‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

٢
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٠  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  


 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬١٥
 

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

:‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •

- ٤٤ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٠  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  


 Thermodynamics‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬


 ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ :System ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W Surroundings ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WBoundaries‫א‬
 W‫א‬
،  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE١F‫א‬‫א‬

‫ﻻ ﻛﺘﻠﺔ‬
‫ﻏﺎﺯ ﺃﻭ ﺳﺎﺋﻞ‬
m ‫ﻛﺘﻠﺘﻪ‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W١
 
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٤٥ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٠  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  


‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬E2F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬working fluid‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬E‫א‬FF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ﻣﺘﺤﺮﻛﺔ‬

‫ﻏﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﻏﺎﺯ‬
2 kg ‫ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ‬ 2 kg
1m3 3m3

‫ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٢

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ :Open Systems   ‫א‬‫א‬

(3 ‫ )ﺷﻜﻞ‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫ﻛﺘﻠﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬W٣

- ٤٦ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٠  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  


‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ :Properties of a System  ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬KKm‫א‬V‫א‬T‫א‬‫א‬P‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K(extensive and intensive properties)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WK
 
‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 V/m‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬K‫א‬
 ،3m31m3‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬Thermodynamic process ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ Path‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W
 
 

‫א‬‫א‬ :Reversible processes ‫א‬ •

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
WIrreversible processes‫א‬ •
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ٤٧ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٠  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  


F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬E ‫א‬F ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬KE‫א‬
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬،‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬

‫ﻏﺎﺯ‬

 W٤

‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ٤٨ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٠  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  


‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ٤٩ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٠  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  


‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 (5)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

v
 
 W٥
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
- ٥٠ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٠  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  


 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬ ، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K(6F
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

(+)
Q
(-)

(+)
W
(-)

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٦

- ٥١ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٠  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  


‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ds‫א‬F 
S

W = ∫ F ds
0

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬،‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
،A‫א‬V‫א‬P‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ dV‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KP-dP ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ds ‫א‬P‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 (7) 

A
ds

P
‫ﻏﺎز‬

 ‫א‬W٧
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
S S V2

Wb = ∫ F ds = ∫ PA ds = ∫ PdV
0 0 V1

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬V1, V2   dV = A ds،F = P A

،dV‫א‬‫א‬(Wb )‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
- ٥٢ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٠  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  


‫א‬، dV‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

Isobaric Process ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ P = constW‫א‬‫א‬
V2

Wb = ∫ PdV = P (V2 − V1 )
V1

‫א‬Joule(J)‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(٨)‫א‬E‫א‬FE‫א‬FQ

Patm ‫ﻣﻜﺒﺲ ﺣﺮ‬

P
‫ﻏﺎز‬

 ‫א‬W٨

- ٥٣ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٠  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  


Isothermal Process ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
‫א‬،(9)‫א‬K‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ P V = const W

P
‫ﻏﺎز‬

Q
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٩
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
const
P =
V

V2
const V
dV2
⎛V ⎞ ⎛P ⎞
Wb = ∫ dV = const ∫ = const × ln ⎜⎜ 2 ⎟⎟ = const × ln⎜⎜ 1 ⎟⎟
V 1
V V V 1 ⎝ V1 ⎠ ⎝ P2 ⎠

 

Polytropic Process ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٥٤ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٠  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  


‫א‬‫א‬VPnP Vn = const
 ‫א‬‫א‬

V1 - n - V1 - n P V − P V
W = const 2 1 = 2 2 1 1
b 1- n 1- n
‫א‬‫א‬n =1‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬n=0‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 ‫א‬

Isochoric Process ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬(WbZ٠)dV=0‫א‬ 
V= ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬const

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬
P،P V = n R TW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 8.314J/mol K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬R،‫א‬n،‫א‬‫א‬V،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬TSI‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

- ٥٥ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٠  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  


 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬(20oC)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،1atm ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(compressed liquid)
‫א‬100oC‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(saturated liquid)  
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(saturated vapor) ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(superheated ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K(10) T-V‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Kvapor)

Superheated
o
T C vapor

Saturated
Liquid mixture

100

20
Compressed
Liquid

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W١٠

- ٥٦ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٠  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  


W‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 

‫א‬K ،،،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 saturated steam tables‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ T( oc)E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Psat ( kPa)  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ vf, vg (m3/kg)
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬Kuf, ug, hf, hg (kJ/kg) 
‫א‬‫א‬superheated steam tables
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 

 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K١‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 

- ٥٧ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٠  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  


 
‫اﻟﺨﻮاص‬
‫ﺑﺨﺎر ﻣﺤﻤﺺ‬ ‫ﺑﺨﺎر ﻣﺸﺒﻊ‬ ‫ﺧﻠﻴﻂ ﻣﺸﺒﻊ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﻣﺸﺒﻊ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺑﺎرد‬
‫اﻟﻤﻌﻄﺎة‬

P < Psat at T P = Psat at T P = Psat at T P = Psat at T P > Psat at T

T, P
T > Tsaat P T = Tsat at P T = Tsat at P T = Tsat at P T< Tsat at P

v > vg at T v, (T or
v = vg at T or P vf <v<vg at T or P v = vf at T or P v < vf at T or P
or P P)

u > ug at T u, (T or
u = ug at T or P uf <u <ug at T or P u = uf at T or P u < uf at T or P
or P P)

h > hg at T h, (T or
h = hg at T or P hf <h <hg at T or P h = hf at T or P h < h f at T or P
or P P)

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W١

- ٥٨ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٠  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  


 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
K‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٠Z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬∆H‫א‬‫א‬∆
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
∆U = Q - W
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ∆U

 

 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
H = U + PV
- ٥٩ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٠  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  


 h = u + Pv   ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
dH = dU + d(PV)
dH = dU + P dV + V dP
‫א‬‫א‬V dP = 0 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
δWb dU = δQ - δWb‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 = P dV
 dH = δQ
 ∆H = Q
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ∆h = q
 E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬q
 ‫א‬ P dV = 0‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ∆H = ∆U + P ∆V
 ∆h = ∆u + P ∆v     
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ∆H = ∆U
 ∆h = ∆u      

- ٦٠ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٠  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  


 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Cv‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬.١
q = ∆u‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Cv = du /dT ‫و‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 CP = dh / dTQ = ∆h
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬

 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  
‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   K     ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
T2

∆ u = ∫ C v (T) dT
T1

T2

∆ h = ∫ C P (T) dT
T1

- ٦١ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٠  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  


‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Cp‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬C p – Cv = R 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫א‬ ‫א‬      ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
     ‫א‬  ،      ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ W‫א‬      
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬    E ‫א‬  ،‫א‬  ، ‫א‬ ،‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

& & ⎡ u 22 − u 12 ⎤
Q-W=m
& ⎢h 2 − h 1 + + g (z 2 − z1 )⎥
⎣ 2 ⎦

⎡ u 22 − u 12 ⎤
q - w = ⎢h 2 − h 1 + + g (z 2 − z1 )⎥
⎣ 2 ⎦

  Q& =(J/s) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

& =(J/s)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬
 W
  m& = (kg/s)‫א‬‫א‬
 ∆ h = h2-h1= (J/kg)(h1)‫א‬(h2) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
u 22 − u 12
 ∆k e = = (J/kgF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
2
 ∆pe = g (z 2 − z1 ) (J/kg)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 q =(J/kg)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 w = (J/kg)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٦٢ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٠  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  


 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬W‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F
K ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬

 

 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K(11)‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ٦٣ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٠  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  


‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

Qin

‫ﻏﻼﻳﺔ‬
Win Wout
‫ﻣﻀﺨﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﺑﻴﻨﺔ‬

‫ﻣﻜﺜﻒ‬

Qout
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬W١١
 
‫א‬Qin ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬K‫א‬Qout ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (η)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K 
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
net work output
η=
total heat input
 net work output = Qin - Qout ∆U = 0‫א‬
Q out
η =1-
Q in

- ٦٤ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٠  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  


 (3)
 W‫א‬‫א‬
EF‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
Z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
F‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
 (1)
‫א‬،PV1.4 =const‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬300K‫א‬100kPa‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬2kg‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬،700K‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K١
20.804 kJ/ kmol K Cv‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٣

- ٦٥ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٠  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  


 W‫א‬
 W‫א‬
‫א‬W‫א‬ •
E١nFn =1.4‫א‬‫א‬ •

P2 V2 − P1 V1 m R (T2 - T1 ) .١
Wb = =
1- n 1− n

0.0714 k Z2/28Z‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬W‫א‬m
 mol
R = 8.314 kJ /mol K, T2 = 700 K, T1 = 300 K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Wb = -593.62 J
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬، ∆U‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
T2

∆ U = ∫ C v dT
T1

 ∆U = Cv (T2 –T1)

 Cv = 20.804 kJ/mol K
∆U = 20.804 (700 -300) = 8321.6 kJ/kmol X0.0714 kmol = 594.16 KJ
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
∆U = Q –W , Q = ∆U + W = 594.16 -593.62 = 0.54 kJ

- ٦٦ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٠  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  


 (2)
‫א‬،300oC500 kPa‫א‬‫א‬8 kg‫א‬
 K‫א‬70%‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٢
‫א‬‫ א‬K٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٤
 W‫א‬
 W‫א‬
‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫• א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫• א‬
E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬70%
‫א‬ •

‫א‬ K١
 Wb = P (V2 –V1)
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ V2‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬V1‫א‬
 W
 0.5226 m3/kg300oC  500 kPav1 ‫א‬‫א‬
V1 = 0.5226 m3 /kg X 8 kg = 4.18 m3
 W‫א‬v2
v2 = (1-x) vf + x vg
F‫א‬‫א‬vgvf ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬xK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬
 ‫א‬
- ٦٧ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٠  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  


x = vg= 0.3928 m3/kg vf =0.001091 m3/kg، P = 0.4758 (~0.5 MPa)

  v2= 0.12 m3/kg W0.3
V2 = 0.12 X 8 = 0.96 m3
∴ Wb = 500 kPa X (0.96 – 4.18) = -1610 kJ
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
∆U=U2-U1 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ U1 V1‫א‬
 U1 = 2802.9 X 8 = 22423.2 kJ
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬U2V2‫א‬
u2 = (1-x) uf + x ug = 0.7X 631.68 + 0.3 X 2559.5= 1216.3 kJ/kg
U2 = 1216.3 X8 = 9730.7 kJ
∆U = 9730.7 – 22423.2 = -12692 kJ
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 (3)
30kPa450oC8MPa25000 kg/hr‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، 4MW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
& -W
Q & =m
& (h 2 − h 1 )
E1‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ h2 h1 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬8MPa ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F295oC
 K
 h1 = 3272.0 kJ/kg (P= 8MPa, 450oCF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  h2 = hg = 2626.8 kJ/kg ( P = 30kPaF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ٦٨ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٠  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  


‫א‬25000 kg/hr‫א‬‫א‬ m& 4MW‫א‬ W&

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
& =W
Q & +m
& (h 2 − h 1 )

& = 4 × 10 3 + 25000 (2626.8 - 3272) = -40805 kW

Q
360
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ٦٩ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٠  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  


 (3)‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K١
‫א‬ •
‫א‬ •
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
 ‫א‬‫ א‬K٢
‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫ א‬K٣
 •
 •
 •
120oC‫א‬101.3 kPa‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
 •
 •
 •
‫א‬ K٥
‫א‬ •
‫א‬ •
‫א‬ •

- ٧٠ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٠  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  


 (3)‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K١
‫א‬ •
‫א‬ o
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
 ‫א‬‫ א‬K٢
‫א‬‫א‬ o
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫ א‬K٣
 •
 •
 o
120oC‫א‬101.3 kPa‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
 o
 •
 •
‫א‬ K٥
‫א‬ •
‫א‬ •
 ‫א‬ o

- ٧١ -