um of ‘lbs caw stn open, Aenume the lost stained pres vs)? a draw. cai het we. The ure, ion and (Des Chapter 13 / 42 ve ak irect Contact Heat and ass Transfer “Tho process of ar humidification was discussed in Chapter 3 on the basis of ther- smadynamics In that cate the condition fine on the psyehromettic chart was found to be solely a function ofthe water enthalpy, and all the water mixed withthe ait stream was assamed to evaporate and become a pat of the ai-water-vapor mix ture. The rate and path at which this process could occur were not considered, In this ehapter the physical aspects of mass transfer are briefly reviewed as they relate to tle typical processes encountered in HVAC systems, such as air wash- ce, cooling overs, and cooling coils We will hen consider problems in which the ‘quantity of wacer in contact withthe aie is muck larger than the quantity added for withdrawn iom the air stream, A vate of results are possible, depending fon the moist ait stato and the water temperature. The air may be cooled and hu Iiditled or dshumidiied, or heated and humidified by dlrex comact with "Only heat and mass transfer will be considered. As discussed in Chapter 4, the sir may also be cleansed of dust and water-soluble vapors by contact with water, 134 COMBINED HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER Many problems in engineering are concerned with the simultancous transfer of and heat In this book these problems deal mainly with heated and cooled alervapor mixtures that result in the evaporation or condensation of the wales. His well known that a link exists between the transport of momentum, hea, and mass. The two-dimensional boundary layer equations, with boundary con tions, for an incompyesible, constan-property uid with a zero pressure gradient may be used fo shoW the connection between heat, mass, and momentum tans {er (0). Whea the diffusivities for mass, momentum, and heat (Dv, @) are equal, the Prandtl number Pr and the Schmidt number Sc are both equal to one, where wat (34) and Se= 5 (32) 463464 Capes 13 Direc Contaet Heat and Mase Tater ‘The ratio of the Schmidt number to the Prandt! number isthe Lewis number Sela =Ea8 (33) e=F=$ (33), Which is also equl to one in this ease, 11 can furthes be stiown (1) through nondimensionalizing the boundary layer equations thatthe Nusselt nmiber equals the Sherwood numb: Nu =ALK= Sh = hqL/D 34) where ‘n= heat transfer coefficient, Buu(he‘t?) or Wi(a?C) sass transfer coeticient, Us o mis length torm ass difustvity, 26 oF mis h ‘The mass transeris given by and the heat transfor is given by Ce Cu) ac) Alte ~ ts) (36) face area normal tothe heat or mass ow, f or m2 centration, Ibm ot kel ir temperatute, For C | Expressions forthe Nusselt and Sherwood aumbers have functional relations given by Nu= Cj Ret PP Sh= C; Re® Se! ‘The Reynolds analogy was fist used to show the connection between heat and ‘momentum transfer and appears as as) hit vey? 7 ie were Jie Fain for Tew itede oman = heh oy etal re) ‘The Reynolds analogy had long been recognized a giving reasonable results when Pee Se t and the fempecature plental is moderate. Mapy other analdgies have ‘been proposed to account forthe effect of Prandtl number, Chilton and Chlbua (2) Ihave proposed the widely accepted j-factor analogy: Im inn $ (310) where . » asa132 Spray Chambers 465 and 133) (3:12) From Bqs 1841 and 1342 layer 2 aon (¥) (aay a Pent whore Les approximately 10 for most sir at ul conditions In aicontioning calculations ti generally mote convenient to we the concentration nthe form of {he hut rat Weather han Cin ase of water per it vote. The relation between the wo c= ast) where py the mas density ofthe dy ai (ras per uit volume). Equation 135 then becomes 3 a tng = hoe Me = We) (3s) mad tha = ha As ~ Wa) (13416) whe ha pdm 1 ‘The dimension of ys mas of ar per unit are and tine. The analogy of. 1313, then becomes sven . ‘ Ls (9.18 ah e ia) andthe actor of By, 1342 beomes I gan a = Mea ) nd ina Ast (349 “The we ofthe foregoing analog ia moist problems requires caution, Overthe 38) rangeoteerstures £50010 (1040 60C) an rom completly dry tosatrate ai, the Lows umber ranges ftom about 811 0863), whereas the Schmit and ans + + Prangti numbers have ales of about 6 and 07, Therefore, the theoretical basis for theanalog stent stsied The analogy alo based onidealsuxace and ow feid eondons For example, thee a undiaputed evidence thatthe water deposited 34) ‘on 4 surface during dehumidification roughens the surface and upsets the analogy ‘because is for smooth dy surface (4). Thee is also evidence that csturbanes shen inthe flow fd may inence the transfer phenomena and sometimes render the nave analogy invalid (3). The alogy seems to be most vali when theres det cosact, 3) tesween healt and water. In stations suchas dehumidiVng heat exchanger, te condensate that collects onthe surface upsets the fundamental basis forthe analogy ‘We will use the j-factor analog) extensively for direct contact processes. 132 SPRAY CHAMBERS Spray chumbers are wed to simultaneously change the temperature and humidity ‘and remove costaminants such as dust and odorous gases from air passing through 3466 Chapter Dire Contact ent ané Mass Taster Luie viler ‘igure 164 Schematic ofa spray chamber. fine mist of water contained in a chamber as shown schematically n Fig. 13-1. These devices are usually adiabetic with water heated or cboled externally. When suffi ently warm wateris used, the ar will be humidified and perhaps heated somewhat ‘This device is called an air washer. The use of chilled wate in the chamber results cooling and dehumidification similar to a cooling call (Chapter 14), In this ease the device i usually referred to as a spray deta ‘The following development is approximate and intended t0 show the nature ofthe proceses tht cour in spray chambers Manufacturers furnish catalogs and computer selection programs, based on experiment and theory, to select and apply spray chambers, { ‘The primary reason for eating direct contact equipment asa separate group arises fom the dfeulty in evaluating the heat- and mase-tansfer area, For the ait washer or any spra-type device that does not have packing materials, the heat- and ‘mass-iransfer areas are approximately equal. ‘The sir washer will be considered fst; we wl introduce modifications late for ae * Am “Tha term one pt isthe efigerant de fli eshte, Ste wal od etn. (ssi) sd the second term COOLING TOWERS ‘A typical cootingtower used ia HVAC applications i shown in Fig. 2-11, The partic: ‘lat model shown sa packaged mechanical daft wit. The function ofthe cooling tower i 0 raject heat co the atmosphere by rue sng the temperatare of water circulated through condensers or other heat-rejection “auipment For tis reason te state ofthese and itspath onthe psyehrometrcchart a of ite interest,474 Chapier 13 Direct Cntat Heat and Mass Tanler Counteflow mechanical dafttowersare commonly found in sc-cunditoning ap plications The main advantage of counterow ist adaptability to limited space, The ‘thermal capability of any cooling tower can be defined bythe following parameters: 1 Entering and leaving water temperatures ¢ 2. Entering it wet bulb temperature 3. Water flow ate ‘The dfernce between the emeing and leaving water temperature i the cothng range, hile the ditereneein temperature between the eoldwaterand he eteing ait \wetbulbisthe approach, The thermal capability of cooling towers for sieonditoning is usualy stated in terms of nomial reigeration tonnage based on beat rejection ‘of 15400 Btu pe ton (125 KWIRW) anda low rat of water of 3 gp per fon (0.054 Lis per kW) wit the water cooled fom 95 085 F 3510290) at BF (6 C) ‘et bul temperate. ‘The performance ofa coling tower for an siecontonng system is shown in Fig. 137. The presentation contains all he variables required fo define the thermal capability ofthe tower and therefore canbe ued to evaluate tower performance ‘The tower of Fig 13-7 irated at the standard condtionof 10F (36) cooing ange, 7F (39 C) approach, and 3 gpm per ton [0054 L(skW)]- Each curve of Fig 137 is often given asa family of eurves with variable coating ange (6) o alow a mote comprehensive evaluation To simplify the figure, only tes cites for one fed cooling range are wed here, With a ilerent Row rte foreach ‘Wet ul temperature, ¢ ; ae ea Se Stor es < eo i of eB i aoig range = 10 F560) | B iq sensor iooreuesmir | = Ecol 3 gonvton 0.054 Ltesas ]6+g 1 3 amrreniomsucoor |g “ta pa ot » reise sol a +l, oe oa Wes bu temperate F Figure 1-7 Peformarce da fore cooling tower,