Table 2.

Regression Results Predicting the Prevalence of Employees’ Speaking Up and Offering Solutions

Model (1) (2) (3) (4)

Speaking Up Offering Solutions Speaking Up Offering Solutions
Dependent variable
Number of incident Number of incident Number of incident Number of incident
reports reports with solutions reports reports with solutions
Coefficient IRR Coefficient IRR Coefficient IRR Coefficient IRR
Information campaign 0.120*** 1.13 0.301*** 1.35 0.099** 1.10 0.384*** 1.47
[0.031] [0.056] [0.040] [0.078]
Managerial engagement in process improvement -0.099 0.91 0.482* 1.62 -0.126 0.94 0.584*** 1.79
[0.187] [0.272] [0.186] [0.271]
Managerial engagement in process improvement 0.139 1.03 -0.507** 0.60
X Information campaign [0.126] [0.296]
Observations (hospital-unit-months) 7,379 5,311 7,379 5,311
Hospital units 157 113 157 113
Log likelihood -7,075 -2,909 -7,074 -2,907
Model Wald Chi-squared 43.28*** 557.9*** 53.44*** 573.1***

This table reports coefficients and incident rate ratios (IRR) from conditional fixed-effects quasi-maximum likelihood Poisson regressions. Brackets contain
robust standard errors; *** p<0.01, ** p<0.05, * p<0.10. The unit of analysis is the hospital-unit-month. All models include a dummy variable (managerial
engagement undetermined) designating hospital units with no reported incidents in the previous year and therefore no opportunity for managerial engagement in
process improvement to be assessed. The estimates in Models 2 and 4 are based on fewer observations because the conditional fixed-effects Poisson model drops
hospital units (groups) that lacked variation in the number of incident reports with solutions.

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