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LR PHD Framework
LR PHD Framework
doctoral study; construction of an The aspects in this model are The supervisors who generated excellence in doctoral study all If tested and found wanting,
postgraduate research; explicit conceptual based on the authors’ focused strongly on the development of conceptual frameworks then the conceptual
pedagogical model; framework experiences in the field of framework will require
doctoral pedagogy educational research that can assist them to move beyond relational thinking into extended further work or refinement.
act as prompts and are open to abstract thinking as doctoral study progresses and find that
further development and conceptual frameworks suit this need well.
adaptation relevant to particular
contexts and research The pedagogical model can be used by supervisors to support
paradigms. research students, the research project and the supervisory
relationship
1 : Berman
doctoral study success explores several such Understandably, unsatisfactory success rates can be ascribed to The challenges involving doctoral non- inexperienced or overburdened supervisors
challenges related to numerous factors such as inexperienced or overburdened completion and a lack of academic or scholarly
potentially limiting or supervisors, inadequate preparation of candidates for research, quality are not restricted to putting the blame on inadequate preparation of candidates for research
promoting doctoral inadequate admission requirements and procedures, doctoral candidates themselves, their supervisors
success and quality or the institutions where they enrol. As inadequate admission requirements and procedures
insuffi cient fi nancial support for students, and overall ineffective candidates carry huge responsibilities when
infrastructural support for postgraduate studies entering doctoral studies, success can be insuffi cient fi nancial support for students
associated with an array of factors or challenges.
Good supervision seems to be central to successful doctoral overall ineffective infrastructural support for
research training, yet it is a process poorly understood. the monetary loss for both institutions and postgraduate studies
individual doctoral students when noncompletion
or lengthy studies are concerned mode of study
academic isolation
2 : Bitzer,
Author A : B_Research Area B : C_Objectives C : D_Methodology D : E_Findings E : F_Discussion F : G_Limitation Gap G : H_Factors Influences Unsuccessful
doctoral education; addresses the reflective life-world research Being independent in pragmatic action ofcritical and creative thinking in their educational
doctoral student; critical meanings and practice
thinking; creativity; conditions of critical explorative approach process where the students freed themselves from the supervisor
learning and creative thinking and other senior researchers through carrying out their research in
according to the 14 doctoral students and their accordance with their own decisions
students’ learning supervisors were interviewed
experiences the students’ critical and creative thinking in pragmatic action thus
recorded semi-structured implied to be independent in their dissertation work, in the sense of
interviews autonomously evaluating which paths would be feasible for the
further research process
3 : Brodin,
supervision, higher examines the semi-structured interview supports they mainly get from their supervisors include reading, This should provide supervisors the opportunities designing data collection methods
education, conflict challenges facing structuring and commenting on manuscripts to meet scientific to have more reflections about their supervisory
management, content doctoral students and qualitative content analysis standards tasks and how to improve the aspects that they data analysis
analysis how they have coped are lagging behind. This could help improve
over little support on design of data collection methods, design of supervisor-student relationship as well as writing publishable research papers
research questions and mentoring regarding how to become a successful completion of doctoral studies
How supervisor- successful researcher oral presentation skills
student relationship encourages sustainable supervisor-student
could be improved relationship as well as encourage doctoral inaccessibility of associate supervisors
students to write theses of high quality and
complete their studies on time dependent on their supervisors
4 : Ezebilo,
Author A : B_Research Area B : C_Objectives C : D_Methodology D : E_Findings E : F_Discussion F : G_Limitation Gap G : H_Factors Influences Unsuccessful
deductive approach friends and family, including peers who are already engaged in institutions have a responsibility to make sure motivation: family and friends, intrinsic motivation,
doctoral study or who are in the process of applying for that those choosing HDRs have a realistic idea of lecturer influence, research experience, and career
Questionnaire items were based scholarships and places in doctoral programmes, as where this is likely to lead them progression
primarily on the literature
review genuine interest in the research topic and a desire to contribute to enlighten discussions about the changing nature
knowledge in the field. Th of the PhD as new kinds of doctorates are in the
Exploratory factor analysis process of being developed
Personal goal to gain a PhD’; ‘I
a more accurate understanding of all these issues
personal identity are also tied to a desire to contribute to society will result in more effective recruitment and
more broadly, and in some cases a desire for recognition from marketing of doctoral opportunities
others:
7 : Guerin,
Doctoral Students’ gain a better mixed methods survey respondents indicated more positive than negative instances of Students who reported higher levels of emotional
understanding of the interaction with their supervisor, and most instances of changing exhaustion were more likely to plan on leaving
understand the negative factors that quantitative scale supervisors were due to neutral reasons like a move or retirement, academia
antecedents of doctoral contribute to poor or were due to a mismatch
students’ emotional outcomes in doctoral qualitative systematic self- greater work and life experience older students
well-being, and their education. observation (SSO) one third of doctoral student respondents (35.5%) reported may provide them with stronger communication
plans to leave academia moderate to high levels of emotional exhaustion or coping skills to better manage the challenges
international online community of doctoral studies
for graduate students Perceived departmental/faculty support significantly reduced
doctoral students’ emotional exhaustion hard applied and soft applied academic
331 students from nine disciplines were more likely to plan on leaving
countries consented to academia
participate in the study
feeling cared about and appreciated at the
departmental (or faculty) level has positive effects
on doctoral students’ emotional exhaustion.
doctoral education examine the social open-ended qualitative survey. social support networks were comprised of three groups: academic Professional support from academic friends and
support networks of friends, family, and doctoral advisers faculty advisers helped the doctoral students
doctoral students who 31 participants with completed perceive stressors as less stressful.
have successfully doctoral degrees from multiple three distinct types of positive social support, including emotional
completed a doctoral universities in the United States. support, practical support, and professional support doctoral advisers provided reassurances about
degree the quality of their work and their decision to
advice about time and stress management, and they provide pursue the degree.
What behaviors from assistance with writing, research, and teaching issues.
their social support faculty to set aside time for discussions, seminars,
networks would Faculty support came from the following sources: 1) professors in and/or luncheons to help doctoral students to
doctoral students their departments, 2) professors from other disciplines from whom discuss research and to improve as emerging
report as beneficial in doctoral students took classes, 3) professors who comprised their scholars.
degree completion? doctoral committees, and 4) their doctoral adviser
What behaviors from Doctoral advisers are typically subject-matter experts in the
their social support doctoral students’ areas of study and are, therefore, in a good
networks would position to offer feedback, advice, and problemfocused assistance.
doctoral students
report as detrimental the knowledge-based guidance that their advisers provided them
to degree completion? was crucial to their successful completion of the degree
9 : Jairam
Doctoral Program Thematic analysis The issue of progress concerns itself with those
Design elements which work to impede successful
doctoral completion. Progress comprises four
major sub-themes; these are ‘Time to
completion’, ‘Attrition and retention’, ‘Stress,
exhaustion & anxiety’, and ‘Student-life balance’
10 : Jones,
Doctoral studies quantitative research strategy other network and peers,
forms of support than network and peer support
were not related to the experienced research
progress.
11 : Laheni
Author A : B_Research Area B : C_Objectives C : D_Methodology D : E_Findings E : F_Discussion F : G_Limitation Gap G : H_Factors Influences Unsuccessful
cross-sectional survey PhD students were consistently more affected (as indicated by the feelings of being under constant strain,
higher number of symptoms) than the highly educated general unhappiness and depression, sleeping problems
General Health Questionnaire population, highly educated employees and higher education due to worries, inability to overcome difficulties
(GHQ) students and not being able to enjoy day-to-day activities.
mental health problems were less prevalent in the execution phase work-family conflict is the most
as compared to the beginning of the PhD process important predictor of both psychological
distress and a risk of a common psychiatric
PhD students expressing a high interest in an academic career are disorder in PhD students. Another strong
in better mental health predictor is job demands, followed by family-
work conflict, job control and inspirational
leadership style.
12 : levecq
13 : Maher
doctoral studies investigate how Questionnaire survey plan commitment has a positive effect on progress in completing
students’ personal coursework
commitment and Internet-based survey
various forms of
support, as well as
their complementary
effects, explain
progress in doctoral
studies
PhD candidate highlight and Qualitative face to face in-depth 10 major themes related to the training needs fundamental model The findings of study suggest a model of doctoral
proposed a doctoral interviews were conducted for a PhD candidate; the training of (1) research methodology, (2) training program for PhD candidate were the
Doctoral training training needs among the Doctoral Candidate motivation, (3) financial, (4) religious knowledge, (5) health, (6) training of (1) research methodology, (2)
assessment model for (n = 19) at the Malaysian Public supervision, (7) sharing experience, (8) foreign language courses, (9) motivation, (3) financial, (4) religious knowledge,
PhD Candidate in the Universities, by focusing on writing and publishing journal, and (10) spouse training. (5) health, (6) supervision, (7) sharing experience,
Malaysian context those who pursue their study in (8) foreign language courses, (9) writing and
the field of Science and The first key theme is the training needs of research methodology publishing journal, and (10) spouse training.
Technology. A framework and there were seven subthemes that are the (i) software, (ii)
analysis was conducted by using research proposal, (iii)
ATLAS.ti software version 7.
Graduate Record Examination (GRE), (iv) robotic research, (v)
reading & writing technique (RWT), (vi) Othman Talib workshop
(OTW) and (vii) labs research.
manage the way I read the books and from there I know this is one
of my weaknesses and I have a lack of reading technique such as
skimming and scanning
16 : Mohkta success in their PhD journey would enable them to fulfil certain
Author A : B_Research Area B : C_Objectives C : D_Methodology D : E_Findings E : F_Discussion F : G_Limitation Gap G : H_Factors Influences Unsuccessful
Doctoral studies explore the significant qualitatively using three supervisors were capable of providing three kinds of support, students to make the effort to ensure their
people in the lives of methods of data collection namely: supervision is fruitful as exemplified by the
female PhD students in namely individual interview Professional, Personal and Financial. second assumption in Knowles’ concept of adult
Education and sessions, focus group discussion learning which concerns the ability of adults to be
Engineering at one and informal session. supervisees and supervisors rely on each other in the quest to responsible for their own learning
university in Malaysia ensure successful PhD endeavours.
as to shed some lights Thirty eight students husbands are capable of becoming ‘pillars of
on their journey. strength’ for not just personal reasons but also
for professional matters.
17 : Mokhta
doctoral students, explores the fit survey data collected in general the doctoral students and the supervisors identified both the students’ and supervisors’ descriptions
between doctoral rather similar kinds of resources and challenges. of the main resources and challenges in the
students and their online surveys doctoral process were related to the scholarly
working environment integrating into a scholarly community to being interested in community and supervision, structures and
by analyzing students’ Likert-type statements and research, whereas the challenges varied from a lack of funding to resources, personal regulators, and research-
and supervisors’ open-ended questions focusing problems in defining the research questions. specific factors
perceptions of on three themes: (1) thesis
resources and process (2) supervision, and (3) supervisory relationship typically included encouragement, support, shared understanding of the resources and
challenges involved in doctoral studies, engagement, and feedback from the supervisor as well as the challenges between the doctoral students and
the doctoral process. supervisor’s expertise and enthusiasm. supervisors is related to students’ satisfaction.
18 : Pyhalt
Author A : B_Research Area B : C_Objectives C : D_Methodology D : E_Findings E : F_Discussion F : G_Limitation Gap G : H_Factors Influences Unsuccessful
doctoral education exploring the fit Survey students emphasised less the variety of supervisory resources than supervisors had more diverse perceptions
between doctoral supervisors did. concerning the
students’ and 1184 doctoral students actors involved in supervision than doctoral
supervisors’ reported receiving supervision monthly; the supervisors, in turn, students.
perceptions of who are three themes: thesis process, reported their students typically receiving it weekly
involved in supervision, and doctoral having an opportunity to use different
supervision, the studies and background the students and supervisors identified rather similar tasks ranging supervisory resources promotes student
frequency of questions from providing advice and funding to giving emotional support satisfaction with supervision
supervision and the
main task of the Qualitative analysis students who reported receiving supervision
supervisor, and further, more frequently were also less likely to consider
how the perceived fit interrupting their studies.
contributes to
students’ satisfaction
and resilience in
studies.
19 : Pyhält
20 : Sharif
Doctoral Degrees identify factors that qualitative
inhibit and/or facilitate
students' success in e-mail survey
doctoral programs
21 : Steve
doctoral studies examines four key sub- qualitative leave the Malaysian higher education system
themes in relation to
how participants go in-depth semi-structured took host nation scholarships rather than Malaysian government
about selecting their interviews with nine participants scholarships seemed actively determined to not pursue further
overseas doctoral studies in Malaysia.
degree destination.
Doctoral education outline recent changes the number of research students has risen sharply at a time when,
in doctoral education in many research-intensive institutions, the pool of supervisors has
not grown pro rata, in many cases the result has been an increase
assess their in the numbers of early career researchers whom staff are expected
implications for to supervise.
supervisors who are
developing early added significantly to
career researchers supervisory workloads.
23 : taylor,
Doctoral persistence to develop a large online ques- central role played by the local research doctoral persistence has mainly focused on three sets
pool of items for tionnaire that was emailed to of factors: Characteristics of doctoral students,
the need support and 3228 doctoral students community in filtering disciplinary norms and in characteristics of supervisors or features of doctoral
need satisfaction shaping doctoral students' experience. programs, and features of the supervisory process (for
scales; A revised online questionnaire a review, see Bair & Haworth, 2004).
was sent to an independent supervisor is not the primary provider of
to translate items from sample of relatedness-enhancing support at the level of the build independent thinking while simultaneously
scales originally 1963 doctoral students research team or doctoral program managing long-term deadlines (Lovitts, 2005).
written in English into
French we found that doctoral students engaged and evidence suggests that doctoral students are more
persisted more when their needs were satisfied likely to persist if they develop a meaningful and
to select two sets of and when they perceived their mentor to be collegial relationship with their supervisor(s), faculty
items on the basis of supportive of their needs or other doctoral students, and engage in social and
exploratory factor scientific activities related to their doctoral programs
analyses (EFA), item (Tinto, 1975).
statistics, maximization
of construct coverage,
and reliability
coefficients.
24 : vander
Author 1 : Berman & Smyth, 2013 2 : Bitzer, 2011
doctoral study; postgraduate research; pedagogical doctoral study success
model; doctoral pedagogy
A : B_Research Area
B : C_Objectives
The aspects in this model are based on the authors’
experiences in the field of educational research
that can act as prompts and are open to further
development and adaptation relevant to particular
contexts and research paradigms.
C : D_Methodology
The supervisors who generated excellence in Understandably, unsatisfactory success rates can
doctoral study all focused strongly on the be ascribed to numerous factors such as
development of conceptual frameworks inexperienced or overburdened supervisors,
inadequate preparation of candidates for research,
assist them to move beyond relational thinking inadequate admission requirements and
into extended abstract thinking as doctoral study procedures,
progresses and find that conceptual frameworks
suit this need well. insuffi cient fi nancial support for students, and
overall ineffective infrastructural support for
The pedagogical model can be used by supervisors postgraduate studies
to support research students, the research project
and the supervisory relationship Good supervision seems to be central to successful
doctoral research training, yet it is a process poorly
Once devised, the conceptual framework functions understood.
as a scaffold for the learning
D : E_Findingsto become well focused for the student. It provides
E : F_Discussion
F : G_Limitation Gap
inexperienced or overburdened supervisors
mode of study
academic isolation
Explorato
ry factor
analysis
Being independent in supports they mainly get friends
pragmatic action from their supervisors and
include reading, structuring family,
process where the and commenting on including
students freed manuscripts to meet peers
themselves from the scientific standards who are
supervisor and other already
senior researchers little support on design of engaged
through carrying out data collection methods, in
their research in design of research questions doctoral
accordance with their and mentoring regarding study or
own decisions how to become a successful who are
researcher in the
the students’ critical process
and creative thinking of
in pragmatic action applying
thus implied to be for
independent in their scholarshi
dissertation work, in ps and
the sense of places in
autonomously doctoral
evaluating which program
paths would be mes, as
feasible for the further
research process genuine
interest in
the
research
topic and
a desire
to
This should provide institution
supervisors the opportunities s have a
to have more reflections responsib
about their supervisory tasks ility to
and how to improve the make
aspects that they are lagging sure that
behind. This could help those
improve supervisor-student choosing
relationship as well as HDRs
successful completion of have a
doctoral studies realistic
idea of
encourages sustainable where
supervisor-student this is
relationship as well as likely to
encourage doctoral students lead them
to write theses of high
quality and complete their enlighten
studies on time discussio
ns about
They should be aware that the
students differ. Some may changing
need more guidance in their nature of
research project while others the PhD
may need less. as new
kinds of
doctorate
s are in
the
process
of being
ofcritical and creative designing data collection motivatio
thinking in their methods n: family
educational practice and
data analysis friends,
intrinsic
writing publishable research motivatio
papers n, lecturer
influence,
oral presentation skills research
experienc
inaccessibility of associate e, and
supervisors career
progressi
dependent on their on
supervisors
8 : Hunter & Devine, 2016 9 : Jairam 10 : Jones,11 : Lahen
Doctoral Students’ doctoral Doctoral Doctoral
education Program studies
understand the antecedents of doctoral students’ emotional well-being, and Design
their plans to leave academia
gain a better understanding of the negative factors that contribute to poor examine
outcomes in doctoral education. the social
support
networks
of
doctoral
students
who have
successful
ly
complete
da
doctoral
degree
What
behaviors
from their
social
support
networks
would
doctoral
students
report as
beneficial
in degree
completio
n?
What
mixed methods survey open- Thematic quantitati
ended analysis ve
quantitative scale qualitativ research
e survey. strategy
qualitative systematic self-observation (SSO)
31
international online community for graduate students participan
ts with
331 students from nine countries consented to participate in the study complete
d
doctoral
degrees
from
multiple
universitie
s in the
United
States.
respondents indicated more positive than negative instances of interaction with social
their supervisor, and most instances of changing supervisors were due to support
neutral reasons like a move or retirement, or were due to a mismatch networks
were
one third of doctoral student respondents (35.5%) reported moderate to high comprise
levels of emotional exhaustion d of three
groups:
Perceived departmental/faculty support significantly reduced doctoral students’ academic
emotional exhaustion friends,
family,
and
doctoral
advisers
three
distinct
types of
positive
social
support,
including
emotional
support,
practical
support,
and
professio
nal
support
advice
Students who reported higher levels of emotional exhaustion were more likely Professio The issue other
to plan on leaving academia nal of forms of
support progress support
greater work and life experience older students may provide them with from concerns than
stronger communication or coping skills to better manage the challenges of academic itself with network
doctoral studies friends those and peer
and elements support
hard applied and soft applied academic disciplines were more likely to plan on faculty which were not
leaving academia advisers work to related to
helped impede the
feeling cared about and appreciated at the departmental (or faculty) level has the successful experienc
positive effects on doctoral students’ emotional exhaustion. doctoral doctoral ed
students completio research
doctoral students who experienced high levels of faculty/department support perceive n. progress.
were less likely to plan on leaving academia stressors Progress
as less comprises peer
The multiple dimensions of LMX (contribution, loyalty, affect, and professional stressful. four learning
respect) may lead to new insights for improving the supervisory relationship major pedagogy
doctoral sub- should
Some characteristics of the supervisory working relationship also appear to advisers themes; get more
affect doctoral students’ emotional exhaustion; the more students a doctoral provided these are attention
advisor has successfully seen through to completion, and the more frequently reassuran ‘Time to while
students meet with their advisor, the lower the doctoral student’s emotional ces about completio planning
exhaustion. the n’, education
quality of ‘Attrition for the
While professors are highly trained in research, few receive explicit training in their work and doctoral
the area of mentoring and supervision, responsibilities that are central to high and their retention’, students
quality relationships. Additionally, creating a structured model to assist advisors decision ‘Stress,
in providing feedback, both in terms of academic research and relationship to pursue exhaustio
management, may be helpful. Accordingly, universities should consider the n&
implementing a mentor training and development program for faculty who degree. anxiety’,
network
and
peers,
12 : levec 13 : Maher14 : Marti 15 : Mazhi16 : Mohkt17 : Mokht18 : Pyhalt19 : Pyhält20 : Shari 21 : Steve
doctoral PhD Doctoral Doctoral doctoral doctoral Doctoral
studies candidate Studies studies students, education Degrees
Doctoral
training
examines outline to
four key recent develop a
sub- changes large pool
themes in in of items
relation doctoral for
to how educationthe need
participan support
ts go assess and need
about their satisfactio
selecting implicatio n scales;
their ns for
overseas superviso to
doctoral rs who translate
degree are items
destinatio developin from
n. g early scales
career originally
(1) the researche written in
participan rs English
ts’ into
reasons French
for
choosing to select
an two sets
overseas- of items
based on the
doctoral basis of
program, explorato
(2) a ry factor
considera analyses
tion of (EFA),
qualitativ online
e ques-
tionnaire
in-depth that was
semi- emailed
structured to 3228
interviews doctoral
with nine students
participan
ts A revised
online
questionn
aire was
sent to an
independ
ent
sample of
1963
doctoral
students
leave the the
Malaysian number
higher of
education research
system students
has risen
took host sharply at
nation a time
scholarshi when, in
ps rather many
than research-
Malaysian intensive
governme institution
nt s, the
scholarshi pool of
ps superviso
seemed rs has not
actively grown
determine pro rata,
d to not in many
pursue cases the
further result has
studies in been an
Malaysia. increase
in the
numbers
of early
career
researche
rs whom
staff are
central
role
played by
the local
research
communit
y in
filtering
disciplinar
y norms
and in
shaping
doctoral
students'
experienc
e.
superviso
r is not
the
primary
provider
of
relatedne
ss-
enhancin
g support
at the
level of
the
doctoral
persistenc
e has
mainly
focused
on three
sets of
factors:
Characteri
stics of
doctoral
students,
characteri
stics of
superviso
rs or
features
of
doctoral
programs,
and
features
of the
superviso
ry process
(for a
review,
see Bair &
Haworth,
2004).