sure that the water is
cooled before the starting of the experiment.
 Turn the main switch on to start the experiment.
 By little turn, the variac to apply heat to the heating surface, hold the variac for some
time so that the steady-state can be obtained.
 As the heat is applied the liquid inside the glass tube changes to vapour, hence due to
vapour pressure is developed inside the tube.
 So, turn on the pump to condense the vapour formed to keep the pressure constant.
 Note down the readings when in the datalogger, the temperature difference is of an
approximately small error.
 We take readings at heat supplied difference of 5W.
 Take the heat supplied up to 320W and note the readings according to it.
3.2.2 Preventions
 Ensure that while noting the readings that the pressure is kept constant always.
 While noting the readings, steady-state is to be maintained.
 The water to be used for condensing the vapour of the liquid should be cool.
 The critical heat flux should not be applied on the heating surface or else the heating
surface will get burned out.
 Pressure should be maintained below 1.5bar for safety purpose.

11
  If heat supplied to be set to 10W and if the variac is overturned such that the watts are
12 do not return the variac to 10W hence the steady-state will not be obtained. Readings
will get disturbed.
3.3 Observations and Results
The heat supplied is given at an interval of 10W up to 190W and at 15W up to 320W. The
readings are taken from the datalogger when the temperature difference between successive
readings are of 0.001 or 0.003oC. There are a total of 8 samples of heating surfaces made of
copper and different enhancement factors. The liquids used are R141b and R123. We used
specimens 6 and 7 during this project.
3.3.1 Details of Specimens Used
 Specimen 6:
o Depth:0.1683mm
o Spacing:0.5116mm
o Fin thickness:0.3486mm
o Pitch:0.8305mm
o Total fins:60
o Enhancement factor:1.1636
 Specimen 7:
o Depth:0.2880mm
o Spacing:0.4618mm
o Fin thickness:1.7231mm
o Pitch:2.2360mm
o Total fins:22
o Enhancement factor:1.1723
3.3.2 Observations
During the pool boiling experiment, we take readings of the temperature difference at the heat
difference of 20W just to check whether the pool boiling curve is obtained or not. The liquid is
R141b and pressure maintained is 0.5bar. The HTC (heat transfer coefficient) obtained is as
high as 4000 W/m20C.
For the temperature difference in the range of 10 oC to 20 oC, high HTC is obtained.

Table 3.1 Experiment on Specimen 6 at pressure 0.5 bar in liquid R141b

Sr Q q Ts1 Ts2 Tf Ts= Ts-Tf HTC

No (W) (kW/m2) (oC) (oC) (oC) (Ts1+ Ts2)/2 (oC) (kW/m2oC)
(oC)
1 0 0 55.96 59.07 45.61 57.515 11.905 0
2 20 7.238509 56.66 60.31 45.6 58.485 12.885 0.561777949
3 40 14.47702 57.42 60.97 45.53 59.195 13.665 1.059423179
4 60 21.71553 58.15 62.05 45.57 60.1 14.53 1.494530392
5 80 28.95404 58.59 62.7 45.54 60.645 15.105 1.916851074
6 100 36.19254 58.98 63.35 45.43 61.165 15.735 2.300129923
7 120 43.43105 59.41 64 45.45 61.705 16.255 2.671858087

12
 8 140 50.30764 60 64.92 45.37 62.46 17.09 2.943688509
9 160 57.90807 60.38 65.52 45.37 62.95 17.58 3.293974456
10 180 65.14658 60.8 66.18 45.38 63.49 18.11 3.59727111
11 200 72.02316 61.2 66.8 45.49 64 18.51 3.891040693
12 220 79.6236 61.7 67.64 45.53 64.67 19.14 4.160062567

Pressure at 0.5 bar Specimen-6

90

80

70

60

50
q

40

30

20

10

0
0 5 10 15 20 25

Ts-Tf

Figure 3.1 Heat flux v/s Wall superheat for R141b at 0.5 bar
During this experiment, on R123 at 0 bar, the HTC obtained is as high as 14000W/m20C. It is
appreciable that for a small temperature difference of 10C to 100C, very high HTC is developed.
Hence pool boiling can be of very much use rather than only using the convection process.

Table 3.2 Experiment on Specimen 6 at pressure 0 bar in liquid R123

Sr Q q Ts1 Ts2 Tf Ts= Ts-Tf HTC

No (W) (kW/m2) (oC) (oC) (oC) (Ts1+ Ts2)/2 (oC) (kW/m2oC)
(oC)
1 0 0 27.5 27.5 29.5 27.5 -2 0
2 10 3.61925443 30.6 30.6 29.8 30.6 0.8 4.52406804
3 20 7.23850887 32 32.1 30.1 32.05 1.95 3.71205583
4 31 11.2196887 33.6 33.7 30.5 33.65 3.15 3.56180595
5 40 14.4770177 34.6 34.7 30.7 34.65 3.95 3.66506778
6 51 18.4581976 35 35.1 30.8 35.05 4.25 4.34310532
7 61 22.077452 35.7 35.8 31 35.75 4.75 4.64788464
8 69 24.9728556 36.3 36.5 31.1 36.4 5.3 4.71185955
9 80 28.9540355 37 37.4 31.3 37.2 5.9 4.90746364
10 90 32.5732899 37.6 38 31.5 37.8 6.3 5.17036348
11 100 36.1925443 38 38.5 31.6 38.25 6.65 5.44248787
12 110 39.8117988 38.4 38.9 31.7 38.65 6.95 5.72831637

13
13 120 43.4310532 38.8 39.3 31.8 39.05 7.25 5.9904901
14 131 47.4122331 39 39.6 31.9 39.3 7.4 6.40705852
15 140 50.6695621 39.2 39.8 32 39.5 7.5 6.75594161
16 150 54.2888165 39.4 40 32 39.7 7.7 7.05049565
17 160 57.9080709 39.6 40.2 32.1 39.9 7.8 7.42411166
18 171 61.8892508 39.8 40.5 32.1 40.15 8.05 7.68810569
19 181 65.5085052 40 40.8 32.2 40.4 8.2 7.9888421
20 190 68.7658342 40.3 41.1 32.3 40.7 8.4 8.18640884
21 204 73.8327904 40.5 41.3 32.4 40.9 8.5 8.68621064
22 220 79.6235975 40.7 41.7 32.5 41.2 8.7 9.15213765
23 255 92.2909881 41.1 42.3 32.7 41.7 9 10.2545542
24 275 99.5294969 41.4 42.5 32.7 41.95 9.25 10.7599456
25 290 104.958379 41.6 42.8 32.6 42.2 9.6 10.9331644
26 302 109.301484 41.8 43 32.9 42.4 9.5 11.5054194
27 310 112.196887 42 43.2 32.9 42.6 9.7 11.5666894
28 320 115.816142 42.1 43.4 33 42.75 9.75 11.8785787

140
PRESSURE 0 bar Specimen 6
120

100

80
q

60

40

20

0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12

Ts-Tf

Figure 3.2 Heat flux v/s Wall superheat at 0 bar in liquid R123

14
Chapter 4 Correlation Development

4.1 Correlation developed by Tarrad for HTC

The experiment done by Palen and Yang (1983), they came with a new concept for the
behaviour of the heat transfer coefficient on the micro finned tube as [12]:
∝𝐿−𝐹 = 𝐹𝐶 𝐹𝑒 𝜂𝛼𝑝𝑙𝑎 + 𝛼𝑛𝑐

Palen and Yang also developed a factor called surface factor (𝜂) as:
𝑚1
𝑞 𝑝 𝑚2
𝜂 = 𝐶1 (𝑞 ) (𝑝 ) 𝐹𝑐 𝑚3
𝑟𝑒𝑓 𝑐

In 1987, scientist Xin and Chao proposed a model that demonstrated the heat transfer coefficient
of flat Gewa-T surfaces and correlation was [13]:
2𝐻+𝐿 1⁄
𝑁𝑢 = 3.76 ( ) 𝐴𝑟𝐷 3 𝑅𝑒𝑙 −0.15 𝑊𝑒 0.29 𝑃𝑟𝑙 0.76
2𝐷

Where,
𝑞𝜀 ℎ𝑠
𝑁𝑢 = = ;
Δ𝑇𝑠 𝑘𝑙 𝑘𝑙

𝑔𝐷 3 𝜌1 −𝜌𝑔
𝐴𝑟𝐷 = ;
𝑉1 2 𝜌1

2𝑞𝑠
𝑅𝑒𝑙 = ;
ℎ𝑓𝑔 𝜇𝑙

𝑞 2 𝑠2
𝑊𝑒 = 𝜎𝜌 𝑒𝑣ℎ 2 ;
𝑔 𝑓𝑔 𝐷

𝑉
𝑃𝑟𝑙 = 𝛼𝑙
𝑙

From Chen’s model (1989), Tarrad in 1991 developed results for plain and enhanced surfaces
as [11]:

Single variable regression analysis following equation has been derived for micro finned
surface
𝑞 = 𝐶1 Δ𝑇 𝑛 𝑓𝑜𝑟 5 ≤ 𝑞 ≤ 60 𝑘𝑊 ⁄𝑚2

15
In 2007, Tarrad formulated the enhancement factor for micro finned tubes by boiling different
liquids between the heat flux of 10 𝑘𝑊 ⁄𝑚2 to 50 𝑘𝑊 ⁄𝑚2 and the correlation is as follows
[14]:
3 0.1856 0.3
𝜌1 ℎ𝑓𝑔 ⁄2 𝑐𝑝𝑙 𝜎 𝑝 −0.2
𝜂 = 𝐶𝑆,𝐹 ( ) (𝑘 ℎ 0.5 ) (𝑝 )
𝑞 𝑙 𝑓𝑔 𝑐

In 2011 again, Tarrad proposed a correlation for boiling enhancement coefficient on micro
finned and Gewa-T tubes as:
3 0.1806 1.7
𝜌1 ℎ𝑓𝑔 ⁄2 𝑐𝑝𝑙 𝜎
𝜂 = 𝐶𝑆,𝐹 ( ) (𝑘 ℎ 0.5 )
𝑞 𝑙 𝑓𝑔

From previous experiments, it is known that the factor of enhancement directly depends on
liquid’s physical properties, pressure and heat flux. It is also clear that the heat transfer
coefficient depends on the surface area. So, to include the surface area, a surface area ratio is
used which is the ratio of micro finned tube surface area to the finned root area of the tube. As
surface area is also influenced by fin density, fin shaping, the structure of fin and dimensions
as well.
𝜂 = 𝜂(ℎ𝑓𝑔 , 𝜌𝑙 , 𝜌𝑣 , 𝑘𝑙 , 𝑐𝑝𝑙 , 𝜎, 𝑞, 𝜆, 𝑝𝑟 )

Where 𝜂 is enhancement factor as

𝛼𝑒𝑛ℎ Δ𝑇𝑝𝑙𝑎
𝜂= =
𝛼𝑝𝑙𝑎 Δ𝑇𝑒𝑛ℎ

So,
𝛼𝑒𝑛ℎ = 𝜂𝛼𝑝𝑙𝑎

So,
Δ𝑇𝑝𝑙𝑎
Δ𝑇𝑒𝑛ℎ = 𝜂

For plain surfaces, pool boiling heat transfer is related to other properties is given by Gorenflo
(1993) as:
𝑞 𝑛𝑓 𝑅𝑝
𝛼𝑝𝑙𝑎 = 𝛼0 𝐹𝑃𝐹 (𝑞 ) (𝑅 )0.133
0 𝑝0

Where, 𝐹𝑃𝐹 = 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝐶𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟

𝑝
𝐹𝑃𝐹 = 1.2𝑝𝑟 0.27 + 2.5𝑝𝑟 + 1−𝑝𝑟
𝑟

and,
𝑛𝑓 = 0.9 − 0.3𝑝𝑟 0.3
The above equation is applicable for Helium only, for water equations are:
0.68
𝐹𝑃𝐹 = 1.73𝑝𝑟 0.27 + (6.1 + 1−𝑝 ) 𝑝𝑟 2
𝑟
and,

16
 𝑛𝑓 = 0.9 − 0.3𝑝𝑟 0.15
For other fluids, Mostinski (1963) gave a correlation as [15]:
𝛼𝑝𝑙𝑎 = 0.1𝑝𝑐 0.69 𝑞 0.7 𝐹(𝑝𝑟 )

Where,
𝐹(𝑝𝑟 ) = 1.8𝑝𝑟 0.17 + 4𝑝𝑟 1.2 + 10𝑝𝑟 10
For formulating correlation, dimensional analysis is used. As there are ten variables, four are
dependent variables and six are independent variables. Four dependent variables are repeated
in every equation, these four variables are ℎ𝑓𝑔 , 𝜌𝑙 , 𝑘𝑙 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐𝑝𝑙 . The six equations relating to six
independent variables are:
𝜋1 = 𝜂
3
𝜌1 ℎ𝑓𝑔 ⁄2
𝜋2 = 𝑞

𝜎 𝑐𝑝𝑙
𝜋3 = (𝑘 ) ℎ 0.5
𝑙 𝑓𝑔

𝜌𝑣
𝜋4 = 𝜌𝑙

𝜋5 = 𝜆
𝑝
𝜋6 = 𝑝 = 𝑝𝑟
𝑐

Let the correlation be:

𝜋1 = 𝜙(𝜋2 , 𝜋3 , 𝜋4 , 𝜋5 , 𝜋6 )
Here,
𝜋2 , 𝑟𝑒𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑣𝑎𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑧𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑏𝑜𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑙𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑 𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟
𝜋3 , 𝑟𝑒𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑑𝑢𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑏𝑢𝑏𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟
𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒
𝜋4 , 𝑟𝑒𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑝𝑜𝑢𝑟 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑙𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑 𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑜𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑙𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑
𝜋5 , 𝑟𝑒𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 (𝜆)
𝜋6 , 𝑟𝑒𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒

So,
3⁄
𝜌𝑙 ℎ𝑓𝑔 2 𝑐𝑝𝑙 𝜎 𝜌𝑣
𝜂 = {( ),( ) , ( ) , (𝜆), (𝑝𝑟 )}
𝑞 𝑘𝑙 ℎ𝑓𝑔 0.5 𝜌𝑙

The equation is represented in the form of:

17
 3⁄ 𝑚 𝑛
𝜌𝑙 ℎ𝑓𝑔 2 𝑐𝑝𝑙 𝜎 𝜌𝑣 𝑖 𝑗 𝑝 𝑘
𝜂 = 𝐶𝑆,𝐹 ( ) ( ) ( ) 𝜆 ( )
𝑞 𝑘𝑙 ℎ𝑓𝑔 0.5 𝜌𝑙 𝑝𝑐

Hence by regression and inserting data points from the papers published by George Bertsch
(1993) and Mark Kedzierski (1995), developed correlation is:
3⁄ 0.0864 1.40
𝜌𝑙 ℎ𝑓𝑔 2 𝑐𝑝𝑙 𝜎 𝜌𝑣 0.115 1.125 𝑝 −0.271
𝜂 = 0.2411 ( ) ( 0.5 ) ( ) 𝜆 ( )
𝑞 𝑘𝑙 ℎ𝑓𝑔 𝜌𝑙 𝑝𝑐

By putting the value of 𝜂 in the above equation:

3⁄ 0.0864 1.40
𝜌𝑙 ℎ𝑓𝑔 2 𝑐𝑝𝑙 𝜎 𝜌𝑣 0.115 1.125 𝑝 −0.271
𝛼𝑒𝑛ℎ = 0.2411𝛼𝑝𝑙𝑎 ( ) ( 0.5 ) ( ) 𝜆 ( )
𝑞 𝑘𝑙 ℎ𝑓𝑔 𝜌𝑙 𝑝𝑐

4.2 Correlation development

For the results observed in the above observations, we must find the correlation between the
heat flux applied to the temperature difference or wall superheat. To find the relation between
the heat flux and wall superheat. We will use regression analysis to find it.
Regression analysis is a method that is used to estimate the relationships between two or more
variables. The variables are divided into independent variables and dependent variables.
The independent variables are the variables that are influencing the dependent variables. In our
case, the wall superheat is the independent variables as it affects the heat flux. The main
objective for pool boiling is that for small temperature difference the heat flux transferred is
high compared to other modes of heat transfer. So, it is an independent variable that affects heat
flux.
The dependent variables are the variables that are the main factor that is been affected and that
is been predicted for the experiment. As the heat transfer is to be given as input so we have
check whether the heat transferred is efficiently transferred hence to check if heat is transferred
properly. So, we must relate the heat flux and wall superheat so that it can be checked that the
heat transferred is efficient.
Regression analysis helps to show how heat flux changes with wall superheat and analytically
and how it impacts the heat flux.
Regression analysis is a method of the sum of squares that relates the best fit to the data graph.
As we must relate heat flux and wall superheat, so we use single variable regression. For single-
variable regression, we will use different regression models for the determination of the best
correlation between them.
The regression models are:
 Linear Regression model
 Exponential Regression model
 Logarithmic Regression model
 Polynomial Regression model

18
  Power Regression model
Among these regression models to find out which model fits the best, the R2 value is considered.
The R2 value tells how many points lie on the trendline. If most of the points from the data lies
on the trendline that the R2 value will be high hence that model can be used for correlating the
variables.
4.2.1 Linear Regression model
For the linear regression model, we selected the model equation as:
𝑞 = 𝐶1 Δ𝑇 + 𝐶2

Exp 3
Heat Flux v/s Wall Superheat At 0 bar
Linear (Exp 3)
140

120 y = 11.222x - 73.116

R² = 0.9243
100

80
Heat Flux

60

40

20

0
0 5 10 15 20
-20

-40
Walll Superheat

Figure 4.1 Linear regression model for heat flux and wall superheat
From the linear regression, it is found that for the value of C1 and C2 are:
𝐶1 = 11.222
𝐶2 = −73.116
As the linear regression model obtained is:
𝑞 = 11.222Δ𝑇 − 73.116
Hence the R2 value obtained is 0.9243. It is found that 92% of the points lie on the linear line
of the above-given equation.
4.2.2 Exponential Regression model
For, exponential regression model, we select the model equation as:
𝑞 = 𝐶1 𝑒 𝐶2 Δ𝑇

19
 Exp 3
Heat Flux v/s Wall Superheat At 0 bar
Expon. (Exp 3)
160

140 y = 1.2914e0.3041x
R² = 0.9721
120

100
Heat Flux

80

60

40

20

0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
Walll Superheat

Figure 4.2 Exponential Regression model for heat flux and wall
superheat
From the exponential regression, it is found that for the value of C1 and C2 are:
𝐶1 = 1.2914
𝐶2 = 0.3041
As the linear regression model obtained is:

𝑞 = 1.2914𝑒 0.3041Δ𝑇
Hence the R2 value obtained is 0.9721. It is found that 97% of the points lie on the linear line
of the above-given equation.
4.2.3 Logarithmic Regression model
For the logarithmic regression model, we select the model equation as:
𝑞 = 𝐶1 ln Δ𝑇 + 𝐶2

20
 Exp 3
Heat Flux v/s Wall Superheat At 0 bar
Log. (Exp 3)
140

120 y = 104.73ln(x) - 196.19

R² = 0.83
100

80
Heat Flux

60

40

20

0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
-20

-40
Walll Superheat

Figure 4.3 Logarithmic Regression model for heat flux and wall
superheat
From the exponential regression, it is found that for the value of C1 and C2 are:
𝐶1 = 104.73
𝐶2 = −196.19
As the linear regression model obtained is:
𝑞 = 104.73 ln Δ𝑇 − 196.19
Hence the R2 value obtained is 0.83. It is found that 83% of the points lie on the linear line of
the above-given equation.
4.2.4 Polynomial Regression model
For the polynomial regression model, we select the model equation as:
𝑞 = 𝐶1 Δ𝑇 2 + 𝐶2 Δ𝑇 + 𝐶3

21
 Exp 3
Heat Flux v/s Wall Superheat At 0 bar
Poly. (Exp 3)
140

120 y = 1.0849x2 - 11.714x + 38.604

R² = 0.9973

100
Heat Flux

80

60

40

20

0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
Walll Superheat

Figure 4.4 Polynomial Regression model for heat flux and wall
superheat
From the exponential regression, it is found that for the value of C1, C2 and C3 are:
𝐶1 = 1.0849
𝐶2 = −11.714
𝐶3 = 38.604
As the linear regression model obtained is:
𝑞 = 1.0849Δ𝑇 2 − 11.714Δ𝑇 + 38.604
Hence the R2 value obtained is 0.9973. It is found that 99% of the points lie on the linear line
of the above-given equation.
4.2.5 Power Regression model
For power regression model, we select the model equation as:
𝑞 = 𝐶1 Δ𝑇 𝑛

22
 Exp 3
Heat Flux v/s Wall Superheat At 0 bar
Power (Exp 3)
140

120 y = 0.0291x3.0293
R² = 0.9949
100
Heat Flux

80

60

40

20

0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
Walll Superheat

Figure 4.5 Power Regression model for heat flux and wall superheat
From the exponential regression, it is found that for the value of C1 and n are:
𝐶1 = 0.0291
𝑛 = 3.0293
As the linear regression model obtained is:
𝑞 = 0.0291Δ𝑇 3.0293
Hence the R2 value obtained is 0.9949. It is found that 99% of the points lie on the linear line
of the above-given equation.

23
Chapter 5 Results and Conclusions
For this experiment, it is found that the micro finned tube surface has more heat transfer as
compared to the plain surface. The nucleation sites observed in the micro finned tube are more
compared to the plain tube. As the nucleation sites are increased, the bubble formation speed
increases in that respect and heat transfer coefficient also increase in such respect and high
efficiency is observed.
It is also observed that as the pressure inside the glass tube increases, the heat transfer
coefficient also increases. In the graph of heat flux v/s wall superheat, the line of pressure 0.5
bar as more slope compared to pressure at 0 bar.
The model obtained by correlating the heat flux and wall superheat using different regression
models are in the below table:

Table 4.1 Comparison of the different regression model

Sr No Model Equation R2 value
1 Linear 𝑞 = 11.222Δ𝑇 − 73.116 0.9243
2 Exponential 𝑞 = 1.2914𝑒 0.3041Δ𝑇 0.9721
3 Logarithmic 𝑞 = 104.73 ln Δ𝑇 − 196.19 0.83
4 Polynomial 𝑞 = 1.0849Δ𝑇 2 − 11.714Δ𝑇 + 38.604 0.9973
5 Power 𝑞 = 0.0291Δ𝑇 3.0293 0.9949

As the R2 value is maximum for polynomial regression model of order 2 which is 0.9973 so
this model is suitable for correlating the heat flux and wall superheat. So, the most suitable
model equation is:
𝑞 = 1.0849Δ𝑇 2 − 11.714Δ𝑇 + 38.604
The power regression model has similar R2 value hence it can also be used to avoid long
calculations. The R2 value is 0.9943 and model equation is:
𝑞 = 0.0291Δ𝑇 3.0293
5.1 Future Scope
 Other heat surfaces of different grove dimensions will we added in the analysis of pool
boiling.
 Reading at different pressures with different refringent will be considered in the
regression model.
 CFD analysis for pool boiling can be done.
 Nanofluids can be used to enhance heat transfer from solid to liquid.

24
References

[1] “Nuclear Power,” [Online]. Available: https://www.nuclear-power.net/nuclear-

engineering/heat-transfer/boiling-and-condensation/boiling-modes-types-of-boiling/.

[2] J. Kotharotiya, Slideshare, [Online]. Available:

https://www.slideshare.net/jaykathrotiya9/ht-5-pool-boiling-curve.

[3] “Flow Boiling,” [Online]. Available: https://www.nuclear-power.net/nuclear-

engineering/heat-transfer/boiling-and-condensation/flow-boiling-forced-convection-
boiling/.

[4] Collier, “Flow boiling in a vertical tube,” 1981. [Online]. Available:

https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Fig-1-Flow-boiling-in-a-vertical-tube-Collier-
1981_fig1_325009742.

[5] M. A. K. Lingnan Lin, “Review of low-GWP refrigerant pool boiling heat transfer on
enhanced surfaces,” International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 131, p. 1279–1303,
2019.

[6] O. K. M. C. C. P. Sergio Pereira Rocha, “Nucleate pool boiling of R-134a on plain and
micro-finned tubes,” international journal of refrigeration, pp. 456-464, 2013.

[7] “Pool boiling heat transfer enhancement over cylindrical tubes with water at atmospheric
pressure, Part I: Experimental results for circumferential rectangular open
microchannels,” International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, p. 1205–1215, 2013.

[8] S. G. K. Jeet S. Mehta, “Pool boiling heat transfer enhancement over cylindrical tubes
with water at atmospheric pressure, Part II: Experimental results and bubble dynamics for
circumferential V-groove and axial rectangular open microchannels,” International
Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 64, p. 1216–1225, 2013.

[9] J. R. T. Gherhardt Ribatski, “Nucleate boiling heat transfer of R134a on enhanced tubes,”
Applied Thermal Engineering 26, pp. 1018-1031, 2006.

[10] M.-G. Kang, “Effect of surface roughness on pool boiling heat transfer,” International
Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, pp. 4073-4085, 2000.

[11] T. Chen, “An experimental investigation of nucleate boiling heat transfer from an
enhanced cylindrical surface,” Applied Thermal Engineering, pp. 355-361, 2013.

[12] Y. Palen, 1983.

[13] C. Xin, 1987.

25
[14] D. S. K. Ali Hussain Tarrad, “A Correlation for the Pool Boiling Enhancement Factor
from Low Finned Tubes,” Global Journal of Researches in Engineering: A Mechanical
and Mechanics Engineering, vol. 14, no. 5, 2014.

[15] Mostinski, “1963”.

26