Eighth Edition

VECTOR MECHANICS FOR ENGINEERS:

7
CHAPTER

STATICS
Ferdinand P. Beer
E. Russell Johnston, Jr. Forces in Beams
Lecture Notes:
J. Walt Oler
and Cables
Texas Tech University

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Edition
Eighth
Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Statics
Contents
Introduction
Internal Forces in Members
Sample Problem 7.1
Various Types of Beam Loading
and Support
Shear and Bending Moment in a
Beam
Sample Problem 7.2
Sample Problem 7.3
Relations Among Load, Shear,
and Bending Moment
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Eighth
Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Statics
Contents

Sample Problem 7.4

Sample Problem 7.6
Cables With
Concentrated Loads
Cables With
Distributed Loads
Parabolic Cable
Sample Problem 7.8
Catenary

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Eighth
Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Statics
Introduction

• Preceding chapters dealt with:

a) determining external forces acting on
a structure and
b)determining forces which hold together
the various members of a structure.

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Eighth
Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Statics
Introduction

•The current chapter is concerned with

determining the internal forces (i.e.,
tension/compression, shear, and
bending) which hold together the
various parts of a given member.

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Eighth
Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Statics

• Focus is on two important types of

engineering structures:
a)Beams - usually long, straight,
prismatic members designed to
support loads applied at various points
along the member.
b)Cables - flexible members capable of
withstanding only tension, designed to
support concentrated or distributed
loads.
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Eighth
Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Statics
Internal Forces in Members
•Straight two-force
member AB is in
equilibrium under
application of F and
-F.
•Internal forces
equivalent to F and -F
are required for
equilibrium of free-
bodies AC and CB.
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Eighth
Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Statics
Internal Forces in Members

•Multiforce member
ABCD is in equili-
brium under
application of cable
and member contact
forces.

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Eighth
Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Statics
Internal Forces in Members

•Internal forces
equivalent to a
force-couple
system are
necessary for
equili-brium of
free-bodies JD
and ABCJ.
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Eighth
Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Statics
Internal Forces in Members
•An internal force-couple system is
required for equilibrium of two-
force members which are not
straight.

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Eighth
Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Statics
Beams

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Eighth
Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Statics
Pure Bending

Pure Bending: Prismatic members subjected

to equal and opposite couples acting in the
same longitudinal plane
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Eighth
Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Statics

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Eighth
Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Statics

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Eighth
Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Statics

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Eighth
Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Statics
Post and Lintel

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Eighth
Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Statics
Parthenon, Athens

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Eighth
Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Statics
Corbelled domes and vaults

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Eighth
Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Statics
Various Types of Beam Loading and Support
•Beam - structural member
designed to support loads
applied at various points
along its length.

•Beam can be subjected

to concentrated loads or
distributed loads or
combination of both.
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Eighth
Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Statics
Various Types of Beam Loading and Support
• Beam design is two-step
process:
1)determine shearing forces
and bending moments
produced by applied loads
2)select cross-section best
suited to resist shearing
forces and bending
moments
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Eighth
Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Statics
Various Types of Beam Loading and Support

•Beams are classified according to way in

which they are supported.

•Reactions at beam supports are

determinate if they involve only three
unknowns. Otherwise, they are statically
indeterminate.

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Eighth
Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Statics
Various Types of Beam Loading and Support

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Eighth
Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Statics
Shear and Bending Moment in a Beam

• Wish to determine bending moment and

shearing force at any point in a beam
subjected to concentrated and distributed
loads.
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Eighth
Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Statics
Shear and Bending Moment in a Beam

• Determine reactions at supports by

treating whole beam as free-body.

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Eighth
Vector
Shear Mechanics
and for Engineers:
Bending Moment in a Beam Statics

• From equilibrium considerations,

determine M and V or M’ and V’.

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Edition
Eighth
Vector
Shear Mechanics
and for Engineers:
Bending Moment in a Beam Statics

• Cut beam at C and draw free-body diagrams for AC

and CB. By definition, positive sense for internal
force-couple systems are as shown. This way we
don’t have to specify from which section ( AC or BC)
we are calculating V and M.
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Eighth
Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Statics

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Eighth
Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Statics
Shear and Bending Moment Diagrams
• Variation of shear and bending moment along
beam may be plotted.
• Determine reactions at supports.

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Eighth
Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Statics

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Eighth
Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Statics

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Eighth
Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Statics

V P2 M Px 2

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Eighth
Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Statics

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Eighth
Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Statics

V P2 M PL x 2

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Eighth
Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Statics
Shear and Bending Moment Diagrams

• Cut beam at C and consider member AC,

V P2 M Px 2

• Cut beam at E and consider member EB,

V P 2 M P L x 2

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Eighth
Vector
Shear Mechanics
and for Engineers:
Bending Moment Diagrams Statics

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Eighth
Vector
Shear Mechanics
and for Engineers:
Bending Moment Diagrams Statics

• For a beam subjected to concentrated loads,

shear is constant between loading points and
moment varies linearly.
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Edition
Eighth
Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Statics
Sample Problem 7.2

Draw the shear and bending moment

diagrams for the beam and loading shown.

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Eighth
Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Statics

• Taking entire beam as a free-body, calculate

reactions at B and D.

• Find equivalent internal force-couple systems for

free-bodies formed by cutting beam on either side
of load application points.
• Plot results.
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Eighth
Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Statics

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Edition
Eighth
Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Statics

Fy 0:
M1 0:

20 kN V1 0 V1 20 kN

20 kN 0 m M1 0 M1 0
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Edition
Eighth
Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Statics
Sample Problem 7.2

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Eighth
Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Statics
Sample Problem 7.2

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Eighth
Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Statics

V3 26 kN M3 50 kN m
V4 26 kN M4 28 kN m
V5 14 kN M5 28 kN m
V6 14 kN M6
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0
Edition
Eighth
Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Statics
Sample Problem 7.2

•Plot results.
Note that shear is
of constant value
between
concentrated
loads and bending
moment varies
linearly.
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Edition
Eighth
Vector
UDL Mechanics
(Uniformly for Engineers:
distributed load) Statics

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Eighth
Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Statics

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Eighth
Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Statics

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Edition
Eighth
Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Statics

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Edition
Eighth
Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Statics

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Edition
Eighth
Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Statics

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Edition
Eighth
Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Statics

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Edition
Eighth
Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Statics

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Edition
Eighth
Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Statics
Sample Problem 7.3

Draw the shear and bending moment

diagrams for the beam AB. The
distributed load of 7200 N/m extends over
0.3 m of the beam, from A to C, and the
1800-N load is applied at E.
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Eighth
Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Statics
Sample Problem 7.3

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Eighth
Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Statics
Sample Problem 7.3
SOLUTION:
•Taking entire beam as free-body,
calculate reactions at A and B.
•Determine equivalent internal force-
couple systems at sections cut within
segments AC, CD, and DB.
•Plot results.
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Edition
Eighth
Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Statics
Sample Problem 7.3
SOLUTION:
• Taking entire beam as a free-body, calculate
reactions at A and B.
MA 0:
By 0.8 m 2160 N 0.15 m 1800 N 0.55 m 0
By 1642 .5 N

MB 0:
2160 N 0.65 m 1800 N 0.25 N A 0.8 m 0
A 2317.5 N

Fx 0: Bx 0

• Note: The 1800-N load at E may be replaced by

a 1800-N force and 180-N . m couple at D.

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Edition
Eighth
Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Statics
Sample Problem 7.3 • Evaluate equivalent internal force-
couple systems at sections cut
within segments AC, CD, and DB.

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Eighth
Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Statics

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Eighth
Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Statics
From A to C:
Fy 0: 2317.5 7200x V 0
V (2317.5 7200x) N

1
M1 0: 2317 .5 x 7200 x 2
x M 0

M (2317 .5x 3600 x 2 ) N . m

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Eighth
Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Statics

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Eighth
Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Statics
Sample Problem 7.3

From C to D:
Fy 0 : 2317.5 2160 V 0
V 157.5 N

M2 0 : 2317 .5x 2160 x 0.15 M 0

M 324 157 .5x N m

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Eighth
Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Statics

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Eighth
Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Statics
Sample Problem 7.3

From D to B:
Fy 0:
2317.5 2160 1800 V 0
V 1642.5 N

M3 0:
2317 .5 x 2160 x 0.15 180
1800 x 0.45 M 0
M 1314 1642 .5x N m

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Edition
Eighth
Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Statics
Sample Problem 7.3

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Edition
Eighth
Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Statics
Sample Problem 7.3
• Plot results.
From A to C:
V (2317.5 7200x) N

M (2317 .5x 3600 x 2 ) N . m

From C to D:
V 157.5 N
M 324 157 .5x N m

From D to B:
V 1642.5 N
M 1314 1642 .5x N m

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Edition
Eighth
Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Statics
Relations Among Load, Shear, and Bending Moment

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Eighth
Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Statics
Relation between load and shear

V V V w x 0
dV V
lim w
dx x 0 x

xD
VD VC w dx area under load curve
xC

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Eighth
Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Statics
Relation between Shear, and Bending Moment

x
M M M V x w x 0
2
dM M
lim lim V 12 w x V
dx x 0 x x 0

xD
M D MC V dx area under shear curve
xC
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Eighth
Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Statics
Relations Among Load, Shear, and Bending Moment

•Reactions at supports,
wL
RA RB
2

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Edition
Eighth
Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Statics
Relations Among Load, Shear, and Bending Moment

•Reactions at supports,
wL
RA RB
2
•Shear curve,
x
V VA w dx wx
0

wL L
V VA wx wx w x
2 2

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Edition
Eighth
Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Statics
•Moment curve,
x
M MA Vdx
0
x
L w 2
M w x dx Lx x
0 2 2
2
wL dM
M max M at V 0
8 dx

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Eighth
Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Statics

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Edition
Eighth
Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Statics
Sample Problem 7.4

Draw the shear and bending-

moment diagrams for the beam
and loading shown.
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Edition
Eighth
Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Statics
Sample Problem 7.4
SOLUTION:
• Taking entire beam as a
free-body, determine
reactions at supports.
•Between concentrated load
application points, dV dx w 0
and shear is constant.

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Edition
Eighth
Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Statics
Sample Problem 7.4

•With uniform loading

between D and E, the
shear variation is
linear.
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Edition
Eighth
Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Statics
Sample Problem 7.4

•Between concentrated load application

points, dM dx V const. The
change in moment between load
application points is equal to area under
shear curve between points.
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Edition
Eighth
Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Statics
Sample Problem 7.4

•With a linear shear variation

between D and E, the bending
moment diagram is a
parabola.
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Edition
Eighth
Vector Mechanics
SOLUTION: for Engineers: Statics

Taking entire beam as a free-body,

determine reactions at supports.

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Eighth
Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Statics
Sample Problem 7.4
MA 0:

D 7.2 m 20 kN 1.8 m 12 kN 4.2 m

12 kN 8.4 m 0

D 26 kN

Fy 0 :
Ay 20 kN 12 kN 26 kN 12 kN 0
Ay 18 kN
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Edition
Eighth
Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Statics
Sample Problem 7.4
•Between concentrated
load application points,
and shear is constant.
dV dx w 0

•With uniform loading

between D and E, the
shear variation is linear
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Eighth
Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Statics

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Edition
Eighth
Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Statics
Sample Problem 7.4

•Between concentrated load application

points, dM dx V const .

•The change in moment between load

application points is equal to area under
the shear curve between points.

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Eighth
Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Statics

MB MA 108 MB 108 kN m
MC M B 16 MC 92 kN m
M D MC 140 M D 48 kN m
ME MD 48 M E 0
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Edition
Eighth
Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Statics
Sample Problem 7.4

•With a linear shear variation between D

and E, the bending moment diagram is a
parabola.

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Edition
Eighth
Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Statics
Sample Problem 7.4

•With a linear shear variation between

D and E, the bending moment diagram
is a parabola.
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Edition
Eighth
Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Statics
Sample Problem 7.6

Sketch the shear

and bending-
moment
diagrams for the
cantilever beam
and loading
shown.

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Edition
Eighth
Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Statics
Sample Problem 7.6
SOLUTION:
The change in shear
between A and B is equal
to the negative of area
under load curve between
points. The linear load
curve results in a
parabolic shear curve.
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Edition
Eighth
Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Statics
Sample Problem 7.6

•With zero load, change

in shear between B
and C is zero.

•The change in moment between A and B

is equal to area under shear curve
between points. The parabolic shear
curve results in a cubic moment curve.
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Edition
Eighth
Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Statics
Sample Problem 7.6

•The change in moment

between B and C is
equal to area under
shear curve between
points. The constant
shear curve results in a
linear moment curve.

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Edition
Eighth
Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Statics
Sample Problem 7.6

SOLUTION:
•The change in shear
between A and B is equal
to negative of area under
load curve between
points. The linear load
curve results in a
parabolic shear curve.
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Edition
Eighth
Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Statics
Sample Problem 7.6
dV
at A, V A 0, w w0
dx
VB V A 1w a 1w a
2 0 VB 2 0
dV
at B, w 0
dx

•With zero load, change in shear between

B and C is zero.
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Edition
Eighth
Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Statics
Sample Problem 7.6
•The change in moment
between A and B is
equal to area under
shear curve between
the points. The
parabolic shear curve
results in a cubic
moment curve.
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Edition
Eighth
Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Statics
Sample Problem 7.6

dM
at A, M A 0, V 0
dx
MB MA 1 w a2 MB 1 w a2
3 0 3 0
MC M B 1w a L a MC 1 w a 3L a
2 0 6 0

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Edition
Eighth
Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Statics
Sample Problem 7.6

•The change in moment

between B and C is
equal to area under
shear curve between
points. The constant
shear curve results in a
linear moment curve.

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