80° SOIL MECHANICS Stress is uncertain. The most common test on soils for determination of shear is the tri-z xial test. TRI-AXIAL COMPRESSION TEST ‘ The tri-axial test is the most common method used in soil mech- anics laboratories for finding the shear see cfa soil. The soil specimen is extruded from a meter cutting tube, and covered with a rubber membrane to prevent loss of mois- ture. The ends of the sample may be covered with porous plates. to 2. love dey. g2_intests in wien che pore. water pressure in the sempie is recuired. .The prepared sample is piaceé ia position cad the transparent cylinder filled with water. A measured pressure head is_ applied to . er, and the soil sample is then in similar ions, where this lateral pressure would | Vertical load Calibrated proving “Strain gaure arent cylinder Water under pressure Rubber membrane Soil specimen Porous plate Drainage vaive Cif required)SHEAR STRENGTH 81 tounding soil. This lateral pressure or cell pressure will be the mini-_ nuff principal stress A vertical load is now applied to the sample at a constant rate of _ -Sitain_until the sample fails. This vertical applied pressure at is measured on a proving ring, and when added to the cell pressure. gives the maximum princinal stress. (evniram principle) Fic. 48. Mohr circle for principal stresses ~ With the maximum and minimum principal stresses at the point of failure of the soil known as a Mohr circle can be drawn (see Fig. 48). If a series of these tests are carried cut with different cell pressur: G3) a_series of Mohr circles may be drawil ese circles Wi av? a common tangent known as the Mahr envelope (see Fig. 45), oe on Fic. 49. Mohr envelope Ca o ae iia c+ tons and should be the provided the tri-axial and shear-box tests are carrie: r SumMlar_conditions of drainage:CHAPTER 4 Shear Strength 4.1 The Mohr-Coulomb Failure Criterion This chapter is concerned with the cesistance of a soil to failure in shear. A knowledge of shear strength is required in the solution of problems. Concerns the stabilit:’ of soii masses. Jf atapoipt un any plane within a il miss the becomes equal to tl f the sol, failure will occur at cieepointl The shear strength (r,. vil at a point on a particular plane was originally expressed by Collombasellineearinchem of the normal stress (+) on the plane at the sai joint: tr=c+o,tang (4.1) where c and @ are tne: shear strength parameter:, now described as the cohesion intercept (o1 the apparent cohesion) anc the angle of shearing resistance, respectively. In accordance with Ter:aghi’s fundamental con- ¢ept that shear stress in a soil can be resisted onls_ay the skeleton of solid, particles, shear strengili is expressed as a function of effective normal stress: tr=c' t+oytane’ (4.2) where c’ nd @’ are the shear stiength parameters in terms of effective stress. Failure will thes occur at any point whec« a critic2! combinz.tion of shear str2ss und effective normal stress develops. The shear strength of a soil can also be express.x! in ternis of the effective taajor and ‘ninor principal stresses o', and 04 at fiilure at the point in question. Ac failure the straight hne rzpresented by Equation 4.2 will be tangential to the Mohr circle representing the <:ate of stress, as shown in Fig. 4.1, compressive stress being taken as positiv:. ihe coordinates of the tangent point are t, and o/, where: t, =4(0' — 05)sin20 (4.3) 4 { oy =4(04, + 03) + 4(04 — 03) cos 20 (4.4) and @ is the theoretical angle between the major principal plane and the plane of failure. It is apparent that =4ge4 9= 45 +> (4.5)100 Soil Mechanics ch ty Frmncipal Steessec, no enctence of sheow stretrer, cH Failure envelope From Fig. 4.1 the relationship between the effective principal stresses at failure and the shear strength para neters can also be oiptained. Now: Hoi — ¢3) ccote’ +i, +¢ Theretore (0, - 05) = (0% +05)sind’ 4 2c’cos’ (4a) ot HUy=a) = Lea'aay) sing + ceoeg Gegae cree o.= ost? 45° + $) + 2etan(45° + $) (4.66) Equation 4.6 is referred tc_as the Mohr-Coulomt failure criterion. If a number of states of stress are known, each sroducing skear iailure in the soil, the criterion assumes tha ® common tangent, sepreser: by Equation 4.2, can be drawn to the Mohr circles representing «he states of stress: the common ta:rgeat is calied the failure envelope of the soil. state_ of stress plotting ebove the failze e1velope is impossible, The criterion does not involve consideration of stizins at, or prior to, failure and implies that the effective intermediate principal stress o’, has no influence on the shear strength of the soil. The Mohr-Coulomb failure criterion, because of its simplicity, is widely used in practice although it is by no means the only Possible failure criterion for soils. The failure envelope for a particular soil may not necessarily be a straight line but a straight line approximation can be taken over the stress range of interest and the shear strength parameters determined for that range. _. By plotting 4(4 — o4) against 4(0, + 4) any state of stress can be tepresented by a stress point rather than by a Mohr circle, as shown inShear Strength 101 EE 7l05- 23) Modified failure Stress envelope HG45,) — x 2GtG tigre +e (23) (03) gloj+o5) » p* Fig. 4.2 Alternative representation of stress conditions.’ ( poy er: . fas plot a mcdified failure eavelope is obtained, represented by te cyuation: Ho, — 05) =a’ + H(o4, + 05) tana’ (47) where a’ and o’ are the modified shear strength parameters. The parameters c’ and @’ are then given by: sin”! (tana’) (4.8) — 4, _ cos gp’ 49) Lines drawn from the stress point at angles of 45° to the horizontal, a: shown in Fig. 4.2, intersect the horizonta! axis at points representing ‘he values of the principal stresses o and c+. Fig. 4.2 could also be drawn in terms of total stress, the vertical ind horizoutal coordinates Ae, - a3) and (0, + 3) respectively. 1: should be noted that: Ho = 95} = Ho, - 6s) e+ 0) oH, + o))—FOUNDATION ENGINEERING / HC Tutorial - Revision on Shear Strength (Example, ony) Problem #1 Consolidated-undrained triaxial tests (with pore pressure measurement) on specimens of a saturated clay gave the failure conditions in Table A_ Determine the apparent , G cohesion and angle of shearing odes to (2) tofal Gress, and (b) effective C , © stress, using (i) a Mobr circle construction, and (i) a plot of stress points at failure. Table A ee eae ‘Cell pressure, 63 (kV/m") 200 409 ««6cO ‘Maximum f rincipal stress difference, ade (kNim’*) wwe 230356 Por Vin) 102_200__299 Problem #2 ‘The following results were obtained from undrained shear-box tests on so.mples of sty chy: ‘Normal pressure (KN/m") 210 315 420 Shear Strength (kN/m?) us 142, «171 G (a) Find the apparent cobsion and the angle of shearing resistance. Gal lens (b) Find also the vale: of the apparent cohesion witcih would be expected from an __-® Uasontt ed compicssicn tet on a sample othe same sot v Sane 19 (@) W ano‘a spevioien of this-soil is subjected to am unimined triwdil tes: vik Jateral pressure 280 N/m”, find the total axial pressure at which fi laze woul! be expected. 4 Normal Presi mdeYe PoundalZon Bus eeeud a eee Aukercod * = Cugg ohlok Clone eee a Perle #/ Fe a ord costteaction® = > G-Dpeos | stack stees -—- s oy a= (Ge Rs [ae a a — Beted mathe obore so AL fol sy THe —_ rained :Cae ase Be Othe Melby creer ace “bide Fe. 26) rel seve! ©) Tr ee @) Fw wel ayes ie 53... $e." Wale Ay ads. ete thom | © Fe tral esses. Tattrop 02 ot 4 my : fe ile, § Fl have ine : ge Sit (Oe Ok » Fig, @ 7)() thevensh vrcal sheer (om) at shear Heath (4) . < wed (A% Sk. shear bee teh. ave Wee A ede. a ey an ele acre satzeh teh Peary > Bho S te May eve tativer op ies mA Ads. __ fom ha Pee ae ME wettad frye lie a fail Wee > Ks N/A