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I. INTRODUCTION
σ = Eε (1)
where this time E refers to the Young’s Modulus for
compression. In this region, the material deforms elasti-
cally and returns to its original length when the stress is
removed. This linear region terminates at what is known
as the yield point. Above this point the material behaves
FIG. 1. Figure showing the fibers aligned in wood perpendic- plastically and will not return to its original length once
ular to the text the load is removed.
On compression, the specimen will shorten. The mate-
sign of structures. Compressive strength is measured on rial will tend to spread in the lateral direction and hence
a universal testing machine. Wood has unique, indepen- increase the cross sectional area.
dent properties in the three mutually perpendicular axes: In a compression test the specimen is clamped at the
The compressive strength of lumber parallel to the grain edges. For this reason, a frictional force arises which will
is different from the perpendicular to the grain. oppose the lateral spread. This means that work has
to be done to oppose this frictional force hence increas-
ing the energy consumed during the process. There is
II. THEORY a difference between the engineering stress and the true
stress. By its basic definition the uniaxial stress is given
by:
By definition, the ultimate compressive strength of
a material is that value of uniaxial compressive stress
reached when the material fractures. A loaddeformation F
σ= (2)
curve is plotted by the instrument and Stress-strain for A
that would look similar to the following: where:
The compressive strength of the material is corre- F = Load applied [N]
2
A = Area [m2 ]. • The machine was then started and the loading was
As stated, the area of the specimen varies on compres- given by the means of hydraulic pressure gradually.
sion. In reality therefore the area is some function of the
applied load i.e. A = f(F). Indeed, stress is defined as the • Simultaneously, the readings of load and displace-
force divided by the area at the start of the experiment. ment was noted.
This is known as the engineering stress and is defined by,
• When the fracture point was reached, the dimen-
F sions of the specimen were taken.
σe = (3)
Ao • Figure showing the machine used for the test [4].
A0 =Original specimen area . Correspondingly, the engi-
neering strain would be defined by:
l − l0
εe = (4)
l
But the force required to compress varies when it is ap-
plied in parallel from perpendicular to the fibers. Be-
cause when force applied in perpendicular to fibers, the
deformation is high, as one of the fibers fracture it has
to deform as shown in the following figure [4]. But in the
• Firstly, the dimensions of the specimen was mea- The dimension of the given wooden block is
sured. 5cmx5cmx5cm.
With naked eye the fibers were observed and placed on
• Then the specimen was placed on the anvil. the anvil.
3
Deformation(mm) Load(KN)
23.2 78.63 TABLE II. Table showing values of Deformation for the cor-
23.3 80.28 responding load applied in the parallel to fibers
23.5 81.53 Deformation(mm) Load(KN)
23.7 82.43 0 0.06
23.8 83.98 0 0.1
23.9 84.98 0 0.14
24 85.08 0 0.2
24.1 85.68 0 0.25
24.3 87.33 0 0.3
24.4 88.58 0 0.35
24.5 89.28 0 0.4
24.5 89.93 0 0.45
24.7 90.07 0 0.5
24.8 91.23 0 1
24.9 92.28 0 1.25
25 92.98 0 1.5
25.1 93.73 0.1 1.51
25.2 94.43 0.1 1.61
25.3 95.93 0.1 1.71
25.4 96.28 0.1 1.81
25.5 96.83 0.1 1.91
25.6 97.53 0.1 2.01
25.7 98.53 0.2 2.04
25.8 99.28 0.2 2.1
25.9 99.98 0.2 2.14
26.1 101.08 0.2 2.24
26.2 101.98 0.2 2.34
26.3 102.98 0.2 2.4
26.4 103.13 0.2 2.44
26.5 104.58 0.2 2.5
26.5 105.23 0.3 2.51
26.6 105.93 0.3 2.82
26.7 106.63 0.3 3.1
26.8 107.98 0.3 3.3
26.9 108.33 0.3 3.6
27 109.98 0.3 4.1
27.1 110.98 0.3 4.32
27.2 111.88 0.4 4.34
27.3 112.78 0.4 5.34
27.4 114.53 0.4 6.34
27.5 115.38 0.4 7.34
27.5 116.43 0.4 8.34
27.6 117.13 0.4 9.1
27.7 117.88 0.4 9.27
27.8 118.98 0.5 9.34
27.9 118.53 0.5 10.34
27.9 119.28 0.5 11.34
0.5 12.34
0.5 13.34
VI. DISCUSSION 0.5 14.34
0.5 15.85
0.6 15.89
When the load is applied parallel to grains, the wooden 0.6 16.89
sample will take more load to fail, the ability of wood to 0.6 17.89
take more load parallel to grains before failure is because 0.6 18.89
each fibre act as column to the applied load and even 0.6 19.89
after the failure of the single fibre the rest of the fibres 0.6 20.63
will keep on taking the load.When the load is applied 0.6 21.83
perpendicular to the grains, the wooden sample takes 0.7 22.83
comparatively less load. This is because the failure of 0.7 23.84
the single fibre will lead to the failure of the whole sam- 0.7 24.84
0.7 25.86
0.7 26.9
0.7 27.84
0.7 29.74
0.8 30.1
6
ple. The strength of the wooden sample when the load REFERENCES
is applied parallel to the grains is about ten times more
as compare to when the load is applied perpendicular to [1] https : //en.wikipedia.org
grains [3]. [2] https : //www.kstr.lth.se
[3] http : //www.scribd.com
[4] Imagesf romStrengthof M aterialsLab, IIST