‫ﻭﺯﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻭﻟﻭﺠﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻗﺴﻡ ﻫﻨﺩﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﺌﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻌﺩﺍﺕ‬

‫ﺃﺴﺎﺴﻴﺎﺕ ﺩﺍﻴﻨﻤﻙ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬

‫ﺒﻭﺤﺩﺍﺕ )‪(SI‬‬
‫ﻤﺒﺎﺩﺉ – ﺘﻁﺒﻴﻘﺎﺕ – ﻤﺴﺎﺌل‬

‫ﻤﺴﺄﻟﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫)‪ (307‬ﻤﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﻤﺤﻠﻭﻟﺔ ﻭﺃﺠﻭﺒﺔ )‪(151‬‬

‫ﺘﺄﻟﻴﻑ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﻛﺘﻮﺭ ﺭﺣﻴﻢ ﺟﻮﻱ ﻣﺤﻲ‬
‫ﺃﺴﺘﺎﺫ ﻤﺴﺎﻋﺩ‬
‫ﺭﺋﻴﺲ ﻓﺮﻉ ﻫﻨﺪﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻌﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ‬
‫‪2003‬‬
 ‫ﺑﺴﻢ ﺍﷲ ﺍﻟﺮﺣﻤﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﺣﻴﻢ‬

‫ﻜ ‪‬ﻢ ﻭ‪‬ﺍﻟﱠﺬِﻳﻦ‪ ‬ﺃﹸﻭﺗ‪‬ﻮﺍ‬

‫)ﻳ‪‬ﺮ‪‬ﻓﹶﻊِ ﺍﻟﻠﱠ ‪‬ﻪ ﺍﻟﱠﺬِﻳﻦ‪ ‬ﺁﻣ‪‬ﻨ‪‬ﻮﺍ ﻣِ ‪‬ﻨ ﹸ‬
‫ﺍﻟﹾﻌِ ﹾﻠﻢ‪ ‬ﺩ‪ ‬ﺭﺟ‪‬ﺎﺕٍ ﻭ‪‬ﺍﻟﻠﱠ ‪‬ﻪ ﺑِﻤ‪‬ﺎ ﺗ‪ ‬ﻌﻤ‪‬ﻠﹸﻮﻥﹶ ﺧ‪‬ﺒِﻴﺮ‪(‬‬
‫ﺻﺪﻕ ﺍﷲ ﺍﻟﻌﻈﻴﻢ‬
‫)ﺳﻮﺭﺓﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻵﻳﺔ‪(11:‬‬

‫‪I‬‬
 ‫ﺒﺴﻡ ﺍﷲ ﺍﻟﺭﺤﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺭﺤﻴﻡ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺤﻤﺩ ﷲ ﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﻥ‪،‬ﺍﻟﺤﻤﺩ ﷲ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻟﻪ ﺍﻟﺤﻤﺩ ﻜﻠﻪ‪،‬ﻭﻟﻪ ﺍﻟﻔﻀل ﻜﻠﻪ‪،‬ﻭﻟﻪ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻕ ﻭﺍﻻﻤﺭ ﻜﻠﻪ‪،‬ﺍﻟﺤﻤـﺩ‬
‫ﷲ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺃﻨﺯل ﻜﺘﺎﺒﻪ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻴﻥ‪،‬ﻫﺩﺍﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﻥ ﻭﻨﻭﺭﹰﺍ ﻟﻠﻤﺅﻤﻨﻴﻥ ‪،‬ﺍﻟﺤﻤﺩ ﷲ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻋﻠﻡ ﺒﺎﻟﻘﻠﻡ‪،‬ﻋﻠﻡ ﺍﻻﻨﺴﺎﻥ ﻤـﺎﻟﻡ‬
‫ﻴﻌﻠﻡ‪،‬ﻭﺼﻼﺓ ﺍﷲ ﻭﺴﻼﻤﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻥ ﻻﺭﺴﻭل ﻤﻥ ﺒﻌﺩﻩ ﻤﺤﻤﺩ ﺒﻥ ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﷲ )ﺹ( ﺍﻟﺭﺴﻭل ﺍﻻﻤﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺒﻌﺜـﻪ‬
‫ﺍﷲ ﺒﺎﻟﺤﻕ ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺁﻟﻪ ﻭﺼﺤﺒﻪ ﻭﻤﻥ ﺴﺎﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻨﻬﺠﻪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺒﻌﺩ ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﺩ ﻭﻓﻘﻨﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺇﻨﺠﺎﺯ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺴﻭﻡ "ﺃﺴﺎﺴﻴﺎﺕ ﺩﺍﻴﻨﻤﻴﻙ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ" ﻟﺘﻠﺒﻴﺔ ﺤﺎﺠﺎﺕ ﻁﻠﺒـﺔ‬
‫ﻜﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺩﺴﺔ ﻻﻨﻪ ﻴﺘﻤﺎﺸﻰ ﻤﻊ ﻤﻔﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻬﺞ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺭﺭﺓ ﻟﻤﺘﻁﻠﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺩﺴﻴﺔ ﻭﺒﺎﻷﺨﺹ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺩﺴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺒﺎﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻻﻨﻜﻠﻴﺯﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻌﺩ ﻟﻁﻠﺒﺘﻨﺎ ﻟﻐﺔ ﻴﺼﻌﺏ ﺍﺘﻘﺎﻨﻬﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺩﻭﻥ ﻤﻤﺎﺭﺴﺔ ﻭﻟﻔﺘﺭﺓ ﻁﻭﻴﻠﺔ‬
‫‪،‬ﺒﻌﺽ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﻟﻴﺴﺕ ﻤﺅﻟﻔﺔ ﻟﺘﻨﺎﺴﺏ ﻤﻔﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻫﺞ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺭﺭﺓ ﺤﺘﻰ ﻟﻭ ﺘﺭﺠﻤﺕ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﻟﺫﻟﻙ ﻨﺭﻯ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻀﺭﻭﺭﻱ ﺘﺄﻟﻴﻑ ﻜﺘﺏ ﻤﻨﻬﺠﻴﺔ ﺘﺘﻨﺎﺴﺏ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﻟﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻗﺎﺒﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﺴﺘﻴﻌﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻁﻠﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺩﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﺨﺘﺼﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻭﻗﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺠﻬﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠﻭﺏ ﻟﺫﻟﻙ ‪،‬ﻤﻊ ﺒﻘﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺏ ﺍﻻﺠﻨﺒﻴﺔ ﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﻤﺴﺎﻋﺩﺓ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻤﻥ ﻫﻨﺎ ﺠﺎﺀ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﻟﻴﺴﻬﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﻨﻘل ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺩﺴﻴﺔ ﺒﻠﻐﺘﻨﺎ ﺍﻟﺤﺒﻴﺒـﺔ ﻭﻟﻴﻬـﻲﺀ ﻟﻁﻠﺒﺘﻨـﺎ‬
‫ﺽ ﻤﺒـﺴﻁ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻋﺯﺍﺀ ﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﻏﺯﻴﺭﺓ ﺴﻬﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﺍﺀﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻬﻡ ﻋﻥ ﺃﺴﺎﺴﻴﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻡ ﺩﺍﻴﻨﻤﻴﻙ ﺍﻟﺤـﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻓـﻲ ﻋـﺭ ٍِ‬
‫ﻭﻭﺍﻀﺢ‪.‬‬
‫ﻴﺘﻀﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ )‪ (10‬ﻓﺼﻭل ﺒﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻬﺞ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺭﺭ ﻭﺘﺸﻤل ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﻀﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻭﺤﺩﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﺭﻴﻑ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ‪،‬ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ‪ ،‬ﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﻐـﺎﺯﺍﺕ ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻘـﺎﻨﻭﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻭل ﻟﺩﺍﻴﻨﻤﻴﻙ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ‪ ،‬ﺍﻻﻨﻅﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺘﻭﺤﺔ ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺜـﺎﻨﻲ ﻟـﺩﺍﻴﻨﻤﻴﻙ ﺍﻟﺤـﺭﺍﺭﺓ ‪ ،‬ﺩﻭﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻘـﺩﺭﺓ‬
‫‪،‬ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺭﻭﺒﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺨﻼﺌﻁ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﻴﺔ‪،‬ﺇﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻭل ﺩﻋﻤﺕ ﺒـ )‪ (307‬ﻤـﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﻤﺤﻠﻭﻟـﺔ ﻭﺒﻭﺤـﺩﺍﺕ )‪،(S1‬‬
‫ﻟﺘﻭﻀﻴﺢ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﻀﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﻭﻜﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺍﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل )‪ (257‬ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺭﻴﺎﻀﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻟﻜﻲ ﻴﺘﻤﺭﺱ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻟﺏ ﺫﻫﻨﻴﺎﹰ ﻋﻠـﻰ‬
‫ﻜﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺤل ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺌل‪ ،‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﺤﺘﻭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺠﻭﺒﺔ )‪ (151‬ﻤﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﻭﺭﺩﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻤﺘﺤﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀـﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻟﺘﻐﻁﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﻭﺍﻨﺏ ﻜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﻭﺍﻀﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻬﺠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺭﺭﺓ ﻴﺴﺘﺤﺴﻥ ﺍﻥ ﻴﺤﻠﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻟﺏ ﺒﻨﻔﺴﻪ ﻜﻲ ﺘﻜـﻭﻥ‬
‫ﻋﻭﻨﹰﺎ ﻟﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺘﻌﺭﻑ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﻀﻴﻊ ﻭﻓﻬﻤﻬﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺎﺭﺴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺩﺭﻴﺏ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺃﻭﺩ ﻫﻨﺎ ﺍﻥ ﺍﺘﻘﺩﻡ ﺒﺠﺯﻴل ﺸﻜﺭﻱ ﻭﺘﻘﺩﻴﺭﻱ ﻭﺍﻤﺘﻨﺎﻨﻲ ﻟﻜل ﻤﻥ ﺃﺒﺩﻯ ﻤﻼﺤﻅﺎﺘﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫـﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻜﺘـﺎﺏ‬
‫ﻭﺃﺨﺹ ﺒﺎﻟﺫﻜﺭ ﺍﻻﺴﺎﺘﺫﺓ ﺍﻻﺠﻼﺀ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ .1‬ﺃ‪.‬ﺩ‪ .‬ﻤﻬﻨﺩﺱ ﻤﻨﺫﺭ ﺍﺴﻤﺎﻋﻴل ﻋﻠﻲ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﻭﺒﻲ ‪ ،‬ﺭﺌﻴﺱ ﻗﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺩﺴـﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﻴﺔ‪،‬ﻜﻠﻴـﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺩﺴـﺔ –‬
‫ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺒﻐﺩﺍﺩ – ﻤﻘﻴﻡ ﻋﻠﻤﻲ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .2‬ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻴﺩ ﺃ‪.‬ﻡ‪.‬ﺩ‪ .‬ﻤﻬﻨﺩﺱ ﻗﺘﻴﺒﺔ ﺠﻤﻴل ﻤﻬﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﺨﺸﺎﻟﻲ‪ ،‬ﻤﻌﺎﻭﻥ ﻋﻤﻴﺩ ﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺩﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌـﺴﻜﺭﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻤﻘـﻴﻡ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻤﻲ ‪.‬‬

‫‪II‬‬
‫‪ .3‬ﺃ‪.‬ﻡ‪.‬ﺩ‪.‬ﻨﺎﻫﻲ ﺍﺒﺭﺍﻫﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﻴﺩﻱ ‪ ،‬ﺭﺌﻴﺱ ﻗﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺒﻴﺔ‪ -‬ﺍﺒﻥ ﺭﺸﺩ ‪،‬ﺠﺎﻤﻌـﺔ‬
‫ﺒﻐﺩﺍﺩ – ﻤﻘﻴﻡ ﻟﻐﻭﻱ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻟﻤﻼﺤﻅﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺴﺎﺘﺫﺓ ﺍﻷﻓﺎﻀل ﺃﺜﺭﹰﺍ ﻜﺒﻴﺭﹰﺍ ﻓﻲ ﺇﻏﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻜﺘـﺎﺏ ﻭﺃﻭﺩ ﻫﻨـﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﺜﺒـﺕ ﻭﺒﻔﺨـﺭ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻋﺘﺯﺍﺯ ﻜﺒﻴﺭ ﺒﻌﺽ ﻤﻼﺤﻅﺎﺘﻬﻡ ﺤﻭل ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ .1‬ﺘﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺽ ﺒﺄﺴﻠﻭﺏ ﺠﻴﺩ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .2‬ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﻜﺎﻓﻴﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .3‬ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﺠﻴﺩ ‪ ،‬ﻴﺼﻠﺢ ﻟﻠﺘﺩﺭﻴﺱ ‪ ،‬ﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﻭﺍﻨﻪ ﻤﻜﺘﻭﺏ ﺒﻠﻐﺔ ﺴﻠﺴﺔ ﻤﻔﻬﻭﻤـﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻴﺤـﻭﻱ ﺍﻤﺜﻠـﺔ‬
‫ﻋﺩﻴﺩﺓ ﺠﺩﹰﺍ ﻤﻤﺎ ﻴﺠﻌﻠﻪ ﺫﺍ ﻓﺎﺌﺩﺓ ﻜﺒﻴﺭﺓ ‪.‬‬
‫∗‬
‫‪ .4‬ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﻴﺼﻠﺢ ﻜﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﻤﻨﻬﺠﻲ ﺸﺭﻁ ﺍﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺤﻴﺤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺘﺭﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺃﻭﺩ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺄﺨـﺫﻫﺎ‬
‫ﻼ ﺼﺎﻟﺤﹰﺎ ﻜﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﻤﻘﺭﺭ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺅﻟﻑ ﺒﻨﻅﺭ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ‪،‬ﻭﻟﻭ ﺘﻡ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﻴﺼﺒﺢ ﻜﺘﺎﺒﹰﺎ ﻗﻴﻤﹰﺎ ﻓﻌ ﹰ‬
‫‪ .5‬ﺠﺯﺍ ﺍﷲ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﻟﻑ ﻜل ﺨﻴﺭ ﻭﺴﺩﺩ ﺨﻁﺎﻩ ﻟﺨﺩﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻡ ﻭﻤﺭﻴﺩﻴﻪ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻟﻘﺩ ﺠﺎﺀ ﺘﺄﻟﻴﻑ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﺒﻨﺎ ‪‬ﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﻭﺼﻴﺔ ﻤﺠﻠﺱ ﻗﺴﻡ ﻫﻨﺩﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻜـﺎﺌﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻌـﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺘﺭﻨـﺔ‬
‫ﺒﻤﺼﺎﺩﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺩ ﺭﺌﻴﺱ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺒﻜﺘﺎﺒﻪ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻗﻡ ‪ 18‬ﻫـ ﻤﻙ ‪ 239/3/‬ﻓﻲ ‪ . 1999/ 4/ 20‬ﻭﺒﻌﺩ ﺇﻨﺠـﺎﺯﻩ‬
‫ﻭﺘﻘﻴﻴﻤﻪ ﺍﻹﻴﺠﺎﺒﻲ ‪،‬ﺤﺼﻠﺕ ﻤﻭﺍﻓﻘﺔ ﻭﺯﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﻋﻼﻡ ‪ /‬ﺍﻟﺭﻗﺎﺒﺔ ‪ /‬ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻭﺩﺍﺕ ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠـﻰ ﻁﺒﻌـﻪ ﺒـﺭﻗﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻹﺠﺎﺯﺓ ‪ 847‬ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻓﺫﺓ ﺒﺘﺎﺭﻴﺦ ‪ . 2000/10/11‬ﻭﺍﻋﺘﺒﺭ ﻀﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻬﺠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺴﺘﻭﺯﻉ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻁﻠﺒـﺔ‬
‫ﺤﺴﺏ ﻤﺫﻜﺭﺓ ﺭﺌﻴﺱ ﻗﺴﻡ ﻫﻨﺩﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﺌﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻌﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺠﻬﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻤﻌﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺸﺅﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﺒﺘﺎﺭﻴﺦ‬
‫‪ . 2000/10/16‬ﻭﺘﻘﺭﺭ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩﻩ ﻜﺘﺎﺒﹰﺎ " ﻤﻨﻬﺠﻴﹰﺎ " ﻟﻤﻭﻀﻭﻉ ﺩﻴﻨﺎﻤﻴﻙ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺒﻨﺎ ‪‬ﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﻭﺼﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻤﻌﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺸﺅﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﻤﺭ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻤﻌﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻗﻡ ﺕ ﻡ‪ 609 /‬ﻓﻲ ‪. 2000/10/30‬‬
‫ﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺨﺘﺎﻡ ﻨﻌﺘﺫﺭ ﻋﻥ ﻜل ﻫﻔﻭﺓ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻨﺭﺤﺏ ﺒﺄﻱ ﻨﻘﺩ ﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﺃﻭ ﻤﻘﺘﺭﺡ ﺍﻭ ﻤﻼﺤﻅﺔ ﺘﺴﻬﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺇﻏﻨﺎﺀ ﻫﺫﺍ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺃﻤل ﺍﻥ ﻴﻌﻭﺩ ﺒﻔﺎﺌﺩﺓ ﻜﺒﻴﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻟﺏ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺘﻪ ﻟﻠﺘﻁﺒﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺩﺴﻴﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺁﺨﺭ ﺩﻋﻭﺍﻨﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﻤﺩ ﷲ ﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﻥ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﷲ ﻭﻟﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﻓﻴﻕ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺃ‪.‬ﻡ‪.‬ﺩ‪ .‬ﺭﺤﻴﻡ ﺠﻭﻱ ﻤﺤﻲ‬

‫ﺭﺌﻴﺱ ﻓﺭﻉ ﻫﻨﺩﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ‬
‫ﻗﺴﻡ ﻫﻨﺩﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﺌﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻌﺩﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻭﻟﻭﺠﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺃﻴﻠﻭل‪2003-‬‬

‫∗‬
‫ﻭﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺤﻴﺤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺘﺭﺤﺔ ﺃﻀﻴﻔﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻼﺤﻅﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﻴﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﻭﺍﻓﻲ ﻟﻤﺘﻁﻠﺒﺎﺕ ﻤﻨﻬﺞ ﺩﻴﻨﺎﻤﻴﻙ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ‪،‬ﻭﻻﻤﺎﻨﻊ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩﻩ‪.‬‬
‫‪III‬‬
 ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺘﻭﻴﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺤﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻀﻭﻉ‬
‫‪II‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺩﻤﺔ‪.............................................................................................‬‬
‫‪X‬‬ ‫ﻤﻘﺩﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺩﻴﻨﺎﻤﻴﻙ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ‪.........................................................................‬‬
‫‪XI‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺭﻤﻭﺯ ﻭﺍﻟﻭﺤﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺔ ‪.......................................................................‬‬
‫‪ .1‬ﺍﻟﻔﺼل ﺍﻷﻭل‬
‫ﺍﻟﻭﺤﺩﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﺭﻴﻑ )‪(25-1‬‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪ -1.1‬ﺍﻻﺒﻌﺎﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﻭﺤﺩﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺭﻤﻭﺯ ‪...................................................................‬‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪ -1.2‬ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻲ ﻟﻠﻭﺤﺩﺍﺕ ‪......................................................................‬‬
‫‪9‬‬ ‫ﺍﻤﺜﻠﺔ ﻤﺤﻠﻭﻟﺔ ‪.......................................................................................‬‬
‫‪10‬‬ ‫‪ -1.3‬ﺘﻌﺎﺭﻴﻑ ﻭﻤﻔﺎﻫﻴﻡ ﺃﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ‪.....................................................................‬‬
‫‪18‬‬ ‫ﺍﻤﺜﻠﺔ ﻤﺤﻠﻭﻟﺔ ‪.......................................................................................‬‬
‫‪20‬‬ ‫‪ -1.4‬ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﺍﻟﺒﺼﺭﻱ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻬﺭﻱ ‪..........................................................‬‬
‫‪21‬‬ ‫‪ -1.5‬ﺍﻟﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﺜﺭﻤﻭﺩﻴﻨﺎﻤﻴﻜﻴﺔ ‪.....................................................................‬‬
‫‪21‬‬ ‫‪ -1.5.1‬ﺍﻟﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﻠﺔ ﻭﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﻠﺔ ‪..........................................................‬‬
‫‪21‬‬ ‫‪ -1.5.2‬ﺍﻟﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺯﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺎﻤﻠﺔ ‪................................................................‬‬
‫‪22‬‬ ‫‪ -1.6‬ﻤﺨﻁﻁ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ‪................................................................................‬‬
‫‪23‬‬ ‫‪ -1.7‬ﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﻭﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺭ ‪.....................................................................‬‬
‫‪23‬‬ ‫‪ -1.8‬ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺍﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺭﻤﻭﺩﻴﻨﺎﻤﻴﻜﻲ ‪......................................................................‬‬
‫‪25‬‬ ‫‪ -1.9‬ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺠﺭﺍﺀ‪.............................................................................‬‬
‫‪ .2‬ﺍﻟﻔﺼل ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ) ‪( 44- 26‬‬
‫‪26‬‬ ‫‪ -2.1‬ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻬﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﻲ ﻟﻠﻀﻐﻁ ‪...................................................................‬‬
‫‪27‬‬ ‫‪ -2.2‬ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﺴﺒﺒﻪ ﻋﻤﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻊ ‪..............................................................‬‬
‫‪27‬‬ ‫‪ -2.3‬ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﺠﻭﻱ ‪..............................................................................‬‬
‫‪28‬‬ ‫‪ -2.4‬ﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﺠﻭﻱ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﻭﻤﻴﺘﺭ ‪...........................................................‬‬
‫‪30‬‬ ‫‪ -2.5‬ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻨﻭﻤﻴﺘﺭ ‪...................................................................................‬‬
‫‪32‬‬ ‫ﺍﻤﺜﻠﺔ ﻤﺤﻠﻭﻟﺔ ‪.......................................................................................‬‬
‫‪33‬‬ ‫‪ -2.6‬ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻨﻭﻤﻴﺘﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌل‪.............................................................................‬‬
‫‪33‬‬ ‫‪ -2.7‬ﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺒﻭﺭﺩﻥ ‪...............................................................................‬‬
‫‪34‬‬ ‫‪ -2.8‬ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ‪...............................................................................‬‬

‫‪IV‬‬
‫‪35‬‬ ‫‪ -2.8.1‬ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻭﺍﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻱ ‪...............................................‬‬
‫‪35‬‬ ‫‪ -2.8.2‬ﻤﻘﺎﻴﻴﺱ ﺩﺭﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ‪...................................................................‬‬
‫‪39‬‬ ‫ﺍﻤﺜﻠﺔ ﻭﻤﺴﺎﺌل ﻤﺤﻠﻭﻟﺔ ‪...............................................................................‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼل ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺙ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ )‪(71 -45‬‬
‫‪45‬‬ ‫‪ -3.1‬ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ‪.......................................................................................‬‬
‫‪45‬‬ ‫‪ -3.2‬ﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﻭﺍﺸﻜﺎل ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ‪......................................................................‬‬
‫‪46‬‬ ‫‪ -3.2.1‬ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺯﻭﻨﺔ‪...........................................................................‬‬
‫‪49‬‬ ‫‪ -3.2.2‬ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﻘﻠﺔ ﺍﻭﺍﻟﻌﺎﺒﺭﺓ ‪...................................................................‬‬
‫‪49‬‬ ‫‪ -3.3‬ﺤﻔﻅ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ‪..................................................................................‬‬
‫‪52‬‬ ‫‪ -3.4‬ﺍﻟﺸﻐل ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ‪.............................................................................‬‬
‫‪52‬‬ ‫‪ – 3.4.1‬ﺨﻠﻔﻴﺔ ﺘﺄﺭﻴﺨﻴﺔ ‪............................................................................‬‬
‫‪53‬‬ ‫‪ -3.4.2‬ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻐل ‪...............................................................‬‬
‫‪54‬‬ ‫‪ -3.4.3‬ﺍﺸﺎﺭﺓ ﻭﻭﺤﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻐل ‪...........................................................‬‬
‫‪57‬‬ ‫‪ -3.5‬ﺍﺸﻜﺎل ﺍﻟﺸﻐل ‪................................................................................‬‬
‫‪57‬‬ ‫‪ -3.5.1‬ﺍﻟﺸﻐل ﺍﻟﺩﻴﻨﺎﻤﻴﻜﻲ ‪..........................................................................‬‬
‫‪58‬‬ ‫‪ -3.5.2‬ﺍﻟﺸﻐل ﺍﻻﺯﺍﺤﻲ ‪............................................................................‬‬
‫‪59‬‬ ‫‪ -3.5.3‬ﺍﻟﺸﻐل ﺍﻟﺼﺎﻓﻲ ‪............................................................................‬‬
‫‪61‬‬ ‫‪ -3.5.4‬ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﻴﺔ ‪..........................................................................‬‬
‫‪61‬‬ ‫‪ -3.5.5‬ﺍﺸﻜﺎل ﺍﻟﺸﻐل ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﻲ ‪...................................................................‬‬
‫‪63‬‬ ‫‪ -3.6‬ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻬﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﺜﺭﻤﻭﺩﻴﻨﺎﻤﻴﻜﻲ ﻟﻠﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ‪..............................................................‬‬
‫‪64‬‬ ‫‪ -3.7‬ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ ‪.............................................................................‬‬
‫‪67‬‬ ‫ﺍﻤﺜﻠﺔ ﻤﺤﻠﻭﻟﺔ ﻭﻤﺴﺎﺌل ‪...............................................................................‬‬
‫‪ .4‬ﺍﻟﻔﺼل ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺒﻊ‬
‫ﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﻐــــﺎﺯﺍﺕ )‪(84-72‬‬
‫‪72‬‬ ‫‪ -4.1‬ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻴﺔ ‪....................................................................‬‬
‫‪74‬‬ ‫‪ -4.2‬ﻗﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﺒﻭﻴل ‪..................................................................................‬‬
‫‪75‬‬ ‫‪ -4.3‬ﻗﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﺸﺎﺭل ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠﻘﺔ‪.........................................................‬‬
‫‪77‬‬ ‫‪ -4.4‬ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺭﺍﺭ ﺍﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﻱ ﺫﻭ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻭ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻡ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﺒﺕ ‪......................................‬‬
‫‪78‬‬ ‫‪ -4.5‬ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﺔ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻲ ‪.................................................................‬‬
‫‪80‬‬ ‫‪ -4.6‬ﺍﻻﻨﺜﺎﻟﺒﻲ ‪.....................................................................................‬‬

‫‪V‬‬
 ‫‪81‬‬ ‫‪ -4.7‬ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻴﺘﻴﻥ ‪.............................................................‬‬
‫‪82‬‬ ‫ﺍﻤﺜﻠﺔ ﻤﺤﻠﻭﻟﺔ ‪.......................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ .5‬ﺍﻟﻔﺼل ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻤﺱ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﺍﻻﻭل ﻟﺩﻴﻨﺎﻤﻴﻙ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ )‪(159-85‬‬
‫‪85‬‬ ‫‪ -5.1‬ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﺍﻻﻭل ﻟﺩﻴﻨﺎﻤﻴﻙ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ‪..............................................................‬‬
‫‪85‬‬ ‫‪ -5.2‬ﺘﺠﺭﺒﺔ ﺠﻭل ‪.................................................................................‬‬
‫‪86‬‬ ‫‪ -5.3‬ﺼﻴﻎ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﺍﻻﻭل ‪..........................................................................‬‬
‫‪88‬‬ ‫‪ -5.4‬ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ‪................................................................................‬‬
‫‪89‬‬ ‫‪ -5.5‬ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺸﺒﻪ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻜﻨﺔ ‪........................................................................‬‬
‫‪90‬‬ ‫‪ -5.6‬ﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﺍﻻﻭل ‪..........................................................................‬‬
‫‪91‬‬ ‫‪ -5.7‬ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻭ ﻗﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﺠﻭل ‪................................................................‬‬
‫‪92‬‬ ‫ﺍﻤﺜﻠﺔ ﻤﺤﻠﻭﻟﺔ ‪.......................................................................................‬‬
‫‪98‬‬ ‫‪ -5.8‬ﺍﻻﺠﺭﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻼﺠﺭﻴﺎﻨﻴﺔ )ﺍﻻﻨﻅﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻐﻠﻘﺔ( ‪.....................................................‬‬
‫‪99‬‬ ‫‪ -5.9‬ﺘﻁﺒﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﺍﻻﻭل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﻨﻅﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻐﻠﻘﺔ ‪..................................................‬‬
‫‪99‬‬ ‫‪ -5.9.1‬ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺜﺒﻭﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻡ ‪.......................................................................‬‬
‫‪100‬‬ ‫‪ -5.9.2‬ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺜﺒﻭﺕ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ‪.......................................................................‬‬
‫‪101‬‬ ‫‪ -5.9.3‬ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺜﺒﻭﺕ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ‪................................................................‬‬
‫‪101‬‬ ‫‪ -5.9.4‬ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺩﻴﺎﺒﺎﺘﻴﺔ ‪..........................................................................‬‬
‫‪106‬‬ ‫‪ -5.9.5‬ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻭﻟﺘﺭﻭﺒﻴﺔ ‪.........................................................................‬‬
‫‪111‬‬ ‫ﺍﻤﺜﻠﺔ ﻤﺤﻠﻭﻟﺔ ‪.......................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ .6‬ﺍﻟﻔﺼل ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺩﺱ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻨﻅﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺘﻭﺤﺔ )‪(216-160‬‬
‫‪160‬‬ ‫‪ -6.1‬ﺍﻻﻨﻅﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺘﻭﺤﺔ ‪............................................................................‬‬
‫‪160‬‬ ‫‪ -6.2‬ﺍﻟﺸﻐل ﺍﻟﺼﺎﻓﻲ ‪...............................................................................‬‬
‫‪161‬‬ ‫‪ -6.2.1‬ﺸﻐل ﻋﻤﻭﺩ ﺍﻻﺩﺍﺭﺓ ‪........................................................................‬‬
‫‪161‬‬ ‫‪ -6.2.2‬ﺸﻐل ﺃﻭ ﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺭﻴﺎﻥ ‪.....................................................................‬‬
‫‪163‬‬ ‫‪ -6.3‬ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﻨﻅﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺘﻭﺤﺔ ‪..........................................................‬‬
‫‪165‬‬ ‫‪ -6.4‬ﺘﻁﺒﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﺍﻻﻭل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﻨﻅﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺘﻭﺤﺔ ‪................................................‬‬
‫‪165‬‬ ‫‪ -6.4.1‬ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺠل ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻜﺜﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺨﺎﺭﻴﺔ ‪...............................................................‬‬
‫‪167‬‬ ‫‪ -6.4.2‬ﺍﻟﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻭﺭﺒﻴﻥ ‪........................................................................‬‬
‫‪168‬‬ ‫‪ -6.4.3‬ﺘﺴﻠﺴل ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻭﺭﺒﻴﻥ‪....................................................‬‬

‫‪VI‬‬
‫‪172‬‬ ‫‪ -6.4.4‬ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺭﺒﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﻴﺔ ‪........................................................................‬‬
‫‪173‬‬ ‫‪ -6.4.5‬ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻔﺙ )ﺍﻟﺒﻭﻕ( ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺎﺸﺭ )ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺩﺩ( ‪...........................................................‬‬
‫‪175‬‬ ‫‪ -6.4.6‬ﻤﺤﺭﻙ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﺌﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺩﻓﻌﻲ )ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﺙ( ‪............................................................‬‬
‫‪179‬‬ ‫‪ -6.4.7‬ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ‪........................................................................‬‬
‫‪179‬‬ ‫‪ -6.4.8‬ﺍﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﺍﺨﺭﻯ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﻨﻅﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺘﻭﺤﺔ ‪.........................................................‬‬
‫‪185‬‬ ‫ﺍﻤﺜﻠﺔ ﻤﺤﻠﻭﻟﺔ ‪.......................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ .7‬ﺍﻟﻔﺼل ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻊ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ ﻟﺩﻴﻨﺎﻤﻴﻙ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ )‪(239-217‬‬
‫‪217‬‬ ‫‪ -7.1‬ﺍﻻﺤﺘﻜﺎﻙ ‪....................................................................................‬‬
‫‪218‬‬ ‫‪-2.7‬ﺍﻻﻨﻌﻜﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻭ ﺍﻻﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻻﻨﻌﻜﺎﺴﻲ‪..............................................................‬‬
‫‪219‬‬ ‫‪ -7.3‬ﺍﻻﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻻﻨﻌﻜﺎﺴﻲ ‪..........................................................................‬‬
‫‪221‬‬ ‫‪ -7.4‬ﺍﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﺍﻻﺠﺭﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻼﺍﻨﻌﻜﺎﺴﻴﺔ ‪................................................................‬‬
‫‪222‬‬ ‫‪ -7.5‬ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺭﻙ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻱ ‪...........................................................................‬‬
‫‪224‬‬ ‫‪ -7.6‬ﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺘﺤﻭﻴل ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻭ ﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺭﻙ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ‪.........................................‬‬
‫‪225‬‬ ‫‪ -7.7‬ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺭﻙ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻜﻭﺱ )ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ( ‪.............................................‬‬
‫‪226‬‬ ‫‪ -7.8‬ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻷﺩﺍﺀ ‪................................................................................‬‬
‫‪227‬‬ ‫‪ -7.9‬ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ ﻟﺩﻴﻨﺎﻤﻴﻙ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ‪..............................................................‬‬
‫‪229‬‬ ‫‪ -7.10‬ﺼﻴﻎ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ ‪........................................................................‬‬
‫‪230‬‬ ‫‪ -7.11‬ﺘﻜﺎﻓﺅ )ﺘﻤﺎﺜل( ﻨﺼﻲ ﻜﻠﻔﻥ ﺒﻼﻨﻙ ﻭﻜﻠﻭﺯﻴﻭﺱ ‪................................................‬‬
‫‪232‬‬ ‫ﺍﻤﺜﻠﺔ ﻤﺤﻠﻭﻟﺔ ﻭﻤﺴﺎﺌل ‪...............................................................................‬‬
‫‪ .8‬ﺍﻟﻔﺼل ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻤﻥ‬
‫ﺩﻭﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ )‪(276-240‬‬
‫‪240‬‬ ‫‪ -8.1‬ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻲ ‪...........................................................................‬‬
‫‪240‬‬ ‫‪ -8.2‬ﻤﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﻜﺎﺭﻨﻭ ‪................................................................................‬‬
‫‪242‬‬ ‫‪ -8.3‬ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﻜﺎﺭﻨﻭ ‪.................................................................................‬‬
‫‪243‬‬ ‫‪ -8.4‬ﺍﻟﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ‪.............................................................................‬‬
‫‪245‬‬ ‫‪ -8.5‬ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﻜﺎﺭﻨﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻜﻭﺴﺔ ‪.......................................................................‬‬
‫‪246‬‬ ‫‪ -8.6‬ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﻜﺎﺭﻨﻭ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠﻕ ﻟﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ‪................................................‬‬
‫‪247‬‬ ‫ﺍﻤﺜﻠﺔ ﻤﺤﻠﻭﻟﺔ ‪.......................................................................................‬‬

‫‪VII‬‬
 ‫‪ .9‬ﺍﻟﻔﺼل ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺴﻊ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺭﻭﺒﻲ )‪(324-277‬‬
‫‪277‬‬ ‫‪ -9.1‬ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺭﻭﺒﻲ ‪...................................................................................‬‬
‫‪277‬‬ ‫‪ -9.2‬ﻤﺨﻁﻁ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ – ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺭﻭﺒﻲ )‪.................................................. (T-S‬‬
‫‪280‬‬ ‫‪ -9.3‬ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺭﻭﺒﻲ ﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ‪........................................................................‬‬
‫‪281‬‬ ‫‪-9.4‬ﻤﺘﺒﺎﻴﻨﺔ ﻜﻠﻭﺯﻴﻭﺱ ‪.............................................................................‬‬
‫‪283‬‬ ‫‪ -9.5‬ﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺭﻭﺒﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺩﻴﺎﺒﺎﺘﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﻨﺜﺭﻭﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﻨﻌﻜﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻼﺍﻨﻌﻜﺎﺴﻴﺔ ‪...................‬‬
‫‪284‬‬ ‫‪ -9.6‬ﺍﻟﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻻﻴﺯﻨﺘﺭﻭﺒﻴﺔ ‪..........................................................................‬‬
‫‪287‬‬ ‫ﺍﻤﺜﻠﺔ ﻤﺤﻠﻭﻟﺔ ‪.......................................................................................‬‬
‫‪294‬‬ ‫‪ -9.7‬ﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺭﻭﺒﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﻨﻌﻜﺎﺴﻴﺔ ‪......................................................‬‬
‫‪299‬‬ ‫‪ -9.8‬ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﻜﺎﺭﻨﻭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺨﻁﻁ )‪............................................................. (T-S‬‬
‫‪300‬‬ ‫ﺍﻤﺜﻠﺔ ﻤﺤﻠﻭﻟﺔ ﻭﻤﺴﺎﺌل ‪...............................................................................‬‬
‫‪ .10‬ﺍﻟﻔﺼل ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺸﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺨﻼﺌــﻁ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﻴــــﺔ )‪(370-325‬‬
‫‪325‬‬ ‫‪ -10.1‬ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺼﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺒﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺨﻼﺌﻁ ‪..............................................................‬‬
‫‪325‬‬ ‫‪ -10.2‬ﺍﻟﺫﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺫﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﻴﺔ )ﺍﻟﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﺫﺭﻱ( ‪.................................................‬‬
‫‪325‬‬ ‫‪ 10.3‬ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﻴﺔ )ﺍﻟﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﻴﺌﻲ( ‪....................................‬‬
‫‪326‬‬ ‫‪ -10.4‬ﺍﻟﺠﺯﻱﺀ ﺍﻟﻐﺭﺍﻤﻲ ﺍﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﻭل ‪.................................................................‬‬
‫‪327‬‬ ‫‪ -10.5‬ﻓﺭﻀﻴﺔ ﻭﻋﺩﺩ ﺍﻓﻭﻜﺎﺩﺭﻭ ‪....................................................................‬‬
‫‪327‬‬ ‫‪ -10.6‬ﺍﻟﺨﻼﺌﻁ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﻴﺔ ‪............................................................................‬‬
‫‪328‬‬ ‫‪ -10.7‬ﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﺨﻼﺌﻁ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﻴﺔ ‪....................................................................‬‬
‫‪328‬‬ ‫‪ -10.8‬ﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﻁ ﻭﺍﻟﻀﻐﻭﻁ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﻴﺌﻴﺔ‪...........................................................‬‬
‫‪329‬‬ ‫‪ -10.9‬ﺍﻟﺠﺯﻱﺀ ﺍﻟﻐﺭﺍﻤﻲ ﺍﻭ )ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻟﻲ( ﻟﻠﺨﻠﻴﻁ ‪.......................................................‬‬
‫‪330‬‬ ‫‪ -10.10‬ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻟﻲ ﻭﺜﺎﺒﺕ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ‪...........................................................‬‬
‫‪331‬‬ ‫‪ -10.11‬ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﺭﺍﻤﻴﺔ )ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻟﻴﺔ( ‪..................................................‬‬
‫‪333‬‬ ‫‪-10.12‬ﻤﻌﺩل ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﻴﺔ )ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻟﻴﺔ( ﻟﻠﺨﻠﻴﻁ ‪........................................‬‬
‫‪333‬‬ ‫‪ -10.13‬ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻤﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﻭﺯﻨﻲ ‪.................................................................‬‬
‫‪334‬‬ ‫ﺍﻤﺜﻠﺔ ﻤﺤﻠﻭﻟﺔ ‪.......................................................................................‬‬
‫‪335‬‬ ‫‪ -10.14‬ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﻴﺔ ‪،‬ﺍﻻﻨﺜﺎﻟﻲ‪،‬ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﻨﺘﺭﻭﺒﻲ ﻟﻠﺨﻠﻴﻁ ‪...............................‬‬
‫‪336‬‬ ‫‪ -10.15‬ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﺭﺍﻤﻴﺔ )ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻟﻴﺔ( ‪..............................‬‬

‫‪VIII‬‬
‫‪337‬‬ ‫‪ -10.16‬ﻤﻌﺩل ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﺭﺍﻤﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺨﻠﻴﻁ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﻱ ‪...................................‬‬
‫‪338‬‬ ‫‪ -10.17‬ﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺭﻭﺒﻲ ﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺨﻠﻁ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻴﺔ ‪...............................................‬‬
‫‪339‬‬ ‫‪ -10.18‬ﺨﻼﺌﻁ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺩﺭﺠﺎﺕ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﻀﻐﻭﻁ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ‪..............................‬‬
‫‪340‬‬ ‫ﺍﻤﺜﻠﺔ ﻤﺤﻠﻭﻟﺔ ﻭﻤﺴﺎﺌل ‪...............................................................................‬‬
‫‪371‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺍﺠﻊ ‪............................................................................................‬‬

‫‪IX‬‬
 ‫‪Introduction to Thermodynamics‬‬ ‫ﻤﻘﺩﻤﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺩﻴﻨﺎﻤﻴﻙ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬

‫ﻤﻊ ﺒﺩﺍﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺴﻊ ﻋﺸﺭ ﻅﻬﺭ ﻋﻠﻡ ﺩﻴﻨﺎﻤﻴﻙ ﺍﻟﺨﺭﺍﺭﺓ )ﺍﻟﺜﺭﻤﻭﺩﻴﻨﺎﻤﻜﺱ( ﺍﻟﺜـﺭ ﺍﻟـﺫﻱ ﻴـﺸﻤل‬
‫ﺩﻴﻨﺎﻤﻴﻙ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﺍﻭ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺯﻴﺎﺌﻲ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺌﻲ‪ ،‬ﺍﻻﺤﺼﺎﺌﻲ ‪،‬ﺜﻡ ﺩﻴﻨﺎﻤﻴﻙ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺩﺴﻲ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﻬﻤﻨﺎ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺩﺴــــــــــﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴــــــــــﺔ ﻻﻨــــــــــﻪ ﻴﻬــــــــــﺘﻡ‬
‫ﺒﻤﺎ ﻴﺄﺘﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ .1‬ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ )ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻐل( ﻭﺘﺤﻭﻻﺘﻬﻤﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺸﻜل ﻵﺨﺭ‪،‬ﺃﻱ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻭل ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺒﺎﺩل ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ‬
‫ﻼ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺭﻜﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺭﺒﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﻴـﺔ ﺍﻭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﺤﺩﺙ ﻤﺜ ﹰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﺨﺎﺭﻴﺔ …‪ .‬ﺍﻟﺦ ‪،‬ﻭﻜﺫﻟﻙ ﺍﻨﺘﻘﺎل ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺒﻭﺴﺎﻁﺔ ﺃﺠﻬـﺯﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻴﻴـﻑ ﺒﺄﺴـﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .2‬ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺭﺍﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﺍﻭ ﺴﻠﻭﻙ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻊ )‪ (Fluid‬ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻴﻨﻀﻐﻁ ﺃﻭ ﻴﺘﻤﺩﺩ ‪ ،‬ﻴﺴﺨﻥ ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﻼ ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﻴﺒﺭﺩ ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺩ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻊ ﻏﺎﺯﹰﺍ )ﻤﺜل ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍﺀ( ﺃﻭ ﺒﺨﺎﺭﹰﺍ )ﻤﺜل ﺒﺨـﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤـﺎﺀ( ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﺴـﺎﺌ ﹰ‬
‫ﺨﻠﻴﻁﹰﺎ ﻤﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺸﺭﻴﻁﺔ ﺃﻥ ﻻﺘﺘﻔﺎﻋل ﻤﻊ ﺒﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺌﻴﹰﺎ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .3‬ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻊ ﻭﻜﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﻐل ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺒﺒﺔ ﻟﻬﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺭ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻴﺴﺘﻨﺩ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻡ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺃﺭﺒﻌﺔ ﻤﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﺃﻭ ﻗﻭﺍﻨﻴﻥ ﺃﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﻭﺠﺩﺕ ﺒﺎﻟﺘﺠﺭﺒﺔ ﻭﻟﻴﺱ ﺒﺎﻻﺸﺘﻘﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﺭﻴﺎﻀﻲ ‪،‬‬
‫ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺍﻨﻴﻥ ﻫﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ .1‬ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺭﻱ ‪ :‬ﻭﻫﻭ ﻗﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺍﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺒﻤﻭﺠﺒﻪ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﻌﺭﻴﻑ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤـﺭﺍﺭﺓ ‪،‬‬
‫ﺴﻤﻲ ﺒﺎﻟﺼﻔﺭﻱ ﻻﻥ ﺼﻴﺎﻏﺘﻪ ﺠﺎﺀﺕ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺼﻴﺎﻏﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﺍﻻﻭل ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .2‬ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﺍﻻﻭل ‪ :‬ﻭﻫﻭ ﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺼﻴﻎ ﻗﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﺤﻔﻅ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .3‬ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ ‪ :‬ﻴﺤﺩﺩ ﺍﺘﺠﺎﻩ ﺴﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ ﺍﺘﺠﺎﻩ ﺍﻨﺘﻘﺎل ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﻭﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺘﺤﻭﻴـل ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻨﻘﻠﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .4‬ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺙ ‪ :‬ﻴﺤﺩﺩ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺭﻭﺒﻲ ﻭﻴﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﺴﺘﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﺼﻭل ﻟﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠﻕ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻟﺫﻟﻙ ﻴﺴﺘﻌﻤل ﻤﻬﻨﺩﺴﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻙ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻡ ﺒﺘﺼﻤﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺭﻜﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻜﻤﺤﻁﺎﺕ ﺘﻭﻟﻴـﺩ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗـﺔ‬
‫‪،‬ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺭﻜﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺩﺩﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﺜﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻭﺍﺭﻴﺦ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺭﺒﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺨﺎﺭﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻤﺭﺍﺠل ﺍﻟﺒﺨﺎﺭ ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻀﻭﺍﻏﻁ ‪،‬‬
‫ﺍﺠﻬﺯﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻴﻴﻑ ﻭﻏﻴﺭﻫﺎ ‪ .‬ﻫﻨﺎ ﺍﺼﺒﺢ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻀﺭﻭﺭﻱ ﻟﻠﻤﻬﻨﺩﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﻲ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻠﻡ ﺒﻘﻭﺍﻨﻴﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻡ ﻭﻴﺘﻔﻬﻡ‬
‫ﺃﺴﺴﻪ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻟﻘﺩ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺘﺤﻭﻴل ﺍﻟﺸﻐل ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﻲ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻤﻌﺭﻭﻓﹰﺎ ﻤﻨﺫ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻤﻥ ﻋﺸﺭ ‪ .‬ﻭﻓـﻲ ﻤﻨﺘـﺼﻑ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﺭﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺴﻊ ﻋﺸﺭ ﺍﻭﺠﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻡ ﺠﻭل )‪ (Joule‬ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﻐل ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴـﺔ ‪،‬ﻭﻗـﺩ‬
‫ﺃﺴﻬﻡ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﻴﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎﺀ ﻓﻲ ﺘﻁﻭﻴﺭ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻡ ﺃﻤﺜﺎل ﻜﺎﺭﻨﻭ‪ ،‬ﻜﻴﻠﻔﻥ‪،‬ﻜﻠﻭﺯﻴﻭﺱ ﻭﻏﻴـﺭﻫﻡ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻤﻨـﺫ ﺍﻟﻘـﺭﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀﻲ ﺘﻭﺴﻊ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻡ ﺒﺤﻴﺙ ﺸﻤل ﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﺌﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻭﺃﺠﻬﺯﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻴﻴﻑ ‪.‬‬

‫‪X‬‬
 ‫ﺍﻟﺭﻤﻭﺯ ﻭﺍﻟﻭﺤﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺔ‬

∗
‫ﺍﻟﺭﻤﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻭﺤﺩﺓ‬
SI BU
‫ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ‬m
2 2
A Area ft

‫ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺠﻴل‬m /s
2
a Acceleration ft/sec.2
C Velocity ‫ ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻋﺔ‬m/s ft/sec.
C Specific heat ‫ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ‬J/kg.k Btu/lbm.
D Diameter ‫ ﺍﻟﻘﻁﺭ‬m ft
E Energy ‫ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ‬J=N.m Ft.lb,Btu

‫ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺓ‬N=kg.m/s
2
F Force Lbf=slug.ft/sec
2

‫ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺠﻴل ﺍﻻﺭﻀﻲ‬m/s
2
g Local acceleration of ft/sec2
grafity
H Enthalby ‫ ﺍﻻﻨﺜﺎﻟﺒﻲ‬kJ Btu
h Specific enthalby ‫ ﺍﻻﻨﺜﺎﻟﺒﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻲ‬kJ/kg Btu/lbm
J Mechanical equivalent of ‫ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﻓىﺎﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﻲ ﻟﻠﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬kcal=427kg.m 778,2ft.lbf/Btu
heat
M Molecular weight ‫ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﻴﺌﻴﺔ‬kg/kg.mol Lbm/lbm.mole

m Mass ‫ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ‬kg Slug,lbm

•
m Mass flow rate ‫ ﻤﻌﺩل ﺍﻟﺘﺩﻓﻕ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﻲ‬kg/s Slug/sec,lbm/s
ec.
N Mole ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺌﻲ‬
n Polytropic index ‫ﺍﻻﺱ ﺍﻟﺒﻭﻟﺘﺭﻭﺒﻲ‬
‫ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ‬Pa = N/m
2
P Pressure Lbf/in2=psi
P Power ‫ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ‬W = J/s Ft.lb/s,h.p
Q Heat ‫ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬kJ Btu

‫ ﻤﻌﺩل ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬kJ/s = kW
•
Heat rate Btu/sec.
Q
q Heat per unit ‫ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻟﻜل ﻭﺤﺩﺓ ﻜﺘﻠﺔ‬kJ/kg Btu/Lbm

∗
‫( ﺍﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﻴﻁﺎﻨﻲ ﻟﻠﻭﺤﺩﺍﺕ ﻓﺭﻤﺯﻩ‬System International) (SI)‫ﻴﺭﻤﺯ ﻟﻠﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻲ ﻟﻠﻭﺤﺩﺍﺕ ﺏ‬
.‫( ﻜﻤﺎ ﺴﻴﺭﺩ ﺘﻔﺎﺼﻴﻠﻪ ﻻﺤﻘﺎ‬English) ‫( ﺍﻭ‬British units ) (Bu)

XI
R Gas Constant ‫ ﺜﺎﺒﺕ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ‬kJ/.kg.K Btu/ Lb. F

R
Universal Gas Constant ‫ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﺒﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ‬8.314kJ/kmol.K 1545
ft.lbf/mole.R
S Entropy ‫ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺭﻭﺒﻲ‬kJ / K Btu /F
s Specific Entropy ‫ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺭﻭﺒﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻲ‬kJ / kg . k Btu/Lbm.ft
T Absolute Temperature ‫ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠﻘﺔ‬K F
T Torque ‫ ﺍﻟﻌﺯﻡ‬N.m Lbf . Ft
U Internal Energy ‫ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﻴﺔ‬kJ Btu
u Specific Internal E . ‫ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ‬kJ / kg Btu / Lbm

‫ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻡ‬m , Liter
3
V Volume Ft3
W Work ‫ ﺍﻟﺸﻐل‬J= N.m Ft . Lb
•
W Work Rate ‫ ﻤﻌﺩل ﺍﻟﺸﻐل‬kJ/s =kW Lbf . Ft/s

w Work per Unit mass ‫ ﺍﻟﺸﻐل ﻟﻜل ﻭﺤﺩﺓ ﻜﺘﻠﺔ‬kJ/kg Btu / Lbm
X Displacement. ‫ ﺍﺯﺍﺤﺔ ﻋﺎﻤﺔ‬m Ft
Z Hight ‫ ﺍﻻﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ‬m Ft

XII
 : ‫ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﺭﻤﻭﺯ ﺍﻟﻴﻭﻨﺎﻨﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺭﻤﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺭﻤﺯ‬
α Alpha ø Function , ph
β Beta π (‫ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﺒﺘﺔ )ﺒﺎﻱ‬
γ Gamma, Ratio of Specific heat d Differential,(derivative) (‫ﺘﻔﺎﻀل )ﻤﺸﺘﻕ‬
∆ Delta ‫ﻓﺭﻕ ﻤﺤﺩﺩ‬ θ Theta
η Efficiency , Etta ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ‬ ∫ Integration ‫ﺘﻜﺎﻤل‬
ρ Density , Rho ‫ﺍﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ‬ ∑ Sigma , Summation ‫ﺠﻤﻊ‬

XIII
 ‫‪Introduction to Thermodynamics‬‬ ‫ﻤﻘﺩﻤﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺩﻴﻨﺎﻤﻴﻙ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬

‫ﻤﻊ ﺒﺩﺍﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺴﻊ ﻋﺸﺭ ﻅﻬﺭ ﻋﻠﻡ ﺩﻴﻨﺎﻤﻴﻙ ﺍﻟﺨﺭﺍﺭﺓ )ﺍﻟﺜﺭﻤﻭﺩﻴﻨﺎﻤﻜﺱ( ﺍﻟﺜـﺭ ﺍﻟـﺫﻱ ﻴـﺸﻤل‬
‫ﺩﻴﻨﺎﻤﻴﻙ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﺍﻭ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺯﻴﺎﺌﻲ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺌﻲ‪ ،‬ﺍﻻﺤﺼﺎﺌﻲ ‪،‬ﺜﻡ ﺩﻴﻨﺎﻤﻴﻙ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺩﺴﻲ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﻬﻤﻨﺎ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺩﺴــــــــــﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴــــــــــﺔ ﻻﻨــــــــــﻪ ﻴﻬــــــــــﺘﻡ‬
‫ﺒﻤﺎ ﻴﺄﺘﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ .1‬ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ )ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻐل( ﻭﺘﺤﻭﻻﺘﻬﻤﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺸﻜل ﻵﺨﺭ‪،‬ﺃﻱ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻭل ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺒﺎﺩل ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ‬
‫ﻼ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺭﻜﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺭﺒﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﻴـﺔ ﺍﻭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﺤﺩﺙ ﻤﺜ ﹰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﺨﺎﺭﻴﺔ …‪ .‬ﺍﻟﺦ ‪،‬ﻭﻜﺫﻟﻙ ﺍﻨﺘﻘﺎل ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺒﻭﺴﺎﻁﺔ ﺃﺠﻬـﺯﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻴﻴـﻑ ﺒﺄﺴـﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .2‬ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺭﺍﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﺍﻭ ﺴﻠﻭﻙ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻊ )‪ (Fluid‬ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻴﻨﻀﻐﻁ ﺃﻭ ﻴﺘﻤﺩﺩ ‪ ،‬ﻴﺴﺨﻥ ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﻼ ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﻴﺒﺭﺩ ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺩ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻊ ﻏﺎﺯﹰﺍ )ﻤﺜل ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍﺀ( ﺃﻭ ﺒﺨﺎﺭﹰﺍ )ﻤﺜل ﺒﺨـﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤـﺎﺀ( ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﺴـﺎﺌ ﹰ‬
‫ﺨﻠﻴﻁﹰﺎ ﻤﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺸﺭﻴﻁﺔ ﺃﻥ ﻻﺘﺘﻔﺎﻋل ﻤﻊ ﺒﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺌﻴﹰﺎ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .3‬ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻊ ﻭﻜﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﻐل ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺒﺒﺔ ﻟﻬﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺭ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻴﺴﺘﻨﺩ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻡ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺃﺭﺒﻌﺔ ﻤﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﺃﻭ ﻗﻭﺍﻨﻴﻥ ﺃﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﻭﺠﺩﺕ ﺒﺎﻟﺘﺠﺭﺒﺔ ﻭﻟﻴﺱ ﺒﺎﻻﺸﺘﻘﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﺭﻴﺎﻀﻲ ‪،‬‬
‫ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺍﻨﻴﻥ ﻫﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ .1‬ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺭﻱ ‪ :‬ﻭﻫﻭ ﻗﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺍﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺒﻤﻭﺠﺒﻪ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﻌﺭﻴﻑ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤـﺭﺍﺭﺓ ‪،‬‬
‫ﺴﻤﻲ ﺒﺎﻟﺼﻔﺭﻱ ﻻﻥ ﺼﻴﺎﻏﺘﻪ ﺠﺎﺀﺕ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺼﻴﺎﻏﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﺍﻻﻭل ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .2‬ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﺍﻻﻭل ‪ :‬ﻭﻫﻭ ﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺼﻴﻎ ﻗﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﺤﻔﻅ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .3‬ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ ‪ :‬ﻴﺤﺩﺩ ﺍﺘﺠﺎﻩ ﺴﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ ﺍﺘﺠﺎﻩ ﺍﻨﺘﻘﺎل ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﻭﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺘﺤﻭﻴـل ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻨﻘﻠﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .4‬ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺙ ‪ :‬ﻴﺤﺩﺩ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺭﻭﺒﻲ ﻭﻴﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﺴﺘﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﺼﻭل ﻟﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠﻕ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻟﺫﻟﻙ ﻴﺴﺘﻌﻤل ﻤﻬﻨﺩﺴﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻙ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻡ ﺒﺘﺼﻤﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺭﻜﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻜﻤﺤﻁﺎﺕ ﺘﻭﻟﻴـﺩ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗـﺔ‬
‫‪،‬ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺭﻜﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺩﺩﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﺜﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻭﺍﺭﻴﺦ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺭﺒﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺨﺎﺭﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻤﺭﺍﺠل ﺍﻟﺒﺨﺎﺭ ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻀﻭﺍﻏﻁ ‪،‬‬
‫ﺍﺠﻬﺯﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻴﻴﻑ ﻭﻏﻴﺭﻫﺎ ‪ .‬ﻫﻨﺎ ﺍﺼﺒﺢ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻀﺭﻭﺭﻱ ﻟﻠﻤﻬﻨﺩﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﻲ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻠﻡ ﺒﻘﻭﺍﻨﻴﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻡ ﻭﻴﺘﻔﻬﻡ‬
‫ﺃﺴﺴﻪ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻟﻘﺩ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺘﺤﻭﻴل ﺍﻟﺸﻐل ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﻲ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻤﻌﺭﻭﻓﹰﺎ ﻤﻨﺫ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻤﻥ ﻋﺸﺭ ‪ .‬ﻭﻓـﻲ ﻤﻨﺘـﺼﻑ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﺭﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺴﻊ ﻋﺸﺭ ﺍﻭﺠﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻡ ﺠﻭل )‪ (Joule‬ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﻐل ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴـﺔ ‪،‬ﻭﻗـﺩ‬
‫ﺃﺴﻬﻡ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﻴﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎﺀ ﻓﻲ ﺘﻁﻭﻴﺭ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻡ ﺃﻤﺜﺎل ﻜﺎﺭﻨﻭ‪ ،‬ﻜﻴﻠﻔﻥ‪،‬ﻜﻠﻭﺯﻴﻭﺱ ﻭﻏﻴـﺭﻫﻡ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻤﻨـﺫ ﺍﻟﻘـﺭﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀﻲ ﺘﻭﺴﻊ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻡ ﺒﺤﻴﺙ ﺸﻤل ﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﺌﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻭﺃﺠﻬﺯﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻴﻴﻑ ‪.‬‬

‫‪X‬‬
 ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ – ﺍﻟﻮﺣﺪﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﺭﺑﻒ‬

‫)‪ -(1.1‬ﺍﻻﺒﻌﺎﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﻭﺤﺩﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺭﻤﻭﺯ ‪Dimensions, Units & Symbols‬‬

‫ﻟﻜل ﻋﻠﻡ ﻤﺼﻁﻠﺤﺎﺕ ﺘﻌﺒﺭ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﺩﻗﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺨﺘﺹ ﺒﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻻﻟﻔﺎﻅ ﻜﺜﻴﺭﹰﺍ ﻤـﺎ‬
‫ﻴﺨﺘﻠﻑ ﻤﻌﻨﺎﻫﺎ ﺍﻻﺼﻁﻼﺤﻲ ﻋﻥ ﻤﻌﻨﺎﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ‪ ،‬ﻭﻤﻥ ﻫﻨﺎ ﺴﻤﻴﺕ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﺼﻁﻠﺤﺎﺕ‪ .‬ﺍﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﺭﻤﻭﺯ ﻓـﺄﻥ‬
‫ﻟﻜل ﻋﻠﻡ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺭﻤﻭﺯ ﺘﺴﺘﻌﻤل ﻟﻠﺩﻻﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻜﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻭ ﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻭ ﺨـﻭﺍﺹ )‪ (Properties‬ﺍﻭ‬
‫ﻭﺤﺩﺍﺕ )‪ (Units‬ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺩ ﺒﺎﺕ ﻜﺜﻴﺭ ﻤﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺭﻤﻭﺯ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﺸﺎﺌﻌﹰﺎ ﻭﻤﺸﺘﺭﻜﹰﺎ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻑ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭل ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻘﺩﻤﺔ‪ ،‬ﺒﺤﻴﺙ ﺍﺘﺨﺫ ﺼﻔﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ ﺘﺴﺘﻠﺯﻡ ﺍﻷﺒﻘﺎﺀ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻭﻋﺩﻡ ﺘﺭﺠﻤﺘﻪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﻤﻼﺤﻅﺔ ﺍﻻﺒﻌﺎﺩ ﺍﻭ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺩﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺯﻴﺎﻭﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺍﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﻭﺤﺩﺓ ﻓﺄﻨﻬﺎ ﺘﺤﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤـﺔ‬
‫ﻼ ﺍﻟﺯﻤﻥ ﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻭ ﺍﻟﺩﻗﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻭ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻋﺔ ﻓﻬﻲ ﺍﻟﻭﺤـﺩﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﺠـﺩﻭل ﺭﻗـﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺩﺩﻴﺔ ﻟﻬﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺩ‪ .‬ﻓﻤﺜ ﹰ‬
‫)‪ (1.1‬ﻴﻭﻀﺢ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻻﺒﻌﺎﺩ ﻭﻭﺤﺩﺍﺘﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻲ ﻟﻠﻭﺤﺩﺍﺕ‪.‬‬

‫ﺠﺩﻭل )‪ (1.1‬ﺍﻻﺒﻌﺎﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﻭﺤﺩﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺭﻤﻭﺯ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺒﻴﺭ ﻓﻲ ‪SI‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻭﺤﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺒﻌﺎﺩ )ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺯﻴﺎﻭﻴﺔ(‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻑ ﺍﻟﺭﻤﺯﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺴﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻑ ﺍﻟﺭﻤﺯﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺴﻡ‬
‫‪s‬‬ ‫‪s‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫‪t‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺯﻤﻥ‬
‫‪10-3 m3‬‬ ‫‪L‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻠﺘﺭ‬ ‫‪V‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻡ‬
‫‪kg‬‬ ‫‪kg‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻠﻭﻏﺭﺍﻡ‬ ‫‪m‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﻴﻭﺘﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺓ‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪kg.m/s‬‬ ‫‪N‬‬ ‫‪F‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺴﻜﺎل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪N/m‬‬ ‫‪Pa‬‬ ‫‪P‬‬
‫‪N.m‬‬ ‫‪J‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﻭل‬ ‫‪E‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ‬
‫‪J/s‬‬ ‫‪W‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺕ‬ ‫‪P‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ‬
‫‪N.m‬‬ ‫‪J‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﻭل‬ ‫‪W‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻐل‬
‫‪N.m‬‬ ‫‪J‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﻭل‬ ‫‪Q‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬

‫)‪ -(1.2‬ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻲ ﻟﻠﻭﺤﺩﺍﺕ ‪International System of Units‬‬

‫ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ )‪ (1960‬ﺃﻗﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺘﻤﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺩﻱ ﻋﺸﺭ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎﻴﻴﺭ ﻭﺍﻻﻭﺯﺍﻥ ﺍﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ‪ .‬ﺒﻌﺩﺌ ٍﺫ‬
‫ﻨﺎل ﺘﺒﺎﻋﹰﺎ ﺇﻋﺘﺭﺍﻑ ﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻜﺜﺭﻴﺔ ﺩﻭل ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻡ‪ .‬ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻰ ﻟﻐﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻭﺤﺩﺍﺕ ﺠﻌﻠﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻅﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻘﻴﺎﺴﺎﺕ ﺘﻭﺼﻲ ﺒﺄﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﺭﻤﺯ ﻟﻪ ﺒـ )‪ .(SI‬ﻴﺘﺼﻑ ﺒﻜﻭﻨـﻪ ﻨﻅـﺎﻡ‬

‫)‪(1‬‬
‫ﻭﺤﺩﺍﺕ ﻤﻨﺴﺠﻤﹰﺎ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺴﺠﻡ ﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺤﺎﺼل ﻀﺭﺏ ﺍﻭ ﻗﺴﻤﺔ ﻭﺤﺩﺍﺕ ﺃﻱ ﻜﻤﻴﺘﻴﻥ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻴﻤﺜـل‬
‫ﻼ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺭ ﻭﺤﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻁﻭل ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺘﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺒﻊ ﻭﺤﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ …‪ .‬ﺍﻟﺦ‪ .‬ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻴﺴﻤﻰ‬
‫ﻭﺤﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺘﺠﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﻤﺜ ﹰ‬
‫ﺍﻴﻀﹰﺎ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺩﺴﻲ‪.‬‬

‫ﺠﺩﻭل )‪ (1.2‬ﺍﻟﻭﺤﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻻﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻋﺩﺓ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻴﺔ ‪Quantity‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺭﻤﺯ‬ ‫‪Units‬‬
‫‪SI‬‬ ‫‪English‬‬
‫‪A‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻭﺤﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻻﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ‬
‫‪1.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻁﻭل ‪Length‬‬ ‫‪L‬‬ ‫‪meter‬‬ ‫‪m‬‬ ‫‪foot‬‬ ‫‪ft‬‬
‫‪2.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ‪Mass‬‬ ‫‪m‬‬ ‫‪Kilogram‬‬ ‫‪kg‬‬ ‫‪Slug or‬‬ ‫‪Lbm‬‬
‫‪pound‬‬
‫‪3.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺯﻤﻥ ‪Time‬‬ ‫‪t‬‬ ‫‪second‬‬ ‫‪S‬‬ ‫‪second‬‬ ‫‪sec.‬‬
‫‪4.‬‬ ‫‪Electric current‬‬ ‫‪I‬‬ ‫‪ampere‬‬ ‫‪A‬‬ ‫‪Ampere‬‬ ‫‪A‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺭﺒﺎﺌﻲ‬
‫‪5.‬‬ ‫‪Absolute Temperature‬‬ ‫‪T‬‬ ‫‪Kelvin‬‬ ‫‪K‬‬ ‫‪RanKine‬‬ ‫‪°R‬‬
‫ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠﻘﺔ‬
‫‪6.‬‬ ‫‪Amount of substance‬‬ ‫‪kg-mole‬‬ ‫‪Pound-mole‬‬ ‫‪Lbm-‬‬
‫ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫‪mole‬‬
‫‪7.‬‬ ‫‪Luminous intensity‬‬ ‫‪candela‬‬ ‫‪Cd‬‬ ‫‪Candela‬‬ ‫‪Cd‬‬
‫ـﺎﺀﺓ‬
‫ـﺩﺓ ﺍﻻﻀـــ‬
‫ﺸـــ‬
‫)ﺍﻭ ﺍﻟﻭﻤﻴﺽ(‬
‫‪B‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻭﺤﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻋﺩﺓ‬
‫‪1.‬‬ ‫‪Plane angle‬‬ ‫‪radian‬‬ ‫‪Rad‬‬ ‫‪Radian‬‬ ‫‪Rad‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺯﺍﻭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﻴﺔ‬
‫‪2.‬‬ ‫‪Solid angle‬‬ ‫‪steradian‬‬ ‫‪Sr‬‬ ‫‪Steradian‬‬ ‫‪Sr‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺯﺍﻭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺴﻤﺔ‬

‫)‪(2‬‬
‫ﺸﻜل )‪ -(1.1‬ﺸﺠﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻭﺤﺩﺍﺕ‬

‫)‪(3‬‬
‫ﻴﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻤﻥ )‪ (7‬ﻭﺤﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﻭﻭﺤﺩﺘﻴﻥ ﻤﻜﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻭ ﻤﺴﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻭﻀﺤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺠﺩﻭل ﺭﻗـﻡ‬
‫)‪ .(1.2‬ﻭﻤﻥ ﻤﻤﻴﺯﺍﺕ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻨﻪ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﺸﺘﻘﺎﻕ ﻭﺤﺩﺍﺕ ﺃﺨﺭﻯ ﺘﺴﻤﻰ ﺒﺎﻟﻭﺤﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺘﻘﺔ ﺍﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺒﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﺘﺸﺘﻕ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻭﺤﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻻﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﻨﺤﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺩﺴﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﻀﺭﺏ ﺍﻭ ﻗﺴﻤﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻭﺤﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻻﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻜﻤﺎ ﻤﻭﻀﺢ ﻓﻲ ﺸﺠﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻭﺤﺩﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﺸﻜل ﺭﻗﻡ )‪ ،(1.1‬ﺍﻭ ﺠﺩﻭل ﺭﻗﻡ )‪.(1.3‬‬
‫ﻼ ﻭﺤﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺓ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻴﻭﺘﻥ )‪ (N‬ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﻌﺭﻑ ﺒﺄﻨﻪ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻌﺠل ﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﻜﻴﻠﻭ ﻏـﺭﺍﻡ ﻭﺍﺤـﺩ‬
‫ﻓﻤﺜ ﹰ‬
‫)‪ (kg‬ﻤﺘﺭﹰﺍ ﻭﺍﺤﺩﹰﺍ ﻟﻜل ﻤﺭﺒﻊ ﺜﺎﻨﻴﺔ )‪ .(m/s2‬ﻓﺘﺼﺒﺢ ﻭﺤﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻘـﻭﺓ )‪ ،(N = kg.m/s2‬ﻭﻭﺤـﺩﺓ ﺍﻟـﺸﻐل‬
‫ﻼ ﻭﺤـﺩﺓ ﺍﻟـﺸﻐل ﺍﻟﺠـﻭل‬
‫)‪ … (N.m‬ﺍﻟﺦ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺩ ﺘﺨﺘﺼﺭ ﺍﻟﻭﺤﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺘﻘﺔ ﺒﻤـﺼﻁﻠﺢ ﺒـﺴﻴﻁ‪ ،‬ﻓﻤـﺜ ﹰ‬
‫)‪ ،(J = N.m‬ﻭﻭﺤﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺕ )‪ (W = J/s‬ﻭﻭﺤﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺴﻜﺎل )‪ .… (Pa = N/m2‬ﺍﻟﺦ‪.‬‬
‫ﻼ‬
‫ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺁﺨﺭ ﻟﻠﻭﺤﺩﺍﺕ ﻗﻠﻴل ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﻴﻁـﺎﻨﻲ )‪ .(British Units‬ﻓﻤـﺜ ﹰ‬
‫ﻭﺤﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ )‪ (Pound – mass‬ﻭﺭﻤﺯﻫﺎ )‪ (Lbm‬ﻴﻘﺎﺒﻠﻪ ﻓﻲ ﻨﻅﺎﻡ )‪ (SI‬ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻠـﻭ ﻏـﺭﺍﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﻲ )‪ ،(Kilogram – mass‬ﻭﺭﻤﺯﻩ )‪ .(kg.m‬ﺍﻤﺎ ﻭﺤﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﻴﻁﺎﻨﻲ ﻫـﻭ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻭﻨـﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺜﻘﻠﻲ )‪ (Pound – Force‬ﻭﺭﻤﺯﻩ )‪ .(Lbf‬ﻴﻘﺎﺒﻠﻪ ﻓﻲ ﻨﻅﺎﻡ )‪ (SI‬ﺍﻟﻨﻴﻭﺘﻥ )‪ (N‬ﻭﻭﺤﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﺨﺭﻯ‪ ،‬ﻜﻤـﺎ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺠﺩﻭل )‪.(1.3‬‬
‫ﺍﻥ ﻭﺤﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻨﻅﺎﻡ )‪ (SI‬ﻴﻘﺎﺒﻠﻬﺎ ﻭﺤﺩﺓ ﻜﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﻴﻁﺎﻨﻲ‪ ،‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﺘﻭﻀﺢ ﺠﺩﺍﻭل‬
‫)‪ (1.3) ،(1.2‬ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﺒﻴﻥ ﻭﺤﺩﺍﺕ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻤﻴﻥ‪ .‬ﻭﺠﺩﻭل )‪ (1.4‬ﻴﺒﻴﻥ ﺒﻌـﺽ ﺍﻟﻭﺤـﺩﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﺭﻴﻁﺎﻨﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺘﺤﻭﻴل ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻭﺤﺩﺍﺕ ﻤﻥ ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻵﺨﺭ ﺒﻤﻭﺠﺏ ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻭﻴل ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻴﻨﺔ ﻓـﻲ ﺠـﺩﻭل‬
‫)‪ ،(1.5‬ﺃﻭ ﺒﻤﻭﺠﺏ ﺍﻟﺤﺴﺎﺒﺎﺕ ﻟﻸﻤﺜﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺴﺘﺭﺩ ﻻﺤﻘﹰﺎ‪.‬‬

‫)‪(4‬‬
 ‫( ﺍﻟﻭﺤﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺘﻘﺔ‬1.3) ‫ﺠﺩﻭل ﺭﻗﻡ‬
Quantity ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ ﺍﻟﺭﻤﺯ‬Dimensions Units
SI English
Area ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ‬ A L2 m2 ft2

Volume ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻡ‬ V L3 m3 ft3

Velocity ‫ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻋﺔ‬ C L/t m/s ft/sec.

Acceleration ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺠﻴل‬ a L/t2 m/s2 ft/sec2

Angular Velocity
ω t-1 s-1 sec-1
‫ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺯﺍﻭﻴﺔ‬
kg.m/s2 slug.ft/sec2
Force ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺓ‬ F m.L/t2
= N (newton) = Lb (pound)
Density ‫ﺍﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ‬ ρ m/L3 kg/m3 Slug/ft3

Specific weight ‫ﺍﻟﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻲ‬ m/L2t2 N/m3 Lb/ft3

Frequency ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺩﺩ‬ ƒ t-1 s-1 Sec-1

N/m2
Pressure ‫ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ‬ P m/Lt2 Lb/ft2
= Pa (pascal)
Energy, Work, Torque E
N.m = J
mL2/t2
‫ ﺍﻟﻌﺯﻡ‬،‫ ﺍﻟﺸﻐل‬،‫ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ‬
W Ft.Lb
(Joule)
T
Heat rate, Power • J/s
mL2/t3
‫ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ‬،‫ﻤﻌﺩل ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬ Q Btu/sec.
= W (watt)
•
Mass Flux ‫ﺘﺩﻓﻕ ﻜﺘﻠﻲ‬ m m/t kg/s Slug/sec.

Flow rate ‫ﻤﻌﺩل ﺍﻟﺘﺩﻓﻕ‬

•
V L3/t m3/s Ft3/sec.

Specific heat ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ‬ C L2/t2.T J/kg.K Btu/slug.°R

(5)
 ‫ﺠﺩﻭل )‪ (1.4‬ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﻭﺤﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﻴﻁﺎﻨﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺭﻤﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻭﺤﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺭﻤﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻭﺤﺩﺓ‬

‫‪Btu‬‬ ‫‪British-Thermal Unit‬‬ ‫‪h.p‬‬ ‫‪Horse-Power‬‬ ‫ﻗﺩﺭﺓ ﺤﺼﺎﻨﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺤﺩﺓ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﺒﺭﻴﻁﺎﻨﻴﺔ‬
‫‪Cal‬‬ ‫‪Calorie‬‬ ‫ﺴﻌﺭﺓ‬ ‫‪in‬‬ ‫‪Inch‬‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻨﺞ‪-‬ﻋﻘﺩﺓ‬
‫‪Ft‬‬ ‫‪Foot‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺩﻡ‬ ‫‪mi‬‬ ‫‪Mile Statute‬‬ ‫ﻤﻴل ﺍﺭﻀﻲ‬
‫‪Ft.P‬‬ ‫‪Foot-Pound‬‬ ‫‪nmi‬‬ ‫‪Mile Nautical‬‬ ‫ﻤﻴل ﺒﺤﺭﻱ‪-‬ﻋﻘﺩﺓ‬
‫‪Fath‬‬ ‫‪Fatham‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻤﺔ‬ ‫‪oz‬‬ ‫‪Ounce‬‬ ‫ﺍﻭﻨﺱ‬

‫ﻭﺤﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﺨﺭﻯ‪:‬‬
‫ﺒﺭﻤﻴل ﻨﻔﻁ ﺍﻤﺭﻴﻜﻲ ﻴﻌﺎﺩل )‪.(159 L‬‬ ‫‪Barel‬‬
‫ﻤﻜﻴﺎل ﺴﻌﺘﻪ )‪.(35 L‬‬ ‫‪Bushel‬‬
‫ﻗﻴﺭﺍﻁ‪.‬‬ ‫‪Carat‬‬
‫ﻤﻜﻴﺎل ﺍﻨﻜﻠﻴﺯﻱ ﻴﻌﺎﺩل )‪.(36.4 L‬‬ ‫‪Chaldron‬‬
‫ﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺤﺠﻤﻲ ﻟﻠﺨﺸﺏ ﻴﻌﺎﺩل )‪.(128 ft3‬‬ ‫‪Cord‬‬
‫ﺤﺒﺔ )ﻗﻤﺢ(‪.‬‬ ‫‪Grain‬‬
‫ﻤﻜﻴﺎل ﺴﻌﺘﻪ )‪.(9.092 L‬‬ ‫‪PecK‬‬
‫‪PoundaL (PdL) = Lb.ft/s2‬‬

‫)‪(6‬‬
 ‫( ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻭﻴل‬1.5) ‫ﺠﺩﻭل‬
Quantity Units to Convert from Conversion
English (E.) SI E. to SI SI to E
multiply by
Area in2 cm2 6,452 0,1550 m2 =1550 in2
ft2 m2 0,093 10,76 = 10.76 ft2
acre ha 0,405 2,471 = 1.2 yd2
= 2.471.10-4 acres
= 10-4 ha
=1.05.10-6 ‫ﻀﻭﺌﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺴﻨﺔ‬
Length In cm 2,54 0,394
m
Ft m 0,305 3,281
-4
Mile km 1,609 0,622 = 5.4.10 nmi
= 1.1 yd
= 0.55 fath
yd = 3 ft
nmi = 1.85 km
Volume in3 cm3 16.387 0.061 m3 = 103 L=106 cm3
ft3 m3 0.028 35.32 = 1.31 yd3
US gallon m3 0.004 264.2 = 4 barely
= L 3.785 0,264 L =103 cm3=dcm3
Br.gal. = 4.546 L
Mass Lbm kg 0.454 2,205 kg = 35.274 Ounce
= 10-3 ‫ﻤﺘﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﻁﻥ‬
Slug kg 14.59 0,069

Lbm = 16 Ounce
Carat = 1/24 kg
Grain = 0.065 g
Force Lbf N 4,448 0,225 N = 105 Dyn
Kip(103Lb) N 4448 = 3.6 Ounce
Density slug/ft3 kg/m3 515,4 1,94.10-3 kg/m3 =0.001 g/cm3
‫ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﻴﺔ‬
Density Lbf/ft3 N/m3 0.064 = 0.063 Lbm/ft3
‫ﺍﻟﺜﻘﻴﻠﺔ‬ = 0.008 Lbm/US gal.

WorK, ft.Lbf J 1.356 0.738 J = 0.239 Cal.

Energy, BTU kJ 1.054 0.948 = 107 dyn.cm
Heat BTU kWh 0.0003 3413 = 107 Eng.
therm kWh 29.3 0.034 = 0.102 kg.m
therm = 10 Btu
= 105.5 MJ
Btu = 0.252kcaL
Lbf.ft = 0.138 kg.m
Power h.p kw 0.746 1.341 W = 0.239 cal/s
Heat Rate ft. Lbf/sec. W 1.356 0.738 = 0,057 BTU/min.
BTU/hour W 0.293 3.414 metric h.p. = 0,736 kw
1Tref = 3kW=12000 BTU
Flow Rate ft3/sec m3/s 0.028 35.32
= L/s 28.32 0.035
Pressure Lbf/in2 kPa 6.895 0.145 kPa = 10.2 cm H2O
Lbf/ft2 kPa 0.048 20.89 = 4.015 in H2O
Foot of H2O kPa 2.983 0.335 = 0.75 cm Hg
Inches of Hg kPa 3.374 0.296 = 0.01 atm.
= 10-2 bar

(7)
 Quantity Units to Convert from Conversion
English (E.) SI E. to SI SI to E
multiply by
= 7.5 torr
Pa = 10 dyn/cm2
atm. = 76 cm Hg
= 1034 cm H2O
torr = mm Hg
= 1/760 atm.
kg/cm2 = 98100 Pa
≅ 0.1 MN/m2
Velocity ft/sec. m/s 0.305 3.281 m/s = 3.6 km/h
Mile/hr m/s 0.447 2.237 = 6.2.10-4 mi/s
= km/hr 1.609 0.622 = 1.944 nmi
Acceleration ft/sec2. m/s2 0.305 3.281
ْF ْC
Temperature 0.55
1.8oC-32
ْ
(F-32)

ْ
F K 0.55 1.8K-460
ْ
(F-460)

Torque Lbf.ft N.m 1.356 0.738

Lbf.in N.m 0.113 8.85
Viscosity, Lbf.sec/ft2 N.s/m2 47.88 0.021
Kinematic, Ft2/sec. m2/s 0.093 10.76
Viscosity
C Btu/Lbm.R kJ/kg.K Btu/Lbm.R=4.2 kJ/kg.K
µ Btu/Lbm kJ/kg Btu/Lbm=2.326 kJ/kg
υ m3/kg Ft3/slug m3/kg=515.384 ft3/slug

(8)
 ‫ﺍﻤﺜﻠﺔ ﻤﺤﻠﻭﻟﺔ‬
(1.1)
-:‫ﺍﺫﺍ ﻋﻠﻤﺕ ﺍﻥ‬
1Lbf = 4.448N = 4.448×10-3kN, 1 in (‫ = )ﺇﻨﺞ‬2.54 cm = 0.0254m
h.p = 550 Lbf .ft/s, 1 Lbm = 0.454 kg, 1 bar = 105 N/m2
1kW =kJ / s = kN.m/s, ,1 ft (‫ = )ﻗﺩﻡ‬12 in
-:‫ﺤﻭل‬
1- bar → PSI = Lbf / in 2

2- h.p → kW = kN . m/s
3- KW → h.p
4- ρHg → Lbm / in3
5- kW h → kJ
6- kW h → kcal
1 Lb
f 0.225 Lb f
1 − 1 bar = 10 5 N2 = 10 5 × 4.448 2 = 10 5 × 2
= 14.5 Lb f /in 2
m ⎛ 1 ⎞ in 2 1550 in
⎜ ⎟
⎝ 0.0254 ⎠

ft m m
2 − h.p = 550 × Lb f × = 550 × 4.448 × 10 -3 kN × 12 × 0.0254 = 0.74 kN .
s s s
m 1 1 1000 1
3 − k W = kN . = Lb f × ft/s = Lb f × ft
s 4.448 . 10 -3
12 × 0.0254 4.448 0.3048
ft
= 737.5 Lb f ×
s
kg 1 1
4 − ρ Hg = 13600 3 = 13600 × Lb m × 3
m 0.454 ⎛ 1 ⎞ 3
⎜ ⎟ in
⎝ 0.0254 ⎠
1
= 13600 × 2.2 Lb m × 3
= 0.49 Lb m /in 3
61023.744 in

kJ kJ
5 − kWh = ×h = × 3600S = 3600 kJ
s s
1
6 − kWh = 3600 kJ = 3600 × = 859.845 kcal
4.1868

(9)
 ‫)‪ -(1.3‬ﺘﻌﺎﺭﻴﻑ ﻭﻤﻔﺎﻫﻴﻡ ﺍﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ‪Fundamental Concepts & Definitions‬‬
‫)‪ -(1.3.1‬ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺜﺭﻤﻭﺩﻴﻨﺎﻤﻴﻜﻲ ‪Thermodynamic System‬‬
‫ﻫﻭ ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﻤﺤﺩﻭﺩﺓ ﻭﺜﺎﺒﺘﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺩﺍﺨل ﺤﻴﺯ ﻤﺤﺩﻭﺩ ﻤﺤﺎﻁـﺔ ﺒﻐـﻼﻑ )‪ ،(envelope‬ﻴـﺭﺍﺩ‬
‫ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺴﻠﻭﻜﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻗﺩ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺤﻘﻴﻘﻲ ﺍﻭ ﻤﺜﺎﻟﻲ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻲ ﻫﻭ ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﻜﻐﺎﺯ ﻤﺤـﺼﻭﺭ ﺒﻤﻜـﺒﺱ‬
‫ﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﺔ‪ .‬ﺍﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ ﻓﻬﻭ ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻨﻅﺭﻱ ﻟﺘﺴﻬﻴل ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺌل ﺍﻟﺜﺭﻤﻭﺩﻴﻨﺎﻤﻴﻜﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻭ ﻏﻴـﺭ ﻤﻭﺠـﻭﺩ ﻓـﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻓﺘﺭﺍﻀﻲ‪.‬‬

‫ﺸﻜل )‪ -(1.3‬ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ‬

‫ﻴﺤﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺒﺤﺩﻭﺩ )‪ ،(Boundary‬ﻗﺩ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺤﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﺜﺎﺒﺘﺔ ﻜﺠﺩﺭﺍﻥ ﺍﻻﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻜﺒﺱ‪ ،‬ﻜﻤـﺎ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜل )‪ .(1.3‬ﺍﻭ ﻗﺩ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻭﺩ ﻭﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭﺓ ﻜﺎﻟﺩﺨﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺭﻙ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﻭ‪ ،‬ﺍﻭ ﺍﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﺍﻭ ﺘﻤـﺩﺩ‬
‫ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ‪ ،‬ﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﻨﺘﻘل ﺍﻟﺸﻐل ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻋﺒﺭ ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻭﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻜل ﻤﺎ ﻴﻘﻊ ﺨﺎﺭﺝ ﺤﺩﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻴﻁ )‪ (Surroundings‬ﻟﻪ ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﻤﺒﺎﺸـﺭ ﻓـﻲ ﺴـﻠﻭﻙ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ‪ ،‬ﻻﻨﻪ ﻴﺘﺒﺎﺩل ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﻤﻌﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻗﺩ ﻴﺘﺄﺜﺭ ﺒﺎﻟﺘﻐﻴﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺼﻠﺔ ﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ‪ .‬ﺭﺒﻤﺎ ﻴﺸﻜل ﺍﻟﻤﺤـﻴﻁ‬
‫ﻨﻔﺴﻪ ﻨﻅﺎﻤﹰﺎ ﺁﺨﺭ‪.‬‬
‫ﻟﺤﺩﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﻤﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺘﺴﻤﺢ ﺍﻭ ﻻ ﺘﺴﻤﺢ ﺒﺘﺒﺎﺩل ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺤـﻴﻁ ﺍﻭ ﺍﻟﻭﺴـﻁ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻴﻁ )‪ (Surroundings‬ﻭﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺯ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻴﻁ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﺘﺄﺜﺭ ﺒﺎﻟﺘﻐﻴﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺘﻡ ﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﻟﻨﻅـﺎﻡ‪.‬‬
‫ﻟﺫﻟﻙ ﻭﻜﻤﺎ ﻤﺒﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜل )‪ (1.4‬ﺘﺼﻨﻑ ﺍﻻﻨﻅﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻻﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﺍﻵﺘﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻐﻠﻕ )ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﻌﺯﻭل( ‪Closed System‬‬ ‫ﺃ‪-‬‬
‫ﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻻ ﺘﺴﻤﺢ ﺤﺩﻭﺩﻩ ﺒﺄﻨﺘﻘﺎل ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ ﺘﺒﻘﻰ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺜﺎﺒﺘﺔ‪ ،‬ﻟﺫﻟﻙ ﻴـﺴﻤﻰ‬
‫ﺒﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺩﺩﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﻜﻥ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺍﻨﺘﻘﺎل ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ )ﺸﻐل ﺍﻭ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ( ﻋﺒﺭ ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻭﺩ ﻓﻘﻁ‪ ،‬ﻜﻐﺎﺯ ﻤﺤﺼﻭﺭ ﺒﻤﻜﺒﺱ‬
‫ﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﺔ‪ .‬ﺍﻭ ﻜﺎﻟﻤﺭﺠل ﺍﻟﺒﺨﺎﺭﻱ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﻓﺘﺭﺓ ﺒﺩﺍﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴل ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻭل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻀﻐﻁ ﻤﻌﻴﻥ ﻟﻠﺒﺨﺎﺭ‪.‬‬

‫)‪(10‬‬
 ‫ﺸﻜل )‪ -(1.4‬ﺍﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﺍﻻﻨﻅﻤﺔ‬

‫ﺏ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺯﻭل ‪Isolated System‬‬

‫ﻻ ﺘﺴﻤﺢ ﺤﺩﻭﺩﻩ ﺒﺄﻨﺘﻘﺎل ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻭ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ ﻴﺒﻘﻰ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺜﺎﺒﺘـﺎﹰ‪ ،‬ﻟﻜﻭﻨـﻪ ﻻ ﻴﺘـﺄﺜﺭ‬
‫ﺒﺎﻟﻭﺴﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻴﻁ‪ .‬ﻤﺜﺎل ﺍﻟﺘﺭﻤﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻀﻭﻉ ﺒﺩﺍﺨﻠﻪ ﻤﺎﺀ ﺒﺎﺭﺩ ﺍﻭ ﺴﺎﺨﻥ‪.‬‬

‫ﺠـ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺘﻭﺡ ‪Open System‬‬

‫ﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺘﺴﻤﺢ ﺤﺩﻭﺩﻩ ﺒﺄﻨﺘﻘﺎل ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ )ﺸﻐل ﺍﻭ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ( ﺒﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺠﺭﻴﺎﻨﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻴـﺴﻤﻰ‬
‫ﺒﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺩﺩ‪ ،‬ﻜﺎﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺠل ﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﻤﺘﺹ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﻴﻔﻘﺩ ﺠﺯﺀ ﻤﻥ ﻜﺘﻠﺘﻪ ﺨﻼل ﺍﻟﺘﺒﺨﺭ‪ .‬ﺨﻠﻴﻁ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﺔ ﻤﺤﺭﻙ ﺍﺤﺘﺭﺍﻕ ﺩﺍﺨﻠﻲ ﻴﺘﺨﻠﺹ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻡ‪ .‬ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ‬
‫ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻥ ﺘﺩﺨل ﺍﻭ ﺘﺨﺭﺝ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﻓﺘﺤﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﺍﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﻓﺘﻨﺘﻘل ﻋﺒﺭ ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻭﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺒﻭﺤﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺯﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺠﺔ ﻤﺘﺴﺎﻭﻴﺔ ﻓﺈﻨﻬﺎ ﺘﺒﻘﻰ ﺜﺎﺒﺘﺔ ﻭﺘﺴﻤﻰ ﺒﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺭﻴﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺭ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺭﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻭ ﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍﺀ‪.‬‬

‫ﺩ‪ -‬ﺍﻨﻅﻤﺔ ﺍﺨﺭﻯ‬

‫ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺍﻨﻅﻤﺔ ﺍﺨﺭﻯ ﻜﺎﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻻﺩﻴﺒﺎﺘﻲ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺘﻨﺘﻘل ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﻤﺎ ﻋﺩﺍ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻗﻴﻤﺘﻬﺎ ﺼﻔﺭ ﻤﺜل ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺭﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺨﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺯﻭل ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻡ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺍﻨﻅﻤﺔ ﻨﺼﻑ ﻤﻔﺘﻭﺤﺔ ﺘﺴﻤﺢ ﺒﺩﺨﻭل ﺍﻭ‬
‫ﺨﺭﻭﺝ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﻓﻘﻁ ﻤﺜل ﻗﻨﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻻﺤﻴﺎﻥ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻅﻭﻤﺔ ﻤﻐﻠﻘﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻟﺤﻅﺔ ﻤﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻭﻤﻔﺘﻭﺤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻟﺤﻅﺔ ﺍﺨﺭﻯ‪ .‬ﻤﺜﺎل ﺫﻟﻙ‬
‫ﺍﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﺔ ﻤﺤﺭﻙ ﺍﺤﺘﺭﺍﻕ ﺩﺍﺨﻠﻲ‪ .‬ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻅﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ )‪ (Total System‬ﻋﺎﺩ ﹰﺓ ﻜﺒﻴﺭﺓ ﻭﻤﻌﻘـﺩﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗـﺩ‬
‫ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺘﺠﺯﺌﺘﻬﺎ ﻭﻤﻥ ﺜﻡ ﺠﻤﻊ ﺃﺠﺯﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻅﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺯﺃﺓ‪ .‬ﻤﺜﺎل ﺫﻟﻙ ﻤﺤﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺭﺒﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻐﻠﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺘـﻲ‬

‫)‪(11‬‬
‫ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺍﺠﺯﺍﺌﻬﺎ )ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺠل‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺩل ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺭﺒﻴﻥ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﺎﺕ … ﺍﻟﺦ( ﻜﻤﻨﻅﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﻤﻔﺘﻭﺤـﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﺃﻱ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻊ ﻴﺩﺨل ﻭﻴﺨﺭﺝ ﻤﻥ ﻜل ﻭﺍﺤﺩﺓ ﻤﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻅﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻐﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺘﻭﺤﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻫـ‪-‬ﻏﻼﻑ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺜﺭﻤﻭﺩﻴﻨﺎﻤﻴﻜﻲ‪.‬‬

‫ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﻓﻬﻡ ﺍﻟﻐﻼﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻴﻁ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺜﺭﻤﻭﺩﻴﻨﺎﻤﻴﻜﻲ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼ ل ﺍﻟﻤﺨﻁﻁ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‪:‬‬

‫‪(1). Physical‬‬ ‫ﻏﻼﻑ ﻓﻴﺯﻴﺎﻭﻱ )ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻴﻭﻡ( ﺍﻟﻔﺯﻴﺎﻭﻱ‬

‫*‪ .‬ﻻﻴﺴﻤﺢ ﺒﺄﻨﺘﻘﺎل ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ‪ .‬ﻓـﺄﺫﺍ ﻜـﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﻁ ﻓﻲ ﻏﺭﻓﺔ ﺍﻻﺤﺘـﺭﺍﻕ ﻴﻤﺜـل‬ ‫ﺨﺯﺍﻥ ﻤﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﻁﺎﻗﺔ‬
‫ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻓﺄﻥ ﺠﺩ\ﺭﺍﻥ ﺍﻻﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﺔ ﻭﺴﻁﺢ‬ ‫)ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻤﻐﻠﻕ(‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻜــﺒﺱ ﻭﻏﻁــﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻤﺤــﺭﻙ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻤﺎﻤﺎﺕ ﻭﻫـﻲ ﻤﻐﻠﻘـﺔ ﺘﻤﺜـل‬
‫ﺠﻤﻴﻌﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻐﻼﻑ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺯﻴﺎﻭﻱ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺀ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺯﻴﺎﻭﻱ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻐﻼﻑ‬
‫‪Boundary‬‬ ‫‪(2) Party Physical and Party‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻐﻼﻑ‬ ‫‪Immaginary.‬‬ ‫ﻤﺎﺌﻊ‬ ‫ﺨﺯﺍﻥ ﻤﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﻁﺎﻗﺔ‬
‫ﻓﻴﺯﻴﺎﻭﻱ ﺠﺯﺌﻴ ﹰﺎ ﻭﺨﻴﺎﻟﻲ ﺠﺯﺌﻴﹰﺎ‬ ‫)ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻤﻔﺘﻭﺡ(‬

‫*‪ .‬ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺼﻤﺎﻡ ﺍﻭ ﺍﻜﺜﺭ ﻤﻔﺘﻭﺤﺎ‬

‫ﻤﺎﺌﻊ‬
‫ﻓﺄﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﻤﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺘﻭﺡ ﻴﻤﺜل ﺍﻟﺠـﺯﺀ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺨﻴﺎﻟﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺀ ﺍﻟﺨﻴﺎﻟﻲ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻐﻼﻑ‬

‫‪(3) Immaginary‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﻴﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﻏﻼﻑ ﺨﻴﺎﻟﻲ‬

‫*‪ .‬ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺼﻐﻴﺭﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻬـﻭﺍﺀ ﺩﺍﺨـل‬
‫ﻏﺭﻓﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻨﺘﺨﻴل ﺍﻥ ﻟﻬﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﻏﻼﻓﹰﺎ‬ ‫ﻜﺘﻠﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻜﻲ ﻨﺘﻤﻜﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺩﺭﺍﺴـﺔ ﺘﻐﻴـﺭﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻤﻨﺘﻘﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻫﻭﺍﺀ‬

‫ﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍﺀ ﺒﺴﺒﺏ ﺍﻨﺘﻘﺎل ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ‬

‫ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍﺀ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﻤﻨﺘﻘﻠﺔ‬

‫)‪(12‬‬
 ‫)‪ -(1.3.2‬ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ‪Area‬‬
‫ﺃﻥ ﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻡ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺀ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺸﻭﻑ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺘﺤﺴﺏ ﺒﺤﺎﺼل ﻀﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﻁﻭل ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺽ‪ .‬ﻭﺤﺩﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ )‪(m2‬ﻭﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻁﻭﺡ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺌﺭﻴﺔ ﻜﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﺴﻁﺢ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺒﺱ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻴﻜـﻭﻥ )‪ (D‬ﺘﻤﺜـل ﻗﻁـﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺌﺭﺓ ﻓﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ )‪ (A‬ﺘﺴﺎﻭﻱ ‪:‬‬
‫‪π × D2‬‬
‫=‪A‬‬ ‫)‪⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅(1.1‬‬
‫‪4‬‬
‫)‪ -(1.3.3‬ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻡ )‪(Volume‬‬
‫ﺤﺠﻡ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻡ )ﺍﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ( ﻫﻭ ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭ ﻤﺎﻴﺸﻐﻠﻪ ﻤﻥ ﺤﻴﺯ ﻭﻴﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺤﺎﺼـل ﻀـﺭﺏ ﻤـﺴﺎﺤﺘﻪ ﻓـﻲ‬
‫ﻼ ﻋﻨـﺩ‬
‫ﺍﺭﺘﻔﺎﻋﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﺤﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻡ ﻫﻲ )‪ (m3‬ﺍﻭ ﺍﻟﻠﺘﺭ )‪ .(1 Liter = 1dm3 =10-3 m3‬ﻭﺘﻅﻬﺭ ﺃﻫﻤﻴﺘﻪ ﻤﺜ ﹰ‬
‫ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺇﺯﺍﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺒﺱ ﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺭﻙ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﺒﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﺍﺨﺭ ﻋﻨﺩ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺯ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﺸﻐﻠﻪ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺒﺱ ﺃﺜﻨﺎﺀ‬
‫ﺘﺤﺭﻜﻪ ﺨﻼل ﺍﺤﺩ ﺍﻻﺸﻭﺍﻁ ﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﻻﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﺄﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ )‪ (L‬ﺘﻤﺜل ﻁﻭل ﺍﻟﺸﻭﻁ ﻭﺃﻥ ِ(‪ (A‬ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺄﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻡ )‪ (V‬ﻴﺴﺎﻭﻱ‪:‬‬
‫)‪V = A × L ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅(1.2‬‬
‫‪= m2 × m = m3‬‬
‫ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﺘﺘﻤـﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﻤـﺎﺩﺓ ﻴـﺯﺩﺍﺩ ﺤﺠﻤﻬـﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﻨـﺩﻤﺎ ﺘﻨـﻀﻐﻁ ﻴﻘـل ﺤﺠﻤﻬـﺎ‪ .‬ﺍﻤـﺎ ﺍﻟﺤﺠـﻡ ﺍﻟﻨـﻭﻋﻲ‬
‫)‪ ( Specific Volume‬ﻓﻬﻭ ﺤﺠﻡ ﻭﺤﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ )‪ (m‬ﺭﻤﺯﻩ )‪ (υ‬ﻭﻴﺴﺎﻭﻱ ‪:‬‬
‫)‪υ = V ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅(1.3‬‬
‫‪m‬‬
‫ﺍﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﺜﻘل ﺍﻭ ﺍﻟﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻲ ) ‪ (Specific Gravity‬ﻓﻬﻭ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻰ ﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ‪.‬‬

‫)‪ -(1.3.4‬ﺍﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﻴﺔ ‪.Mass Density‬‬

‫ﻫﻲ ﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﻭﺤﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻭﻡ‪ .‬ﺘﺒﻘﻰ ﺜﺎﺒﺘﺔ ﻋﻨﺩﺝ ﺜﺒﻭﺕ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻟـﻀﻐﻁ‪ .‬ﺘـﺴﻤﻰ ﺃﺨﺘـﺼﺎﺭﹰﺍ‬
‫ﺒﺎﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ‪ ،‬ﻴﺭﻤﺯ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺒﺎﻟﺤﺭﻑ ﺍﻟﻴﻭﻨﺎﻨﻲ ﺭﻭ )‪ (ρ‬ﻭﺤﺩﺘﻬﺎ )‪ .(kg/m3‬ﻫﻲ ﻤﻘﻠﻭﺏ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﺘﺴﺎﻭﻱ‪:‬‬
‫‪m 1‬‬
‫= =‪ρ‬‬ ‫)‪⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅(1.4‬‬
‫‪V υ‬‬
‫ﻭﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﺴﺘﻘﻠﺘﻴﻥ ﻋﻥ ﺒﻌﻀﻬﻤﺎ ﻻﻥ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺤﺩﺓ ﻤﻘﻠﻭﺏ ﺍﻻﺨﺭﻯ‪ ،‬ﻟـﺫﺍ ﻓـﺄﻥ‬
‫ـﻲ‬
‫ـﻕ )‪ .(13600kg/m3‬ﻭﻓـ‬
‫ـﺎﺀ )‪ (1000kg/m3‬ﻭﺍﻟﺯﺌﺒـ‬
‫ـﺔ ﺍﻟﻤـ‬
‫ـﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺍﻥ ﻜﺜﺎﻓـ‬
‫ـﺴﺕ ﺒﺨﺎﺼـ‬
‫ـﺔ ﻟﻴـ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓـ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺜﺭﻤﻭﺩﺍﻴﻨﻤﻜﺱ ﻴﺴﺘﻌﻤل ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻡ ﺒﺩﻻ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ‪.‬‬

‫)‪(13‬‬
 ‫)‪ -(1.3.5‬ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻋﺔ ‪Velocity‬‬
‫ﻫﻲ ﻤﻌﺩل ﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺠﺴﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺨﻁ ﻤﺴﺘﻘﻴﻡ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﻨﻭﻋﺎﻥ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﻅﻤﺔ ‪ :‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﻤﻌﺩل ﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺨﻁ ﻤﺴﺘﻘﻴﻡ ﺒﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﺜﺒﺕ ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭﻫﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻜل ﻭﺤﺩﺓ‬ ‫‪.1‬‬
‫ﺯﻤﻨﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺘﻘﺩﻴﺭﻫﺎ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﻘﻁﻌﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻡ ﺒﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﻤﻨﺘﻅﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺨﻁ ﻤﺴﺘﻘﻴﻡ ﻓـﻲ ﻭﺤـﺩﺓ‬
‫ﺯﻤﻥ‪ .‬ﻓﺄﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ )‪ (L‬ﻴﻤﺜل ﺍﻟﻁﻭل ﺒﻭﺤﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺭ )‪ (m‬ﻭ )‪ (t‬ﺘﻤﺜل ﺍﻟـﺯﻤﻥ ﺒﻭﺤـﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻴـﺔ )‪(s‬‬
‫ﻓﺴﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻋﺔ )‪ (C‬ﺘﺴﺎﻭﻱ‪:‬‬
‫⎞‪L ⎛m‬‬
‫=‪C‬‬ ‫)‪⎜ ⎟ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅(1.5‬‬
‫⎠‪t ⎝ s‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭﺓ‪ :‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺘﻨﺸﺄ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻡ ﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭﺓ ﻤﻥ ﻟﺤﻅـﺔ ﺍﻟـﻰ ﺃﺨـﺭﻯ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ ﺍﻥ‬ ‫‪.2‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﻘﻁﻌﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻱ ﻭﺤﺩﺓ ﺯﻤﻨﻴﺔ ﻻﺘﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﻘﻁﻌﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻱ‬
‫ﻭﺤﺩﺓ ﺯﻤﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﺨﺭﻯ‪ .‬ﻟﻬﺫﺍ ﻴﺤﺴﺏ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﹰﺎ ﻤﺘﻭﺴﻁ ﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻡ‪.‬‬

‫)‪ -(1.3.6‬ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺠﻴل ‪Acceleration‬‬

‫ﻭﻫﻭ ﻤﻌﺩل ﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻋﺔ )‪ (C‬ﻓﻲ ﻭﺤﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺯﻤﻥ‪ .‬ﺭﻤﺯﻩ )‪ (a‬ﻭﻭﺤﺩﺘﻪ )‪ (m/s2‬ﻭﻴﺴﺎﻭﻱ‪:‬‬
‫‪C Lt L‬‬
‫)‪a = = = 2 ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅(1.6‬‬
‫‪t‬‬ ‫‪t t‬‬
‫‪or‬‬
‫‪C 22 − C12‬‬
‫= ‪a aver‬‬ ‫) ‪⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅(1.7‬‬
‫‪t‬‬
‫ﻭﺘﻌﺠﻴل ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻡ ﺍﻤﺎ ﻤﻨﺘﻅﻤﹰﺎ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻡ ﻤﻨﺘﻅﻤﺎﹰ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻤﺎ ﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭﹰﺍ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻡ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﻨﺘﻅﻡ ﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻻﺨﻴﺭﺓ ﻴﻘﺎﺱ ﻤﺘﻭﺴﻁ ﻗﻴﻤﺘﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻭ ﻜﺫﻟﻙ ﺃﻤـﺎ ﻤﻭﺠـﺏ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﻓﻴﺯﻴﺩ ﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺭﻙ )ﺘﺴﺎﺭﻉ( ﻭﻴﺴﻤﻰ ﺒﺎﻟﺘﻌﺠﻴل ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺠﺏ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻤﺎ ﺴـﺎﻟﺏ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤـﺔ ﻓﺘـﻨﻘﺹ‬
‫ﺴﺭﻋﺘﻪ ﻭﻴﺴﻤﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺒﺎﻁﺅ‪.‬‬

‫)‪ -(1.3.7‬ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺓ ‪Force‬‬

‫ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﻤﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻭﺍﻨﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺙ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻭﻀﻌﺕ ﻤﻥ ﻗﺒـل ﺍﺴـﺤﻕ‬
‫ﻨﻴﻭﺘﻥ‪ .‬ﻴﻨﺹ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﺍﻻﻭل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺎﻴﻠﻲ ))ﻴﺴﻤﺘﺭ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻭ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﻅﻤﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺨـﻁ‬
‫ﻤﺴﺘﻘﻴﻡ ﺍﻻ ﺍﺫﺍ ﺍﺠﺒﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﻐﻴﻴﺭ ﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺒﻔﻌل ﻗﻭﺓ ﺨﺎﺭﺠﻴﺔ ((‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﻤﺜﻼ‪ ،‬ﺍﻥ ﺴﻴﺎﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻗﻔﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻁﺭﻴﻕ ﺍﻓﻘﻲ ﺴﻭﻑ ﺘﺴﺘﻤﺭ ﺒﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﻗﻭﻑ ﻤﺎﻟﻡ ﺘﺅﺜﺭ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻗﻭﺓ‬
‫ﺨﺎﺭﺠﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﻭ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺭﺓ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺘﺘﺤﺭﻙ ﻓﺒﺄﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﺒﺢ ﺴﺘﺘﺒﺎﻁﺄ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺭﺓ ﻭﺘﺘﻭﻗﻑ‪ .‬ﻓﻤﻥ ﻗﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﻨﻴـﻭﺘﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻭل ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺘﻌﺭﻴﻑ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺓ ﻜﺎﺘﺎﻟﻲ‪:‬‬

‫)‪(14‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺓ ﻫﻲ ﺃﻱ ﺸﺊ ﻴﺴﺒﺏ ﺘﺤﺭﻴﻙ ﺠﺴﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﻭﻥ‪ ،‬ﺍﻭ ﻴﻭﻗﻑ ﺠﺴﻤﺎ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻭ ﻴﻌﺠـل ﺍﻭ‬ ‫))‬

‫ﻴﺒﻁﺄ ﺍﻭ ﻴﺤﺭﻑ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻡ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﻴﻡ ﻭﻴﺠﻌﻠﻪ ﻴﺘﺤﺭﻙ ﺒﻤﺴﺎﺭ ﻤﻨﺤﻨﻲ((‪ .‬ﻭﻤﻥ ﺍﻨﻭﺍﻋﻬﺎ ﻫﻲ‪:‬‬
‫ﻗﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﺸﺩ ﻤﺜل ﺍﻟﻘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺠﺫﺏ ﻁﺭﻓﻲ ﻗﻀﻴﺏ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻴﺩ‪.‬‬ ‫)‪.(1‬‬
‫ﻗﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﻤﺜل ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺘﻭﻟﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺒﺱ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﺤﺘﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻟﻭﻗﻭﺩ‪.‬‬ ‫)‪.(2‬‬
‫ﻗﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﺫﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺘﺠﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺠﺫﺏ ﺍﻻﺭﺽ ﻟﻠﺠﺴﻡ‪.‬‬ ‫)‪.(3‬‬
‫ﻗﻭﺓ ﺍﻻﺤﺘﻜﺎﻙ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻘﺎﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺠﺴﻤﻴﻥ ﻤﺘﻼﺼﻘﻴﻥ ‪ .‬ﺭﻤﺯ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺓ )‪.(F‬‬ ‫)‪.(4‬‬

‫)‪ -(1.3.8‬ﺍﻟﻜﻠﺘﻠﺔ ‪Mass‬‬

‫ﻫﻲ ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭ ﻤﺎ ﻴﺤﺘﻭﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻡ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻭ ﻋﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﻴﺌﺎﺕ‪ .‬ﺭﻤﺯﻫﺎ )‪ (m‬ﻭ ﻭﺤﺩﺘﻬﺎ )‪ .(kg‬ﻗﻴﻤﺘﻬﺎ ﻻ‬
‫ﺘﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺒﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﻥ‪ .‬ﻓﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺠﺴﻡ ﺍﻻﻨﺴﺎﻥ ﺜﺎﺒﺘﺔ ﻋﻨﺩ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺴﻁﺢ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺭ ﺍﻭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﻋﻤﺎﻕ ﺍﻭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻤﺔ ﺠﺒل‬
‫ﺍﻭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﻀﺎﺀ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺘﻘﺎﺱ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻟﺠﺴﻡ ﻤﻌﻴﻥ ﺒﻤﺩﻯ ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﻗﻭﺓ ﻤﺎ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺤﻴﻥ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺤﺭ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﺫﺍ ﺃﺜﺭﺕ‬
‫ﻗﻭﺓ )‪ (F‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺠﺴﻡ ﻤﺎ ﺒﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﺒﺩﺃ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﻭﻥ ﻟﻴﺘﺤﺭﻙ ﺒﺘﻌﺠﻴل ﻤﻨﺘﻅﻡ )‪ (a‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﻫـﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺠـﺴﻡ )‪(m‬‬
‫ﺘﺴﺎﻭﻱ‪:‬‬

‫‪F‬‬ ‫‪N‬‬ ‫‪kg.m / s 2‬‬

‫⇒ =‪m‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫)‪= kg ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅(1.8‬‬
‫‪a‬‬ ‫‪m / s2‬‬ ‫‪m / s2‬‬
‫ﺃﻥ ﻤﺤﺎﻭﻟﺔ ﺠﺴﻡ ﻟﻠﻤﺤﺎﻓﻅﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﻭﻥ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﻅﻤـﺔ ﺘـﺩﻋﻰ ﺍﻟﻘـﺼﻭﺭ ﺍﻟـﺫﺍﺘﻲ‬
‫)‪ .(Inertia‬ﻭﻗﺩ ﻭﺠﺩ ﺒﺄﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼﻴﺔ ﺘﻌﺘﻤﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻡ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﻭﺤﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﻴﺔ )‪ (SI‬ﻟﻠﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻠـﻭ‬
‫ﻏﺭﺍﻡ )‪ ،(kg‬ﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﺒﺄﻨﻬﺎ ﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﻴﺔ ﻤﺼﻨﻭﻋﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺘﻴﻥ ﻭﺍﻻﻴﺭﻴـﺩﻴﻭﻡ ) ‪(aridum–Platinum‬‬
‫ﻤﺤﻔﻭﻅﺔ ﻓﻲ )‪ (Severs‬ﻓﻲ ﻓﺭﻨﺴﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻭﺤﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﺭﻯ ﻟﻠﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻜﺭﺍﻡ )‪ (Mg) (Megagramme‬ﻭﺘﺴﻤﻴﻪ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﺩﻭل ﺒـﺎﻟﻁﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺭﻱ ﻭﺍﻟﻁﻥ )‪ (t) (tonne‬ﻭﻴﺴﺎﻭﻱ‪:‬‬
‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪6‬‬
‫‪1Mg=1t=10 kg=10 g‬‬
‫)‪ -(1.3.9‬ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺠﻴل ﺍﻻﺭﻀﻲ ‪Acceleration du to gravity‬‬
‫ﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎل ﺍﻟﺜﺎﺒﺕ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺠﻴل ﺍﻟﺜﺎﺒﺕ‪ ،‬ﺭﻤﺯﻩ )‪ .(g‬ﻴﻌﺒﺭ ﻋﻥ ﻗﻭﺓ ﺘﺠﺎﺫﺏ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻻﺭﺽ ﻭﺍﻟﺠﺴﻡ‪ .‬ﻗﻴﻤﺘـﻪ‬
‫ﺜﺎﺒﺘﺔ ﻋﻨﺩ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺴﻁﺢ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺭ ﻭﺘﺒﻠﻎ )‪ .(9.88m/s2‬ﻭﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻕ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﻘﺎل ﻤﻥ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺨﻁ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻭﺍﺀ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﻁﺏ )‪ (%5‬ﺃﻱ )‪ (9.78m/s2‬ﻋﻨﺩ ﺨﻁ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻭﺍﺀ ﻭ)‪.(9.832m/s2‬ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﻁﺒـﻴﻥ‪ .‬ﻟﻜـﻥ ﻗﻴﻤﺘـﻪ‬
‫ﺘﻨﺨﻔﺽ ﻜﺜﻴﺭﹰﺍ ﻜﻠﻤﺎ ﺍﺒﺘﻌﺩﻨﺎ ﻋﻥ ﻤﺭﻜﺯ ﺍﻻﺭﺽ ﺤﺘﻰ ﺘﻨﻌﺩﻡ ﺘﻤﺎﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﻀﺎﺀ‪.‬‬
‫ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻴـﺴﻘﻁ ﺠـﺴﻡ ﻤـﻥ ﺍﺭﺘﻔـﺎﻉ ﻤﻌـﻴﻥ‪ ،‬ﻴﺠـﺫﺏ ﻨﺤـﻭ ﻤﺭﻜـﺯ ﺍﻻﺭﺽ ﺒﻘـﻭﺓ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﺫﺒﻴـﺔ‬
‫)‪ .(Force Gravity‬ﻭﺘﺒﺩﺃ ﺴﺭﻋﺘﻪ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﻭﻥ ﺜﻡ ﺘﺘﺯﺍﻴﺩ ﺒﺘﻌﺠﻴل ﻤﻨﺘﻅﻡ ﻴـﺴﺎﻭﻱ )‪.(9.81m/s2‬ﻴـﺴﻤﻰ‬

‫)‪(15‬‬
‫ﺒﺎﻟﺘﻌﺠﻴل ﺍﻻﺭﻀﻲ‪ .‬ﻗﻴﻤﺘﻪ ﻻ ﺘﺘﻭﻗﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﻭ ﺤﺠﻡ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻡ ﺸﺭﻁ ﺍﻫﻤﺎل ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﻗﻭﺓ ﺃﺤﺘﻜـﺎﻙ ﺍﻟﻬـﻭﺍﺀ‬
‫ﺒﺎﻟﺠﺴﻡ ﺃﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﺴﻘﻭﻁﻪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻟﻘﺩ ﺍﺜﺒﺕ ﺍﺴﺤﻕ ﻨﻴﻭﺘﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻗﺎﻨﻭﻨﻪ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺙ ﺒﺄﻥ ﻗﻭﺓ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﺫﺒﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﺴﻡ ﺃﻱ ﻭﺯﻨﻪ )‪ (W‬ﺘﺘﻨﺎﺴﺏ ﻤﻊ ﻜﺘﻠﺘﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻡ )‪ ،(m‬ﻭﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ‪:‬‬
‫)‪W = m × g ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅(1.9‬‬

‫)‪ -(1.3.10‬ﺍﻟﻭﺯﻥ ‪Weight‬‬

‫ﺍﺫﺍ ﻭﻀﻊ ﺠﺴﻡ ﻤﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺴﻁﺢ ﻤﻌﻴﻥ ﻓﺄﻥ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﺴﻠﻁﻪ ﻫﻭ ﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﺯﻥ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﺴﻘﻁ ﺠﺴﻡ ﻓﺄﻥ‬
‫ﻗﻭﺓ ﺠﺫﺏ ﻨﺤﻭ ﺍﻻﺭﺽ ﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﻟﻭﺯﻨﻪ‪ .‬ﻓﺎﻟﻭﺯﻥ ﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺒﻴﺭ ﻋﻥ ﻗﻭﺓ ﺠﺫﺏ ﺍﻻﺭﺽ ﻟﻠﺠﺴﻡ‪ ،‬ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺓ ﺘﻌﻤـل‬
‫ﺸﺎﻗﻭﻟﻴﹰﺎ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻻﺴﻔل ﺒﺎﺘﺠﺎﻩ ﻤﺭﻜﺯ ﺍﻻﺭﺽ ﻭﺒﻤﺎ ﺍﻥ ﻗﻭﺓ ﺍﻟﺠﺫﺏ ﺍﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺠﻴل ﺍﻟﺭﻀـﻲ )‪ (g‬ﺘﺘﻐﻴـﺭ ﻜﻠﻤـﺎ‬
‫ﺍﺒﺘﻌﺩﻨﺎ ﻋﻥ ﻤﺭﻜﺯ ﺍﻻﺭﺽ ﻟﺫﺍ ﻓﺄﻥ ﻭﺯﻥ ﺠﺴﻡ ﺍﻻﻨﺴﺎﻥ ﻴﻨﻌﺩﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﻀﺎﺀ ﻻﻨﻌﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﺫﺒﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻓﺄﻥ ﻗـﻭﺓ‬
‫ﺠﺫﺏ ﺍﻻﺭﺽ ﻟﻠﺠﺴﻡ )‪ (F‬ﺍﻭ ﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻡ )‪ (W‬ﻴﺴﺎﻭﻱ‪:‬‬
‫)‪F = W = m × g ⇒ kg × m / s 2 = N ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅(1.10‬‬

‫ﻼ ﺭﺠل ﺍﻟﻔﻀﺎﺀ‪ ،‬ﻜﺘﻠﺘﻪ ﻋﻠـﻰ‬

‫ﻻﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﻋﺩ ﺍﻟﻭﺯﻥ ﻭﺤﺩﺓ ﺍﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﻟﻌﺩﻡ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺜﺎﺒﺘﺔ ﻟﻪ‪ .‬ﻟﻨﺄﺨﺫ ﻤﺜ ﹰ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺭﺽ )‪ (80kg‬ﻭﻭﺯﻨﻪ ﻴﺴﺎﻭﻱ )‪ .(80×9.81=784.8N‬ﻭﻜﺘﻠﺘﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﻀﺎﺀ )‪ (80kg‬ﻟﻜﻨﻪ ﺴﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﻓﻘﺩﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻭﺯﻥ ﻻﻨﻌﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﺫﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺭﻀﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫)‪ -(1.3.11‬ﺍﻟﺯﺨﻡ ‪Momentum‬‬

‫ﺴﻴﺎﺭﺓ ﺘﺠﺎﺭﻴﺔ ﺜﻘﻴﻠﺔ ﺘﺤﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻰ ﻗﻭﺓ ﺩﻓﻊ ﻟﺘﺒﺩﺃ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﺤﻤﻠﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﻜﺎﻤل ﺍﻜﺒﺭ ﻤﻤـﺎ ﻫـﻲ‬
‫ﻓﺎﺭﻏﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻻﻴﻘﺎﻑ ﺴﻴﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻤل ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻴﺔ ﻴﺘﻁﻠﺏ ﻗﻭﺓ ﻜﺒﺢ ﺍﻜﺒﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺴﻴﺎﺭﺓ ﺼﻐﻴﺭﺓ ﺘﺴﻴﺭ ﺒﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻟـﺴﺭﻋﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻴﻘﺎل ﻟﻠﺴﻴﺎﺭﺓ )ﺍﻻﺜﻘل( ﺒﺄﻨﻬﺎ ﺫﺍﺕ ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺍﻭ ﺯﺨﻡ ﺍﻜﺒﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻻﺨﻑ‪.‬‬
‫ﻴﻌﺘﻤﺩ ﺍﻟﺯﺨﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﺭﻋﺔ‪ .‬ﻟﺫﻟﻙ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺠﺴﻤﻴﻥ ﻟﻬﻤﺎ ﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﻭﻟﻜﻨﻬﻤـﺎ ﻴﺘﺤﺭﻜـﺎﻥ ﺒـﺴﺭﻋﺘﻴﻥ‬
‫ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺘﻴﻥ ﺴﻴﻅﻬﺭﺍﻥ ﺯﺨﻤﻴﻥ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﻴﻥ‪ .‬ﻴﻘﺎﺱ ﺯﺨﻡ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻡ ﺒﺤﺎﺼل ﻀﺭﺏ ﻜﺘﻠﺘﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺴﺭﻋﺘﻪ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ‪:‬‬
‫)‪Mometum = m × C ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅(1.11‬‬
‫)‪ -(1.3.12‬ﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺯﺨﻡ‪-‬ﻗﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﻨﻴﻭﺘﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ ﻟﻠﺤﺭﻜﺔ‬
‫ﻴﻨﺹ ﻗﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﻨﻴﻭﺘﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻥ )) ﻴﺘﻨﺎﺴﺏ ﺯﺨﻡ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻡ ﻁﺭﺩﻴﹰﺎ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺜﺭﺓ((‪ .‬ﻓﺎﺫﺍ ﺃﺜﺭﺕ ﻗﻭﺓ‬
‫)‪ (F‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺠﺴﻡ ﻜﺘﻠﺘﻪ )‪ (m‬ﻟﻤﺩﺓ )‪ (t‬ﻭﻏﻴﺭﺕ ﺴﺭﻋﺘﻬﺎ ﻤﻥ )‪ (C1‬ﺍﻟﻰ )‪ (C2‬ﻓﺎﻥ ﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺯﺨﻡ ﻴﺴﺎﻭﻱ‪:‬‬
‫)‪∆Momentum = m(C 2 − C1 ) ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅(1.12‬‬
‫ﻭﻤﻌﺩل ﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺯﺨﻡ ﻴﺴﺎﻭﻱ‪:‬‬

‫)‪(16‬‬
 ‫) ‪m ( C 2 − C1‬‬
‫= ‪∆Momentum‬‬ ‫)‪⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅(1.13‬‬
‫‪t‬‬
‫ﻭﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﻗﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﻨﻭﻴﺘﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ ﻓﺈﻥ‪:‬‬
‫) ‪m (C 2 − C1‬‬
‫∝‪F‬‬ ‫)‪⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅(1.14‬‬
‫‪t‬‬
‫‪C 2 − C1‬‬
‫= ) ‪Q Acceleration (a‬‬
‫‪t‬‬
‫)‪∴ F ∝ ma ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅(1.15‬‬
‫ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺘﻌﺭﻴﻑ ﻭﺤﺩﺓ ﺍﻟـ)‪ (F‬ﺒﺎﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠﻭﺒﺔ ﻻﻋﻁﺎﺀ ﻭﺤﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﻭﺤـﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺠﻴـل‪ .‬ﺘـﺩﻋﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻭﺤﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﻴﺔ )‪ (SI‬ﻟﻠﻘﻭﺓ ﻨﻴﻭﺘﻥ)‪ .(N‬ﻭﺘﻌﺭﻑ ﺒﺄﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠﻭﺒﺔ ﻻﻋﻁـﺎﺀ ﻜﺘﻠـﺔ ﻤﻘـﺩﺍﺭﻫﺎ )‪(1kg‬‬
‫ﻼ ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭﻩ )‪ (1m/s2‬ﻟﺫﻟﻙ‪:‬‬
‫ﺘﻌﺠﻴ ﹰ‬
‫‪1N=1kg × 1m/s2‬‬
‫ﻼ)‪(a‬‬
‫ﻓﺄﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ )‪ (F‬ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺓ‪ ،‬ﺒﺎﻟﻨﻴﻭﺘﻥ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠﻭﺒﺔ ﻻﻋﻁﺎﺀ ﺠﺴﻡ ﻜﺘﻠﺘﻪ )‪ ،(m‬ﺒﺎﻟﻜﻴﻠﻭﻏﺭﺍﻡ‪ ،‬ﺘﻌﺠـﻴ ﹰ‬
‫ﺒﺎﻟـ)‪ (m/s2‬ﻓﺄﻥ‪:‬‬
‫⎛‬ ‫‪m‬‬ ‫⎞‬
‫‪F =m×a‬‬ ‫)‪⎜ kg × 2 = N ⎟ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅(1.16‬‬
‫⎝‬ ‫‪s‬‬ ‫⎠‬

‫)‪(17‬‬
 ‫ﺃﻤﺜﻠﺔ ﻤﺤﻠﻭﻟﺔ‬
‫)‪(1.1‬‬
‫ﺃﻭﺠﺩ ﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﺴﻁﺢ ﺍﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺒﺱ ﺍﻟﻲ ﻗﻁﺭﻩ )‪(0.67mm‬‬
‫‪π × D 2 3.14 × (6.7 ) 2‬‬
‫=‪A‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 35.2 cm 2‬‬
‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬
‫)‪(1.2‬‬
‫ﻤﻜﺒﺱ ﻗﻁﺭﻩ )‪ (67mm‬ﻭﻁﻭل ﺸﻭﻁﻪ )‪ (90mm‬ﺍﻭﺠﺩ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻡ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﺯﻴﺤﻪ ﺍﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺸﻭﻁ‪.‬‬
‫‪π × D 2 3.14 × (6.7 ) 2‬‬
‫=‪A‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 35.2 cm 2‬‬
‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬
‫‪V = A × L = 35.2 × 9 = 316.8cm 3‬‬
‫)‪(1.3‬‬
‫ﺃﻭﺠﺩ ﻤﺘﻭﺴﻁ ﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺒﺱ )‪ ،(Sp‬ﺍﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻁﻭل ﺍﻟﺸﻭﻁ )‪ (200mm‬ﻭﻴﺅﺩﻱ )‪ (30‬ﺸﻭﻁﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪L 0.2 × 30‬‬
‫= = ‪Sp‬‬ ‫‪= 6m / s‬‬
‫‪t‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫)‪(1.4‬‬
‫ﺃﺜﺭﺕ ﻗﻭﺓ ﻤﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺠﺴﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺴﻜﻭﻥ ﻓﺄﺼﺒﺤﺕ ﺴﺭﻋﺘﻪ )‪ (3000m/min‬ﺒﻌﺩ )‪ (5‬ﺜﻭﺍﻨﻲ ﻤـﻥ ﺒـﺩﺀ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﺔ‪ .‬ﺃﺤﺴﺏ ﻤﺘﻭﺴﻁ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺠﻴل‪.‬‬
‫‪C 3000 / 60‬‬
‫=‪a‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 10 m / s 2‬‬
‫‪t‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬

‫)‪(1.5‬‬
‫ﺃﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺓ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﻴﻭﺘﻥ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻤﺔ ﻹﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﺘﻌﺠﻴل )‪ (0.2 m/s2‬ﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ )‪.(0.04kg‬‬
‫‪F = m × a = 0.04 × 0.2 = 0.008N‬‬
‫)‪(1.6‬‬
‫ﺃﺤﺴﺏ ﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺠﺴﻡ ﻭﺯﻨﻪ )‪ (180N‬ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺠﻴل ﺍﻻﺭﻀﻲ )‪(9.81 m/s2‬‬
‫‪W 180‬‬
‫=‪m‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 18.35 kg‬‬
‫‪g 9.81‬‬
‫)‪(1.7‬‬
‫ﻭﺠﺩ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﹰﺎ ﺍﻥ ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﺫﺒﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺴﻁﺢ ﺍﻟﻘﻤﺭ ﻴﺴﺎﻭﻱ ) ‪ ( 16‬ﻗﻴﻤﺘﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺴﻁﺢ‪ .‬ﻤﺎ ﻫـﻭ ﻭﺯﻥ ﺸـﺨﺹ‬
‫ﻜﺘﻠﺘﻪ )‪ (60kg‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺴﻁﺢ ﺍﻟﻘﻤﺭ‪.‬‬
‫‪9.81‬‬
‫× ‪W = m × g moon = 60‬‬ ‫‪= 98 N‬‬
‫‪6‬‬

‫)‪(18‬‬
 ‫)‪(1.8‬‬
‫ﺴﻴﺎﺭﺓ ﻜﺘﻠﺘﻬﺎ )‪ (2t‬ﺘﺴﻴﺭ ﺒﺴﺭﻋﺔ )‪ .(72km/h‬ﺃﺤﺴﺏ ﺯﺨﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺭﺓ‪.‬‬
‫‪72 × 10 3‬‬ ‫‪m‬‬
‫× ‪Mometum = m × C = 2 × 10‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬
‫‪= 40000 kg.‬‬
‫‪3600‬‬ ‫‪s‬‬
‫)‪(1.9‬‬
‫ﻋﺭﺒﺔ ﻜﺘﻠﺘﻬﺎ )‪ (2‬ﻁﻥ‪ .‬ﺘﺘﻌﺠل ﺒﺎﻨﺘﻅﺎﻡ ﻤﻥ )‪ (27km/h‬ﺍﻟﻰ )‪ (72km/h‬ﻓـﻲ )‪ .(20s‬ﺍﺤـﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﻘـﻭﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠﻭﺒﺔ )ﻗﻭﺓ ﺍﻟﺠﺫﺏ(‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻐل ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺠﺯ‪ .‬ﻭﻤﻌﺩل ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻭﻟﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺠﻴل‪.‬‬
‫‪72×10‬‬
‫‪− 273600‬‬
‫‪×10‬‬
‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬
‫‪C − C1‬‬ ‫‪20 − 7.5‬‬
‫‪F =m×a =m× 2‬‬ ‫‪= 2000 × 3600‬‬ ‫× ‪= 2000‬‬ ‫‪= 1.250kN‬‬
‫‪t‬‬ ‫‪20‬‬ ‫‪20‬‬
‫⎞ ‪⎛ C + C2‬‬ ‫⎞ ‪⎛ 7.5 + 20‬‬
‫‪ (L ) = ⎜ 1‬ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻁﻭﻋﺔ‬ ‫⎜ = ‪⎟×t‬‬ ‫‪⎟ × 20 = 275m‬‬
‫⎝‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫⎠‬ ‫⎝‬ ‫⎠ ‪2‬‬
‫‪W = F × L = 1.25 × 275 = 343.75kJ‬‬
‫‪W 343.75‬‬
‫=‪P‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 17.187kW‬‬
‫‪t‬‬ ‫‪20‬‬
‫)‪(1.10‬‬
‫ﻋﺭﺒﺔ ﻜﺘﻠﺘﻬﺎ )‪ (1500kg‬ﺘﺴﻴﺭ ﺒﺴﺭﻋﺔ )‪ .(90km/h‬ﺍﺭﻴﺩ ﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﺒﺢ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺩ ﺴﻠﻁﺕ ﺍﻟﻜـﻭﺍﺒﺢ ﻻﻨﺘـﺎﺝ‬
‫ﺍﻗﺼﻰ ﻜﺒﺢ‪ .‬ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻻﺤﺘﻜﺎﻙ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻻﻁﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻁﺭﻴﻕ ﻫﻭ )‪ .(0.8‬ﺃﺤﺴﺏ ‪:‬‬
‫)‪ (1‬ﻗﻭﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﺢ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻠﻁﺔ )‪ (2‬ﺍﻟﺘﺒﺎﻁﺅ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ )‪ (3‬ﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﺢ )‪ (4‬ﺍﻟﺯﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻐﺭﻕ ﻟﻠﺘﻭﻗﻑ‪.‬‬
‫‪(1) F = µW = µ × m × g‬‬
‫‪= 0.8 × 1500 × 9.81 = 11.772kN‬‬
‫‪F‬‬
‫= ‪( 2) a‬‬ ‫ﻷﻥ ) ‪(F = ma‬‬
‫‪m‬‬
‫‪11772‬‬
‫=‬ ‫‪= 7.848m / s 2‬‬
‫‪1500‬‬
‫‪a‬‬ ‫‪7.848‬‬
‫= ‪( 3) η = × 100‬‬ ‫‪× 100 = 80%‬‬
‫‪g‬‬ ‫‪9.81‬‬

‫‪90 × 1000‬‬
‫= ‪(4) C1‬‬ ‫‪= 25m / s‬‬
‫‪3600‬‬
‫ﻷﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺭﺓ ﺘﻭﻗﻔﺕ ‪C 2 = 0‬‬
‫‪a = −7.484m / s 2‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺠﻴل‬
‫) ‪/ (C 2 − C1‬‬
‫‪m‬‬
‫‪F=m‬‬ ‫= ‪/ .a‬‬
‫‪t‬‬
‫‪C − C1‬‬ ‫‪0 − 25‬‬
‫‪∴ t= 2‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 3.185 s‬‬
‫‪a‬‬ ‫‪− 7.848‬‬

‫)‪(19‬‬
 ‫)‪ -(1.4‬ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﺍﻟﺒﺼﺭﻱ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻬﺭﻱ ‪Macroscopic & Microscopic Analysis‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﺍﻟﺒﺼﺭﻱ )ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻜﺭﻭﺴﻜﻭﺒﻲ( ﻫﻭ ﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻜﺎﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺠﻡ ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤـﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬
‫ﻼ ﻤﺤﺘﻭﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﺔ ﻤﺤـﺭﻙ ﺍﺤﺘـﺭﺍﻕ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻫﻲ ﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﻗﻴﺎﺴﻬﺎ ﻟﺘﻌﻁﻲ ﻭﺼﻔﹰﺎ ﺒﺼﺭﻴﹰﺎ‪ .‬ﻟﻨﺄﺨﺫ ﻤﺜ ﹰ‬
‫ﺩﺍﺨﻠﻲ ﻜﻨﻅﺎﻡ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﻨﻬﺎ ﺘﺘﺤﺩﺩ ﺒﺄﺭﺒﻌﺔ ﻤﻘﺎﺩﻴﺭ ﺍﻭ ﺍﺤﺩﺍﺜﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻭ ﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﻫﻲ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -1‬ﺍﻟﺘﺭﻜﻴﺏ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻱ ﻴﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﻁ ﻗﺒل ﺍﻻﺤﺘﺭﺍﻕ ﻫﻭ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻥ ﻫﻭﺍﺀ ﻭﻭﻗﻭﺩ ﺒﻨﺴﺏ ﻤﻌﻴﻨﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻻﺤﺘﺭﺍﻕ ﺴﻴﺘﺤﻭل ﺍﻟﻰ ﻏﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻡ‪ .‬ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﻁ ﻭﻏﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻡ ﻫﻲ ﻤﺭﻜﺒﺎﺕ ﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻴـﺔ ﺘﻭﺼـﻑ‬
‫ﻤﻜﻭﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -2‬ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ‪ :‬ﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻻﺤﺘﺭﺍﻕ ﻜﺒﻴﺭ ﺠﺩﹰﺍ ﺜﻡ ﻴﻨﺨﻔﺽ ﻓﻲ ﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔ ﺸـﻭﻁ ﺍﻟﻌـﺎﺩﻡ‪ .‬ﻴﻤﻜـﻥ ﻗﻴـﺎﺱ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺭﺍﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﺒﻭﺴﺎﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻨﻭﻤﻴﺘﺭﺍﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﺒﺭ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -3‬ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻡ‪ :‬ﻴﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺤﺠﻡ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﺘﺒﻌﹰﺎ ﻟﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻤﻭﻀﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺒﺱ ﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﻻﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﺔ‪ .‬ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻤـﻲ‬
‫ﺒﻭﺴﺎﻁﺔ ﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﻴﺭﺒﻁ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺒﺱ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -4‬ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‪ :‬ﻻ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺒﺩﻭﻨﻬﺎ ﺘﻜﻭﻴﻥ ﻓﻜﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻀﺤﺔ ﻋﻥ ﻋﻤل ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺭﻙ‪ ،‬ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﻗﻴﺎﺴﻬﺎ ﺒﺴﻬﻭﻟﺔ ﻜﺒﻘﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﻤﺫﻜﻭﺭﺓ ﺁﻨﻔﹰﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﻴﺘﻀﺢ ﺍﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﻴﺘﻤﻴﺯ ﺒـ‪:‬‬
‫ﻻ ﻴﺘﻀﻤﻥ ﻓﺭﻀﻴﺎﺕ ﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺒﺘﺭﻜﻴﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺃ‪-‬‬
‫ﺏ‪ -‬ﻴﺤﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺒﻀﻊ ﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺘﻘﺩﻴﺭﻫﺎ ﺒﺎﻟﺤﻭﺍﺱ ﺍﻭ ﻗﻴﺎﺴﻬﺎ ﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭ ﹰﺓ‪.‬‬
‫ﻴﺴﺘﻌﻤل ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﺍﻟﺒﺼﺭﻱ ﻤﻥ ﻗﺒل ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻨﺩﺱ ﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﺌﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺭﻤﻭﺩﺍﻴﻨﻤﻴﻙ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺩﺴﻲ‪ .‬ﺍﻤـﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻬﺭﻱ ﻓﻬﻭ ﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﺴﻠﻭﻙ ﺫﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺠﺯﻴﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﻜﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﺍﻻﻨﺸﻁﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺫﺭﻱ ﻟﻠﻴﻭﺭﺍﻨﻴـﻭﻡ‪ ،‬ﻟـﺫﺍ‬
‫ﻴﺴﺘﻌﻤل ﻓﻲ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺯﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻭﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺒﺤﺴﺏ ﻤﻔﻬﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﺜﺭﻤﻭﺩﻴﻨﺎﻤﻴﻙ ﺍﻻﺤﺼﺎﺌﻲ ﻓﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻴﺘﻜﻭﻥ‬
‫ﻤﻥ ﻋﺩﺩ ﻻ ﻴﺤﺼﻰ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﻴﺌﺎﺕ ﻭﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺘﻔﺎﻋل ﻭﺘﺼﺎﺩﻡ ﻭﺘﺠﺎﺫﺏ ﻭﺘﻨﺎﻓﺭ‪ .‬ﻟﺫﺍ ﻓﺄﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﻴﺘﻤﻴـﺯ‬
‫ﺒـ‪:‬‬
‫ﻭﻀﻊ ﻓﺭﻀﻴﺎﺕ ﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺒﺘﺭﻜﻴﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ‪ ،‬ﺍﻓﺘﺭﺍﺽ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﻴﺌﺎﺕ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺃ‪-‬‬
‫ﺏ‪ -‬ﻭﺼﻑ ﻜﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﻜﺜﻴﺭﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﻴﺌﺎﺕ ﻻ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺘﻘﺩﻴﺭﻫﺎ ﺒﺎﻟﺤﻭﺍﺱ ﺍﻭ ﻗﻴﺎﺴﻬﺎ ﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭ ﹰﺓ‪.‬‬

‫)‪(20‬‬
 ‫)‪ -(1.5‬ﺍﻟﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﺜﺭﻤﻭﺩﻴﻨﺎﻤﻴﻜﻴﺔ ‪Thermodynamic Properties‬‬
‫ﺘﺘﻌﻴﻥ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﺨﻭﺍﺼﻪ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺘﻤﻴﺯ ﺒﻤﺎ ﻴﺄﺘﻲ‪-:‬‬
‫‪ -1‬ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺒﻌﻀﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ ﻴﺠﺏ ﺍﻥ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻟﻬﺎ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻋﺩﺩﻴﺔ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻤـﺎﺌﻊ ﻓـﻲ ﺤﺎﻟـﺔ ﻤﻌﻴﻨـﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﻜﺎﻟﻀﻐﻁ )‪ (P‬ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺠﻡ )‪ (V‬ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ )‪ .(T‬ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻵﺨﺭ ﺭﻴﺎﻀﻴﹰﺎ)‪.(1‬‬
‫‪ -2‬ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼﻴﺔ ﻤﺴﺘﻘﻠﺔ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻻﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﻟﻠﻭﺼﻭل ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ ﺘﻌﺘﻤﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻻﺒﺘﺩﺍﺌﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺌﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺇﻥ ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻴﺩﺓ ﻴﺘﻁﻠﺏ ﻤﻌﺭﻓـﺔ ﻤـﺎ ﻻ ﻴﻘـل ﻋـﻥ ﺨﺎﺼـﻴﺘﻴﻥ ﺘـﺴﻤﻰ ﺒﺎﻻﺤـﺩﺍﺜﻴﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺜﺭﻤﻭﺩﻴﻨﺎﻤﻴﻜﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻴﻌﺒﺭ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﺒﻘﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼﻴﺘﻴﻥ )‪ .(Two Property Rule‬ﻟﺫﺍ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻴﺠـﺎﺩ ﻗﻴﻤـﺔ ﺃﻱ‬
‫ﻼ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ])‪ [V = ∅ (P, T‬ﺘﻌﻨﻲ ﺍﻥ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻡ‬
‫ﺍﺤﺩﺍﺜﻲ )ﺨﺎﺼﻴﺔ( ﺒﺩﻻﻟﺔ ﺍﻻﺤﺩﺍﺜﻴﻴﻥ ﺍﻵﺨﺭﻴﻥ‪ ،‬ﻓﻤﺜ ﹰ‬
‫ﺘﻌﺘﻤﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﻠﻴﻥ )‪ (T ،P‬ﻓﻲ ﺁﻥ ﻭﺍﺤﺩ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺍﻟـ )‪ (P‬ﻭﺒﻘﻴﺕ ﺍﻟـ )‪ (T‬ﺜﺎﺒﺘـﺔ‬
‫ﻋﻨﺩﺌ ٍﺫ ﺴﻴﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻡ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﻜﻥ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ )‪ (P‬ﻻ ﻴﺸﺘﺭﻁ ﺍﻥ ﺘﻌﺘﻤﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ )‪ .(T‬ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ )‪ (dP)(2‬ﺘﻤﺜل ﺘﻐﻴﺭ‬
‫ﻤﺘﻨﺎﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻲ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺘﻴﻥ )‪ (1‬ﻭ )‪ (2‬ﻫﻭ‪:‬‬
‫‪2‬‬

‫‪∫ dP = P2 - P1‬‬ ‫)‪....... (1.17‬‬

‫‪1‬‬

‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﻨﻅﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻐﻠﻘﺔ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺭﻤﻭﺩﻴﻨﺎﻤﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﻨﻅﻤـﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺘﻭﺤـﺔ ﻫﻨـﺎﻙ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼـﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻼ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺜﺭﻤﻭﺩﻴﻨﺎﻤﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻓﻀ ﹰ‬
‫‪ 1.5.1‬ﺍﻟﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﻠﺔ ﻭﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﻠﺔ ‪Independent & dependent Properties‬‬
‫ﺃﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺍﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﺔ ﺘﺤﺘﻭﻱ ﻏﺎﺯ ﻤﻐﻠﻘﺔ ﺒﻤﻜﺒﺱ ﺤﺭ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﻓﻭﻗﻪ‪ ،‬ﻓﺴﻴﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺍﻟـﻀﻐﻁ ﺘﺒﻌـﺎ ﻟﺘﻐﻴـﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺜﻘﺎل‪ ،‬ﻟﺫﻟﻙ ﻓﺎﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﻴﻌﺩ ﺨﺎﺼﻴﺔ ﻤﺴﺘﻘﻠﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﺫﺍ ﺃﻀﻴﻔﺕ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻰ ﻏﺎﺯ ﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺨـﺯﺍﻥ ﻓـﺴﺘﺯﺩﺍﺩ‬
‫ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘﻪ‪ ،‬ﻟﺫﻟﻙ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺨﺎﺼﻴﺔ ﻤﺴﺘﻘﻠﺔ )‪ (Independent‬ﺃﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺨـﻭﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﻤـﺴﺘﻘﻠﺔ‬
‫ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﻗﻴﺎﺴﻬﺎ ﻜﺎﻟـ)‪ ،(T,P‬ﺍﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺒﻌﺔ ﻓﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺤﺴﺎﺒﻬﺎ ﺒﺩﻻﻟﺔ ﺍﻟـ)‪.(T,P‬‬

‫)‪ (1‬ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﺜﺭﻤﻭﺩﻴﻨﺎﻤﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﺨﺭﻯ ﺴﻴﺭﺩ ﺫﻜﺭﻫﺎ ﻻﺤﻘﹰﺎ ﻜﺎﻻﻨﺜـﺎﻟﺒﻲ )‪ (H‬ﻭﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗـﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﻴـﺔ )‪(U‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻻﻨﺘﺭﻭﺒﻲ )‪ ،(S‬ﻨﺎﺘﺠﺔ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﺍﻻﻭل ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ‪ .‬ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﺘﺎﺒﻌﺔ‪ ،‬ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﺴﺘﻘﻠﺔ‪ ،‬ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﺭﻜﺯﺓ‪،‬‬
‫ﻏﻴﺭ ﺸﺎﻤﻠﺔ‪ ،‬ﺘﺤﺴﺏ ﺭﻴﺎﻀﻴﺎﹰ‪ ،‬ﻻ ﻨﻪ ﻻ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﻤﺭﺍﻗﺒﺘﻬﺎ ﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭ ﹰﺓ ﺒﺎﻟﺤﻭﺍﺱ ﻜﺎﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺠﻡ ﺍﻟﻨـﻭﻋﻲ‬
‫ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﻤﻊ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻓﺈﻨﻬﺎ ﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﺍﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﻟﻬﻴﻜل ﺍﻟﺜﺭﻤﻭﺩﻴﻨﺎﻤﻴﻜﺱ‪.‬‬
‫)‪ (2‬ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﻴﺎﻀﻴﺔ ﻓﺈﻥ )‪ (dP‬ﻫﻭ ﻤﺸﺘﻕ ﺘﺎﻡ )ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﺨﺎﺼﻴﺔ( ﺍﻭ ﻤـﺸﺘﻕ ﺼـﺤﻴﺢ ﺍﻭ ﻜﺎﻤـل‬
‫)‪.(Exact or Perfect Differential‬‬

‫)‪(21‬‬
 ‫‪ 1.5.2‬ﺍﻟﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺯﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺎﻤﻠﺔ ‪Intensive & Extensive Properties‬‬
‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﺍﺨﺫﻨﺎ ﻨﻅﺎﻤﹰﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺘﻭﺍﺯﻥ ﻭﻗﺴﻤﻨﺎﻩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﺴﻤﻴﻥ ﻤﺘﺴﺎﻭﻴﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﺘﺒﻘـﻰ‬
‫ﺜﺎﺒﺘﺔ ﻟﻜل ﻨﺼﻑ ﻤﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻜﺎﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﻫـﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺨـﻭﺍﺹ ﺘـﺩﻋﻰ ﺒﺎﻟـﻀﻤﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺯﺓ ﺍﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﻜﺩﺓ )‪ (Intensive‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﻻ ﺘﻌﺘﻤﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺘﻨﺼﻑ ﻜﺎﻟﺤﺠﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﻁﻭل ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻭﺯﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗـﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﻴـﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻨﻬـﺎ ﺘـﺩﻋﻰ‬
‫ﺒﺎﻟﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻀﻤﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻭ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺯﺓ‪ ،‬ﺍﻭ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﻜﺩﺓ ﺍﻭ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻤﻠﺔ )‪ (Extensive‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺘﻌﺘﻤﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻜﺘﻠﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﻗﺴﻤﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻤﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﻭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺩﺩ ﻤﻭﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ‪ ،‬ﻓﺘﺴﻤﻰ ﺒﺎﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻴـﺔ ﻟﺘﻠـﻙ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺴﻴﺭﻤﺯ ﻟﻠﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻤﻠﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﺤﺭﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﻴﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻠﻘﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻅﺭﺓ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺒﺤﺭﻭﻑ ﺼﻐﻴﺭﺓ‪ .‬ﻓـﺈﺫﺍ‬
‫ﺭﻤﺯ ﻟﻠﺤﺠﻡ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻲ ﻟﻠﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺒﺎﻟﺤﺭﻑ )‪ (V‬ﻓﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻲ ﻴﺭﻤﺯ ﻟﻪ ﺒﺎﻟﺤﺭﻑ )‪ ،(ν‬ﻭﻟﻭ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻅـﺎﻡ‬
‫ﻫﻲ )‪ (m‬ﻓﺈﻥ‪:‬‬

‫‪V‬‬
‫=‪ν‬‬ ‫)‪...... (1.18‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺠﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻲ ﻫﻭ ﻤﻘﻠﻭﺏ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ‪:‬‬
‫‪m‬‬
‫‪m‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫= =‪ρ‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫)‪....... (1.19‬‬
‫‪V V/m υ‬‬
‫ﻭﻟﻤﺎ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﻤﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻻ ﺘﻌﺘﻤﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺄﺨﻭﺫﺓ ﺒﺎﻟﺤﺴﺒﺎﻥ ﻓﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓـﺔ‬
‫ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭ ﻤﺭﻜﺯ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﺫﻟﻙ ﻓﺎﻟﺤﺠﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻲ ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭ ﻤﺭﻜﺯ ﺍﻴﻀﹰﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻋﻨﺩ ﻗﺴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻤﻠﺔ ﻜﺎﻟﻭﺯﻥ )‪ (F‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺸﺎﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﺨﺭﻯ ﻜﺎﻟﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ )‪ ،(A‬ﻓـﺴﻴﻨﺘﺞ ﺍﻟـﻀﻐﻁ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻫﻭ ﺨﺎﺼﻴﺔ ﻤﺭﻜﺯﺓ‪.‬‬ ‫⎞‪⎛ F‬‬
‫⎟ = ‪⎜P‬‬
‫⎠‪⎝ A‬‬

‫)‪ -(1.6‬ﻤﺨﻁﻁ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ‪State Diagram‬‬

‫ﻼ ﻤﺨﻁﻁ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ –‬
‫ﻤﺨﻁﻁ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﻴﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻤﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺨﻭﺍﺼﻪ‪ ،‬ﻓﻤﺜ ﹰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻀﺢ ﻓﻲ ﺸﻜل ﺭﻗﻡ )‪.(1.5‬‬

‫ﺸﻜل )‪ -(1.5‬ﻤﺨﻁﻁ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ‪-‬ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻡ‬

‫)‪(22‬‬
‫ﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﻤﺜل ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺠﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻨﻲ‪ .‬ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺭﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺒﻠـﺔ ﻟﻬـﺎﺘﻴﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼﻴﺘﻴﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﻁﻁ‪ .‬ﺃﻏﻠﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﻁﻁﺎﺕ ﺘﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺒﻌﺩﻴﻥ ﻭﻤﻥ ﻫﻨﺎ ﻭﺒﺘﻁﺒﻴﻕ ﻗﺎﻋـﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼـﻴﺘﻴﻥ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻗﻭﺍﻨﻴﻥ ﻭﺠﺩﺍﻭل ﺍﻟﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺴﻨﺩﺭﺴﻬﺎ ﻻﺤﻘﹰﺎ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﻗﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﺍﻻﺨﺭﻯ‪.‬‬

‫)‪ -(1.7‬ﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﻭﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺭ ‪State, Path Function‬‬

‫ﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻜﺎﻟـ )‪ (T ،V ،P‬ﺘﻌﺘﻤﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻻﺒﺘﺩﺍﺌﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺌﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻟﺫﻟﻙ ﺘﺴﻤﻰ ﺒﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻟﻭ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﺼﻐﻴﺭﹰﺍ ﺠﺩﺍﹰ‪ ،‬ﻟﻜﻨﻪ ﻤﺤﺴﻭﺱ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ ﻴﺤﺘـﻭﻱ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﻋـﺩﺩ ﻜـﺎﻑ ﻤـﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺠﺯﻴﺌــﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻟــﺫﻟﻙ ﻴﻌــﺩ ﺩﺍﻟــﺔ ﺤﻘﻴﻘﻴــﺔ‪ .‬ﺘﻤﺜــل ﺭﻴﺎﻀــﻴﹰﺎ ﺒﺘﻔﺎﻀــل ﺘــﺎﻡ ﺍﻭ ﻤــﻀﺒﻭﻁ‬
‫)‪ (Exact Differential‬ﺃﻱ )‪ ،(dT ،dV ،dP‬ﻴﻌﺒﺭ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺨﻁﻁ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺒﺩﻭﺍل ﻨﻘﻁﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻡ )‪ (V‬ﺘﻐﻴﺭﹰﺍ ﻤﺘﻨﺎﻫﻴﹰﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﺭ ﻓﻴﻌﺒﺭ ﻋﻨﻪ ﺒﺘﻔﺎﻀل ﺘﺎﻡ ﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ )‪ (V‬ﻭﻴﻜﺘﺏ‬
‫ﻴﻌﻁﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻕ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻗﻴﻤﺘﻲ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ‪:‬‬ ‫⎞ ‪⎛ V2‬‬
‫⎟‪⎜ dV‬‬ ‫)‪ .(dV‬ﻭﺍﻥ ﺘﻜﺎﻤل ﺘﻔﺎﻀل ﺘـﺎﻡ ﻟﺩﺍﻟـﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟـﺔ‬
‫⎟ ∫‪⎜ V‬‬
‫⎠ ‪⎝ 1‬‬

‫‪V2‬‬

‫‪∫ dV = ∆V = V2 − V1‬‬ ‫)‪...........(1.20‬‬

‫‪V1‬‬

‫ﺍﻤﺎ ﺍﻨﺘﻘﺎل ﺍﻟﺸﻐل )‪ (W‬ﺍﻭ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ )‪ ،(Q‬ﺤﺘﻰ ﻟﻭ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻜﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﻤﺘﻨﺎﻫﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﺭ‪ ،‬ﻓﻬﻤﺎ ﻟـﻴﺱ ﻤـﻥ‬
‫ﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ‪ ،‬ﻟﺫﻟﻙ ﻴﻌﺘﻤﺩﺍﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﻴﻤﺜل ﺭﻴﺎﻀﻴﹰﺎ ﺒﺘﻔﺎﻀل ﻏﻴﺭ ﺘﺎﻡ‪ ،‬ﺍﻭ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﻀﺒﻭﻁ ﺍﻭ ﻨـﺎﻗﺹ‬
‫)‪ ،(Inexact Differential‬ﺃﻱ )‪ ،(dW ،dQ‬ﻷﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﻐل ﺍﻭ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻫﻤﺎ ﻨﺸﺎﻁ ﺨـﺎﺭﺠﻲ ﺍﻭ ﺍﺠـﺭﺍﺀ‬
‫ﻴﺅﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺘﻐﻴﻴﺭ ﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻡ‪.‬‬
‫ﻟﺫﺍ ﻓﺎﻥ )‪ (dQ‬ﺍﻭ )‪ (dW‬ﺘﻤﺜل ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﻤﺘﻨﺎﻫﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﺭ ﻟﻠﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻐل ﻭﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻤل ﻻ ﻴﻌﻁـﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻕ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻗﻴﻤﺘﻴﻥ ﻭﻟﻜﻥ ﻴﻌﻁﻲ ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﻤﺤﺩﻭﺩﺓ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ‪:‬‬

‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬

‫‪∫ dQ = Q12 OR Q‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫)‪∫ dW = W12 OR W ....... (1.21‬‬

‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬

‫)‪(23‬‬
 ‫)‪ -(1.8‬ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺍﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺭﻤﻭﺩﻴﻨﺎﻤﻴﻜﻲ ‪Thermodynamic Equilibrium‬‬
‫ﺍﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻤﻌﺯل ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻜﺎﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﻓﺎﻨﻬﺎ ﺴﺘﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟـﺯﻤﻥ‬
‫ﻭﺨﻼل ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺭﺓ ﺴﻨﻼﺤﻅ ﺍﻵﺘﻲ‪-:‬‬
‫ﻋﻨﺩ ﺇﺨﺘﻼﻑ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻓﺴﺘﻨﺘﻘل ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺘﻠﻘﺎﺌﻴﹰﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻗﻊ ﺍﻻﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻻﺩﻨﻰ ﺤﺘﻰ ﺘﺘـﺴﺎﻭﻯ‬ ‫ﺃ‪-‬‬
‫ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺃﻱ ﻴﺘﺯﻥ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﹰﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﺏ‪ -‬ﻋﻨﺩ ﺇﺨﺘﻼﻑ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ‪ ،‬ﺘﺘﻭﻟﺩ ﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﻭﺘﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺘﻨﻘل ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺀ ﺍﻻﻜﺜﻑ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺀ ﺍﻻﻗل ﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﺤﺘﻰ ﺘﺼﺒﺢ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﻤﻨﺘﻅﻤﺔ ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻴﺘﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﻴﹰﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﺇﺫﻥ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺍﺯﻥ ﺘﺘﺤﻘﻕ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -1‬ﻋﺯل ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻴﻁ ﺒﺤﻴﺙ ﻻ ﺘﻨﺘﻘل ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻭ ﺸﻐل ﻋﺒﺭ ﺤﺩﻭﺩﻩ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -2‬ﺘﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﺠﺯﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ‪.‬‬
‫ﺴﻭﻑ ﻨﻔﺘﺭﺽ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﺒﺄﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺘﻭﺍﺯﻥ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺒﺩﺍﻴﺔ ﻭﻨﻬﺎﻴـﺔ ﺍﻻﺠـﺭﺍﺀ‪ ،‬ﻭﺒﻬـﺫﺍ‬
‫ﻨﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻻﺒﺘﺩﺍﺌﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺨﺎﺼﻴﺘﻴﻥ‪ .‬ﻭﻤﺠﻤل ﺍﻟﻘﻭل ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻟـﺔ ﺍﺘـﺯﺍﻥ‬
‫ﺜﺭﻤﻭﺩﻴﻨﺎﻤﻴﻜﻲ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺨﻭﺍﺼﻪ ﺜﺎﺒﺘﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻨﻔﺘﺭﺽ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺜﻼﺜﺔ ﺍﻨﻅﻤﺔ )‪ (A‬ﻭ )‪ (B‬ﻭ )‪ (C‬ﻤﺤﺎﻁﺔ ﺒﺠﺩﺍﺭ ﻋﺎﺯل )ﺍﺩﻴﺎﺒﺎﺘﻲ( ﻜﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟـﺸﻜل‬
‫)‪ .(1.6‬ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﻜل )‪ (1.6-a‬ﻴﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻨﻪ ﺍﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ )‪ (A‬ﻭ )‪ (B‬ﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﺘﺯﺍﻥ‪ ،‬ﻓﺄﻥ )‪ (C‬ﺴﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻟـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﺘﺯﺍﻥ ﻤﻊ )‪ (A‬ﻭ )‪ (B‬ﻟﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺠﺩﺍﺭ ﻤﻭﺼل ﻟﻠﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‪ .‬ﺍﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﺸﻜل )‪ (1.6-b‬ﻓﻴﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻨـﻪ ﺍﺫﺍ ﻜـﺎﻥ )‪ (A‬ﻭ‬
‫)‪ (B‬ﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺇﺘﺯﺍﻥ ﻤﻊ )‪ (C‬ﻟﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺠﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﺩﻴﺒﺎﺘﻲ‪ ،‬ﻓﺴﻴﻜﻭﻥ )‪ (A‬ﻭ )‪ (B‬ﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺇﺘﺯﺍﻥ ﻤﻊ ﺒﻌـﻀﻬﻤﺎ‬
‫ﻟﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺠﺩﺍﺭ ﻤﻭﺼل ﻟﻠﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‪.‬‬
‫ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻜﺩﻫﺎ )ﺭ‪.‬ﻫـ‪ .‬ﻓﻭﻟﺭ( ﻭﺴﻤﺎﻫﺎ ﺒﺎﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﺍﻟـﺼﻔﺭﻱ )‪ (The Zeroth Law‬ﻟﻠـﺩﻴﻨﺎﻤﻴﻜﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﻨﺹ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻨﻪ‪" :‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻨﻅﺎﻤﺎﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺇﺘﺯﺍﻥ ﻤﻊ ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺜﺎﻟﺙ‪ ،‬ﻓﺴﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻤﻴﻥ ﻓـﻲ‬
‫ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺇﺘﺯﺍﻥ ﻤﻊ ﺒﻌﻀﻬﻤﺎ"‪.‬‬

‫ﺸﻜل )‪ -(1.6‬ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺭﻱ‬

‫)‪(24‬‬
 ‫)‪ -(1.9‬ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺠﺭﺍﺀ ‪Process‬‬
‫ﻴﺘﺤﻭل ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺘﻭﺍﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺘﻭﺍﺯﻥ ﺍﺨﺭﻯ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﺘﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺨﻭﺍﺼﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﻤﻌﻴﻥ‪ .‬ﻓﻠﻭ‬
‫ﺇﺯﺩﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻠﻁ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻏﺎﺯ‪ ،‬ﻓﺴﻴﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ …‪ .‬ﺍﻟﺦ‪.‬‬
‫ﻼ ﻋﻨـﺩ ﺜﺒـﻭﺕ ﺩﺭﺠـﺔ‬
‫ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻥ ﺘﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻤﻊ ﺒﻘﺎﺀ ﺨﺎﺼﻴﺔ ﺍﻭ ﺍﻜﺜﺭ ﺜﺎﺒﺘﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﻤﺜ ﹰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻓﻴﺴﻤﻰ ﺍﻻﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻻﻴﺯﻭﺜﺭﻤﻠﻲ‪ ،‬ﻜﺎﻻﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺴﻤﺢ ﺤﺩﻭﺩﻫﺎ ﺒﺄﻨﺘﻘﺎل ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﻨـﺩ ﺜﺒـﻭﺕ‬
‫ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻓﻴﺴﻤﻰ ﺍﻻﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﺩﻴﺒﺎﺘﻲ‪ ،‬ﻤﺜل ﺍﻨﻔﺠﺎﺭ ﻤﻔﺎﺠﺊ ﻟﻌﺠﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍﺌﻴﺔ ﺍﻭ ﺍﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﺸﻭﻁ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﺔ ﻤﺤﺭﻙ ﺍﺤﺘﺭﺍﻕ ﺩﺍﺨﻠﻲ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻋﻨﺩ ﻋﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺤﺎﻟﺘﻪ ﺍﻻﺼﻠﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ ﺍﻥ ﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺨﻭﺍﺼﻪ ﻓـﻲ ﺒﺩﺍﻴـﺔ ﻭﻨﻬﺎﻴـﺔ ﺍﻻﺠـﺭﺍﺀﺍﺕ‬
‫ﻤﺘﺴﺎﻭﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﻨﻪ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻗﺩ ﻤﺭ ﺒﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻫﻲ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﺍﺠﺭﺍﺀﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﻜﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﻜﺎﺭﻨﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺴﻴﺭﺩ ﺫﻜﺭﻫـﺎ ﻓﻴﻤـﺎ‬
‫ﺒﻌﺩ‪ ،‬ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﻤﺤﺭﻜﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺤﺘﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﻲ ﺍﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺭﻜﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺨﺎﺭﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺘﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺜﺭﻤﻭﺩﻴﻨﺎﻤﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺘﺼﻨﻴﻔﻬﺎ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﺄﺘﻲ‪-:‬‬
‫‪ -1‬ﺍﻻﺠﺭﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻼﺠﺭﻴﺎﻨﻴﺔ )‪ (Non Flow‬ﺍﻭ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻜﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﻨﻅﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻐﻠﻘﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻻ ﺘﺘﻐﻴـﺭ‬
‫ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﻭ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺎﻤﻨﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -2‬ﺍﻻﺠﺭﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﺭﻴﺎﻨﻴﺔ )‪ (Flow‬ﺍﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﺩﻓﻘﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﻨﻅﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺘﻭﺤﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺎﻤﻨﺔ ﻭﺘﻘﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﻰ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺩﻓﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺭ )‪ ،(Steady Flow‬ﻻ ﺘﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻤﻌﺩل ﺠﺭﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺃ‪-‬‬
‫ﺏ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺘﺩﻓﻕ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺭ )‪ ،(Non Steady Flow‬ﺘﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻤﻌﺩل ﺠﺭﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠـﺔ‪ .‬ﻋﻤﻭﻤـﺎ ﻴﻭﻀـﺢ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺨﻁﻁ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﺘﺼﻨﻴﻑ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ‪:‬‬

‫‪Non-Flow‬‬
‫‪Process‬‬ ‫‪Steady‬‬ ‫‪SFEE‬‬
‫‪Flow‬‬
‫‪Non-Steady‬‬ ‫‪NFEE‬‬

‫)‪(25‬‬
 ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ – ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻭﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ‬

‫)‪ -( 2.1‬ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻬﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﻲ ﻟﻠﻀﻐﻁ‬

‫‪Mechanical Concept of Pressure‬‬
‫ﺇﻥ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻻﻨﺼﻬﺎﺭ ﻟﻠﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﻠﻴﺎﻥ ﻟﻠﺴﻭﺍﺌل‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺠﻡ ﺍﻟﻤـﺸﻐﻭل ﺒﺎﻟﻐـﺎﺯﺍﺕ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻻﺒﺨﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﻤﻌﻅﻡ ﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺘﻌﺘﻤﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻠﻁ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻴﻤﻸ ﺍﻁﺎﺭ ﺴﻴﺎﺭﺓ ﺒﺎﻟﻬﻭﺍﺀ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﻭﻟﺩ ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﻐﻭﻁ ﺩﻓﻌﹰﺎ ﺍﻭ ﻗﻭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺢ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﻲ ﻟﻸﻁﺎﺭ‬
‫ﺒﺴﺒﺏ ﺍﺼﻁﺩﺍﻡ ﺠﺯﻴﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺢ‪ .‬ﻟﺫﻟﻙ ﻴﻌﺭﻑ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﺒﺄﻨﻪ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻠﻁﺔ ﻋﻤﻭﺩﻴﹰﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺤﺩﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻁﻭﺡ‪ ،‬ﺭﻤﺯﻩ )‪.(P‬‬
‫ﻋﻨﺩ ﺘﺴﻠﻴﻁ ﻗﻭﺓ ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭﻫﺎ )‪ (F‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺠﺴﻡ ﺼﻠﺏ‪ ،‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺸﻜل )‪ (2.1-a‬ﻤﻭﻀﻭﻉ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺠﺩﺍﺭ ﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ‬
‫ﺘﻤﺎﺴﻪ )‪ ،(A‬ﻋﻨﺩﺌﺫ ﺴﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻟﻙ ﻀﻐﻁ ﻤﺴﻠﻁ ﻋﻤﻭﺩﻴﹰﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺴﻁﺢ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺎﺱ ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭﻩ )‪ (P = F/A‬ﻭﺴﻴﻨﺘﻘل‬
‫ﺒﺄﺘﺠﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻠﻁﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﺫﺍ ﺴﻠﻁﺕ ﻗﻭﺓ )‪ (F‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻜﺒﺱ ﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﻤﻘﻁﻌﻪ )‪ ،(A‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺸﻜل )‪ (2.1-b‬ﻋﻨﺩﺌﺫ ﺴـﻴﻜﻭﻥ‬
‫ﻫﻨﺎﻟﻙ ﻀﻐﻁ ﻤﺴﻠﻁ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻊ ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭﻩ )‪ (P = F/A‬ﻭﺴﻴﻨﺘﻘل ﺍﻟﻰ ﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻻﺘﺠﺎﻫﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﺔ‪،‬‬

‫ﺸﻜل )‪ -(2.1‬ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻭﺩﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺤﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻁﻭﺡ‬

‫ﻜﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻨﻔﺦ ﻜﺭﺓ ﻤﻁﺎﻁﻴﺔ ﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﻨﺘﻔﺦ ﻓﻲ ﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻻﺘﺠﺎﻫﺎﺕ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺓ )‪ (F‬ﺒﺎﻟﻨﻴﻭﺘﻥ )‪ (N‬ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ )‪ (A‬ﺒﺎﻷﻤﺘﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺒﻌـﺔ )‪ ،(m2‬ﻋﻨﺩﺌـ ٍﺫ ﺴـﻴﻜﻭﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ )‪ (P‬ﺒﺎﻟـ )‪ (N/m2‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﻭﺤﺩﺓ ﺍﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻀﻐﻁ ﻓﻲ ﻨﻅﺎﻡ )‪ (SI‬ﻭﺘﺴﻤﻰ ﺒﺎﻟﺒﺎﺴﻜﺎل )‪ (Pa‬ﻭﻜـﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺒﺎﺴﻜﺎل )‪ (Pascal‬ﺍﻭل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻫﺘﻡ ﺒﻘﻭﺍﻨﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻟﻜﻭﻥ ﻭﺤﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺴﻜﺎل ﺼﻐﻴﺭﺓ ﺠﺩﺍﹰ‪ ،‬ﻓﺘﺴﺘﻌﻤل ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺤﺩﺍﺕ ﻤـﻀﺎﻋﻔﺔ ﺍﻜﺒـﺭ ﻤـﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺴﻜﺎل‪ ،‬ﻜﺎﻟﻜﻴﻠﻭ ﺒﺎﺴﻜﺎل )‪ (kPa‬ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎ ﺒﺎﺴﻜﺎل )‪ ،(MPa‬ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺒﻴﻨﻬﻡ ﻫﻲ‪-:‬‬

‫)‪MPa (MN/m2) = 103 kPa (kN/m2‬‬

‫)‪(26‬‬
 ‫)‪= 106 Pa (N/m2‬‬
‫‪= 1N/mm2‬‬
‫ﻭﻜﺫﻟﻙ ﺘﺴﺘﻌﻤل ﻭﺤﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭ )‪ (bar‬ﻭﺍﻟﻬﻴﻜﺘﻭﺒﺎﺭ‪:‬‬
‫‪hectobar = 102 bar‬‬
‫‪= 104 kPa‬‬
‫‪= 107 Pa‬‬
‫ﺍﻥ )ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭ(∗ ﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﺴﺒﺒﻪ ﻋﻤﻭﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺯﺌﺒﻕ ﺍﺭﺘﻔﺎﻋـﻪ )‪ ،(750mm‬ﻭﻓـﻲ ﺍﻟﻭﺤـﺩﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﺭﻴﻁﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺓ ﺒﺎﻟﺒﺎﻭﻨﺩ )‪ (Lb‬ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﺒﺎﻻﻨﺞ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺒﻊ )‪ ،(in2‬ﻋﻠﻴـﻪ ﺘﻜـﻭﻥ ﻭﺤـﺩﺓ ﺍﻟـﻀﻐﻁ‬
‫)‪ (Lb/in2‬ﻭﻴﺴﻤﻰ )‪ ،(PSI‬ﻋﻼﻗﺘﻪ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟـ )‪ (atm.‬ﻫﻲ‪:‬‬
‫⎛‬ ‫⎞‬
‫⎟ ‪1atm. = 14.7 PSI ⎜ Lb2‬‬
‫⎠ ‪⎝ in‬‬

‫)‪ -(2.2‬ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﺴﺒﺒﻪ ﻋﻤﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻊ‬

‫‪Pressure due to a head of fluid‬‬
‫ﻨﻔﺘﺭﺽ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺨﺯﺍﻥ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﺤﺎﻁ ﺒﺎﻟﻬﻭﺍﺀ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﺠﻭﻱ ﻻ ﻴﺅﺜﺭ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ‪ ،‬ﻴﺤﺘﻭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤـﺎﺌﻊ‬
‫ﻜﺜﺎﻓﺘﻪ )‪ (ρ‬ﺜﺎﺒﺘﺔ ﻓﻠﻭ ﺍﺨﺫﻨﺎ ﻤﻘﻁﻌﹰﺎ ﻁﻭﻟﻴﹰﺎ ﻟﻬﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻊ ﺍﺭﺘﻔﺎﻋﻪ )‪ (h‬ﻭﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﻤﻘﻁﻌﻪ )‪ ،(A‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺸـﻜل‬
‫)‪ ،(2.2‬ﻓﺴﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻁﻊ )‪ ،(m=ρV‬ﻭﺤﺠﻤﻪ )‪ ،(V=A ×h‬ﻋﻨﺩﺌﺫ ﺴﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ‪:‬‬

‫‪A‬‬
‫ﺸﻜل )‪ -(2.2‬ﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺌﻊ‬

‫‪F m×g ρ× A×h×g‬‬

‫=‪P‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫=‬ ‫)‪= ρ × g × h ............. (2.1‬‬
‫‪A‬‬ ‫‪A‬‬ ‫‪A‬‬
‫‪kg m‬‬ ‫‪N‬‬
‫=‬ ‫‪3‬‬
‫‪× 2 × m = 2 = Pa‬‬
‫‪m s‬‬ ‫‪m‬‬
‫)‪ -(2.3‬ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﺠﻭﻱ ‪Atmospheric Pressure‬‬

‫ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭ )‪ (bar‬ﻻ ﻴﻨﺘﻤﻲ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﺴﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻭﺤﺩﺍﺕ )‪ ،(SI‬ﻭﻤﻊ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻴﺴﺘﻌﻤل ﻜﺜﻴﺭﹰﺍ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻁﺒﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫∗‬

‫ﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺴﺎﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺸﺭﻁ ﺘﺤﻭﻴﻠﻪ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻭﺤﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺴﺒﺔ‪.‬‬

‫)‪(27‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﺭﺓ ﺍﻻﺭﻀﻴﺔ ﻤﺤﺎﻁﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﻬﻭﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺠﻭﻱ ﻴﻤﺘﺩ ﺍﻟﻰ ﻋﺩﺓ ﻜﻴﻠﻭﻤﺘﺭﺍﺕ ﻓﻭﻕ ﺴﻁﺤﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍﺀ ﻴﻭﻟﺩ‬
‫ﻀﻐﻁﹰﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺴﻁﺢ ﺍﻻﺭﺽ ﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻟﻭﺯﻨﻪ ﻓﻭﻕ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺢ ﻴﺴﻤﻰ ﺒﺎﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﺠـﻭﻱ ﻭﺭﻤـﺯﻩ )‪.(Patm.‬‬
‫ﻭﻟﻤﺎ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﻴﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺤﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺴﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺘﺭ ﻤﺭﺒﻊ ﻭﺍﺤﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺴـﻁﺢ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺭﺽ ﻴﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﻭﺯﻥ ﻋﻤﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍﺀ ﻓﻭﻗﻬﺎ ﻤﻔﺘﺭﻀﹰﺎ ﺒﺫﻟﻙ ﺍﺤﺘﻭﺍﺀﻩ ﻤﺜ ﹰ‬
‫ﻼ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻨﺒﻭﺏ ﻤﻘﻁﻌﻪ ﻤﺘﺭ ﻤﺭﺒﻊ ﻭﺍﺤﺩ‬
‫ﻭﻁﻭﻟﻪ ﻴﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺍﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻐﻼﻑ ﺍﻟﺠﻭﻱ ﻓﻭﻕ ﺍﻻﺭﺽ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﺫﻥ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﺠﻭﻱ ﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﻭﻟﺩﻩ ﻋﻤﻭﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍﺀ ﻁﻭﻟﻪ ﻤـﺴﺎ ٍﻭ ﻷﺭﺘﻔـﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻐـﻼﻑ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺠﻭﻱ ﻓﻭﻕ ﺍﻻﺭﺽ‪ .‬ﻗﻴﻤﺘﻪ ﻋﻨﺩ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺴﻁﺢ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺭ )‪ ،(101.325 kN/m2‬ﻭﻤﻊ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻻ ﻴﺸﻌﺭ ﺍﻻﻨﺴﺎﻥ‬
‫ﻼ‬
‫ﺒﻪ ﻟﺘﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﻀﻐﻁﻪ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﺠﻭﻱ‪ .‬ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺘﻨﺨﻔﺽ ﻜﻠﻤﺎ ﺍﻨﺨﻔﺽ ﺍﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻐﻼﻑ ﺍﻟﺠﻭﻱ ﻓﻤـﺜ ﹰ‬
‫ﻗﻴﻤﺘﻪ ﻋﻨﺩ ﻗﻤﺔ ﺠﺒل ﺍﻴﻔﺭﺴﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻤﺔ ﺠﺒﻠﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻡ‪ ،‬ﺘﻜﻭﻥ )‪ (40 KN/m2‬ﻭﺘﻨﻌﺩﻡ ﻗﻴﻤﺘﻪ ﻓـﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺍﻍ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻴﻁ ﺒﺎﻟﻜﺭﺓ ﺍﻻﺭﻀﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﺠﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺴﻲ )‪:(standard‬‬
‫‪Patm. = 760 mmHg‬‬
‫‪= 14.7 Lb/in2‬‬
‫‪= 1.013 bar‬‬
‫‪= 1.01325 kg/cm2‬‬
‫)‪ -(2.4‬ﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﺠﻭﻱ ﺍﻭ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﻭﻤﻴﺘﺭ ‪The Barometer‬‬
‫ﻟﻘﺩ ﺒﺩﺃﺕ ﻓﻜﺭﺓ ﺍﻜﺘﺸﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﺠﻭﻱ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺤﺩﻯ ﻤﻘﺎﻁﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﻴﻁﺎﻟﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﺤﻴﺙ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻗﺼﺭ ﺍﻤﻴـﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻁﻌﺔ ﺒﺌﺭ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻤﻀﺨﺔ ﻤﺎﺼﺔ ﺘﺴﻘﻲ ﺤﺩﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺭ‪ .‬ﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﺤﺩ ﺍﻴﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻑ ﻟﻡ ﺘﺴﺘﻁﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﺔ ﺭﻓـﻊ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺌﺭ‪ ،‬ﻓﺄﺴﺘﺩﻋﻲ ﻟﺫﻟﻙ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻡ ﺍﻻﻴﻁﺎﻟﻲ ﻏﺎﻟﻴﻠﻭ )‪) (1638‬ﻭﻫﻭ ﺍﺴﺘﺎﺫ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻡ ﺘﻭﺭﺸﻴﻠﻲ ﻭﻤﻥ ﻋﻠﻤﺎﺀ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﻠﻙ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻴﺯﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻬﻭﺭﻴﻥ(‪ ،‬ﻟﻠﺘﺤﺭﻱ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺏ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻗﺎﻡ ﻏﺎﻟﻴﻠﻭ ﺒﻔﺤﺹ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﺔ ﻭﺠﺩﻫﺎ ﺒﺤـﺎﻟﺔ‬

‫ﺸﻜل )‪ -(2.3‬ﻤﺒﺩﺃ ﺘﻭﺭﺸﻴﻠﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺘﺼﻤﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﻭﻤﻴﺘﺭ‬

‫)‪(28‬‬
 ‫ﺠﻴﺩﺓ‪ ،‬ﻟﺫﺍ ﻋﺯﻯ ﺴﺒﺏ ﻋﺩﻡ ﺍﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻨﺨﻔﺎﺽ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﺍﻩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺌﺭ ﻟﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﻟﻡ ﻴﺴﺘﻁﻊ ﻤﻌﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺠﻭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺭﻓﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻰ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻴﻘﺔ‪ .‬ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺩﺜﺔ ﺩﻓﻌـﺕ ﺍﻟﻌـﺎﻟﻡ ﺘﻭﺭﺸـﻴﻠﻲ )‪(1608 – 1644‬‬
‫ﺒﺎﺨﺘﺭﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﻭﻤﻴﺘﺭ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﻌﺘﻤﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺩﺃ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‪-:‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل )‪ (2.3‬ﻴﺒﻴﻥ ﺨﺯﺍﻨﹰﺎ ﻴﺤﺘﻭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺴﺎﺌل‪ ،‬ﻤﻐﻤﻭﺭ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﻨﺒﻭﺏ ﺫﻭ ﻤﻘﻁﻊ ﻻ ﻴﺴﻤﺢ ﺒﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ‬
‫ﺸﻌﺭﻱ ﻨﺎﺘﺞ ﻋﻥ ﺘﻭﺘﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺢ‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﺎﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻻﻨﺒﻭﺏ ﻤﻔﺘﻭﺤﹰﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻻﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﺴﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺴﻁﺢ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺌل ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺨـﺯﺍﻥ ﻭﺍﻻﻨﺒـﻭﺏ ﻤﺘـﺴﺎﻭﻴﹰﺎ‬
‫ﻟﺘﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﺠﻭﻱ )‪ (Patm.‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺸﻜل )‪ .(2.3-a‬ﺍﻤﺎ ﺍﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻻﻨﺒﻭﺏ ﻤﻐﻠﻕ ﻭﻤﻔﺭﻍ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍﺀ‬
‫ﻤﻥ ﺍﻻﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﺴﻭﻑ ﻴﺭﺘﻔﻊ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺌل ﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﻻﻨﺒﻭﺏ ﺒﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭ )‪ (h‬ﻗﻴﻤﺘﻬﺎ ﻤـﺴﺎﻭﻴﺔ ﻟﻘﻴﻤـﺔ ﺍﻟـﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﺠـﻭﻱ‬
‫)‪ ،(Patm.‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺸﻜل )‪ (2.3-b‬ﺍﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺍﻍ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﺤﺼل ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﻨﺒﻭﺏ ﻓﻭﻕ ﺴﻁﺢ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺌل ﻓﻴﺴﻤﻰ ﺒﻔﺭﺍﻍ‬
‫ﺘﻭﺭﺸﻴﻠﻲ‪ .‬ﺇﻥ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ )‪ (h‬ﺘﻌﺘﻤﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺌل‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺯﺌﺒﻘﺎﹰ )ﻜﺜﺎﻓﺘﻪ ‪ (13600kg / m‬ﻓﻴﻜﻭﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪3‬‬

‫=‪h‬‬ ‫‪Patm‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪101‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬‫‪3‬‬ ‫×‬ ‫‪10‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬

‫‪= 0.76 mHg‬‬
‫‪ρg‬‬ ‫‪13600 × 9.81‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﺒﺘﺔ ﻟﻠﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﺠﻭﻱ ﺘﺴـﺎﻭﻱ )‪.(101.3kN/m2‬ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﻜـﺎﻥ ﻤـﺎﺀ)ﻜﺜﺎﻓﺘﻪ ‪ ( 10 3 Kg / m 3‬ﻓﺈﻥ‪:‬‬

‫‪h = P = 1013.3 × 10 = 10.326 m H 2 O‬‬

‫‪3‬‬

‫‪ρg 10 × 9.81‬‬
‫ﻼ ﺠﺩﹰﺍ ﻟﻸﻏﺭﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﻭﻋﺭﻀﺔ ﻟﻠﻜﺴﺭ‬
‫ﺇﻥ ﻋﻤﻭﺩﺍ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﺭﺘﻔﺎﻋﻪ )‪ (10.326m‬ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻁﻭﻴ ﹰ‬
‫ﺍﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﺤﻤﻠﻪ ﺍﻭ ﺍﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎﻟﻪ‪ ،‬ﻟﺫﺍ ﻓﻜﺭ ﺘﻭﺭﺸﻴﻠﻲ ﺒﺎﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﺯﺌﺒﻕ ﻻﻨﻪ ﺍﻜﺜﻑ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﺒـ )‪ (13.6‬ﻤﺭﺓ ﻭﻤﻨﻪ‬
‫ﻤﺭﺓ ﺒﺎﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﻋﻤﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻓﺎﻥ ﻋﻤﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﺯﺌﺒﻕ ﺴﻴﻜﻭﻥ ) ‪(131.6‬‬
‫‪h = 10.326 = 0.76 m‬‬
‫‪13.6‬‬

‫ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻻﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﻤﻌﻘﻭﻻﹰ‪ ،‬ﻭﺒﻤﺎ ﺍﻨﻪ )‪ (Hg‬ﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﺭﻤﺯ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻱ ﻟﻠﺯﺌﺒﻕ‪ ،‬ﻋﻨﺩﺌـ ٍﺫ ﺴـﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﺭﺘﻔـﺎﻉ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﻭﻤﻴﺘﺭ ﺍﻟﺯﺌﺒﻘﻲ )‪ .(760 mmHg‬ﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺴﺎﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺜﺭﻤﻭﺩﻴﻨﺎﻤﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟـﻀﻐﻁ ﺒﻭﺤـﺩﺍﺕ )‪(Pa‬‬
‫ﻭﻤﻀﺎﻋﻔﺎﺘﻪ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻻﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﻭﻤﺘﺭﻱ )‪ (h=mm‬ﻋﻨﺩﺌ ٍﺫ ﺴﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ‪-:‬‬

‫‪h‬‬
‫× ‪P = ρgh = 13600 × 9.81‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬
‫) ‪= 133.4 h (N/m 2‬‬
‫‪10‬‬
‫) ‪= 133.4 × 10 h (kN/m‬‬
‫‪-3‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬

‫) ‪= 133.4 × 10 -6 h (MN/m 2‬‬

‫) ‪= 133.4 × 10 -5 h (bar‬‬

‫)‪(29‬‬
‫ﻭﻋﻤﻠﻴﹰﺎ ﺴﻴﺯﺩﺍﺩ ﺍﻻﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﻭﻤﺘﺭﻱ ﺒﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻜﺱ ﺒﺎﻟﻌﻜﺱ‪ .‬ﻴﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﻤﻥ‬
‫ﻤﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺁﺨﺭ ﺤﺴﺏ ﺇﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﻥ ﻋﻥ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺴﻁﺢ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺭ‪ ،‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻜـﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺤـﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻴﻀﹰﺎ ﻤﻥ ﻭﻗﺕ ﻵﺨﺭ ﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺘﺄﺜﺭﻩ ﺒﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﻴﺢ‪ ،‬ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺭﻁﻭﺒﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠـﻭ‪ .‬ﻟـﺫﻟﻙ‬
‫ﺼﻨﻌﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﻭﻤﻴﺘﺭﺍﺕ ﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﺠﻭﻱ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺯﺌﺒﻘﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻌﺩﻨﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻌﺩﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺠل‪ ،‬ﻭﻓﻭﺭﺘﻥ‪.‬‬
‫)‪ -(2.5‬ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻨﻭﻤﻴﺘﺭ ‪The Manometer‬‬
‫ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻨﺒﻭﺏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺸﻜل ﺤﺭﻑ )‪ (U‬ﻤﻔﺘﻭﺡ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﺠﻭﻱ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﺤﺩ ﺠﻭﺍﻨﺒﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻴﺘـﺼل‬
‫ﻋﻨــﺩ ﺍﻟﻁــﺭﻑ ﺍﻵﺨــﺭ ﺒﺎﻟﻭﻋــﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠــﻭﺏ ﻗﻴــﺎﺱ ﻀــﻐﻁﻪ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘــﻲ ﺍﻭ ﺍﻟــﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠــﻕ‬
‫)‪.(Absolute Press.. Pa‬‬
‫ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﺌﻊ ﺍﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﺯﺌﺒﻕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﻨﺒﻭﺏ‪ ،‬ﻟﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﺠﻭﻱ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﹰﺎ ﻤﺎ ﻴﻘﺎﺱ ﺒﺄﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﻋﻤﻭﺩ ﻤﻥ‬
‫ﻼ )ﻟﺤﺩ ‪ (50mm‬ﻓﻴﺴﺘﻌﻤل ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﻁﺌﺔ ﻭﻷﻨﻪ ﻴﻌﻁـﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺯﺌﺒﻕ‪ .‬ﻭﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﺠﻭﻱ ﻗﻠﻴ ﹰ‬
‫ﺩﻗﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺴﺎﺕ ﻜﺎﻟﻤﺎﻨﻭﻤﻴﺘﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌل )‪.(Inclined Manometer‬‬
‫ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻭﻁ ﻤﻁﻠﻘﺔ‪ ،‬ﻻ ﺩﺍﻋﻲ ﻟﺫﻜﺭ ﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﻤﻁﻠـﻕ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﻠﻴـﻪ ﻓـﺈﻥ )‪ (250kPa‬ﺘﻌﻨـﻲ‬
‫)‪.(250 kPa. Pa‬‬
‫ﺍﻥ ﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻨﻭﻤﻴﺘﺭﺍﺕ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﺠﻭﻱ )‪ ،(Patm.‬ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻥ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟـﻀﻐﻁ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠﻕ ﻟﻠﻭﻋﺎﺀ ﻴﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺍﻭ ﺍﻜﺒﺭ ﺍﻭ ﺍﺼﻐﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﺠﻭﻱ‪ ،‬ﻭﻜﻤﺎ ﻤﻭﻀﺢ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺩﻨﺎﻩ‪.‬‬

‫‪Pg‬‬ ‫‪a‬‬ ‫‪b‬‬ ‫‪c‬‬

‫‪Pa‬‬ ‫‪Pg‬‬
‫‪Patm‬‬
‫‪Patm‬‬ ‫‪Pg‬‬ ‫‪Patm‬‬
‫‪Patm‬‬ ‫) ‪(Pa‬‬
‫‪Pa‬‬
‫‪Pg=0‬‬ ‫‪Pg=Pa-Patm>0‬‬ ‫‪Pg=Patm-Pa<0‬‬

‫ﺸﻜل )‪ -(2.4‬ﻤﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﻋﻤل ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﻭﻤﺘﺭ‬

‫)‪(30‬‬
‫‪ -1‬ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ )‪ (Pa = Patm.‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺸﻜل )‪ (2.4-a‬ﻓﻴﺘﺴﺎﻭﻯ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺌل ﻓﻲ ﻁﺭﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﻨﺒـﻭﺏ‬
‫ﺒﺴﺒﺏ ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﺠﻭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻓﻴﻥ ﻭﺴﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟـﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﻘـﺎﺱ )‪(Gauge Pressure. Pg‬‬
‫ﻴﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺼﻔﺭﺍﹰ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ ﺍﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪Pg = 0‬‬ ‫)‪…… (2.2‬‬
‫‪ -2‬ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ )‪ (Pa > Patm.‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺸﻜل )‪ (2.4-b‬ﻓﺴﻴﺭﺘﻔﻊ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺌل ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻑ ﺍﻻﻴﻤـﻥ‬
‫ﻟﻸﻨﺒﻭﺏ ﺒﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭ )‪ (+h‬ﺍﻭ )‪ (Pg‬ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﻤﺜل ﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺠﺏ‪ .‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺎل ﻓـﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺍﺠـل‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﺨﺎﺭﻴﺔ ﻭﺴﻴﻜﻭﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪Pg = Pa – Patm. > 0‬‬ ‫)‪…….. (2.3‬‬
‫‪ -3‬ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ )‪ (Pa < Patm.‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺸﻜل )‪ ،(2.4-c‬ﺃﻱ ﻀﻐﻁ ﺘﺨﻠﺨﻠـﻲ‪ ،‬ﻓـﺴﻴﻨﺨﻔﺽ ﻤـﺴﺘﻭﻯ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺌل ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻑ ﺍﻻﻴﻤﻥ ﻟﻸﻨﺒﻭﺏ ﺒﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭ )‪ (-h‬ﺍﻭ )‪ (-Pg‬ﺍﻭ )‪ (Pvac.‬ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﻤﺜل ﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟـﻀﻐﻁ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻟﺏ ﺍﻭ ﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺭﻴﻎ ﺍﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻠﺨل )‪ (Gauge Vacuum‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﺤﺎل ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺜﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺨﺎﺭﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺴﻴﻜﻭﻥ‪:‬‬

‫‪Pg = Patm. – Pa < 0‬‬ ‫)‪…….. (2.4‬‬

‫ﻭﻋﻨﺩ ﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠﻕ )‪ (Pa‬ﻴﺠﺏ ﺍﻥ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻭﺤﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺱ )‪ (Pg‬ﻭﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺠﻭﻱ )‪ (Patm.‬ﻤﻭﺤﺩﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﻤﺎ ﺴﻨﻭﻀﺤﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﻤﺜﻠﺔ ﺍﻵﺘﻴﺔ‪:‬‬

‫)‪(31‬‬
 ‫ﺍﻤﺜﻠﺔ ﻤﺤﻠﻭﻟﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -1‬ﺍﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ )‪ (127kPa‬ﻭﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﻭﻤﻴﺘﺭ ﻴﻘـﻴﺱ ﻗﻴﻤـﺔ ﺍﻟـﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﺠـﻭﻱ ﻭﺘـﺴﺎﻭﻱ‬
‫)‪ (740 mmHg‬ﻓﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠﻕ‪:‬‬

‫‪Pa‬‬ ‫‪= Patm. + Pg‬‬

‫‪= (13600 × 9.81 × 0.74) × 10-3 + 127 = 225.728 kPa‬‬
‫‪ -2‬ﻋﻨﺩ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﻀﻐﻁ ﻏﺎﺯ ﺒﻤﺎﻨﻭﻤﻴﺘﺭ ﺯﺌﺒﻘﻲ‪ .‬ﻜـﺎﻥ ﻋﻤـﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﺯﺌﺒـﻕ ﻴﺒـﻴﻥ ﻗﻴـﺎﺱ ﺘﺨﻠﺨﻠـﻲ ﻤﻘـﺩﺍﺭﻩ‬
‫)‪ (660 mmHg‬ﻭﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﺠﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﻘﻴﺴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺒـﺎﺭﻭﻤﻴﺘﺭ )‪ (740 mmHg‬ﻓﻴﻜـﻭﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠﻕ‪:‬‬

‫‪Pa‬‬ ‫‪= Patm. – Pg‬‬

‫‪= (13600 × 9.81 × 0.74 – 13600 × 9.81 × 0.66) × 10-3 = 10.673 kpa‬‬

‫‪ -3‬ﻋﻨﺩ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﻀﻐﻁ ﻏﺎﺯ ﺒﻤﺎﻨﻭﻤﻴﺘﺭ ﻤـﺎﺌﻲ ﻜـﺎﻥ ﻋﻤـﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻤـﺎﺀ ﻴﺒـﻴﻥ ﻤﻘﻴـﺎﺱ ﺍﻟـﻀﻐﻁ ﻤﻘـﺩﺍﺭﻩ‬
‫)‪ ،(150mm H2O‬ﻭﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﺠﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﻘﻴﺴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﻭﻤﻴﺘﺭ )‪ ،(740mm Hg‬ﻓﻴﻜـﻭﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠﻕ‪:‬‬
‫‪Pa = Patm + Pg‬‬
‫‪=(13600 × 9.81 × 0.74 + 1000 × 9.81 × 0.15) × 10-3 = 100.2 kPa‬‬
‫‪ -4‬ﻋﻨﺩ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﻀﻐﻁ ﻏﺎﺯ ﻓﻲ ﺨﺯﺍﻥ ﺒﻤﺎﻨﻭﻤﻴﺘﺭ ﻴﺤﺘﻭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺎﺌﻊ ﻭﺯﻨﻪ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻲ )‪ .(0.85‬ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﺭﺘﻔـﺎﻉ‬
‫ﻋﻤﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻊ )‪ ،(55cm‬ﻭﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﺠﻭﻱ )‪ (96kPa‬ﻓﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠﻕ‪:‬‬
‫‪Pa = Patm + Pg‬‬
‫‪kg‬‬ ‫‪m‬‬ ‫‪1kPa‬‬
‫‪= 96kPa + 0.85 × 10 3‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬
‫‪× 9.81 2 × 0.55 m × 3‬‬
‫‪m‬‬ ‫‪s‬‬ ‫‪10 Pa‬‬
‫‪= 100.6 kPa‬‬

‫)‪(32‬‬
 ‫)‪ -(2.6‬ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻨﻭﻤﻴﺘﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌل ‪The Inclined Manometer‬‬
‫ﻼ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺤﺩ )‪ (50mm H2O‬ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺒﻴﻥ ﻓـﻲ ﺸـﻜل‬
‫ﻴﺴﺘﻌﻤل ﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻓﺭﻭﻕ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﻴﺭﺓ ﺠﺩﹰﺍ ﻤﺜ ﹰ‬
‫)‪ .(2.5‬ﺇﻥ ﺯﺍﻭﻴﺔ ﻤﻴل ﺍﻨﺒﻭﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻨﻭﻤﻴﺘﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌل ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻻﻓﻘﻲ )‪ (α‬ﻤﺴﺎﻭﻴﺔ ﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﻤﻌﻴﻨﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ‬
‫)‪ ،(30mm‬ﻭﻜﺎﻥ )‪ (α=10°‬ﻓﺎﻥ ﻁﻭل ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻁﻭل ﺍﻻﻨﺒﻭﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌل‪:‬‬

‫‪30 = 30 = 173mm‬‬
‫‪sin 10 o 0.1737‬‬

‫ﺸﻜل )‪ -(2.5‬ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻨﻭﻤﻴﺘﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌل‬

‫ﻴﺴﺘﻌﻤل ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻭ ﺯﻴﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﺍﻓﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻟﻪ ﻭﺯﻥ ﻨﻭﻋﻲ )‪ (0.8‬ﺘﻘﺭﻴﺒﹰﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻤﻨﻪ ﻓﺎﻨﻨﺎ ﻨﺤـﺼل ﻋﻠـﻰ‬
‫ﻼ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻥ ﻤﻌﺩل ﺘﺒﺨﺭﻩ ﺍﻗل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ‪.‬‬
‫ﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺍﻜﺒﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﻤﻤﺎ ﻟﻭ ﺍﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﻨﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ‪ ،‬ﻓﻀ ﹰ‬

‫)‪ -(2.7‬ﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺒﻭﺭﺩﻥ ‪The Bourdon Gauge‬‬

‫ﺇﻥ ﺍﺠﻬﺯﺓ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﻭﻤﻴﺘﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺎﻨﻭﻤﻴﺘﺭﺍﺕ ﻜﻤﺎ ﺴﺒﻕ ﺫﻜﺭﻫﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻜـﺫﻟﻙ ﻤﻘﻴـﺎﺱ‬
‫ﺒﻭﺭﺩﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻀﺢ ﻓﻲ ﺸﻜل )‪(2.6‬‬

‫ﺸﻜل )‪ -(2.6‬ﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺒﻭﺭﺩﻥ‬

‫)‪(33‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﻘﻴﺱ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻭﻁ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﻴﺭﺓ ﻜﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻁﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺭﺍﺠل ﺍﻟﺒﺨﺎﺭﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟـﻀﻐﻭﻁ ﺍﻟﺘـﻲ‬
‫ﺘﺯﻴﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ )‪ ،(0.12 MPa‬ﻭﻴﻘﻴﺱ ﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ )‪ (Pg‬ﻟﺫﻟﻙ ﺘﺠﺏ ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟـﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﺠـﻭﻱ )‪(Patm.‬‬
‫ﻷﻴﺠﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠﻕ )‪.(Pa‬‬
‫ﺇﻥ ﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻻﺠﻬﺯﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻤﺭﺕ ﻫﻲ ﻤﻘﺎﻴﻴﺱ ﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻭﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺭﺓ ﻤﺜل ﻀﻐﻭﻁ ﺍﻟﺒﺨـﺎﺭ ﻓـﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺭﻜﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻭﺭﺒﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺤﺘﻭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﻭﺍﺀ ﻤﻀﻐﻭﻁ‪ .‬ﺍﻤﺎ ﺘﻐﻴـﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟـﻀﻐﻭﻁ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻴﻌﺔ‪ ،‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﺔ ﻤﺤﺭﻙ ﻓﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﻲ ﻟﺘﺴﺠﻴل ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺨﻁﻁ ﺒﻴﺎﻨﻲ‬
‫ﺒﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺜﺎﺒﺘﺔ ﻴﺴﻤﻰ ﺒﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺸﻴﺭ )‪ ،(Indicator‬ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻫﻭ ﻤﺅﺸﺭ‪ ،‬ﺍﻤﺎ ﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﻓﻴـﺘﻡ ﺒﻭﺴـﺎﻁﺔ‬
‫ﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺒﻭﺭﺩﻥ‪.‬‬

‫)‪ -(2.8‬ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ‪Temperature‬‬

‫ﺘﻌﺩ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻫﻡ ﺍﻟﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﺜﺭﻤﻭﺩﻴﻨﺎﻤﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺘﺒﻁﺔ ﺒﺤﻭﺍﺱ ﺍﻻﻨﺴﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ ﺍﻥ ﻤﻔﻬـﻭﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻭ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﻭﺩﺓ ﻴﻨﺸﺄ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻻﺤﺴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻨﺸﻌﺭ ﺒﻪ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺘﻼﻤﺱ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻑ ﺍﻻﺸﻴﺎﺀ‪ .‬ﻟﺫﻟﻙ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل‬
‫ﻼ ﺤﻴﻥ ﻨﻠﻤﺱ ﻗﻁﻌﺔ ﻤﻌﺩﻨﻴﺔ ﺴﺎﺨﻨﺔ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻨﻬﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﻋﺼﺎﺏ ﻋﻨﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻴﺩ ﻟﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﺴﺨﻭﻨﺔ ﺍﻭ ﺒﺭﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻻﺠﺴﺎﻡ‪ .‬ﻓﻤﺜ ﹰ‬
‫ﻤﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻠﻤﺱ ﺴﺘﺤﺱ ﺒﺎﻟﺴﺨﻭﻨﺔ ﻭﻴﻨﺘﻘل ﺫﻟﻙ ﺍﻻﺤﺴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻘل ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﻔﺴﺭ ﺍﻥ ﺫﻟـﻙ ﺍﻟﺠـﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻤـﻭﺱ‬
‫ﺴﺎﺨﻥ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻤﺎ ﺍﺫﺍ ﺘﻡ ﻟﻤﺱ ﻗﻁﻌﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﻠﻴﺩ ﻓﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﺩﻭﻥ ﻋﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻨﻪ ﺒﺎﺭﺩ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺴﺒﺏ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻨﺘﺎﺝ‬
‫ﻴﻌﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺨﻥ ﻴﻌﻁﻲ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻟﻠﻴﺩ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﻠﻤﺱ ﺒﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻗﻁﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﻠﻴﺩ ﺘﻤﺘﺹ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻴـﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﻟﻘﺩ ﻗﻴل ﻓﻲ ﻤﻭﻀﻭﻉ ﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻅﺎﻫﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﻠﻴﺩ ﻴﺤﺘﻭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺴﻬﺎﻡ ﺼﻐﻴﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻭﻀﻌﺕ ﻴﺩﻙ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﻗﻁﻌﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﻠﻴﺩ ﻤﺜﻼﹰ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻨﻙ ﻟﻥ ﺘﺸﻌﺭ ﺒﺎﻟﺒﺭﻭﺩﺓ ﻓﺤﺴﺏ ﻭﻟﻜﻥ ﺒﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻻﻟﻡ ﺍﻴﻀﹰﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺩ ﻓﺴﺭ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻥ‬

‫ﺍﻻﺠﺴﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﻴﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻴﻬﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﺴﻬﺎﻡ ﺘﻨﺘﻘل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﻠﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻴﺩ ﻭﺒﺫﻟﻙ ﺘﺼﺒﺢ ﺍﻟﻴﺩ ﺒﺎﺭﺩﺓ ﻭﻴـﺼﺤﺏ‬
‫ﺫﻟﻙ ﺸﻌﻭﺭ ﺒﺎﻻﻟﻡ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻻ ﺘﻭﺠﺩ ﺤﺎﺠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻻﺤﻴﺎﻥ ﻟﻠﻤﺱ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻲ ﻟﻜﻲ ﻨﻘﺭﺭ ﺍﻥ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻻﻤﺎﻜﻥ ﺤﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻭ ﺒـﺎﺭﺩﺓ‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﻌﻨﺩ ﺨﺭﻭﺠﻨﺎ ﻤﻥ ﻏﺭﻓﺔ ﻭﺩﺨﻭﻟﻨﺎ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﺨﺭﻯ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻥ ﻨﺸﻌﺭ ﺒﺒﺭﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻭ ﺴﺨﻭﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﺭﻓﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻭ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻨﺨـﺭﺝ‬
‫ﻤﻥ ﻤﺒﻨﻰ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻁﻠﻕ‪ .‬ﻭﻜﺫﻟﻙ ﺒﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻑ ﻟﺫﻟﻙ ﻨﺒﺤﺙ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻀﻼل ﻟﻨـﺘﺨﻠﺹ ﻤـﻥ ﺤـﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓ‪.‬‬
‫ﻟﺫﻟﻙ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻭ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﻭﺩﺓ ﻫﻲ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻥ ﺸﺊ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻻﺤﺴﺎﺱ ﺒﻪ ﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓﹰ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﻟﺨﺎﺼﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘـﻲ‬
‫ﺘﺠﻌﻠﻨﺎ ﻨﺸﻌﺭ ﺒﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻡ ﺍﻭ ﺒﺭﻭﺩﺘﻪ ﺘﺴﻤﻰ )ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ(‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﺫﻥ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻫﻲ ﺨﺎﺼﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺘﺼﻑ ﺒﺭﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻭ ﺴـﺨﻭﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻅـﺎﻡ ﺒﺎﻟﻨـﺴﺒﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻤﺤﻴﻁ‪.‬‬

‫)‪(34‬‬
 ‫)‪ -(2.8.1‬ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻭﺍﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻱ‬
‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﺘﻼﻤﺱ ﺠﺴﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﻭ ﺍﻜﺜﺭ ﻭﻻ ﻴﺤﺩﺙ ﺘﺒﺎﺩل ﺤﺭﺍﺭﻱ ﺒﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﻓﺄﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﻴﻜﻭﻨﺎﻥ ﻓـﻲ ﺤﺎﻟـﺔ ﺘـﻭﺍﺯﻥ‬
‫ﺤﺭﺍﺭﻱ ﻭﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻟﻬﻤﺎ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﺤﺩﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﺘﻼﻤﺱ ﺠﺴﻤﺎﻥ ﺘﺨﺘﻠﻑ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘﻬﻤﺎ ﻓﺒﻌﺩ ﻓﺘﺭﺓ ﺯﻤﻨﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻤﻨﺎﺴﺒﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻻﺠﺴﺎﻡ ﺴﺘﺼل ﺍﻟﻰ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺍﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻱ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻴﺘﻭﻗﻑ ﺇﻨﺘﻘﺎل ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺒﻴﻨﻬﻤـﺎ‪ ،‬ﺇﻥ‬
‫ﺘﻭﻗﻑ ﺍﻨﺘﻘﺎل ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻴﻌﻨﻲ ﻅﻬﻭﺭ ﺨﺎﺼﻴﺔ ﻤﺸﺘﺭﻜﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‪.‬‬
‫ﻟﺫﺍ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺘﻌﺭﻴﻑ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺒﺄﻨﻬﺎ ﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻌﻴﻥ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺍﺫﺍ ﻜـﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻅـﺎﻡ ﻤﺘﻭﺍﺯﻨـﺎ‬
‫ﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﹰﺎ ﻤﻊ ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻭ ﺍﻜﺜﺭ ﻤﺠﺎﻭﺭ ﻟﻪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻤﻥ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻴﺘﻀﺢ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻭﺍﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻱ ﻤﻔﺎﻫﻴﻡ ﻤﺭﺘﺒﻁﺔ ﻤـﻊ ﺒﻌـﻀﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺇﺭﺘﺒﺎﻁﹰﺎ ﻭﺜﻴﻘﹰﺎ‪ .‬ﻓﺎﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺸﻜل ﻤﻥ ﺍﺸﻜﺎل ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺘﻨﺘﻘل ﻤﻥ ﺠﺴﻡ ﻵﺨﺭ ﺒﺴﺒﺏ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻕ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺩﺭﺠـﺔ ﺤـﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻤﻴﻥ‪ .‬ﺍﻤﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺘﺴﺎﻭﺕ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻤﻴﻥ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻴﻌﻨﻲ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﻘﻠـﺔ ﺘـﺴﺎﻭﻱ‬
‫ﺼﻔﺭ‪‬ﺍ ﻭﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻤﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺘﻭﺍﺯﻥ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﻱ‪.‬‬

‫)‪ -(2.8.2‬ﻤﻘﺎﻴﻴﺱ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ‪Scales of Temperature‬‬

‫ﺇﻥ ﺤﺎﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﻤﺱ ﻋﺎﺠﺯﺓ ﻋﻥ ﺘﻘﺩﻴﺭ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺒﺭﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻭ ﺴﺨﻭﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻡ ﺘﻘﺩﻴﺭﹰﺍ ﺭﻗﻤﻴﹰﺎ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺠﺎﻨﺏ ﺫﻟـﻙ‬
‫ﻓﺈﻥ ﺤﺎﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﻤﺱ ﺘﺘﺤﺴﺱ ﻓﻘﻁ ﻀﻤﻥ ﻤﺩﻯ ﻤﺤﺩﺩ ﺠﺩﹰﺍ ﻤﻥ ﺩﺭﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‪ .‬ﻓﻼ ﻴﺘﺤﻤل ﺍﻻﻨـﺴﺎﻥ ﻟﻤـﺱ‬
‫ﻼ ﻋﻥ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺤﺎﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﻤﺱ ﻜﺜﻴﺭﹰﺍ ﻤﺎ ﺘﻌﻁﻲ ﺍﻨﻁﺒﺎﻋـﹰﺎ ﻏﻴـﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺠﺴﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺨﻨﺔ ﺠﺩﹰﺍ ﺍﻭ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﺩﺓ ﺠﺩﺍﹰ‪ ،‬ﻓﻀ ﹰ‬
‫ﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﻋﻥ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺴﺨﻭﻨﺔ ﺍﻻﺠﺴﺎﻡ‪.‬‬
‫ﻼ ﻋﻨﺩ ﻟﻤﺱ ﺠﺴﻤﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻓﺼل ﺍﻟﺸﺘﺎﺀ ﺍﺤﺩﻫﻤﺎ ﻤﻌﺩﻨﻲ ﻭﺍﻵﺨﺭ ﺨـﺸﺒﻲ ﻓـﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﺠـﺴﻡ ﺍﻻﻭل‬
‫ﻓﻤﺜ ﹰ‬
‫ﻴﺒﺩﻭﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﻠﻤﺱ ﺍﺒﺭﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺭﻏﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺘﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘﻬﻤﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﺒﺏ ﻴﻌﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻰ ﻜـﻭﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺩﻨﻲ ﻤﻭﺼل ﺠﻴﺩ ﻟﻠﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻴﺴﻤﺢ ﺒﺄﻨﺘﻘﺎل ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺒﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ ﻋﺎﺯل ﻻ ﻴﺴﻤﺢ ﺒﺎﻨﺘﻘـﺎل‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‪.‬‬
‫ﻤﺜﺎل ﺁﺨﺭ‪ ،‬ﻋﻨﺩ ﻭﻀﻊ ﺍﺤﺩﻯ ﺍﻟﻴﺩﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺴﺎﺌل ﺴﺎﺨﻥ ﻭﺍﻻﺨﺭﻯ ﻓﻲ ﺴﺎﺌل ﺒﺎﺭﺩ ﺜﻡ ﺭﻓﻊ ﺍﻟﻴﺩﻴﻥ ﻤﻌﹰﺎ‬
‫ﻭﻏﻤﺴﻬﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺴﺎﺌل ﺩﺍﻓﺊ ﻓﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻴﺩ ﺍﻻﻭﻟﻰ ﺴﺘﺸﻌﺭ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﺒﺎﺭﺩ‪ ،‬ﺒﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﺴﺘﺸﻌﺭ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﻨﻔﺴﻪ‬
‫ﺴﺎﺨﻥ‪.‬‬
‫ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻀﺭﻭﺭﻱ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻐﻨﺎﺀ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺩﺍﺌﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺘﻘﺩﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﻠﺠﻭﺀ ﺍﻟﻰ ﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﺩﻗﻴﻘﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‪ .‬ﻟﺫﻟﻙ ﺼﻤﻤﺕ ﻤﻘﺎﻴﻴﺱ ﻟﺩﺭﺠـﺔ ﺍﻟﺤـﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺘـﺴﻤﻰ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﺤـﺎﺭﻴﺭ‬
‫)‪ ،(Thermometers‬ﺘﺤﺘﻭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺘﺘﻤﺩﺩ ﺍﻭ ﺘﺘﻘﻠﺹ ﺘﺒﻌﹰﺎ ﻟﻠﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤـﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻭ ﺍﻟﺒـﺭﻭﺩﺓ‪ .‬ﻫـﺫﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻴﻴﺱ ﺘﻌﺘﻤﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻨﻘﻁﺘﻲ ﺇﻨﺠﻤﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻲ ﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻴـﹰﺎ ﻭﻏﻠﻴﺎﻨـﻪ ﻋﻨـﺩ ﺍﻟـﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﺠـﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺴـﻲ‬
‫)‪ ،(760 mmHg‬ﺇﺫ ﺍﻨﻪ ﺒﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺘﺯﺩﺍﺩ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﻐﻠﻴﺎﻥ ﻭﺘـﻨﺨﻔﺽ ﻓﻠـﻴ ﹰ‬
‫ﻼ ﻋﻨـﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻨﺠﻤﺎﺩ‪ .‬ﻭﺘﻘﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻁﺘﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﺒﺘﺘﻴﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺩﺩ ﻤﻌﻴﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻻﻗﺴﺎﻡ ﻭﻴﺴﻤﻰ ﻜل ﻗﺴﻡ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ‪.‬‬

‫)‪(35‬‬
 ‫ﺘﻘﺴﻡ ﻤﻘﺎﻴﻴﺱ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﺍﻵﺘﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -1‬ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﻲ )‪ .(Relative Temperature Scale‬ﻭﻴﺸﻤل‬
‫ﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺴﻠﺯﻴﻭﺱ )‪(Celsius Scale‬‬ ‫ﺃ‪-‬‬
‫ﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﺌﻭﻱ ﻨﻔﺴﻪ )‪ ،(°C) (Centigrade Scale‬ﺴﻤﻲ ﺒﺴﻠﺯﻴﻭﺱ ﻋﺎﻡ )‪ (1742‬ﻨـﺴﺒ ﹰﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻰ ﻤﺨﺘﺭﻋﻪ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﻭﻴﺩﻱ ﺍﻨﺩﺭﻴﻪ ﺴﻠﺯﻴﻭﺱ )‪ .(1744 – 1701‬ﻗـﺭﺭ ﺍﻟﻤـﺅﺘﻤﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺴـﻊ ﻟـﻸﻭﺯﺍﻥ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻌﻘﺩ ﻋﺎﻡ )‪ (1948‬ﺍﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﺴﻴﻠﺯﻴﻭﺱ ﺒﺩل ﻤﺌﻭﻱ ﻋﺎﻟﻤﻴﺎ ًﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻨﺠﻤﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻲ )‪ (0°C‬ﻭﺍﻟﻐﻠﻴﺎﻥ )‪ .(100°C‬ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻴﺴﺘﻌﻤل ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻲ ﻟﻠﻭﺤـﺩﺍﺕ‪ .‬ﺭﻤـﺯ ﺩﺭﺠـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ )‪ (t°C‬ﺍﻭ )‪ .(t‬ﻭﻭﺤﺩﺘﻬﺎ )‪.(°C‬‬

‫ﺏ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻔﻬﺭﻨﻬﺎﻴﺘﻲ )‪(Fahrenheit Scale‬‬

‫ﺴﻤﻲ ﺒﺎﺴﻡ ﻤﺨﺘﺭﻋﻪ ﺩﺍﻨﻴل ﺠﺎﺒﺭﻴﻴل ﻓﻬﺭﻨﻬﺎﻴﺕ )‪ (1736 – 1686‬ﻴﺴﺘﻌﻤل ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻠـﺩﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻁﻘـﺔ‬
‫ﺒﺎﻻﻨﻜﻠﻴﺯﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻨﺠﻤﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻲ )‪ (32 °F‬ﻭﺍﻟﻐﻠﻴﺎﻥ )‪ .(212°F‬ﺭﻤﺯ ﺩﺭﺠـﺔ ﺍﻟﺤـﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬
‫)‪ (t°F‬ﻭﺤﺩﺘﻪ )‪.(°F‬‬
‫ﻴﻘﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﺌﻭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ )‪ (100‬ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻬﺭﻨﻬﺎﻴﺘﻲ ﺍﻟﻰ )‪ (180‬ﺩﺭﺠﺔ‪ ،‬ﺒﺫﻟﻙ ﺘﺼﺒﺢ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺠﺔ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﺌﻭﻱ ⎟⎞ ⎜⎛ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻔﻬﺭﻨﻬﺎﻴﺘﻲ‪ .‬ﺍﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺌﻭﻴﺔ )‪(t°C‬‬
‫‪9‬‬
‫⎠‪⎝5‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻬﺭﻨﻬﺎﻴﺘﻴﺔ )‪ (t°F‬ﺘﻌﻁﻰ ﺒﺎﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻵﺘﻴﺔ‪:‬‬

‫)‪t o F = 9 t o C + 32 = 1.8 t ( o C) + 32 ( o F ) ..... (2.5‬‬

‫‪5‬‬
‫ﻤﺜﺎل )‪(2.5‬‬
‫‪ -1‬ﺤﻭل )‪ (50°C‬ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﺌﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﻬﺭﻨﻬﺎﻴﺘﻲ‪:‬‬
‫‪t °F = 1.8 t °C + 32 = 1.8×50 + 32 = 122 °F‬‬

‫‪ -2‬ﺤﻭّل )‪ (176 °F‬ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻔﻬﺭﻨﻬﺎﻴﺘﻲ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺌﻭﻱ‪:‬‬

‫‪t o C = t F − 32 = 176 − 32 = 80o C‬‬

‫‪o‬‬

‫‪1.8‬‬ ‫‪1.8‬‬

‫ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻔﻬﺭﻨﻬﺎﻴﺘﻲ ﻟﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻗﺩ ﺯﺍل ﺍﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎﻟﻪ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﺌﻭﻱ )ﺴـﻴﻠﺯﻴﻭﺱ( ﻻﺯﺍل‬
‫ﻭﺍﺴﻊ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل‪ ،‬ﺍﻻ ﺍﻥ ﻤﺎ ﻴﻌﻭل ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺍﻵﻥ ﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠﻕ )ﻜﻠﻔﻥ( ﻟﺩﺭﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‪.‬‬

‫)‪(36‬‬
 ‫)‪-(2‬ﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠﻘﺔ‬
‫‪Absolute Temperature Scale‬‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ )‪ (1954‬ﺘﻡ ﺍﻻﺘﻔﺎﻕ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﹰﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠﻕ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﻌﺘﻤﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘـﻲ‬
‫ﻋﻨﺩﻫﺎ ﺘﺘﻼﺸﻰ ﺘﻤﺎﻤﹰﺎ ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺯﻭﻨﺔ ﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﻟﺠـﺴﻡ‪ .‬ﻴـﺴﺘﻌﻤل ﻫـﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻴـﺎﺱ ﻓـﻲ ﺍﻟﺤـﺴﺎﺒﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺜﺭﻤﻭﺩﻴﻨﺎﻤﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻭﻴﺸﻤل‪-:‬‬

‫ﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻜﻠﻔﻥ ‪Kelvin Scale‬‬ ‫ﺃ‪-‬‬

‫ﺴﻤﻲ ﺒﻜﻠﻔﻥ ﻋﺎﻡ )‪ (1851‬ﻨﺴﺒ ﹰﺔ ﺍﻟﻰ ﻤﺨﺘﺭﻋﻪ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﻴﻁﺎﻨﻲ ﻟﻭﺭﺩ ﻜﻠﻔـﻥ )‪.(1907 – 1824‬‬
‫ﺭﻤﺯ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ )‪ (TK‬ﺍﻭ )‪ (T‬ﻭﻭﺤﺩﺘﻪ ﻜﻠﻔﻥ )‪ (K‬ﻴﻨﺎﻅﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﺌﻭﻱ ﻭﺘﻜﻭﻥ‬
‫ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠﻕ ﺘﺴﺎﻭﻱ )‪ (-273.16 °C‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﺌﻭﻱ‪ ،‬ﻋﻨﺩﺌ ٍﺫ ﻴﻜـﻭﻥ ﺍﻟـﺼﻔﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠـﻕ‬
‫ﻟﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻫﻭ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻔﻘﺩ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﻴﺌﺎﺕ ﻋﻨﺩﻫﺎ ﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﻁﺎﻗﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺩﺭﺠﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻨﺠﻤﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ )‪ (273.16 K‬ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﻫﺎ )‪ .(273 K‬ﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺴﺎﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺜﺭﻤﻭﺩﻴﻨﺎﻤﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻜﻤﺎ ﺫﻜﺭﻨﺎ ﻓﺈﻥ‬
‫ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻴﺠﺏ ﺍﻥ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻁﻠﻘﺔ ﻭﺒﺎﻟﻜﻠﻔﻥ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ‪:‬‬
‫‪TK = t °C + 273‬‬ ‫)‪(K‬‬ ‫]‪or T = t + 273 [K‬‬ ‫)‪…… (2.6‬‬

‫ﻭﻴﻼﺤﻅ ﺍﻥ ﻓﺭﻕ ﺩﺭﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠﻘﺔ ﻴﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﻓﺭﻕ ﺩﺭﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺌﻭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻅﺭﺓ ﻟﻬـﺎ‪،‬‬
‫ﺃﻱ )‪ (∆T = ∆t‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﻤﻭﻀﺢ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺩﻨﺎﻩ‪:‬‬

‫‪∆T = T2 – T1 = (t2 + 273) – (t1 + 273) = t2 – t1 = ∆t‬‬ ‫)‪…. (2.7‬‬

‫‪o‬‬ ‫‪o‬‬ ‫‪o‬‬

‫‪C‬‬ ‫‪K‬‬ ‫‪F‬‬ ‫‪R‬‬
‫ﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﻏﻠﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻲ ﻋﻨﺩ )‪(1atm‬‬ ‫‪100‬‬ ‫‪373.15‬‬ ‫‪212‬‬ ‫‪672‬‬

‫ﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﺍﻨﺠﻤﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻲ‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪273.15‬‬ ‫‪32‬‬ ‫‪492‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠﻕ‬ ‫‪-273.15‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪-460‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬

‫ﺸﻜل )‪ -(2.7‬ﻤﻘﺎﻴﻴﺱ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬

‫)‪(37‬‬
 ‫ﺏ‪ -‬ﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺭﻨﻜﻥ ‪Rankine Scale‬‬
‫ﻴﺴﺘﻌﻤل ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺩﻭل ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻁﻘﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻻﻨﻜﻠﻴﺯﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺭﻤﺯ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫـﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻴـﺎﺱ )‪(T°R‬‬
‫ﻭﻭﺤﺩﺘﻬﺎ )‪ .(°R‬ﻴﻨﺎﻅﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻔﻬﺭﻨﻬﺎﻴﺘﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠـﻕ ﺘـﺴﺎﻭﻱ )‪(-459.67 °F‬‬
‫ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺇﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﻫﺎ )‪ (460 °F‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻔﻬﺭﻨﻬﺎﻴﺘﻲ‪ .‬ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺇﻨﺠﻤﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ )‪ .(492 °R‬ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻴﻴﺱ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠﻘﺔ ﻤﻭﻀﺤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺸﻜل )‪ (2.7‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺘﻠﺨﻴﺼﻬﺎ ﺒﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﻁﻁ ﺍﻵﺘﻲ‪:‬‬

‫)‪Celsius (Centigrade‬‬
‫‪Relative‬‬
‫‪Fahrenheit‬‬
‫‪Temperature Scale‬‬
‫‪Kelvin‬‬
‫‪Absolute‬‬
‫‪Rankine‬‬

‫ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﻨﻜﻥ ﺒﺎﻟﻜﻠﻔﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻬﺭﻨﻬﺎﻴﺕ ﻤﻭﻀﺤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪-:‬‬

‫‪T°R = 1.8 TK = t °F + 460‬‬ ‫)‪……. (2.8‬‬

‫ﺘﻜﺘﺏ ﻗﺭﺍﺀﺓ ﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺩﺭﺠـﺔ ﺍﻟﺤـﺭﺍﺭﺓ )‪ (°R ،°F ،K ،°C‬ﺒﺤـﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻴـﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻤـﺴﺘﻌﻤل ﺍﻭ‬
‫)‪.(deg. R ،deg. F ،K ،deg. C‬‬

‫ﻤﺜﺎل )‪(2.6‬‬
‫ﺤﻭّل )‪ (-1°C‬ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﺌﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﻬﺭﻨﻬﺎﻴﺘﻲ‪ ،‬ﺭﻨﻜﻥ ﻭﻜﻠﻔﻥ‪.‬‬

‫)‪t °F = 1.8 t °C + 32 = 1.8 . (-1) + 32 = 30.2 (°F‬‬

‫‪T °R = t °F + 460 = 30.2 + 460 = 490.2 °R‬‬
‫‪TK = t °C + 273 = -1 + 273 = 272 K‬‬

‫)‪(38‬‬
 ‫ﺍﻤﺜﻠﺔ ﻤﺤﻠﻭﻟﺔ‪:‬‬
‫)‪(2.7‬‬
‫ﻗﻭﺓ ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭﻫﺎ )‪ (7500N‬ﺴﻠﻁﺕ ﺘﺴﻠﻴﻁﹰﺎ ﻤﺘﺴﺎﻭﻴﹰﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻜﺒﺱ ﻗﻁـﺭﻩ )‪ ،(100mm‬ﻤـﺎ ﻤﻘـﺩﺍﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺒﺱ ﺒﻭﺤﺩﺍﺕ )‪(kN/m2‬؟‬
‫‪F‬‬ ‫‪7500‬‬ ‫‪7500 × 4‬‬
‫=‪P‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 956 kN/m 2‬‬
‫‪A π×D‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫)‪π × (0.1‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬

‫‪4‬‬ ‫)‪(2.8‬‬
‫ﺯﻴﺕ ﻭﺯﻨﻪ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻲ )‪ (0.8‬ﻤﻭﻀﻭﻉ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻰ ﻋﻤﻕ ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭﻩ )‪ ،(2m‬ﺍﺤﺴﺏ ﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻴـﺎﺱ‬
‫ﺒﻭﺤﺩﺍﺕ )‪.(kN/m2‬‬
‫‪P = ρgh‬‬
‫‪= 0.8 × 9.81 × 2‬‬
‫‪= 15.7 kN/m2‬‬

‫)‪(2.9‬‬
‫ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻗﺭﺍﺀﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﻭﻤﺘﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺴﺠﻠﺕ )‪ .(765mmHg‬ﺤـﻭل ﻫـﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻘـﺭﺍﺀﺓ ﺍﻟـﻰ ﻭﺤـﺩﺍﺕ‬
‫)‪.(MN/m2‬‬
‫‪P = ρ g h = 13600 × 9.81 × 0.765‬‬
‫‪= 102063.24 N/m2‬‬
‫‪= 0.102 MN/m2‬‬
‫)‪(2.10‬‬
‫ﺭﻓﻊ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﺩﺍﺨل ﻭﻋﺎﺀ ﺒﻭﺴﺎﻁﺔ ﻤﺎﻨﻭﻤﺘﺭ ﺯﺌﺒﻘﻲ ﻋﻨﺩ ﻀﻐﻁ ﻤﻌﻴﻥ‪ .‬ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻔـﺭﻕ ﻓـﻲ ﺍﺭﺘﻔـﺎﻉ‬
‫ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﺯﺌﺒﻕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻨﻭﻤﺘﺭ )‪ (260 mmHg‬ﻓﻭﻕ ﺍﻟـﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﺠـﻭﻱ‪ .‬ﻭﻜﺎﻨـﺕ ﻗـﺭﺍﺀﺓ ﺍﻟﺒـﺎﺭﻭﻤﻴﺘﺭ‬
‫)‪ .(758 mmHg‬ﺍﻭﺠﺩ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠﻕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻭﻋﺎﺀ ﺒﻭﺤﺩﺍﺕ )‪.(bar) ،(MN/m2‬‬

‫‪Pa =Patm.+Pg=13600 × 9.81 × 0.758+13600 × 9.81 × 0.26‬‬

‫‪=135817.48 N/m2‬‬
‫‪= 0.1358 MN/m2‬‬
‫‪= 1.358 bar‬‬

‫)‪(39‬‬
 ‫)‪(2.11‬‬
‫ﻤﺎﻨﻭﻤﻴﺘﺭ ﻤﺎﺌﻲ ﻴﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﻓﻲ ﻭﻋﺎﺀ ﻤﺎ ﻴﺴﺎﻭﻱ )‪ (400mm‬ﺘﺤﺕ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﺠﻭﻱ‪ .‬ﺍﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﺠﻭﻱ )‪ .(763 mmHg‬ﺍﻭﺠﺩ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠﻕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻭﻋﺎﺀ ﺒﻭﺤﺩﺍﺕ )‪.(kN/m2‬‬

‫‪Pa = Patm. – Pg = 13600 × 9.81 × 0.763 – 1000 × 9.81 × 0.4‬‬

‫‪= 97872.41N/m2‬‬
‫‪= 97.87 kN/m2‬‬

‫)‪(2.12‬‬
‫ﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺒﻭﺭﺩﻥ ﻟﻠﻀﻐﻁ ﻴﺴﺠل ﻀﻐﻁﹰﺎ ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭﻩ )‪ (1.75 MN/m2‬ﻟﻠﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ‪ .‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜـﺎﻥ ﺍﻻﺭﺘﻔـﺎﻉ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﻭﻤﻴﺘﺭﻱ )‪ .(757 mmHg‬ﺍﻭﺠﺩ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠﻕ‪.‬‬
‫‪Pa. = Patm. + Pg‬‬
‫‪= 13600 × 9.81 × 0.757 × 10-6+ 1.75‬‬
‫‪= 1.851 MN/m2‬‬

‫)‪(2.13‬‬
‫ﻜﺎﻥ ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻠﺨﻠﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺒﺨﺭ )‪ ،(284 mmHg‬ﻓـﺈﺫﺍ ﻋﻠﻤـﺕ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟـﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﺠـﻭﻱ‬
‫)‪ .(742 mmHg‬ﺍﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠﻕ ﺒﻭﺤﺩﺍﺕ )‪.(Pa‬‬
‫‪Pa = Patm. – Pg‬‬
‫)‪= 13600 × 9.81 (0.742 – 0.284‬‬
‫‪= 61104.53 Pa‬‬

‫)‪(2.14‬‬
‫ﺍﻭﺠﺩ ﺇﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﻋﻤﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﻭﻋﻤﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﺯﺌﺒﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﻓﺊ ﻟﻠﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﺠﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﺎﺭﻱ )‪.(101325N/m2‬‬

‫‪P‬‬ ‫‪101325‬‬
‫= ‪h 1w‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 10.329 m H 2O‬‬
‫‪ρw × g 1000 × 9.81‬‬
‫‪ρ × h 1w 1000 × 10.329‬‬
‫‪h 2 Hg = 1w‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 0.76 m Hg‬‬
‫‪ρ 2 Hg‬‬ ‫‪13600‬‬

‫)‪(40‬‬
 ‫)‪(2.15‬‬
‫ﺍﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﻓﺊ ﻟﻌﻤﻭﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺯﺌﺒﻕ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﺭﺘﻔﺎﻋﻪ‪.1mm ،750mm ،760mm :‬‬
‫‪P = ρgh = 13600 × 9.81 × 0.76 = 101.396 kPa‬‬
‫‪= 13600 × 9.81 × 0.75 = 100 kPa‬‬
‫‪= 13600 × 9.81 × 0.001 = 0.133 kPa‬‬

‫)‪(2.16‬‬
‫ﺍﺫﺍ ﺍﺭﺩﻨﺎ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﻓﺭﻕ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭﻩ )‪ (200 Pa‬ﺒﻭﺴﺎﻁﺔ ﻤﺎﻨﻭﻤﻴﺘﺭ ﺍﺴﺘﻌﻤل ﻓﻴـﻪ ﻜـﺴﺎﺌل ﺍﻟﺯﺌﺒـﻕ‪،‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤــﺎﺀ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻜﺤــﻭل‪ .‬ﺍﺤــﺴﺏ ﺍﺭﺘﻔــﺎﻉ ﻋﻤــﻭﺩ ﺍﻟــﺴﺎﺌل‪ .‬ﺍﺫﺍ ﻜــﺎﻥ )‪،(ρHg=13600kg/m3‬‬
‫)‪.(ρalc. = 800 kg/m3)، (ρw = 1000 kg/m3‬‬

‫‪P‬‬ ‫‪200‬‬
‫=‪h‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 1.5 mmHg‬‬
‫‪ρ × g 13600 × 9.81‬‬
‫‪200‬‬
‫=‬ ‫‪= 20.4 mm W‬‬
‫‪1000 × 9.81‬‬
‫‪200‬‬
‫=‬ ‫‪= 25.5 mm Alc‬‬
‫‪800 × 9.81‬‬
‫)‪(2.17‬‬
‫ﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺒﻭﺭﺩﻥ ﻴﻘﻴﺱ ﻀﻐﻁ ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭﻩ )‪ .(1.75 MPa‬ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﺠﻭﻱ )‪،(757 mmHg‬‬
‫ﺍﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠﻕ ﺒﻭﺤﺩﺍﺕ )‪.(mmHg) ،(MPa‬‬
‫‪Pa = Patm. + Pg = 1.75 + 13600 × 9.81 × 0.757‬‬
‫‪= 1.851 MPa‬‬

‫‪h = 1.851 × 10 = 13.874 mHg = 13874 mmHg‬‬

‫‪6‬‬

‫‪13600 × 9.81‬‬

‫)‪(41‬‬
 ‫)‪(2.18‬‬
‫ﺍﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﺔ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻏﺎﺯ ﻤﻐﻠﻘﺔ ﺒﻤﻜﺒﺱ ﻗﻁﺭﻩ )‪ (24cm‬ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺜﻘل )ﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺒﺱ ‪ +‬ﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﻘل( ﺘﺴﺎﻭﻱ‬
‫)‪ .(2kg‬ﺘﻡ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﺠﻭﻱ ﺒﻭﺴﺎﻁﺔ ﺒﺎﺭﻭﻤﻴﺘﺭ ﺯﺌﺒﻘﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﻜـﺎﻥ ﺍﺭﺘﻔـﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺯﺌﺒـﻕ )‪.(750mmHg‬‬
‫ﺍﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺱ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠﻕ ﺒﻭﺤﺩﺍﺕ‪.mmHg ،PSI ،bar ،kPa :‬‬

‫‪F m×g‬‬ ‫‪2 × 9.81 × 4‬‬ ‫‪Patm‬‬ ‫‪Patm‬‬

‫= ‪Pg‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 434 Pa‬‬
‫‪A π × D 2 3.14 × (0.24) 2‬‬
‫‪4‬‬
‫‪= 0.434 kPa‬‬ ‫ﻤﻜﺒﺱ‬
‫‪= 0.434 × 10 -2 bar‬‬ ‫ﻏــﺎﺯ‬
‫‪= 0.434 × 10 -2 × 14.7 = 0.063 PSI‬‬
‫‪Pg‬‬ ‫‪434‬‬
‫= ‪h Hg‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 3.253mmHg‬‬
‫‪PHg × g 13600 × 9.81‬‬
‫‪Pa = Patm . + Pg = 13600 × 9.81 × 0.75 + 434 = 100496 Pa‬‬
‫‪= 100.496 kPa = 1.00496 bar‬‬
‫‪Pabs .‬‬ ‫‪100496‬‬
‫= ‪h Hg‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 0.7532 mmHg‬‬
‫‪ρ Hg × g 13600 × 9.81‬‬
‫)‪(2.19‬‬
‫ﺍﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﺔ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻏﺎﺯ ﺭﺒﻁ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻤﺎﻨﻭﻤﻴﺘﺭ ﺯﺌﺒﻘﻲ ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ )ﺃ( ﻗﺭﺍﺀﺓ ﺍﻟﻤـﺎﻨﻭﻤﻴﺘﺭ )‪،(15 cm Hg‬‬
‫)ﺏ( ﻗﺭﺍﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻨﻭﻤﻴﺘﺭ ﺒﻀﻐﻁ ﺘﺨﻠﺨل ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭﻩ )‪ (10 cm Hg‬ﻭﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻗﺭﺍﺀﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﻭﻤﻴﺘﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺘﻴﻥ ‪(1.01‬‬
‫)‪ .bar‬ﺇﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠﻕ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﺯ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺘﻴﻥ ﺒﻭﺤﺩﺍﺕ‬
‫)‪.bar (2‬‬ ‫)‪kN/m2 (1‬‬
‫‪-1‬‬
‫‪Pa= Patm. + Pg = 1.01 × 105 + 13600 × 0.15 × 9.81‬‬
‫‪= 121012.4 Pa‬‬
‫‪= 121.0124 kPa = 1.21 bar‬‬

‫ﺏ‪-‬‬
‫‪Pa = Patm. – Pg = 1.01 × 105 – 13600 × 0.1 × 9.81‬‬
‫‪= 87658.4 Pa‬‬
‫‪= 87.6524 kPa‬‬
‫‪= 0.876584 bar‬‬

‫)‪(42‬‬
 ‫)‪(2.20‬‬
‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻗﺭﺍﺀﺓ ﺒﺎﺭﻭﻤﻴﺘﺭ ﺯﺌﺒﻘﻲ ﻋﻨﺩ ﻗﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺠﺒل )‪ .(740 mmHg‬ﻭﻓﻲ ﻗﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺒل ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻗﺭﺍﺀﺓ‬
‫ﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﻭﻤﻴﺘﺭ )‪ .(590 mmHg‬ﺇﺤﺴﺏ ﺇﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺠﺒل‪ .‬ﻋﻠﻤﹰﺎ ﺒﺄﻥ‪.(ρa=1.225 kg/m3) :‬‬
‫‪P = ρ g ∆ h = 13600 × 9.81 × (0.74 – 0.59) × 10-3‬‬
‫‪= 20.013 kPa‬‬
‫‪p‬‬ ‫‪20.013 × 10 3‬‬
‫=‪h‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 1665m‬‬
‫‪ρ a × g 1.225 × 9.81‬‬
‫)‪(2.21‬‬
‫ﺍﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﺔ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻏﺎﺯ ﻤﻐﻠﻘﺔ ﺒﻤﻜﺒﺱ ﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﻤﻘﻁﻌﻪ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﻀﻲ )‪ (0.04m2‬ﻭﻜﺘﻠﺘﻪ )‪ .(60kg‬ﻭﻜﺎﻨﺕ‬
‫ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﺠﻭﻱ )‪ .(0.97 bar‬ﺍﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠﻕ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﺯ‪.‬‬

‫‪F‬‬ ‫‪m×g‬‬
‫‪Pa = Patm . + Pg = Patm . +‬‬ ‫‪= Patm . +‬‬
‫‪A‬‬ ‫‪A‬‬
‫⎛ ‪60 kg × 9.81 m/s 2‬‬ ‫‪1N‬‬ ‫⎞ ‪⎞⎛ 1 bar‬‬
‫‪= 0.97 bar +‬‬ ‫⎜‬ ‫⎟‬
‫‪0.04m 2‬‬ ‫⎠⎟ ‪⎜ 1kg . m/s 2 ⎟⎜⎝ 10 5 Pa‬‬
‫⎝‬ ‫⎠‬
‫‪= 1.117 bar‬‬

‫)‪(43‬‬
 ‫ﻤﺴﺎﺌل‬
‫)‪(2.1‬‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻀﺢ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜل‪ ،‬ﻴﻭﺠﺩ ﻏﺎﺯ ﻓﻭﻗﻪ ﻤﻜﺒﺱ ﺤﺭ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﻋﻠﻴـﻪ‬
‫‪D‬‬
‫ﺜﻘل‪ .‬ﺍﺤﺴﺏ ﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺒﺱ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﻘل ﻤﺠﺘﻤﻌﻴﻥ ﺍﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻅـﺎﻡ ﻓـﻲ ﺤﺎﻟـﺔ ﺴـﻜﻭﻥ‬
‫‪D‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺤﺴﺏ ﻜﺫﻟﻙ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠﻕ ﻭﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺱ ﻟﻠﻐـﺎﺯ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻋﻠﻤـﺕ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟـﻀﻐﻁ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺠــــــــﻭﻱ )‪ (1.01bar‬ﻭﻜﺜﺎﻓــــــــﺔ ﺍﻟﺯﺌﺒــــــــﻕ‬
‫‪85cm‬‬

‫)‪ .(13.6 g/cm3‬ﺍﻫﻤل ﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ‪ ،‬ﺍﻥ )‪.(d=2 cm) (D=20 cm‬‬
‫‪d‬‬
‫ﺝ‪(3560.87 N ) :‬‬

‫)‪(2.2‬‬
‫ﻭﻀﻊ ﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻀﻐﻁ ﻤﺘﺨﻠﺨل )ﻓﺎﻜﻴﻭﻡ( ﻋﻨﺩ ﺩﺨﻭل ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﻰ ﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﻭﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻗﺭﺍﺀﺘﻪ )‪.(0.5 bar‬‬
‫ﻭﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻗﺭﺍﺀﺓ ﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﺨﺭﻭﺝ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻀﺎﻏﻁ )‪ .(0.8 MPa‬ﺇﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠـﻕ ﻟﻠﻐـﺎﺯ‬
‫ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﺩﺨﻭل ﻭﺍﻟﺨﺭﻭﺝ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟـﻀﺎﻏﻁ‪ ،‬ﺍﺫﺍ ﻜـﺎﻥ ﺍﻟـﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﺠـﻭﻱ)‪ (760 mmHg‬ﻭﻜﺜﺎﻓـﺔ ﺍﻟﺯﺌﺒـﻕ‬
‫)‪ .(13600 kg/m3‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻭﻀﻊ ﻤﺎﻨﻭﻤﻴﺘﺭ ﺯﺌﺒﻘﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺸﻜل )‪ (U‬ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﺨﻭل ﻭﺍﻟﺨﺭﻭﺝ‪ .‬ﺍﺤـﺴﺏ ﻓـﺭﻕ‬
‫ﺇﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺯﺌﺒﻕ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺴﺎﻗﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻨﻭﻤﻴﺘﺭ‪.‬‬
‫ﺝ‪.(0.64 cm Hg ،901.3 kPa ،51.3 kPa) :‬‬

‫)‪(44‬‬
 ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ – ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ‬
‫)‪ -(3.1‬ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ‪Energy‬‬
‫ﻴﻬﺘﻡ ﻋﻠﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺩﻴﻨﺎﻤﻴﻜﺎ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﻭﺘﺤﻭﻻﺘﻬﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺸﻜل ﻵﺨﺭ‪ .‬ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻭﻻﺕ ﺘﻨﻅﻡ ﺒﻀﻭﺍﺒﻁ‬
‫ﻤﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻫﻲ ﻗﻭﺍﻨﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﻴﻨﺎﻤﻴﻜﺎ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﺎﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺘﺴﺎﻋﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺼﻴﺎﻏﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﺍﻻﻭل ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﻌﺒﺭ ﻋﻥ ﻤﻔﻬـﻭﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺘﻌﺭﻴﻑ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺒﺄﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﻨﺠﺎﺯ ﺸﻐل‪ ،‬ﺭﻤﺯﻫﺎ )‪ .(E‬ﺍﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﺸﻐل ﻓﻬﻭ ﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻟﺤﺭﻜـﺔ‬
‫ﻗﻭﺓ ﻤﺎ ﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﻤﻌﻴﻨﺔ‪ ،‬ﻴﺤﺘﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﻭﻗﻭﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﻜﺎﻤﻨﺔ ﺒﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻌﻨﺩ ﺤﺭﻗﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺭﻙ ﺘﺘﺤـﻭل‬
‫ﻼ ﻗﺩ ﺤﺼل ﻷﻥ ﻗﻭﺓ ﻴﺠـﺭﻱ ﺘﺤﺭﻴﻜﻬـﺎ‬
‫ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻰ ﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﺘﺤﺭﻙ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﻤﻨﻪ ﻓﺄﻥ ﺸﻐ ﹰ‬
‫ﺒﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﻤﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻟﺤﺭﻕ ﺍﻟﻭﻗﻭﺩ ﺘﺅﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺌﻊ‬
‫ﺇﻥ ﻭﺤﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﻫﻲ )ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺓ × ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ( ﺃﻱ )‪ (N.m‬ﻭﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﺠﻭل )‪ (J‬ﻭﻷﻨﻪ ﻭﺤـﺩﺓ ﺼـﻐﻴﺭﺓ‬
‫ﻓﻴﺴﺘﻌﻤل ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻠﻭ ﺠﻭل )‪ (kJ‬ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﺴﺎﻭﻱ )‪.(103 J‬‬

‫)‪ -(3.2‬ﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﻭﺍﺸﻜﺎل ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ‪Sources & Forms of Energy‬‬

‫‪ -1‬ﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺫﺍﺕ ﻜﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﻤﺤﺩﻭﺩﺓ ﻭﺘﺸﻤل ﺍﻟﻭﻗﻭﺩ )ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻱ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻔﺤﻡ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻭﻱ(‪.‬‬
‫ﻼ ﻭﺘﺸﻤل‪:‬‬
‫‪ -2‬ﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺫﺍﺕ ﻜﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﺤﺩﻭﺩﺓ ﻟﺘﻭﻟﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺭﺒﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻤﺜ ﹰ‬
‫ﺃ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺴﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺏ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﻤﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﺠﺯﺭ‬
‫ﺠـ‪ -‬ﺍﻤﻭﺍﺝ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺭ‬
‫ﺩ‪ -‬ﻤﺴﺎﻗﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ‬
‫ﻫـ‪ -‬ﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﻴﺎﺡ‬
‫ﻭ – ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺯﻭﻨﺔ ﺘﺤﺕ ﺍﻻﺭﺽ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻤﺎ ﺍﺸﻜﺎل ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﻓﻤﻭﻀﺤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﻁﻁ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‪-:‬‬

‫)‪(45‬‬
 ‫‪Potential E.‬‬
‫‪Mechanical E.‬‬
‫‪Kinetic E.‬‬
‫‪Internal E.‬‬

‫‪Stored E.‬‬ ‫‪Flow or Displacement E.‬‬

‫‪Internal E.‬‬
‫‪Energy‬‬

‫‪Chemical E.‬‬

‫‪Electrical E.‬‬
‫‪Nuclear E‬‬

‫‪Work‬‬
‫‪Transit E.‬‬
‫‪Heat‬‬
‫)‪ -(3.2.1‬ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺯﻭﻨﺔ ‪Stored Energy‬‬
‫ﻫﻲ ﺍﻻﺸﻜﺎل ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻊ ﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﻀﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻊ ﺘﻔﺴﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺘﺸﻤل‪:‬‬
‫ﺃ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻤﻨﺔ ‪Potential Energy‬‬
‫ﺘﺴﻤﻰ ﺍﻴﻀﹰﺎ ﺒﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﻀﻊ‪ ،‬ﺭﻤﺯﻫﺎ )‪ ،(PE‬ﺘﺘﻭﻗﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻡ ﻭﺍﺭﺘﻔﺎﻋﻪ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻤﻨﺴﻭﺏ‬
‫ﺜﺎﺒﺕ ﻜﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺠﻭﺯﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻨﺴﻭﺏ ﻤﻌﻴﻥ ﻭﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﺤﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﺩﻭﺩ ﺃﻱ ﺍﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﻜﺘﺴﺒﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻊ )ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ( ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭﻩ )‪ (Z‬ﺒﺎﻟﻨـﺴﺒﺔ ﻟـﺴﻁﺢ ﺍﻻﺭﺽ‪ .‬ﺇﻥ ﻗـﻭﺓ ﺍﻟﺠـﺫﺏ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺭﻀﻲ ﻟﻠﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﻴﺴﺎﻭﻱ )‪ (F= m×g‬ﺤﻴﺙ )‪ (g‬ﺘﻤﺜل ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺠﻴل ﺍﻻﺭﻀﻲ‪ ،‬ﻓـﺈﺫﺍ ﺘﺤﺭﻜـﺕ ﻫـﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻘـﻭﺓ‬
‫)ﺍﻭ ﺍﻟﻭﺯﻥ( ﺨﻼل ﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺸﺎﻗﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭﻫﺎ )‪ ،(Z‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻤﻨﺔ ﺘﺴﺎﻭﻱ‪:‬‬

‫‪PE = F × Z = m×g× z‬‬ ‫)‪…… (3.1‬‬

‫ﺍﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻤﻨﺔ‪:‬‬

‫‪∆PE = mg× ∆Z‬‬ ‫)‪…….. (3.2‬‬

‫ﻭﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻤﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﺘﺴﺎﻭﻱ‪:‬‬

‫‪PE = g ×Z‬‬ ‫)‪……….. (3.3‬‬

‫)‪(46‬‬
‫ﻟﻴﺱ ﻟﻠﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻤﻨﺔ ﺍﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﻜﺒﻴﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺼﻐﻴﺭﹰﺍ ﺠﺩﹰﺍ ﻴﻘﺘﺭﺏ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺭ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻌﻅـﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺭﻜﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺏ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﻴﺔ ‪Kinetic Energy‬‬
‫ﺭﻤﺯﻫﺎ )‪ .(KE‬ﻫﻲ ﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻡ ﺍﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻊ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ ﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ‪ ،‬ﺘﺘﻭﻗﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻡ ﻭﺴﺭﻋﺘﻪ‬
‫ﺍﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺍﻭ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺘﺒﻁﻴﺌﻪ‪ .‬ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺤﺩﻫﺎ ﺍﻻﻗﺼﻰ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻴﺒﻁﺊ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﻭﻥ‪ .‬ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻥ‬
‫ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﻜﺒﻴﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻻﻨﻅﻤﺔ ﻤﺜل ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺭﻜﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﺜﺔ‪ ،‬ﺘﻭﺭﺒﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺨﺎﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﻭﺍﻟـﻀﻭﺍﻏﻁ‬
‫…‪ .‬ﺍﻟﺦ‪ .‬ﻭﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ )‪ (C‬ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻋﺔ‪ (t) ،‬ﺍﻟﺯﻤﻥ‪ (m) ،‬ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ‪ (a) ،‬ﺘﻌﺠﻴل ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠـﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓـﺴﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻘـﻭﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺜﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﺘﺠﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺯﻱ ﻷﺯﺍﺤﺘﻪ )‪ (dL‬ﻴﺴﺎﻭﻱ‪:‬‬

‫)‪F = m .a = m dc ............. (3.4‬‬

‫‪dt‬‬

‫ﻭﺴﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﻐل ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺫﻭل ﺍﻭ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﺒﻭﺴﺎﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻡ ﻀﺩ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺓ ﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴل ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﻤﻥ‬
‫)‪Wt = ∫ FdL ......... (3.5‬‬ ‫)‪ (C‬ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺭ ﻴﺴﺎﻭﻱ‪:‬‬

‫‪= ∫ m dc . dL = ∫ m dc . dc = ∫ mcdc‬‬
‫‪dt‬‬ ‫‪dt‬‬
‫‪c‬‬
‫⎤‪⎡ 2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪= ∫ m d (c) 2 = m ⎢ c ⎥ = ∆ mc‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪⎣ 2 ⎦o‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫ﺍﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﻴﺔ ﻓﻴﺴﺎﻭﻱ‪:‬‬
‫‪∴ KE = mc‬‬ ‫)‪........... (3.6‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪m∆c 2‬‬
‫= ‪∆KE‬‬ ‫)‪..........( 3.7‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫ﺍﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﻓﺘﺴﺎﻭﻱ‪:‬‬
‫‪∆c‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫= ‪∆KE‬‬ ‫)‪..........( 3.8‬‬
‫‪2‬‬

‫ﻭﻨﺘﻌﺭﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺤﺩﺍﺕ )‪ (KE‬ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻭﻴل ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻟﻠﻭﺤﺩﺍﺕ‪:‬‬

‫‪m‬‬
‫‪kg × 2 × m‬‬
‫‪kJ‬‬ ‫‪J‬‬ ‫‪N.m‬‬ ‫‪s‬‬ ‫‪m2‬‬
‫‪= 10 3‬‬ ‫‪= 10 3‬‬ ‫‪= 10 3‬‬ ‫)‪= 10 3 2 ......... (3.9‬‬
‫‪kg‬‬ ‫‪kg‬‬ ‫‪kg‬‬ ‫‪kg‬‬ ‫‪s‬‬

‫ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﺍﺭﻴﺩ ﺍﻥ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟـ )‪ (KE‬ﺒﻭﺤﺩﺍﺕ )‪ (kJ/kg‬ﻓﺘﺼﺒﺢ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ )‪ (3.8‬ﻜﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‪:‬‬

‫‪∆c 2 m 2 / s 2‬‬ ‫‪kJ/kg‬‬ ‫‪∆c 2‬‬

‫= ‪∆KE‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫=‪. 3 2 2‬‬ ‫)‪( kJ/kg) ..........( 3.10‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪10 m / s‬‬ ‫‪2 × 10 3‬‬

‫)‪(47‬‬
 ‫ﺠـ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﻴﺔ ‪Internal Energy‬‬
‫ﺘﺘﺄﻟﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺫﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺠﺯﻴﺌﺎﺕ‪ .‬ﻓﻌﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺨﻴﻥ ﺴﺘﺤﺼل ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺤﺭﻜﻴـﺔ ﺒـﺴﺒﺏ‬
‫ﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﻴﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﻘﺎﻟﻴـﺔ )‪ ،(Transition‬ﺍﻻﻫﺘﺯﺍﺯﻴـﺔ )‪ ،(Vibration‬ﻭﺍﻟﺩﻭﺭﺍﻨﻴـﺔ )‪،(Rotation‬‬
‫ﻭﻜﺫﻟﻙ ﺴﺘﺤﺼل ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﻜﺎﻤﻨﺔ ﺒﺴﺒﺏ ﻗﻭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺫﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﻴﺌﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﻓـﻲ ﺸـﻜل‬
‫)‪.(3.1‬‬

‫‪Transitional‬‬

‫ﺸﻜل )‪ -(3.1‬ﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺌﻴﺎﺕ ﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ‬

‫ﺇﺫﻥ ﻜل ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻤﺘﻠﻜﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺨﺯﻭﻨﺔ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺘﺴﻤﻰ ﺒﺎﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻴﺭﻤـﺯ ﻟﻬـﺎ )‪(U‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ )‪ .(µ‬ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﺘﺘﺤﺭﻙ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﻴﺌﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺫﺭﺍﺕ ﺒﺤﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻜﺒﺭ ﻤﻤﺎ ﻫﻭ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ‪ ،‬ﻟﺫﺍ‬
‫ﺴﻴﻭﻟﺩ ﺍﺭﺘﻁﺎﻤﻬﺎ ﻭﺤﺭﻜﺘﻬﺎ ﻀﻐﻁﹰﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﺍﺭ‪ .‬ﻟﺫﺍ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﻟﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﻴﺌﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺫﺭﺍﺕ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﻬﻲ ﺨﺎﺼﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺘﻌﻴﻥ ﺒﺩﻻﻟﺔ ﺃﻱ ﺨﺎﺼﻴﺘﻴﻥ ﻤﺴﺘﻘﻠﺘﻴﻥ ﻤﺜل )‪.(T ،P‬‬
‫ﺇﻥ ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﻻ ﻴﺅﺩﻱ ﺩﺍﺌﻤﹰﺎ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﻓﻤﺜ ﹰ‬
‫ﻼ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤـﺎﺀ ﺍﻟـﻰ‬
‫ﺒﺨﺎﺭ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺴﺘﺒﻘﻰ ﺜﺎﺒﺘﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺤﻴﻥ ﺘﺯﺩﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺘﻨﻔﺼل ﺍﻟﺠﺯﻴﺌﺎﺕ ﻟﻴﺘﺤﻭل ﺍﻟﻤـﺎﺀ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻰ ﺒﺨﺎﺭ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺘﻨﻁﺒﻕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﺤﻭﻴل ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺏ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺴﺎﺌل ﻜﻤﺎ ﺴﻴﺘﻭﻀﺢ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﻘـﺭﺓ )‪ ،(4.1‬ﺍﻨﻅـﺭ‬
‫ﺸﻜل )‪.(4.2‬‬
‫ﻻ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺍﺴـﺎﺱ ﻤﻁﻠـﻕ‪ ،‬ﺒـل ﺘﻤﺜـل ﺒﻤﻘـﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴـﺭ ﺃﻱ‬
‫)‪ .(∆U12=U2-U1‬ﻓﻌﻨﺩ ﺘﺴﺨﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺘﺭﺘﻔﻊ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘﻪ ﻭﺘﺯﺩﺍﺩ ﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﻴﺌﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺫﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‬
‫ﺘﺯﺩﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻜﺱ ﺼﺤﻴﺢ‪ ،‬ﻓﻌﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﻴﺌﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺫﺭﺍﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺴﻜﻭﻥ ﻓﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﺼﻔﺭﹰﺍ‪ .‬ﺃﻱ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﻟﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻜﻤﺎ ﺴﻴﺘﻭﻀﺢ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺒﻌﺩ‪.‬‬

‫)‪(48‬‬
 ‫ﺩ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻻﺯﺍﺤﻴﺔ ﺍﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﺩﻓﻘﻴﺔ )ﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺭﻴﺎﻥ( ‪Flow or Displacement Energy‬‬
‫ﻼ‪ .‬ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻋﻠـﻰ‬
‫ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺘﺠﺔ ﺒﺴﺏ ﺃﺯﺍﺤﺔ ﺍﻭ ﺠﺭﻴﺎﻥ )ﺘﺩﻓﻕ( ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻊ ﺴﻭﺍﺀ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻏﺎﺯﹰﺍ ﺃﻭ ﺴﺎﺌ ﹰ‬
‫ﺸﻜل ﻨﻭﻋﻴﻥ‪:‬‬
‫ﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻭ ﺸﻐل ﺃﺯﺍﺤﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺃ‪.‬‬
‫ﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺸﻐل ﺠﺭﻴﺎﻨﻲ )ﺘﺩﻓﻘﻲ(‪.‬‬ ‫ﺏ‪.‬‬
‫ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﻐل ﺍﻻﺯﺍﺤﻲ ﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﺸﻐل ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺫﻭل ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺔ ﻗﻭﺓ ﻤﺅﺜﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻜﺒﺱ ﺘﺯﻴﺤﻪ ﻤﻥ ﻤﻜﺎﻥ ﻵﺨـﺭ ﻤﻨﺠـﺯﺍ‬
‫ﺒﺫﻟﻙ ﺸﻐﻼ ﺍﺯﺍﺤﻴﹰﺎ‪ .‬ﺍﺒﺴﻁ ﻤﺜﺎل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻫﻭ ﻤﺎﻴﺤﺩﺙ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﺔ ﻤﺤﺭﻙ‪ .‬ﻓﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﺤﺘﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻟﻭﻗﻭﺩ ﺩﺍﺨـل‬
‫ﺍﻻﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﺔ ﺘﺘﻭﻟﺩ ﻁﺎﻗﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﺘﻤﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺩﻓﻊ ) ﺍﻭ ﺘﺯﻴﺢ( ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺒﺱ ﻤﻥ ﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﻻﺨﺭﻯ ﻤﻨﺠـﺯﺍ ﺒـﺫﻟﻙ‬
‫ﺸﻐﻼ ﺨﺎﺭﺠﻴﺎ ﻤﻭﺠﺒﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﻴﺤﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺒﺱ ﺸﻐﻼ ﺩﺍﺨﻠﻴﺎ ﺴﺎﻟﺒﺎ ﻟﻴﺯﺍﺡ ﺍﻴﻀﺎ ﻤﻥ ﻨﻘﻁـﺔ‬
‫ﻻﺨﺭﻯ‪ .‬ﻓﺄﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ )‪ (P‬ﺘﻤﺜل ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺜﺭ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﺒﺕ )ﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺒﺱ ﻤﺜﻼ(‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻥ )‪ (V1‬ﺍﻟﺤﺠـﻡ ﺍﻻﺒﺘـﺩﺍﺌﻲ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻐﺎﺯ‪ (V2) ،‬ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺌﻲ‪ .‬ﻓﺄﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﻐل ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺠﺯ ﻤﻥ ﻗﺒل ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ )‪ (W‬ﻭﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﺯﻴﺢ ﺍﻟﻤﻜـﺒﺱ ﻤـﻥ ﻨﻘﻁـﺔ‬
‫)‪ (V1‬ﺍﻟﻰ ﻨﻘﻁﺔ )‪ (V2‬ﺴﻴﻜﻭﻥ ‪:‬‬
‫) ‪W12 = P∆V12 = P(V2-V1‬‬

‫)‪ -(3.2.2‬ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﻘﻠﺔ ﺍﻭ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺒﺭﺓ ‪Transit Energy‬‬

‫ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺘﺸﺒﻴﻪ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﻁﺭ‪ ،‬ﻓﻌﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻴﻬﻁل ﺍﻟﻤﻁﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺒﺤﻴﺭﺓ ﻴﺘﺤﻭل ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﺭ ﺍﻟـﻰ ﻤـﺎﺀ‬
‫ﺍﻀﺎﻓﻲ ﻀﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﻴﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﻻ ﻴﺴﻤﻰ ﻋﻨﺩﺌ ٍﺫ ﻤﻁﺭﺍﹰ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﻀﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﻴﺭﺓ ﻴﺸﺒﻪ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗـﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺯﻭﻨـﺔ‪ ،‬ﺒﻴﻨﻤـﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻁﺭ ﻴﺸﺒﻪ ﺍﻟﺸﻐل ﺍﻭ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‪ .‬ﻓﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻨﺘﻘﺎل ﺍﻟﺸﻐل ﺍﻭ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻴﺘﺤﻭﻻﻥ ﺍﻟﻰ ﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﻤﺨﺯﻭﻨـﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻟﺫﻟﻙ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﻁﺄ ﺍﻥ ﻴﻘﺎل ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻴﺤﺘﻭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﻨﻤﺎ ﻴﻘﺎل ﺍﻨﻪ ﻴﺤﺘﻭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﻤﺨﺯﻭﻨﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﻴﻨﺘﻬﻲ ﻭﺠﻭﺩﻫﻤﺎ ﻜﺸﻐل ﺍﻭ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﻴﺘﺤﻭﻻﻥ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺎﻤﻨﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﻘﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻜﺒﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﻐل ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺝ ﻓﺴﺘﺯﺩﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺯﻭﻨـﺔ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻜﺱ ﺼﺤﻴﺢ‪ .‬ﻴﺘﺒﻴﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻗﺸﺔ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﻘﻠﺔ ﺘﺸﻤل ﺍﻟﺸﻐل ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‪.‬‬

‫)‪ -(3.3‬ﺤﻔﻅ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ‪The Conservation of Energy‬‬

‫ﻴﻨﺹ ﻗﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﺤﻔﻅ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﻻ ﺘﻔﻨﻰ ﻭﻻ ﺘﺴﺘﺤﺩﺙ ﻭﺇﻨﻤﺎ ﺘﺘﺤﻭل ﻤﻥ ﺸﻜل ﺍﻟﻰ ﺁﺨﺭ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﺒﺴﻁ ﻤﺜﺎل ﻟﺘﻭﻀﻴﺢ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻬﻭﻡ ﻫﻭ ﻤﺤﻁﺎﺕ ﺘﻭﻟﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺭﺒﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺤﻭل ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟـﻰ‬
‫ﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﺜﻡ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺸﻐل ﻴﻘﻭﻡ ﺒﺘﺩﻭﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻟﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺭﺒﺎﺌﻴـﺔ )‪ .(Electrical generator‬ﺃﻱ ﺍﻥ ﻫـﺫﺍ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻐل ﻗﺩ ﺘﺤﻭل ﺍﻟﻰ ﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﻜﻬﺭﺒﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﺘﺭﺴل ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻬﻠﻙ ﻷﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎﻟﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺠﻬﺯﺓ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻷﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻀﻭﺀ ﺍﻭ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺄﻜﻴﺩ ﻻ ﺘﺘﺤﻭل ﻜل ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻰ ﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﻜﻬﺭﺒﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﺒﺴﺒﺏ ﺘـﺴﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗـﺔ ﺍﻭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻘﻭﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻻﻤﺜﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺤﻁﺎﺕ ﺘﻭﻟﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﻫﻲ‪:‬‬

‫)‪(49‬‬
 ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺴﻴﺔ ﺸﻜل )‪Solar Power Plant (3.2-a‬‬ ‫‪-1‬‬
‫ﻤﺤﻁﺔ ﺩﻴﺯل ﺸﻜل )‪Diesel Engine Power Plant (3.2-b‬‬ ‫‪-2‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﻴﺔ ﺸﻜل )‪Gas Turbine Power Plant (3.3-a‬‬ ‫‪-3‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺨﺎﺭﻴﺔ ﺸﻜل )‪Steam Power Plant (3.3-b‬‬ ‫‪-4‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﻴﺔ ﺸﻜل )‪Nuclear Gas Turbine Power Plant (3.4-a‬‬ ‫‪-5‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺩﺭﻭﻟﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﺸﻜل )‪Hydraulic Power Plant (3.4-b‬‬ ‫‪-6‬‬
‫ﻭﻏﻴﺭﻫﺎ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺤﻁﺎﺕ ﺘﺤﻭﻴل ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺴﻨﺴﻠﻁ ﺍﻟﻀﻭﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺒﻌﺽ ﻤﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻁﺎﺕ‪.‬‬

‫ﻤﺤﻁﺔ ﺩﻴﺯل‬ ‫‪-1‬‬

‫ﺒﻌﺩ ﺤﺭﻕ ﺍﻟﻭﻗﻭﺩ ﺩﺍﺨل ﻤﺤﺭﻙ ﺩﻴﺯل‪ ،‬ﺘﺘﺤﻭل ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻭﻗﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻰ ﻁﺎﻗـﺔ‬
‫ﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻨﻭﺍﺘﺞ ﺍﻻﺤﺘﺭﺍﻕ )‪ (Product of Combustion‬ﺘﺘﻤﺩﺩ ﻭﻴﺘﺤـﺭﻙ ﺍﻟﻤﻜـﺒﺱ ﺤﺭﻜـﺔ ﺘﺭﺩﺩﻴـﺔ‬
‫)‪ (Reciprocating‬ﺜﻡ ﺘﺘﺤﻭل ﺍﻟﻰ ﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺩﻭﺭﺍﻨﻴﺔ )‪ (Rotary‬ﺒﻭﺴﺎﻁﺔ ﺁﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻓـﻕ ﻭﺫﺭﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺼـﻴل‬
‫)‪ (Crank Connecting rod mechanism‬ﻴﺴﺘﻐﻠﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻟﺩ ﻷﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺭﺒﺎﺌﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺃﻱ ﺍﻥ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺌﻴﺔ ← ﻤﺤﺭﻙ ﺩﻴﺯل ← ﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﻴﺔ ← ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻟﺩ ← ﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﻜﻬﺭﺒﺎﺌﻴﺔ‬

‫‪Condenser‬‬

‫ﺸﻜل )‪ –(3.2‬ﻤﺤﻁﺔ ﺘﻭﻟﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ‬

‫)‪(50‬‬
 ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﻴﺔ‬ ‫‪-2‬‬
‫ﻴﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍﺀ ﺨﻼل ﺍﻟﻀﺎﻏﻁ )‪ .(Compressor‬ﻨﻭﺍﺘﺞ ﺍﻻﺤﺘﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺘﺠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻏﺭﻓﺔ ﺍﻻﺤﺘـﺭﺍﻕ‬
‫)‪ (Combustor‬ﺘﺘﻤﺩﺩ ﺨﻼل ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺭﺒﻴﻥ )‪ (Turbine‬ﻭﺘﻌﻁﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻐل ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻡ ﻷﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻟﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺭﺒﺎﺌﻲ‪.‬‬

‫ﺸﻜل )‪ – (3.3‬ﻤﺤﻁﺔ ﺘﻭﻟﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ‬

‫‪ -3‬ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺨﺎﺭﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻋﻨﺩ ﺤﺭﻕ ﺍﻟﻭﻗﻭﺩ )ﺴﻭﻻﺭ ﺍﻭ ﻓﺤﻡ(‪ ،‬ﺘﻌﻤل ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺠل )‪ (Boiler‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﻭﻟﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﺨـﺎﺭ‪.‬‬
‫ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻴﺘﻤﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﺨﺎﺭ ﺨﻼل ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺭﺒﻴﻥ ﻓﺎﻥ ﺠﺯﺀ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺯﻭﻨﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺨﺎﺭ ﺘﺘﺤﻭل ﺍﻟﻰ ﻁﺎﻗﺔ‬
‫ﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻴﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻟﺩ ﻷﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺭﺒﺎﺌﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺃﻱ ﺍﻥ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺌﻴﺔ ← ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺠل ← ﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ← ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺭﺒﻴﻥ ← ﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﻴﺔ ← ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻟﺩ ← ﻁﺎﻗـﺔ‬
‫ﻜﻬﺭﺒﺎﺌﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺸﻜل )‪ – (3.4‬ﻤﺤﻁﺔ ﺘﻭﻟﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ‬

‫)‪(51‬‬
 ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﻴﺔ‬ ‫‪-4‬‬
‫ﻴﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﺨﻼل ﺍﻟﻀﺎﻏﻁ )‪ ،(Compressor‬ﺜﻡ ﻴﺴﺨﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺒـﺎﺩل ﺍﻟﺤـﺭﺍﺭﻱ ﺒﻭﺍﺴـﻁﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻭﻟﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺎﻋل )‪ ،(Reactor‬ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﻘﻠﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺎﻋل ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺩل ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻱ ﺒﻭﺍﺴـﻁﺔ ﻤـﺎﺩﺓ‬
‫ﻨﺎﻗﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﺘﺘﻤﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺨﻨﺔ ﺨﻼل ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺭﺒﻴﻥ‪ ،‬ﺠﺯﺀ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺯﻭﻨﺔ ﻓـﻲ ﺍﻟﻐـﺎﺯﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺘﺘﺤﻭل ﺍﻟﻰ ﺸﻐل ﻴﻌﻤل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻟﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺭﺒﺎﺌﻲ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ ﺍﻥ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻴﻭﺭﺍﻨﻴﻭﻡ ← ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺎﻋل ← ﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ← ﻤﺒﺎﺩل ﺤﺭﺍﺭﻱ ← ﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﻜﻬﺭﺒﺎﺌﻴﺔ → ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻟﺩ → ﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﻴﺔ → ﺘﻭﺭﺒﻴﻥ‬
‫ﻭﺨﻼﺼﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻭل ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻤﺤﻁﺎﺕ ﺘﺤﻭﻴل ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻨﻅﻤﺔ ﺜﺭﻤﻭﺩﻴﻨﺎﻤﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻓﺴﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ )‪ (∑Ein‬ﺘﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺠﺔ )‪ (∑Eout‬ﻭﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ‪∆Esystem‬‬
‫ﻜﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺸﻜل )‪ ،(3.5‬ﺃﻱ‪:‬‬

‫‪Ein‬‬ ‫‪∆Esystem‬‬ ‫‪Eout‬‬

‫ﺸﻜل )‪ -(3.5‬ﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ‬

‫‪∑Ein = ∑out + ∆∑Esystem‬‬ ‫)‪……. (3.11‬‬

‫ﻭﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻤﺴﺘﻘﺭﺓ ﺃﻱ )‪ (∆∑Esystem = 0‬ﻓﺴﻴﻜﻭﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪∑Ein = ∑Eout = ∑Econstant‬‬
‫ﻭﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻤﻌﺯﻭل )‪ (Isolated‬ﻓﺄﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪Esystem = Constant‬‬

‫)‪ -(3.4‬ﺍﻟﺸﻐل ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ‪Work and Heat‬‬

‫)‪ -(3.4.1‬ﺨﻠﻔﻴﺔ ﺘﺄﺭﻴﺨﻴﺔ ‪Historical Background‬‬
‫ﻅﻬﺭﺕ ﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻤﻥ ﻋﺸﺭ ﺘﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﺤﺩ ﺍﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺌﻊ ﺃﻱ ﺍﻨﻬـﺎ ﻤـﺎﺩﺓ ﺘﺨـﺯﻥ‬
‫ﻭﺘﻨﺴﺎﺏ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻻﺠﺴﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﺩﺓ‪ .‬ﻟﻜﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﻓﻨﺩﺕ ﻭﺍﺼﺒﺤﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻭﻗﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻀـﺭ ﻏﻴـﺭ‬
‫ﻤﻘﺒﻭﻟﺔ ﻷﻨﻪ ﺒﺭﻫﻥ ﻭﺃﺜﺒﺕ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﹰﺎ ﻭﻋﻠﻤﻴﹰﺎ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ )‪ (1‬ﺘﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺒﺎﻻﺤﺘﻜﺎﻙ ﻭ )‪ (2‬ﺘﻨـﺴﺎﺏ ﺤﺘـﻰ ﻤـﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺠﺴﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﺩﺓ ﻭ )‪ (3‬ﺘﻨﺘﻘل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻻﺠﺴﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﺩﺓ ﺘﻠﻘﺎﺌﻴﹰﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﻟﻘﺩ ﻗﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺭ ﻫﻤﻔﺭﻱ ﺩﻴﻔﻲ ﺒﺘﻘﺭﻴﺏ ﺠﺴﻤﻴﻥ ﺒﺎﺭﺩﻴﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺒﻌﻀﻬﻤﺎ ﺜﻡ ﻤﺴﺢ ﺍﺤﺩﻫﻤﺎ ﺒـﺎﻵﺨﺭ‬
‫ﻓﻭﺠﺩ ﻅﻬﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺍﻻﺤﺘﺎﻙ ﻤﺎ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻫﺫﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻤﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﺩﻴﻥ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻡ ﻨﻔﺴﻪ ﺒﺄﺨﺫ ﻗﻁﻌﺘﻴﻥ ﻤﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺜﻠﺞ ﻭﻭﻀﻊ ﺍﺤﺩﻯ ﺍﻟﻘﻁﻌﺘﻴﻥ ﻓﻭﻕ ﺍﻻﺨﺭﻯ ﻭﺒﺩﺃ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺢ ﺒﺒﻌﻀﻬﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺽ ﻓﺄﻨـﺼﻬﺭﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻁﻌﺘـﻴﻥ‬

‫)‪(52‬‬
‫ﻭﻜﻭﻨﺎ ﻤﺎ ًﺀ ﻭﺒﻬﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺩﻟﻴل ﺍﺜﺒﺕ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺘﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺒﺎﻻﺤﺘﻜﺎﻙ ﻤﺎ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺠﺯﻴﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﻷﻥ ﻫـﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﻴﺌـﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺩﺍﺌﻤﻴﺔ ﻟﺫﻟﻙ ﺘﻨﺴﺎﺏ ﺤﺘﻰ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻻﺠﺴﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﺩﺓ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻡ ﻜﻭﻨﺕ ﺭﻤﻔﻭﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺍﻜﺩ ﻋﺎﻡ )‪ (1798‬ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺘﺘﻭﻟﺩ ﺒﺎﻻﺤﺘﻜﺎﻙ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﺇﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ‬
‫ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺭﺍﻴﺵ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﺎﺱ ﺍﻻﺼﻔﺭ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺘﺠﻭﻴﻑ ﻤﺎﺴﻭﺭﺓ ﻤﺩﻓﻊ‪.‬‬
‫ﻴﻘﺼﺩ ﺒﺎﻻﺤﺘﻜﺎﻙ ﺍﻟﺸﻐل ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺫﻭل ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺴﺅﻭل ﻋﻥ ﺍﻨﺴﻴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﻟﺫﻟﻙ ﻭﻤﻥ ﺨـﻼل ﺍﻟﺘﺠـﺎﺭﺏ‬
‫ﺍﻋﻼﻩ ﺘﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺘﻜﺎﻓ ًﺅ ﻤﺘﻴﻨﺎﹰ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺘﺠﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻐل ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺫﻭل‪ ،‬ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻓﺅ ﺍﻭﺠﺩﻩ ﺍﻟﺩﻜﺘﻭﺭ ﺠﻴﻤﺱ‬
‫ﺒﺭﻴﺴﻜﻭ ﺠﻭل )‪ (1889 – 1818‬ﻭﻫﻭ ﻋﺎﻟﻡ ﻓﻴﺯﻴﺎﻭﻱ ﺍﻨﻜﻠﻴﺯﻱ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﺒﺤﺜﻪ ﺍﻟﺘـﺄﺭﻴﺨﻲ ﻓـﻲ ﻤـﺅﺘﻤﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺒﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﻴﻁﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻜﻭﺭﻙ ﻋﺎﻡ )‪ ،(1843‬ﺇﺫ ﻗﺎﻡ ﺒﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺩﺩﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﺒﺘﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺤـﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻐل ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺴﺎﻭﻱ )‪ (J=4.186 kJ/kcal‬ﻭﺘـﺴﻤﻰ ﺒﻤﻜـﺎﻓﺊ ﺠـﻭل‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ ﺍﻥ )‪(W/Q=J‬‬
‫ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﻐل )‪ (W‬ﺒﻭﺤﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﻭل )‪ (J‬ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ )‪ (Q‬ﺒﻭﺤﺩﺍﺕ )‪ .(Kcal‬ﻭﻓﻲ ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻭﺤـﺩﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻲ )‪ (SI‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﻭﺤﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻨﻔﺱ ﻭﺤﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﻐل ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﻭل )‪ (J‬ﻭﻴﺴﺎﻭﻱ )‪ ،(J=N.m‬ﻟﺫﺍ ﻓـﺈﻥ‬
‫ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﻓﺊ ﻟﻴﺱ ﻀﺭﻭﺭﻴﹰﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ‪ ،‬ﻓﺒﻘﻴﺕ ﻗﻴﻤﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺭﻴﺨﻴﺔ ﻓﻘﻁ‪.‬‬

‫)‪ -(3.4.2‬ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻐل ‪Relationship between Heat & Work‬‬
‫ﻋﻨﺩ ﺇﻨﺘﻘﺎل ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻭ ﺍﻟﺸﻐل ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻴﺘﺤﻭﻻﻥ ﺍﻟﻰ ﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﻤﺨﺯﻭﻨﺔ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺩﺨﻭﻟﻬﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻻ‬
‫ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺘﻤﻴﻴﺯﻫﻤﺎ ﺍﻭ ﻓﺼﻠﻬﻤﺎ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﻤﺘﻠﻜﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ‪ .‬ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺘﺸﺒﻴﻪ ﺫﻟـﻙ ﺒـﺎﻟﻤﻁﺭ ﻓـﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﻴـﺭﺓ‪،‬‬
‫ﻓﺎﻟﻤﻁﺭ ﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻐل‪ ،‬ﻭﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﻴﺭﺓ ﻴﺸﺒﻪ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺯﻭﻨﺔ‪ .‬ﻨـﺴﺘﻨﺘﺞ ﻤـﻥ ﺫﻟـﻙ ﺍﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻭ ﺍﻟﺸﻐل ﻫﻤﺎ ﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﻤﻨﺘﻘﻠﺔ ﻋﺒﺭ ﺤﺩﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ ﺍﻨﻬﺎ ﻅﺎﻫﺭﺓ ﻭﻗﺘﻴﺔ ﺘﻼﺤﻅ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺤﺩﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻨﻅـﺎﻡ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﺘﺘﻭﻗﻑ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻴﺘﻭﻗﻑ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﻘﺎل‪.‬‬
‫ﺇﺫﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﻐل ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻫﻤﺎ ﺸﻜل ﻤﻥ ﺍﺸﻜﺎل ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ‪ ،‬ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﻤﻨﺘﻘﻠﺔ ﻭﻟﻴﺱ ﺨﺎﺼﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻟﺫﻟﻙ ﻓﻬﻤﺎ ﺩﺍﻟـﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ ﻻ ﻴﻌﺘﻤﺩﺍﻥ ﻓﻘﻁ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻻﺒﺘﺩﺍﺌﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﺒل ﺍﻴﻀﹰﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻨﻴﺔ )ﺍﻟﻭﺴـﻁﻴﺔ(‪،‬‬
‫ﺃﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺭ‪.‬‬

‫)‪(53‬‬
 ‫)‪ -(3.4.3‬ﺍﺸﺎﺭﺓ ﻭﻭﺤﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻐل ‪Sign. of Heat & Work‬‬
‫ﺭﻤﺯ ﺍﻟﺸﻐل )‪ (W‬ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻲ )‪ (w‬ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﺴﺎﻭﻱ )‪ ،(w=W/m‬ﻭﺭﻤﺯ ﺍﻟﺤـﺭﺍﺭﺓ )‪ (Q‬ﻭﺍﻟﺤـﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬
‫ﻟﻜل )‪ (1Kg‬ﺒﺎﻟﺭﻤﺯ )‪ (q‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺴﺎﻭﻱ )‪ .(q=Q/m‬ﻭﻴﻘﺎل ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﻐل ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﻘل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺤـﻴﻁ‬
‫ﺒﺎﻟﺸﻐل ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺠﻲ )‪ (External Work‬ﻭﺭﻤﺯﻩ )‪ (Wout‬ﻭﺍﺸﺎﺭﺘﻪ ﻤﻭﺠﺒﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻋﻥ ﺍﻟـﺸﻐل ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﻘـل ﻤـﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻴﻁ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺒﺎﻟﺸﻐل ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﻲ )‪ (Internal Work‬ﻭﺭﻤﺯﻩ )‪ (Win‬ﻭﺇﺸﺎﺭﺘﻪ ﺴﺎﻟﺒﺔ‪ .‬ﺍﻤـﺎ ﺍﻟﺤـﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﻘﻠﺔ ﻓﺄﺸﺎﺭﺘﻬﺎ ﻋﻜﺱ ﺇﺸﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺸﻐل‪ ،‬ﻭﻜﻤﺎ ﻤﺒﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺸﻜل )‪.(3.6‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻴﻁ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻨﻅـــﺎﻡ‬
‫‪−‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪−‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬
‫‪Win , Qin‬‬ ‫‪Qo , Wo‬‬

‫ﺸﻜل )‪ -(3.6‬ﺭﻤﺯ ﻭ ﺍﺸﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻐل‬

‫ﻭﻟﻸﺸﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻰ ﻤﻌﺩل ﺇﻨﺠﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﺸﻐل ﻨﻀﻊ ﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﻓﻭﻕ ﺍﻟﺭﻤﺯ )‪ (W‬ﻭﻴﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﺸﻐل ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺠـﺯ ﻟﻜـل ﻭﺤـﺩﺓ‬
‫⎛‬ ‫•‬
‫⎞‬
‫ﺯﻤﻨﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ ⎟"‪ ⎜ W = W / t " KW‬ﻭﻟﻸﺸﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻰ ﻤﻌﺩل ﺇﻨﺘﻘﺎل ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﻨﻀﻊ ﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﻓﻭﻕ ﺍﻟﺭﻤـﺯ )‪(Q‬‬
‫⎝‬ ‫⎠‬
‫ﻭﻴﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﻘﻠﺔ ﻟﻜل ﻭﺤﺩﺓ ﺯﻤﻨﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ ⎟⎞"‪.⎛⎜ Q = Q / t " KW‬‬
‫•‬

‫⎝‬ ‫⎠‬

‫ﻭﻟﻜﻲ ﻨﻤﻴﺯ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻐل ﻨﻨﻅﺭ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺸﻜل )‪ ،(3.7‬ﻓـﺄﻥ )ﺃ( ﻴﻭﻀـﺢ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻤـﺎﺌﻊ ﻴﺘﻤـﺩﺩ‬
‫ﺍﺩﻴﺎﺒﺎﺘﻴﺎﹰ‪ ،‬ﺒﺘﺨﻔﻴﺽ ﺍﻟﻭﺯﻥ ﻭﻴﻨﺠﺯ ﺸﻐﻼﹰ‪ ،‬ﺒﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻴﻅل ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻊ ﻗﺭﻴﺒﺎﹰ ﻤﻥ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻻﺘﺯﺍﻥ‪ .‬ﻭﻓﻲ )ﺏ( ﺘﻨﺘﻘل ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬
‫ﻼ‪.‬‬
‫ﺒﺩﻭﻥ ﺸﻐل‪ ،‬ﻭﻓﻲ )ﺠـ( ﺘﻨﺘﻘل ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻓﻴﺘﻤﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻊ ﻭﻴﻨﺠﺯ ﺸﻐ ﹰ‬

‫)‪(54‬‬
(55)
 ‫ﻭﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻥ ﻨﻁﺭﺡ ﺍﻟﺴﺅﺍل ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‪ :‬ﻤﺎﺫﺍ ﻴﺤﺩﺙ ﻟﻠﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻨﺘﻘﺎﻟﻬﺎ ؟‬
‫ﻓﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﻭﺍﺏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻫﻭ ﺒﻤﺎ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻻ ﻴﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﺨﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺸﻜل ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﻓﺒﻌﺒﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺤـﺩﻭﺩ‬

‫)‪(b‬‬
‫)‪(a‬‬

‫ﺘﺘﺤﻭل ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺸﻜل ﺁﺨﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﺸﻜﺎل ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻥ ﻴﺤﺘﻔﻅ ﺒﻪ ﺍﻟﻨﻅـﺎﻡ‪ ،‬ﻭﻴﺤـﺩﺙ‬
‫ﺘﺤﻭﻴل ﻤﻤﺎﺜل ﻋﻨﺩ ﺇﻨﺘﻘﺎل ﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻐل‪ ،‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺸﻜل )‪ (3.8‬ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﻭﻀﺢ ﺒﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺨـﺯﺍﻥ‬
‫ﺘﺭﺘﻔﻊ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘﻪ ﺒﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭ ﺴﻭﺍﺀ ﻋﻥ ﻁﺭﻴﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺨﻴﻥ )‪ (a‬ﺍﻭ ﻋﻥ ﻁﺭﻴﻕ ﺍﻻﺤﺘﻜﺎﻙ )‪ (b‬ﻟـﺫﻟﻙ‬
‫ﻓﺄﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻐل ﻫﻤﺎ ﺸﻜﻼﻥ ﻤﺘﺒﺎﺩﻻﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺍﺸﻜﺎل ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺒﻴﺭ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺒﻭﺤﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﻐل ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﻭل )‪ (J‬ﻭﻴﻌﺭﻑ ﺒﺄﻨـﻪ ﻤﻘـﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟـﺸﻐل‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺠﺯ ﺒﻭﺴﺎﻁﺔ ﻗﻭﺓ ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭﻫﺎ ﻨﻴﻭﺘﻥ ﻭﺍﺤﺩ )‪ (N‬ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﺘﺘﺤﺭﻙ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺓ ﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﻤﺘﺭﹰﺍ ﻭﺍﺤﺩﹰﺍ )‪ (m‬ﺒﺎﻻﺘﺠﺎﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺘﻌﻤل ﻓﻴﻪ ﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺓ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ ﺍﻥ‪.(J=N.m) :‬‬

‫)‪(56‬‬
 ‫)‪ -(3.5‬ﺍﺸﻜﺎل ﺍﻟﺸﻐل ‪Forms of Work‬‬
‫ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻥ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﻐل ﺒﺄﺸﻜﺎل ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻤﻭﻀﺤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﻁﻁ ﺍﻵﺘﻲ‪:‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻐل ﺍﻻﺯﺍﺤﻲ )‪Displacement W. (Wdis.‬‬

‫)‪OR Moving Boundary W. (Wb‬‬

‫ﺸﻐل ﺍﻟﺠﺎﺫﺒﻴﺔ )‪Gravitational W. (Wg‬‬

‫‪Mechanical W.‬‬
‫)‪(Wmech.‬‬

‫ﺸﻐل ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺠﻴل )‪Accelerational W. (Wa‬‬

‫‪Work, W.‬‬
‫ﺸﻐل ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻭﺩ )‪Shaft W. (Wsh.‬‬

‫ﺸﻐل ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺒﺽ )‪Spring W. (Wsp.‬‬

‫‪Electrical W.‬‬
‫)‪(We‬‬ ‫)‪ -(3.5.1‬ﺍﻟﺸﻐل ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﻲ‬
‫ﻴﻌﺘﻤﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺒﺩﺃ‪ ،‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻟﻡ ﺘﻜﻥ ﺤﺭﻜﺔ‪ ،‬ﻟﻡ ﻴﻜﻥ ﺸﻐل‪ .‬ﺍﻟﺸﻐل ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﻲ ﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺫﻭﻟﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻐﻠﺏ‬
‫ﻼ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺒﺫل ﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﻟﺭﻓﻊ ﻜﺘﻠﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻻﺤﺴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻠﻲ ﻟﻠﺘﻐﻠﺏ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺍﻟﺠـﺫﺏ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻭﺓ ﻤﺎ ﺍﻭ ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﻤﺜ ﹰ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺭﻀﻲ ﻟﻠﻜﺘﻠﺔ )ﺃﻱ ﻭﺯﻨﻬﺎ( ﻫﻭ ﺸﻌﻭﺭ ﺒﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻗﻭﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﻋﻨﺩ ﺒﺫل ﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﻨﺎﺒﺽ ﺒﺎﻟﻴﺩ ﺴﻴﻭﻟﺩ ﺸـﻌﻭﺭﹰﺍ‬
‫ﺒﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﺎﻟﺸﻐل ﻴﻨﺠﺯ ﺤﻴﻥ ﺘﺘﺤﺭﻙ ﻗﻭﺓ ﻋﺒﺭ ﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﻤﻌﻴﻨﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪F‬‬ ‫‪F‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ ‪L … Distance‬‬

‫ﻼ‬
‫ﺸﻜل )‪-(3.9‬ﺍﺫﺍ ﻟﻡ ﺘﻜﻥ ﺤﺭﻜﺔ‪ ،‬ﻟﻡ ﻴﻜﻥ ﺸﻐ ﹰ‬
‫ﻟﺫﺍ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺘﻌﺭﻴﻑ ﺍﻟﺸﻐل‪ ،‬ﻭﻜﻤﺎ ﻤﻭﻀﺢ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜل )‪ (3.9‬ﺒﺎﻨﻪ ﺤﺎﺼل ﻀﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﻘـﻭﺓ )‪ (F‬ﻓـﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ )‪ .(L‬ﺃﻱ‪:‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪Wmech . = F . L = ∫ FdL‬‬ ‫)‪............ (3.12‬‬
‫‪1‬‬

‫)‪(57‬‬
 ‫)‪ -(3.5.2‬ﺍﻟﺸﻐل ﺍﻻﺯﺍﺤﻲ ‪Displacement Work‬‬
‫ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﻐل ﺸﻲﺀ ﻴﻅﻬﺭ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻭﺩ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﺘﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺒﺴﺒﺏ ﺘﺤﺭﻙ ﺠﺯﺀ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻭﺩ ﺘﺤﺕ‬
‫ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺓ ﻭﻜﻤﺎ ﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﺤﺎل ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻙ ﻨﻘﻭل ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﻐل ﻴﻨﺠﺯ ﺤﻴﻥ ﺘﺘﺤﺭﻙ ﻗﻭﺓ ﻋﺒﺭ ﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﻤﻌﻴﻨﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﺫﺍ‬
‫ﺘﻌﺭﺽ ﺠﺯﺀ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻹﺯﺍﺤﺔ ﺘﺤﺕ ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﻓﺎﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﺸﻐل ﺍﻻﺯﺍﺤﻲ‪.‬‬

‫‪P‬‬
‫‪P‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬
‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪V‬‬
‫‪V‬‬
‫‪F‬‬ ‫‪P A‬‬
‫‪F‬‬ ‫‪P A‬‬

‫‪dL‬‬
‫‪dL‬‬
‫|→‪| ← L‬‬
‫|→‪| ← L‬‬

‫ﺸﻜل )‪ -(3.10‬ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﺘﻤﺜل ﺍﻟﺸﻐل‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻐل ﺍﻻﺯﺍﺤﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺠﺭﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﻋﺩﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺩﻓﻕ ﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﺸﻐل ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺫﻭل ﺒﻭﺴﺎﻁﺔ ﻗﻭﺓ ﻤﺅﺜﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻜـﺒﺱ‬
‫ﻨﺯﻴﺤﻪ ﻤﻥ ﻤﻜﺎﻥ ﻵﺨﺭ ﻟﻨﻔﺘﺭﺽ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻏﺎﺯ ﺤﺠﻤﻪ )‪ (V‬ﻭﻀﻐﻁﻪ )‪ (P‬ﻓﻲ ﺍﺴـﻁﻭﺍﻨﺔ ﻤﺤﻜﻤـﺔ‬
‫ﻴﺘﺤﺭﻙ ﺒﺩﺍﺨﻠﻬﺎ ﻤﻜﺒﺱ ﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﻤﻘﻁﻌﻪ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﻀﻲ )‪ (A‬ﻋﺩﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺭﺏ ﻭﺍﻻﺤﺘﻜﺎﻙ‪ ،‬ﺘـﺅﺜﺭ ﻓﻴـﻪ ﻗـﻭﺓ )‪(F‬‬
‫ﺘﺯﻴﺤﻪ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ )‪ (1‬ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ )‪ (2‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺸﻜل )‪ .(3.10‬ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻨﻔﺘﺭﺽ ﺍﻥ )‪ (P‬ﺘﺒﻘﻰ ﺜﺎﺒﺘـﺔ ﺍﺜﻨـﺎﺀ‬
‫ﺘﺤﺭﻙ ﻤﺘﻨﺎﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﺭ ﻟﻠﻤﻜﺒﺱ ﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ )‪ (dL‬ﻓﺎﻥ‪:‬‬
‫)‪dW = F . dL = PA dL = P dV ……….. (3.13‬‬
‫ﺃﻱ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺓ × ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻘﻁﻌﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻨﻔﺱ ﺇﺘﺠﺎﻫﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻫﺫﺍ ﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻤﺘﻨﺎﻫﻲ ﺍﻟـﺼﻐﺭ‪ .‬ﻓﺎﻟـﺸﻐل‬
‫ﺍﻻﺯﺍﺤﻲ ﻨﻭﺠﺩﻩ ﺒﻭﺴﺎﻁﺔ ﺠﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﺯﺍﻴﺩﺍﺕ ﺃﻱ‪:‬‬
‫‪∫ dW = ∫ P dV‬‬ ‫)‪……….. (3.14‬‬
‫‪Wdis. = P∆V = area 1234‬‬ ‫)‪……….. (3.15‬‬

‫)‪(58‬‬
 ‫ﺸﻜل )‪ -(3.11‬ﺍﻟﺸﻐل ﻫﻭ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺌﻴﺔ‬

‫ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻷﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺸﻜل ﻤﻨﺤﻨﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺨﻁﻁ )‪ (P-V‬ﻭﻷﻴﺠﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻤﺜل ﺍﻟﺸﻐل‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﻘل‪ ،‬ﻨﻘﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﺘﺤﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺤﻨﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺴﺘﻁﻴﻼﺕ ﺼﻐﻴﺭﺓ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜل )‪ ،(3.11-b‬ﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﻜـل‬
‫ﻤﺴﺘﻁﻴل ﺘﻤﺜل ﺍﻟﺸﻐل ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺌﻲ ﻭﻤﺠﻤﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺌﻴﺔ ﻴﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﻓﺌﺔ ﻟﻠﺸﻐل ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻲ‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﻠﻭ ﺍﺨﺫﻨﺎ ﻨﻘﻁﺔ )‪ (X‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻨﺤﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺩﺩ‪ ،‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜل )‪ ،(3.11-a‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﺘﻤﺜل ﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺠﺯﺌـﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻭ ﺼﻐﻴﺭ ﻟﻠﺤﺠﻡ‪ ،‬ﺍﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﻓﻠﺼﻐﺭﻩ ﻴﻌﺩ ﺜﺎﺒﺘﺎﹰ‪ ،‬ﻟﺫﻟﻙ ﺴﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻟﻠﺸﻐل ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺌﻲ )‪ (dW‬ﻤـﺴﺎ ٍﻭ ﻟﻠﻤـﺴﺎﺤﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺌﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺘﻁﻴل ﺍﻟﺼﻐﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻤﺜل ﺒﺘﻔﺎﻀل ﻨﺎﻗﺹ )‪ .(Inexact Differential‬ﺃﻱ ﺍﻥ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺌﻴﺔ = ‪dW = P dV‬‬

‫ﻭﻤﺠﻤﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺌﻴﺔ ﺘﻤﺜل ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﻓﺌﺔ ﻟﻠﺸﻐل ﺍﻟﻜﻠـﻲ ﺃﻱ ﻗﻴﻤـﺔ ﺍﻟﻤـﺴﺎﺤﺔ‬
‫ﺒﺤﺴﺎﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻤل‪ .‬ﻓﻌﻨﺩ ﺘﻜﺎﻤل ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺫﻜﻭﺭﺓ ﺁﻨﻔﹰﺎ ﻴﺼﺒﺢ‪:‬‬
‫‪V2‬‬

‫‪∫ dW = ∫ P dV = ∑ P dV‬‬ ‫)‪................( 3.16‬‬

‫‪V1‬‬

‫‪∴W = P ∆ V12 = area 1234‬‬ ‫)‪……… (3.17‬‬

‫‪2‬‬
‫)‪= WFriction + Watm + Wcrank = ∫ (Friction + Patm A + Fcrank ) dL ..... (3.18‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫)‪ -(3.5.3‬ﺍﻟﺸﻐل ﺍﻟﺼﺎﻓﻲ ‪Net Work‬‬
‫ﺇﻥ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻻﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﻫﻲ ﻋﻜﺱ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺩﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺤﻴﺙ ﺍﻻﺘﺠﺎﻩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺨﻁﻁ )‪ .(P-V‬ﻭﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻗﺸﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺫﻜﻭﺭﺓ ﺁﻨﻔﹰﺎ ﺘﻨﻁﺒﻕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺘﻴﻥ ﻤﺎﻋﺩﺍ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺩﺩ ﻜﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﻤﻭﺠﺒﺔ‬

‫)‪(59‬‬
 ‫ﺸﻜل )‪ -(3.12‬ﺍﻟﺸﻐل ﺍﻟﺼﺎﻓﻲ ﻋﻨﺩ ﻤﺭﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺒﺩﻭﺭﻩ‬

‫ﻭﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﺍﻻﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﻜﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺴﺎﻟﺒﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﺎﻟﺸﻜل )‪ (3.12-a‬ﻴﺒﻴﻥ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺩﺩ ﻤﻥ )‪ (A‬ﺍﻟﻰ )‪ (B‬ﻋﺒـﺭ ﺍﻟﻤـﺴﺎﺭ‬
‫)‪ .(I‬ﻭﺍﻻﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﻤﻥ )‪ (B‬ﺍﻟﻰ )‪ (A‬ﻋﺒﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺭ )‪ .(II‬ﻓﺒﺭﻏﻡ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻓـﻲ ﺍﻟﺨـﻭﺍﺹ )∆‪(∆V ،P‬‬
‫ﺨﻼل ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺭﻴﻥ ﻤﺘﺸﺎﺒﻪ‪ ،‬ﺇﻻ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﻐل ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻑ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﻤﻭﻀﺢ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻅﻠﻠﺔ‪ .‬ﺍﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﻤـﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻐﻠﻘـﺔ‬
‫)‪ (A→I→B→II⎯A‬ﻓﺘﻤﺜل ﺍﻟﺸﻐل ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺠﺯ ﺍﻭ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﻓﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜل )‪ ،(3.12-b‬ﺍﻟﺫﻱ‬
‫ﻴﻭﻀﺢ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻴﻤﺭ ﺒﺩﻭﺭﻩ‪ .‬ﻭﻴﺭﻤﺯ ﻟﺘﻜﺎﻤل ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭ ﺒـ ) ∫ (‪ ،‬ﺇﺫ ﺘﻌﻭﺩ ﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﻨﻅـﺎﻡ ﺍﻟـﻰ ﺤﺎﻟﺘﻬـﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺼﻠﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ ﺍﻥ )‪ .( ∫ dP=0 ، ∫ dV=0 ، ∫ dT=0‬ﻭﻟﻜﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﻐل ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺠﺯ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﻤﺜل ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻐﻠﻘﺔ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺸﻜل )‪ (3.12-b‬ﻻ ﻴﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺼﻔﺭﺍﹰ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ ﺍﻥ)‪. (∫dW≠0‬‬
‫‪⎛2‬‬ ‫⎞‬ ‫‪⎛2‬‬ ‫⎞‬
‫ﻷﻥ‬ ‫⎟ ‪⎜∫ dW= ∆W12 = W2 − W1‬‬
‫⎜‬ ‫⎟‬ ‫ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻭل ﺍﻥ ‪، ⎜⎜∫dV=∆V12=V 2−V 1‬ﻭﻟﻜﻥ ﻤـﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﻁـﺄ ﺍﻟﻘـﻭل ﺍﻥ‬
‫‪⎝1‬‬ ‫⎠‬ ‫‪⎝1‬‬ ‫⎠‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻐل ﻻ ﻴﻅﻬﺭ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺘﻴﻥ ﺍﻻﺒﺘﺩﺍﺌﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺌﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﻨﻤﺎ ﻴﻅﻬـﺭ ﺒـﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺤـﺎﻟﺘﻴﻥ‬
‫•*‬
‫ﺍﻻﺒﺘﺩﺍﺌﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺌﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ ﺨﻼل ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﻟﺫﺍ ﻓﺎﻟﺸﻐل )ﺍﻭ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ( ﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺎﺭ ﺘﻤﺜل ﺒﺘﻔﺎﻀل ﻏﻴـﺭ ﺘـﺎﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻤﺎ ﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻓﻬﻤﺎ ﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺘﻤﺜل ﺒﺘﻔﺎﻀل ﺘـﺎﻡ‬ ‫⎟⎟⎞)‪، ⎛⎜⎜ ∫ dQ = Q 12 (orQ‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪⎛2‬‬ ‫⎞‬
‫⎟ )‪⎜ ∫ dW = W12 (orW‬‬
‫⎜‬ ‫⎟‬ ‫‪⎝1‬‬ ‫⎠‬
‫‪⎝1‬‬ ‫⎠‬
‫ﻼ )‪ .… ،dT ،dV ،dP‬ﺍﻟﺦ(‪.‬‬
‫ﻤﺜ ﹰ‬
‫ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻗﺸﺔ ﻨﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﺍﻥ ﻨﻔﻬﻤﻬﺎ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻨﺘﺼﻭﺭ ﺭﺍﻜﺏ ﺩﺭﺍﺠﺔ ﻴﻨﺘﻘل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻁـﺔ )‪ (1‬ﺒﺎﺭﺘﻔـﺎﻉ‬
‫)‪ (Z1,m‬ﻓﻭﻕ ﺴﻁﺢ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺭ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻁﺔ )‪ (2‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺭﺍﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﺭﺘﻔﺎﻋﻬﺎ )‪ (Z2,m‬ﻓﻭﻕ ﺴﻁﺢ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺭ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺭﻨﺎ‬
‫ﺭﺍﻜﺏ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺠﺔ ﺒﺄﻨﻪ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ‪ ،‬ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺇﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺇﺭﺘﻔﺎﻋﻪ ﻓﻭﻕ ﺴﻁﺢ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺭ ﺨﺎﺼﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﻅـﺎﻡ ﻷﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴـﺭ ﻓـﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ )‪ (Z2-Z1‬ﻤﺴﺘﻘل ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻴﻕ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﺴﻠﻜﻪ ﺭﺍﻜﺏ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺠﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ ﺍﻻﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﻤﻥ )‪ (1‬ﺍﻟـﻰ )‪ .(2‬ﺇﻥ‬

‫‪ dW,dQ‬ﻤﺸﺘﻘﺘﻴﻴﻥ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺼﺤﻴﺤﺘﻴﻥ )ﺘﻔﺎﻀل ﻏﻴﺭ ﺘﺎﻡ ﺍﻭ ﻨﺎﻗﺹ(‬ ‫•‬

‫)‪(60‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻐل ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﻘﻭﻡ ﺒﻪ ﺭﺍﻜﺏ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺠﺔ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﺴﺘﻘل ﻋﻥ ﺍﻻﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﻻﻨﻪ ﻴﻌﺘﻤﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻁﻭل ﺍﻭ ﻗـﺼﺭ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻴـﻕ‬
‫ﻭﻜﺫﻟﻙ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺍﻟﺭﻴﺎﺡ ﻤﺭﺍﻓﻘﺔ ﻟﻪ ﺍﻭ ﻤﻌﺎﻜﺴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻤﻥ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻨﺭﻯ ﺍﻨﻪ ﺒﺎﻟﺭﻏﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﻐل ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺫﻭل ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﻗﺎﺒﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻻ ﺍﻨﻪ ﻟﻴﺱ ﺒﺨﺎﺼﻴﺔ ﻭﺘﻨﻁﺒﻕ ﻫـﺫﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺒﻭﺼﻔﻬﺎ ﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﻤﻨﺘﻘﻠﺔ‪.‬‬

‫)‪ -(3.5.4‬ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﻴﺔ ‪Mechanical Power‬‬

‫ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺩل ﺍﻟﺯﻤﻨﻲ ﻷﻨﺠﺎﺯ ﺸﻐل‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ ) =‪ ( P‬ﺒﻭﺤﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﻁ )‪ (W‬ﺍﻭ )‪ (KW‬ﺍﻭ )‪.(MW‬‬
‫‪w‬‬
‫‪t‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻭﺍﻁ ﻫﻭ ﺸﻐل ﻤﻨﺠﺯ )‪ (J‬ﻟﻜل ﺜﺎﻨﻴﺔ )‪ ،(s‬ﺃﻱ ) ‪ . ( W= J‬ﻭﻫﻭ ﺒﺩﻴل ﻟﻠﻭﺤﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻤﺎﺓ ﺒﺎﻟﻘـﺩﺭﺓ‬
‫‪s‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﺼﺎﻨﻴﺔ )‪ .(HP‬ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻁ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺠﻴﻤﺱ ﻭﺍﻁ )‪ (1814-1736‬ﻤﺨﺘﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻜﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺨﺎﺭﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ 3.5.5‬ﺍﺸﻜﺎل ﺍﻟﺸﻐل ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﻠﻨﻴﻜﻲ ‪Mechanical Forms of Work‬‬
‫ﻴﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﺸﻐل ﺍﻻﺯﺍﺤﻲ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻫﻡ ﺍﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺸﻐل ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺭﻤﻭﺩﻴﻨﺎﻤﻴﻜﺎ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻤـﻊ‬
‫ﺫﻟﻙ ﻻﺒﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻥ ﻨﺘﻌﺭﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺒﻘﻴﺔ ﺍﺸﻜﺎل ﺍﻟﺸﻐل ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻭﻀﺤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺠﺩﻭل )‪.(3.1‬‬

‫ﺠﺩﻭل )‪ (3.1‬ﺍﺸﻜﺎل ﺍﻟﺸﻐل ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﻲ‬

‫‪Work‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﻭﺍﻻﻤﺜﻠﺔ‬
‫‪1- Displacement W.‬‬ ‫‪Wdis. = ∫ FdL = ∫ PadL = ∫ PdV = P∆V12‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻐل ﺍﻻﺯﺍﺤﻲ‬
‫‪2- Gravitational W.‬‬ ‫•‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫ﺸﻐل ﺍﻟﺠﺎﺫﺒﻴﺔ‬ ‫‪W g = ∑ FdZ =∑ mgdz = mg∆Z‬‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫•‬
‫‪W g = mg ∆Z = mg . C vertical‬‬
‫‪∆t‬‬
‫‪= 1200Kg× 9.81 m2 × 90 Km × sin 30‬‬
‫‪s‬‬ ‫‪h‬‬
‫⎞ ‪⎛ KJ / Kg‬‬
‫‪× ⎛⎜ m / s ⎞⎟ × ⎜ 3 2 2 ⎟ = 147 KW‬‬
‫⎠ ‪⎝ 3.6Km / h ⎠ ⎝ 10 m / s‬‬

‫‪m=1200Kg‬‬
‫‪C=90 Km‬‬
‫‪h‬‬
‫‪Z2‬‬
‫‪30o‬‬ ‫‪Z1‬‬ ‫‪Z1‬‬ ‫‪Z=0‬‬
‫‪Reference Level‬‬

‫)‪(61‬‬
3- Accelerational W. ،‫( ﺍﻟـﺯﻤﻥ‬t) ،‫( ﺍﻻﺯﺍﺤـﺔ ﺍﻭ ﺍﻟﻤـﺴﺎﻓﺔ‬L) ،‫( ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻋﺔ‬C) ‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺸﻐل ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺠﻴل‬ :‫ﻓﺴﻴﻜﻭﻥ‬
M=900kg
dc dc 0 Km →80 Km
F = ma = m (Q a = ) h h
dt dt
dL
dL = Cdt (Q c = )
dt ∆t=208
2 2 2
dc
Wa = ∫ FdL = ∫ (m ) . (Cdt) = m ∫ cdc
1 1
dt 1
1
= m (c 22 − c12 )
2
1 ⎡⎛ 80000m ⎞ 2 ⎤
2 ⎛ kJ / kg ⎞
= × 900 kg . ⎢⎜ ⎟ − 0 ⎥⎜ ⎟
⎢⎣⎝ 3600 ⎠ ⎥⎦ ⎝ 1000m / s ⎠
2 2
2
= 222.2 kJ
• Wa 222.2
Wa = = = 11.1 kW
∆t 20s
4- Shaft W. T
‫ﺸﻐل ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻭﺩ‬ F= (Q T = F.r)
r
L = 2π rN
T
Wsh. = F × L = ( 2π rN) = 2π NT (kJ)
r
•
W sh. = 2π NT =
1 1 min 1kJ
= 2π (4000 )( 200 N.m )( )( )
min 60s 1000N.m
= 83.7 kW
F W=2πNT

r sh.
N
N=4000rpm
T=200 N.M

(62)
‫‪5- Spring W.‬‬ ‫‪K … Spring Constant‬‬ ‫⎞‪⎛ KN‬‬
‫⎟ ⎜‬
‫ﺸﻐل ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺒﺽ‬ ‫‪X … Displacement‬‬ ‫⎠‪⎝ m‬‬
‫‪F =K . X‬‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪Rest Position‬‬
‫= ‪Wsp.‬‬ ‫) ‪k ( X 22 X 12‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪X2=2mm‬‬
‫‪X1=1mm‬‬

‫‪F1=300N‬‬
‫‪F2=600N‬‬

‫)‪ -(3.6‬ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻬﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﺜﺭﻤﻭﺩﻴﻨﺎﻤﻴﻜﻲ ﻟﻠﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ‪Thermodynamic Concept of Heat‬‬

‫ﻫﻲ ﻨﻭﻉ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺘﻨﺘﻘل ﻤﻥ ﺠﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﺨﺭ ﺍﻭ ﺘﺘﺩﻓﻕ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﻴﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻜﺜﺭ ﻨـﺸﺎﻁﺎ ﺍﻟـﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺠﺯﻴﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﻗل ﻨﺸﺎﻁﹰﺎ ﺒﺴﺒﺏ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻕ ﺒﺩﺭﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‪.‬‬
‫ﻴﺘﻭﻗﻑ ﺍﻨﺘﻘﺎل ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻴﺘﻭﻗﻑ ﺍﻹﺠﺭﺍﺀ‪ ،‬ﻓﺄﺫﺍ ﺘﻼﻤﺱ ﺠﺴﻤﺎﻥ ﺃﺤﺩﻫﻤﺎ ﺴﺎﺨﻥ ﻭﺍﻵﺨـﺭ ﺒـﺎﺭﺩ‬
‫ﺴﺘﻨﺘﻘل ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺨﻥ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﺩ ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻭﺩ ﻭﻴﺴﺘﻤﺭ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﻘﺎل ﺤﺘﻰ ﺘﺤﺼل ﺤﺎﻟـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺘﺯﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻱ ﺃﻱ ﺘﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻤﻴﻥ ﻭﺒﺫﻟﻙ ﻴﺘﻭﻗﻑ ﺍﻨﺘﻘﺎل ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺒﺘﻭﻗﻑ ﺍﻻﺠﺭﺍﺀ‪.‬‬
‫ﺘﻨﺘﺞ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﻴﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﻴﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﻭﻨﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺩﺓ‪ ،‬ﺍﺫ ﺃﻥ ﻫـﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﻴﺌـﺎﺕ ﻓـﻲ‬
‫ﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺩﺍﺌﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻑ ﺍﻻﺘﺠﺎﻫﺎﺕ ﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ‪ ،‬ﺴﻭﺍﺀ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﻏﺎﺯﻴﺔ ﺍﻡ ﺴﺎﺌﻠﺔ ﺍﻡ ﺼﻠﺒﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺘـﺼﻌﺏ‬
‫ﻤﻼﺤﻅﺔ ﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﻴﺌﺎﺕ ﺤﺘﻰ ﻭﻟﻭ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺍﺩﻕ ﻤﺠﻬﺭ ﻤﻌﺭﻭﻑ ﻭﺍﺫﺍ ﺍﻜﺘﺴﺏ ﺠﺴﻡ ﺤـﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬
‫ﻤﺎ ﻓﺄﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﻴﻌﻨﻲ ﺘﺯﻭﺩ ﺠﺯﻴﺌﺎﺘﻪ ﺒﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺘﻌﻤل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺴﺭﻋﺘﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﺘﺯﺩﺍﺩ ﺘﺒﻌﺎ ﻟﺫﻟﻙ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘﻪ ﻭﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﺫﺍ ﺍﻜﺘﺴﺒﺕ ﻤﺤﺘﻭﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﺔ ﻤﺤﺭﻙ ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻓﺎﻨﻬﺎ ﺘﺯﺩﺍﺩ ﺴﺨﻭﻨﺔ ﻟﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺘﺤـﺭﻙ‬
‫ﺠﺯﻴﺌﺎﺘﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻻﺴﺎﺱ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻗﺭﺒﻨﺎ ﻤﺤﺭﺍﺭﺍ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﻓﺈﻨﻪ ﻴﺴﺠل ﺍﺭﺘﻔﺎﻋﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘﻬـﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺒﻤﻌﻨـﻰ‬
‫ﺁﺨﺭ ﻓﺄﻥ ﺍﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺠﺴﻡ ﻤﺎ ﻴﻌﻨﻲ ﺍﺯﺩﻴﺎﺩ ﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺘﺤﺭﻙ ﺠﺯﻴﺌﺎﺘﻪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺒﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺘﺤﺘﻔﻅ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ ﺒﺎﺸﻜﺎﻟﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺠﻴﺔ ﻓﺎﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﺃﻨﻬﺎ ﻤﺎﺌﻌﺔ ﺘﺘﺨـﺫ ﺸـﻜل‬
‫ﺍﻻﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺤﺘﻭﻴﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺘﻁﺭﻕ ﺠﺯﻴﺌﺎﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺌﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺒﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺠﺩﺭﺍﻥ ﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻻﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﺒﻘﻭﺓ ﻤﻌﻴﻨـﺔ‬
‫ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﻗﻴﺎﺴﻬﺎ ﻭﺘﺴﻤﻰ ﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﺫﺍ ﺍﻜﺘﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﺯﺩﺍﺕ ﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺠﺯﻴﺌﺎﺘـﻪ ﻓﺘﺭﺘﻔـﻊ ﺩﺭﺠـﺔ‬
‫ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘﻪ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺯ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﺤﺘﻭﻴﻪ ﻤﺤﺩﻭﺩﺍ‪ ،‬ﻜﻭﻋﺎﺀ ﻤﻐﻠﻕ ﻤﺜﻼ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺘﺯﻴﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺸﺩﺓ ﻁﺭﻕ‬
‫ﺠﺯﻴﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺠﺩﺭﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻭﻋﺎﺀ ﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻻﺯﺩﻴﺎﺩ ﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺘﺤﺭﻜﺎﺘﻬﺎ ﻓﻴﺯﺩﺍﺩ ﻟﺫﻟﻙ ﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﻫﻭ ﻤﺎﻴﺤﺩﺙ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﺤﺘﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻟﻭﻗﻭﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﺔ ﻤﺤﺭﻙ ﻤﺜﻼﹰ‪ ،‬ﻻﻥ ﺍﺤﺘﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻟﻭﻗﻭﺩ ﻴﻌﻁﻲ ﻜﻤﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺤﻴﻨﺌﺫٍ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺯ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺩﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻤﻰ ﻏﺭﻓﺔ ﺍﻻﺤﺘﺭﺍﻕ‪ ،‬ﻭﺒﺫﻟﻙ ﺘﺭﺘﻔﻊ ﺩﺭﺠـﺔ‬
‫ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﻭﻴﺯﺩﺍﺩ ﻀﻐﻁﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﺅﺜﺭ ﺒﺩﻭﺭﻩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﺭﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻴﻁﺔ ﺒﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﻤـﺎ ﻜـﺎﻥ ﺍﻟـﺴﻁﺢ‬

‫)‪(63‬‬
‫ﻼ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻭﻱ ﻟﻠﻤﻜﺒﺱ ﻫﻭ ﺃﺤﺩ ﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﺭﺍﻥ‪ ،‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﺍﻨﻪ ﺍﻟﻭﺤﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺒل ﻟﻠﺘﺤﺭﻙ ﻓﺎﻨﻪ ﻴﻨﺩﻓﻊ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻻﺴﻔل ﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎ ﺸﻐ ﹰ‬
‫ﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﻴﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻟﻴﺴﺕ ﺨﺎﺼﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﻅﺎﻡ‪ ،‬ﻻﻨﻬﺎ ﻟﻴﺴﺕ ﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻥ ﺘﺨﺯﻥ ﻜﻤﺎ ﺘﺼﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺤﺜﻭﻥ ﺍﻻﻭﺍﺌل‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺤﺩﺍﺘﻬﺎ ﻨﻔﺱ ﻭﺤﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﻐل ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﻭل )‪ (J‬ﻭﻤﺸﺘﻘﺎﺘﻪ ﻭﺍﺸﺎﺭﺘﻬﺎ ﻋﻜﺱ ﺍﺸﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟـﺸﻐﻠﻭﺭﻤﺯﻫﺎ )‪ (Q‬ﻭﺍﺫﺍ‬
‫ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻟﻜل )‪ (1kg‬ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﻓﺭﻤﺯﻫﺎ )‪.(q‬‬
‫ﻴﺤﺼل ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺨﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭ‪ ،‬ﺍﻻﺤﺘﻜـﺎﻙ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜـﺎﻨﻴﻜﻲ‪ ،‬ﻤـﺭﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻴـﺎﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺭﺒﺎﺌﻲ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋل ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻴﺎﻭﻱ‪.‬‬

‫)‪ -(3.7‬ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ ‪The Specific Heat Capacity‬‬

‫ﻫﻲ ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻤﺔ ﻟﺭﻓﻊ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻜﻴﻠﻭ ﻏﺭﺍﻡ ﻭﺍﺤﺩ )‪ (1kg‬ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﻭﺍﺤﺩﺓ∗‪.‬‬
‫ﺭﻤﺯﻫﺎ )‪ ،(C‬ﻭﺤﺩﺍﺘﻬﺎ )‪ .(kJ/kg.K‬ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﻟﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻓﻘﻁ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ ﺘﺨﻀﻊ ﻟﻠﻌﻼﻗﺔ‪:‬‬
‫)‪C = φ (T‬‬
‫ﻓﻌﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﺘﻨﺘﻘل ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻓﺄﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﺴﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻗﻴﻤﺘﻬﺎ ﺜﺎﺒﺘﺔ ﻭﺴﺘﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺒﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ ﺍﻨﻪ ﻋﻨﺩ‬
‫ﺘﺴﺨﻴﻥ ﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻟﻨﻔﺱ ﺩﺭﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻤﺔ ﺘﺨﺘﻠﻑ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﻷﺨﺭﻯ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﺫﺍ‬
‫ﻴﺭﺠﻊ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻥ ﻜل ﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺨﺎﺼﻴﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻤﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺘﺴﻤﻰ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﻜﺫﻟﻙ ﻓـﺈﻥ ﺍﻟـﺸﻜل )‪(3.13‬‬
‫ﻼ‬
‫ﻴﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻨﻪ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺘﺴﺨﻴﻥ ﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﻤﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻓﺄﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻤﺔ ﺘﺨﺘﻠﻑ ﻤﻥ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟـﻰ ﺍﺨـﺭﻯ‪ .‬ﻓﻤـﺜ ﹰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻤﺔ ﻟﺭﻓﻊ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﻤﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍﺀ ﻤﻥ )‪ (300K‬ﺍﻟﻰ )‪ (800K‬ﺴﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﹰﺎ‬

‫ﺸﻜل )‪ -(3.13‬ﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﺒﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬

‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﺍﻥ ﺘﻌﺭﻴﻑ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﻫﻨﺎ ﻴﺜﻴﺭ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺎﻜل‪ ،‬ﺤﻴﺙ ﺍﻥ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘﻴﻥ ﻨﻭﻋﻴﺘﻴﻥ‬ ‫∗‬

‫ﻜﻤﺎ ﺴﻴﺭﺩ ﻻﺤﻘﺎﹰ‪ ،‬ﺍﺫﻥ ﻫﻨﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺭﻴﻑ ﻴﺸﻤل ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫)‪(64‬‬
‫ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻤﺔ ﻟﺭﻓـﻊ ﺩﺭﺠـﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘـﻪ ﻤـﻥ )‪ (3000K‬ﺍﻟـﻰ )‪ ،(3500K‬ﻜﻤـﺎ ﻓـﻲ‬
‫ﺸﻜل )‪ .(3.14-a‬ﻓﺒﺭﻏﻡ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟـ )‪ (∆T‬ﺜﺎﺒﺕ ﺍﻻ ﺍﻥ )‪ (Q‬ﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭﺓ ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﺈﻥ )‪ (C‬ﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭﺓ ﺍﻴﻀﹰﺎ‪.‬‬

‫ﺸﻜل )‪ -(3.14‬ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﺒﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬

‫ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻻﺴﺎﺱ ﺴﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﻋﺩﺩ ﻻ ﻨﻬﺎﺌﻲ ﻤﻥ ﻗﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﻴﺠﺏ ﺘﻌﻴـﻴﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﺴﻁﻴﺔ ﺍﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺩل )‪ (Cm‬ﻟﻤﺩﻯ ﺩﺭﺠﺎﺕ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻤﻥ )‪ (T1‬ﺍﻟﻰ )‪ ،(T2‬ﻭﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻫـﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﻌـﺩل‬
‫ﻜﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺜﺎﺒﺘﺔ‪ ،‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﻤﻭﻀﺢ ﻓﻲ ﺸﻜل )‪ (3.14-b‬ﺤﻴﺙ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ )‪ (1234‬ﻤﺴﺎﻭﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ )‪.(3456‬‬
‫ﺇﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺩل ﻫﻭ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺜﺎﺒﺘﺔ ﺘﺅﺨﺫ ﺒﺎﻟﺤﺴﺒﺎﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺴﺎﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺜﺭﻤﻭﺩﻴﻨﺎﻤﻴﻜﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﺴﻨﻼﺤﻅ ﻤـﻥ ﺨـﻼل‬
‫ﺜﻭﺍﺒﺕ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻡ ﻟﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺴﺘﺭﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺠﺩﻭل ﻻﺤﻕ‪.‬‬
‫ﻋﻨﺩ ﺘﺴﺨﻴﻥ ﻏﺎﺯ ﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﺔ ﻤﻐﻠﻘﺔ ﺒﻤﻜﺒﺱ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺸﻜل )‪ ،(3.15‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﻜﻤﻴـﺔ ﺍﻟﺤـﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺘﻌﺘﻤﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺎ ﻴﺤﺩﺙ ﻟﻠﻤﻜﺒﺱ‪ ،‬ﻓﻌﻨﺩ ﺘﺜﺒﻴﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺒﺱ ﺴﻭﻑ ﻴﺴﺨﻥ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﺒﺤﺠﻡ ﺜﺎﺒﺕ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﺘﺤﺭﻙ ﺍﻟﻤﻜـﺒﺱ‬
‫ﻼ ﻓﺴﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺒﺴﺒﺏ ﺘﺴﺨﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﺘﺤﺕ ﻀﻐﻁ ﺜﺎﺒﺕ )ﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺒﺱ(‪ ،‬ﻟﺫﻟﻙ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻨﻭﻋﺎﻥ ﺘﺎﻟﻴـﺎﻥ‬
‫ﻭﺃﻨﺠﺯ ﺸﻐ ﹰ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﺯ‪:‬‬

‫‪ -1‬ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺜﺒﻭﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻡ ‪The Specific Heat at Constant Volume‬‬
‫ﻫﻲ ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻤﺔ ﻟﺭﻓﻊ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ )‪ (1kg‬ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﻭﺍﺤﺩﺓ‪ ،‬ﺸـﺭﻁ ﺜﺒـﻭﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺠـﻡ‪.‬‬
‫ﺭﻤﺯﻫﺎ )‪ ،(Cv‬ﺘﻐﻴﺭﻫﺎ ﻴﻌﺘﻤﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ )‪ ،(T‬ﺃﻱ ﺍﻥ‪:‬‬
‫)‪Cv = φ (T‬‬
‫⎞ ‪⎛ ∂µ‬‬
‫⎜ = ‪Cv‬‬ ‫)‪⎟ OR (du ) ν = Cv (dT ) ν ........ (3.19‬‬
‫‪⎝ ∂T ⎠ ν‬‬
‫)‪(65‬‬
 ‫ﺸﻜل )‪ -(3.15‬ﺘﺴﺨﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﺒﺜﺒﻭﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻡ ﺍﻭ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ‬
‫‪ -2‬ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﺒﺜﺒﻭﺕ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ‪The Specific Heat at Constant Pressure‬‬
‫ﻫﻲ ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻤﺔ ﻟﺭﻓﻊ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ )‪ (1kg‬ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﻭﺍﺤـﺩﺓ‪ ،‬ﺸـﺭﻁ ﺜﺒـﻭﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ‪ .‬ﺭﻤﺯﻫﺎ )‪ .(Cp‬ﻜﺫﻟﻙ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺘﻐﻴﺭﻫﺎ ﻴﻌﺘﻤﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ )‪ (T‬ﺃﻱ ﺍﻥ‪:‬‬
‫)‪Cp = φ (T‬‬

‫*‬
‫‪*Cp‬‬ ‫)‪= ⎛⎜ ∂h ⎞⎟ OR dh) *p = Cp (dT) p .......... (3.20‬‬
‫‪⎝ ∂T ⎠ p‬‬

‫ﺘﻌﺩ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ )‪(Cp‬ﺍﻟﻰ )‪ (Cv‬ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻤﻬﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻠﻡ ﺩﻴﻨﺎﻤﻴﻙ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻴﺭﻤﺯ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺒـ )‪(γ‬‬
‫‪Cp‬‬
‫=‪γ‬‬ ‫)‪........... (3.21‬‬
‫‪Cv‬‬

‫ﺍﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻕ ﺒﻴﻥ )‪ (Cp‬ﻭ )‪ (Cv‬ﻟﻠﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﻜﺒﻴﺭﹰﺍ ﻻ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻫﻤﺎﻟﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻥ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺼﻐﻴﺭﹰﺍ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻭﺍﺩ‬
‫ﻼ ﻫـﻲ ﻨﻔـﺴﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﺎﺌﻠﺔ ﺒﺴﺒﺏ ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﻁﻲﺀ‪ ،‬ﻟﺫﻟﻙ ﻴﻘﺎل ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺀ ﻤـﺜ ﹰ‬
‫ﺒﺜﺒﻭﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻡ ﺍﻭ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﻭﺘﺴﺎﻭﻱ‪:‬‬
‫‪Cw = 4.2 kJ / kg . K‬‬

‫ﺍﻤﺜﻠﺔ ﻤﺤﻠﻭﻟﺔ‪:‬‬
‫)‪(3.1‬‬

‫*‬
‫ﺃﻥ )‪ (h‬ﺭﻤﺯ ﻟﻼﻨﺜﺎﻟﺒﻲ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺴﻴﺭﺩ ﺫﻜﺭﻩ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺒﻌﺩ‬

‫)‪(66‬‬
‫ﻴﺴﻘﻁ ﻤﺎﺀ ﻓﻲ ﺸﻼل ﻤﻥ ﺇﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ )‪ (50m‬ﻓﺘﺘﺤﻭل ﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﻁﺎﻗﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‪ .‬ﺍﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻻﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﻓﻲ ﺩﺭﺠـﺔ‬
‫ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﺫﺍ ﺍﻓﺘﺭﻀﺕ ﻋﺩﻡ ﺘﺒﺎﺩل ﺍﻴﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻴﻁ‪ .‬ﻋﻠﻤـﹰﺎ ﺒـﺄﻥ ﺍﻟﺤـﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻴـﺔ ﻟﻠﻤـﺎﺀ‬
‫)‪.(4.2 kJ/kg.K‬‬
‫‪PE = Q‬‬
‫‪m g z = m c ∆T‬‬
‫‪g × z 9.8 1 × 50‬‬
‫= ‪∆T‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 0.117K‬‬
‫‪c‬‬ ‫‪4.2 × 10 3‬‬ ‫)‪(3.2‬‬
‫ﻴﺴﻘﻁ ﻤﺎﺀ ﻤﻥ ﺸﻼل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ )‪ .(100m‬ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﺼﻁﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻻﺭﺽ ﻤﻊ ﺒﻌﻀﻪ ﺘﺘﺤـﻭل ﻁﺎﻗﺘـﻪ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻰ ﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﻴﻨﺘﻘل )‪ (80%‬ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺎﻗﻲ ﻴﺫﻫﺏ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻴﻁ‪ .‬ﺍﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻻﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﺒﺩﺭﺠـﺔ ﺍﻟﺤـﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻤﹰﺎ ﺒﺄﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺀ )‪.(4.2 kJ/kg. K‬‬

‫‪0.8 PE = Q‬‬
‫‪0.8×m g z = m c ∆T‬‬

‫‪∆T = 0.8 × 9.81 × 100‬‬

‫‪= 0.187K‬‬
‫‪4.2 × 10 3‬‬
‫)‪(3.3‬‬
‫ﻤﺴﺨﻨﺔ ﻤﺎﺀ ﻜﻬﺭﺒﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻗﺩﺭﺘﻬﺎ )‪ (1200W‬ﺘﺴﺨﻥ ﻤﺎﺀ ﻜﺘﻠﺘﻪ )‪ (3kg‬ﻤﻥ ﺩﺭﺠـﺔ ﺤـﺭﺍﺭﺓ )‪ (20°C‬ﺍﻟـﻰ‬
‫)‪ .(100°C‬ﻤﺎ ﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﻭﻗﺕ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻡ ﻟﺫﻟﻙ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻤﹰﺎ ﺒﺄﻥ )‪ ،(Cw = 4.2 kJ / kg.K‬ﻭﻻ ﻴﻭﺠﺩ ﻓﻘﺩ ﻟﻠﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‪.‬‬

‫)‪3 × 4.2 × (100 - 20‬‬

‫= ‪time = W = m c ∆T‬‬ ‫‪= 840s‬‬
‫‪P‬‬ ‫‪P‬‬ ‫‪1.2‬‬

‫)‪(3.4‬‬
‫ﻴﺴﻘﻁ ﻤﺎﺀ ﻤﻥ ﺍﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ )‪ (1200m‬ﺍﻟﻰ ﺇﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ )‪ .(520m‬ﺍﺤﺴﺏ ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻗﻁ‪ ،‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻋﻠﻤﺕ ﺍﻥ ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺩ ﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﻀﻊ ﻫﻭ )‪.(7kJ‬‬
‫‪PE = m g ∆ Z = 7‬‬

‫‪7‬‬ ‫‪7‬‬
‫=‪m‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 1.05kg‬‬
‫‪g ∆Z 9.81 (1200 - 520) × 10 -3‬‬

‫)‪(3.5‬‬
‫ﻤﺼﻌﺩ ﻜﺘﻠﺘﻪ )‪ (585 kg‬ﺇﺭﺘﻔﻊ ﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ )‪ .(32m‬ﺍﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﺸﻐل ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺠﺯ‪.‬‬

‫)‪(67‬‬
‫‪PE = W = m g z = 585 × 9.81 × 32 = 183.6 J‬‬

‫)‪(3.6‬‬
‫ﺭﻓﻌﺕ ﻜﺘﻠﺔ )‪ (210kg‬ﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ )‪ (24.5m‬ﻓﻲ )‪ (1min.‬ﻭ )‪ (34s‬ﺍﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻤﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪PE = W = m g z = 210 × 9.81 × 24.5 = 50.5 J‬‬

‫‪W 50 × 5‬‬
‫=‪P‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 0.537 W‬‬
‫‪t‬‬ ‫‪94‬‬ ‫)‪(3.7‬‬
‫ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻴﺘﺄﻟﻑ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﺸﻤﺴﻴﺔ ﺘﻨﺘﺞ )‪ (1050 kWh‬ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻬﺭ‪ .‬ﻭﻤﻌﺩل ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﻴﺴﺎﻭﻱ )‪ (15%‬ﻤﻥ ﻗﺩﺭﺓ‬

‫•‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻅﻭﻤﺔ‪ .‬ﺍﺤﺴﺏ ﻤﻌﺩل ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ‪.‬‬
‫‪W‬‬ ‫‪1050‬‬
‫=‪P‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 1.458 kW‬‬
‫‪t‬‬ ‫‪30 × 24‬‬
‫‪1.458‬‬
‫= ‪∴P‬‬ ‫‪= 9.72 kW‬‬
‫‪0.15‬‬
‫)‪(3.8‬‬
‫ﻤﻭﻟـــﺩ ﺘـــﻭﺭﺒﻴﻨﻲ ﺒﺨـــﺎﺭﻱ ﻴﻨـــﺘﺞ )‪ (750kW‬ﻋﻨـــﺩﻤﺎ ﻴﺘـــﺩﻓﻕ ﺍﻟﺒﺨـــﺎﺭ ﺒﻤﻌـــﺩل‬
‫)‪ .(2.250 . 103 kg/h‬ﺍﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﺸﻐل ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺠﺯ ﻟﻜل )‪ (1Kg‬ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺨﺎﺭ‪.‬‬
‫•‬ ‫‪2.250 × 10 3‬‬
‫= ‪ms‬‬ ‫‪= 0.625 kg/s‬‬
‫‪3600‬‬
‫•‬
‫‪W‬‬ ‫‪750‬‬
‫=‪w‬‬ ‫•‬
‫=‬ ‫‪= 1200 J/kg‬‬
‫‪0.625‬‬
‫‪ms‬‬
‫)‪(3.9‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻤﺔ ﻟﻁﺎﺌﺭﺓ ﺘﻁﻴﺭ ﺒﺴﺭﻋﺔ )‪ (545 km/h‬ﻫﻲ )‪ .(1800kW‬ﺍﺤﺴﺏ ﻤﺘﻭﺴﻁ ﻗـﻭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤـﺔ‬
‫ﺒﻭﺤﺩﺍﺕ )‪.(N‬‬
‫•‬
‫‪W = F×a‬‬
‫•‬
‫‪W P 1800 × 1000‬‬
‫=‪F‬‬ ‫= =‬ ‫‪= 11.89N‬‬
‫‪a‬‬ ‫‪a 545 × 1000‬‬
‫‪3600‬‬

‫)‪(68‬‬
 ‫)‪(3.10‬‬
‫ﺴﻴﺎﺭﺓ ﻗﺩﺭﺓ ﻤﺤﺭﻜﻬﺎ )‪ (23kW‬ﻭﺘﺴﻴﺭ ﺒﺴﺭﻋﺔ )‪ (64 km/h‬ﺍﺫﺍ ﺍﻫﻤﻠﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﺴﺎﺌﺭ‪ .‬ﺇﺤﺴﺏ ﻗﻭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺘﻌﺭﺽ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺭﺓ ﺒﺴﺒﺏ ﺍﻻﺤﺘﻜﺎﻙ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍﺀ ﻭﺍﻻﺭﺽ‪.‬‬

‫‪W F×a‬‬
‫=‪P‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= F×C‬‬
‫‪t‬‬ ‫‪t‬‬
‫‪P 23 × 3600‬‬ ‫‪⎛ kJ‬‬ ‫‪1 ⎞ kN . m‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫= =‪F‬‬ ‫= ⎟ × ‪= 1.29 kN ⎜ × s‬‬ ‫‪× s × = kN‬‬
‫‪C 64 × 1000‬‬ ‫‪⎝ s‬‬ ‫⎠‪m‬‬ ‫‪s‬‬ ‫‪m‬‬

‫)‪(3.11‬‬
‫ﻤﺎ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻤﻨﺔ ﺒﻭﺤﺩﺍﺕ )‪ (kWh) ،(kcal‬ﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭﻫﺎ )‪ (1kg‬ﻤﻭﻀﻭﻋﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ‬
‫)‪.(1200m‬‬
‫‪PE = F × z = mgz = 1 × 9.81 × 1200 = 11.772 kJ‬‬

‫‪11.772‬‬ ‫‪11.772‬‬
‫=‬ ‫= ‪= 2.812 kcal‬‬ ‫‪= 0.0033 kWh‬‬
‫‪4.1868‬‬ ‫‪3600‬‬ ‫)‪(3.12‬‬
‫)‪ (1kg‬ﺒﺨــﺎﺭ ﻴﻨــﺴﺎﺏ ﻤــﻥ ﻓﻭﻫــﺔ ﺒــﻭﻕ ﺒــﺴﺭﻋﺔ )‪ .(300m/s‬ﺍﻭﺠــﺩ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗــﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﻴــﺔ‬
‫ﺒﻭﺤﺩﺍﺕ )‪.(kcal‬‬
‫‪mc 2 1 × 300 2‬‬ ‫‪45‬‬
‫= ‪KE‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫= ‪= 45 kJ‬‬ ‫‪= 10.748 kcal‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪4.1868‬‬ ‫)‪(3.13‬‬
‫ﻤﺴﺨﻥ ﻜﻬﺭﺒﺎﺌﻲ ﻗﺩﺭﺘﻪ )‪ (0.08 MW‬ﻜﻔﺎﺀﺘﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺨﻴﻥ )‪ .(85%‬ﺍﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻻﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﻓﻲ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤـﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ‪ ،‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻋﻠﻤﺕ ﺍﻥ ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺭ )‪.(63 kg/min.‬‬
‫‪Q‬‬
‫=‪η‬‬ ‫‪⇒ Q = ηP ⇒ mc∆T = ηP‬‬
‫‪P‬‬
‫‪ηP 0.85 × 0.08 × 10 3‬‬
‫= ‪∆T‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 4.3 × 10 -3 K‬‬
‫‪mc‬‬ ‫‪4.2 × 63 × 60‬‬
‫)‪(3.14‬‬
‫ﻴﺘﺤﻭل )‪ (82%‬ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻤﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺤﺭﻜﻴﺔ ﻟﻤﺎﺌﻊ ﺤﺠﻤﻪ )‪ (30L‬ﻭﺴﺭﻋﺘﻪ )‪ .(496 m/min.‬ﺍﺤﺴﺏ‬
‫ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭ ﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﻀﻊ‪ .‬ﻋﻠﻤﹰﺎ ﺍﻥ ﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ )‪.(103 kg/m3‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫⎞ ‪⎛ 396‬‬
‫‪30‬‬ ‫×‬ ‫⎜‬ ‫⎟‬
‫‪mc 2‬‬ ‫⎝‬ ‫⎠ ‪60‬‬
‫= ‪0.82 PE = KE‬‬ ‫=‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2000‬‬
‫‪2050.13‬‬
‫= ‪PE‬‬ ‫‪= 1.25 kg‬‬
‫‪1640‬‬
‫)‪(69‬‬
 ‫)‪(3.15‬‬
‫ﺍﺤــﺴﺏ ﻤﻘــﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟــﺸﻐل ﺍﻟــﻼﺯﻡ ﺒﻭﺤــﺩﺍﺕ )‪ (kJ‬ﺍﻟــﻼﺯﻡ ﻟﻤــﻸ ﺒــﺎﻟﻭﻥ ﻫــﻭﺍﺀ ﺤﺠﻤــﻪ‬
‫)‪ (0.568 m3‬ﻋﻨﺩ ﻀﻐﻁ ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭﻩ )‪ .(0.75 mmHg‬ﻭﺍﺤﺴﺏ ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺸﻐل ﺒﻭﺤﺩﺍﺕ )‪.(Lbf . ft‬‬
‫)‪WFlow = P ∆V = 0.75 × 13600 × 9.81 × (0.568‬‬
‫‪= 56.8 kJ‬‬
‫‪= 41800 Lbf . ft‬‬
‫)‪(3.16‬‬
‫ﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﺠﺏ ﺍﻥ ﺘﻜﺘﺴﺒﻬﺎ ﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﻗﺩﺭﻫﺎ )‪ (1kg‬ﺤﺘﻰ ﺘﻜﺘﺴﺏ ﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺤﺭﻜﻴﺔ ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭﻫﺎ )‪.(100J‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪KE = mC‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪100 = 1 × C‬‬
‫‪2‬‬

‫‪2‬‬
‫‪C = 14.14 m/s‬‬ ‫)‪(3.17‬‬
‫ﻴﻨﺴﺎﺏ ﻤﺎﺀ ﻤﻥ ﻓﻭﻕ ﺸﻼل ﺍﺭﺘﻔﺎﻋﻪ )‪ .(100m‬ﺍﻓﺘﺭﺽ ﻋﺩﻡ ﺤﺩﻭﺙ ﺘﺒﺎﺩل ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﻭﺍﻟﻭﺴﻁ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺠﻲ‪ .‬ﺍﺤﺴﺏ ﻟﻜل )‪:(1kg‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻤﻨﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺀ ﻋﻨﺩ ﻗﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻼل ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻰ ﻗﺎﻋﺩﺘﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺃ‪-‬‬
‫ﺏ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺀ ﻗﺒل ﺍﻥ ﻴﺼﻁﺩﻡ ﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭ ﹰﺓ ﺒﺎﻟﻘﺎﻉ‪.‬‬
‫ﺠـ‪ -‬ﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﺤﺩﺙ ﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺩﺨﻭل ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺠـﻭﺩ ﺍﺴـﻔل‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻼل‪.‬‬
‫‪a- PE = mgz = 1 × 9.81 × 100 = 981 J/kg‬‬
‫‪b- KE = PE = 981 J/kg‬‬
‫‪c- ∆U = ∆KE = 981 J/kg = m c ∆T‬‬
‫‪∆U 981‬‬
‫= ‪∆T‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 0.234K‬‬
‫‪mc 4186‬‬ ‫)‪(3.18‬‬
‫ﺴﻴﺎﺭﺓ ﺴﺭﻋﺘﻬﺎ )‪ .(50 km/h‬ﻭﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﻀﺩ ﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺭﺓ )‪ .(900N‬ﺍﻭﺠﺩ ﻗﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺭﻙ ﻋﻨـﺩ‬
‫ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻋﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻫﻤل ﺒﻘﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺴﺎﺌﺭ‪.‬‬
‫‪W F × a 900 × 50 × 10 3 × 10 -3‬‬
‫=‪P‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 12.5 kW‬‬
‫‪t‬‬ ‫‪t‬‬ ‫‪3600‬‬ ‫)‪(3.19‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻰ ﺃﻱ ﺍﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﻴﺠﺏ ﺍﻥ ﺘﺭﻓﻊ ﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭﻫﺎ )‪ (1kg‬ﺤﺘﻰ ﺘﺼﺒﺢ ﻁﺎﻗﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻭﻀﻌﻴﺔ )‪.(1000J‬‬
‫‪PE = m g z‬‬
‫‪1000 = 1 × 9.81 × z‬‬
‫‪z = 101.9 m‬‬

‫)‪(70‬‬
 ‫ﻤﺴﺎﺌل‬
‫ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﻜﺘﻠﺘﻬﺎ )‪ (2kg‬ﺍﺭﺩﻨﺎ ﺘﺴﺨﻴﻨﻬﺎ ﺒﻭﺴﺎﻁﺔ ﻤﺴﺨﻥ ﻜﻬﺭﺒﺎﺌﻲ ﻤﻥ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ )‪ (10°C‬ﺍﻟـﻰ‬
‫)‪ (100°C‬ﻓﻜﻡ ﻫﻲ ﻗﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺨﻥ‪ ،‬ﺍﺫﺍ ﺍﺭﻴﺩ ﺍﻥ ﻻ ﺘﺘﺠﺎﻭﺯ ﻓﺘﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺨﻴﻥ ﺭﺒﻊ ﺴﺎﻋﺔ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻤﹰﺎ ﺍﻨـﻪ ﺘﻭﺠـﺩ‬
‫ﺨﻼل ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺭﺓ ﺨﺴﺎﺌﺭ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻴﻁ ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭﻫﺎ )‪ (45kJ‬ﻋﻠﻤﹰﺎ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺀ‬
‫)‪.(4.2 kJ/kg.K‬‬
‫ﺝ‪.(0.89 kW) :‬‬

‫)‪(71‬‬
 ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊ‪ -‬ﺧﻮﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ‬

‫)‪ -(4.1‬ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ∗ ‪Real or Ideal and Perfect Gases‬‬

‫ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻲ ﻫﻭ ﻏﺎﺯ ﺘﺨﻴﻠﻲ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﻌـﺔ‪ ،‬ﻟـﺫﺍ ﻓﻬـﻭ ﺤﺎﻟـﺔ ﻤﺜﺎﻟﻴـﺔ ﻴﺨـﻀﻊ‬
‫ﻟﻸﻓﺘﺭﺍﻀﺎﺕ ﺍﻵﺘﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -1‬ﻴﺨﻀﻊ ﻟﻘﻭﺍﻨﻴﻥ ﺒﻭﻴل ﻭﺸﺎﺭل ﻭﻏﺎﻴﻠﻭﺴﺎﻙ‪ .‬ﺇﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺍﻨﻴﻥ ﺘﻨﻁﺒـﻕ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺍﻟﻐـﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻷﻥ ﻟﻬﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻭﻙ ﻨﻔﺴﻪ ﺘﻘﺭﻴﺒﹰﺎ ﻭﺨﺼﻭﺼﹰﺎ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻭﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﺴﻠﻭﻙ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﻴﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ )ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺌﻤﻴﺔ( )‪ (Permanent Gas‬ﻤﺜل ﺍﻻﻭﻜـﺴﺠﻴﻥ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍﺀ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺘﺭﻭﺠﻴﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻬﻴﺩﺭﻭﺠﻴﻥ … ﺍﻟﺦ‪ ،‬ﺘﺸﺒﻪ ﺴﻠﻭﻙ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﺒﺤﺴﺏ ﻤﺎ ﻤﻭﻀـﺢ ﻓـﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل )‪ ،(4.1‬ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻥ ﺴﻠﻭﻙ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﺘﻁﺎﺒﻘﺔ ﻋﻨـﺩ ﺍﻟـﻀﻐﻭﻁ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ )‪.(373.15K‬‬

‫)‪T(K‬‬

‫ﺸﻜل)‪ -(4.1‬ﺘﺸﺎﺒﻪ ﺴﻠﻭﻙ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬

‫‪ -2‬ﻟﻪ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﺜﺎﺒﺘﺔ )‪ .(C = Const.‬ﻓﻲ ﺤﻴﻥ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻐـﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘـﻲ ﺘﻜـﻭﻥ‬
‫ﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭﺓ ﺒﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ )‪.C = ∅ (T‬‬

‫ـــــــــــــــــ‬

‫ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﺍﻭ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺌﻤﺔ ﻜﺎﻻﻭﻜﺴﺠﻴﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻬﻴﺩﺭﻭﺠﻴﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺘﺭﻭﺠﻴﻥ ﻭﻏﻴﺭﻫـﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫∗‬

‫ﺍﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺴﻤﻰ ﺍﻴﻀﹰﺎ ﺒﺎﻟﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻤﻠﺔ )‪ (Perfect or Ideal Gases‬ﻓﻬﻲ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﻓﺘﺭﺍﻀﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫)‪(72‬‬
 ‫‪ -3‬ﻴﺒﻘﻰ ﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻟﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﻴﺔ ﺘﺤﺕ ﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻅﺭﻭﻑ ﺤﺘﻰ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠﻕ‪ .‬ﻓﻲ ﺤـﻴﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻲ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻥ ﻴﺘﺤﻭل ﺍﻟﻰ ﺒﺨﺎﺭ ﺍﻭ ﺴﺎﺌل ﺍﻭ ﺼﻠﺏ‪ ،‬ﻜﻠﻤﺎ ﺍﻨﺨﻔﺽ ﻀﻐﻁﻪ ﻭﺩﺭﺠـﺔ‬
‫ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘﻪ ﻜﺜﻴﺭﹰﺍ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺠﺔ )‪ (C.P‬ﺃﻱ ﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻭل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﻴـﺔ ﺍﻟـﻰ ﺍﻟـﺴﺎﺌﻠﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺒﺎﻟﻌﻜﺱ ﻭﻭﺼﻭل ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠﻕ )‪ ،(a‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺸﻜل )‪ (4.2‬ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻨﻪ‬
‫ﻋﻨﺩ ﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ )ﺍﻟﺒﺨﺎﺭ( ﻴﺘﺤﻭل ﺍﻟﻰ ﺴﺎﺌل‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﻨﺩ ﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺌل ﻴﺘﺤﻭل ﺍﻟﻰ ﺼﻠﺏ )ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻁﺔ ‪،(a‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻜﺱ ﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﺍﻴﻀﹰﺎ‪.‬‬

‫∆‪mc‬‬

‫‪m.hfg‬‬

‫∆‪mc‬‬
‫‪m.hs‬‬
‫∆‪mc‬‬

‫ﺸﻜل)‪ -(4.2‬ﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ)ﺍﻟﺒﺨﺎﺭ( ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻲ‬

‫ﻭﻤﻊ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻨﻘﻭل ﻋﻨﺩ ﺘﻁﺒﻴﻕ ﻗﻭﺍﻨﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﻓﺄﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﻴﻜـﻭﻥ‬
‫ﺼﻐﻴﺭﹰﺍ ﺠﺩﹰﺍ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻫﻤﺎﻟﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺴﺎﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻤﺜﺎل )‪(4.1‬‬
‫ﺍﺤﺴﺏ ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻤﺔ ﻟﺘﺤﻭﻴل )‪ (20kg‬ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﻠﻴﺩ ﻭﻫﻭ ﺒﺩﺭﺠﺔ )‪ (-10°C‬ﺍﻟﻰ ﺒﺨﺎﺭ ﻤـﺎﺀ‬
‫ﻭﻫﻭ ﻓﻲ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ )‪ .(120°C‬ﻋﻠﻤﹰﺎ ﺃﻥ‪-:‬‬
‫= ‪2.1 kJ/kg.K‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﻠﻴﺩ‬
‫)‪336 kJ/kg =(hsL‬‬ ‫*‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻤﻨﺔ ﻷﻨﺼﻬﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺠﻠﻴﺩ‬
‫= ‪1.95 kJ/kg.K‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺒﺨﺎﺭ‬
‫)‪2256 kJ/kg =(hfg‬‬ ‫*‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻤﻨﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺒﺨﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺀ = ‪4.2 kJ/kg.K‬‬
‫ـــــــــــــــــ‬
‫*‬
‫ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟـ)‪ (hsL‬ﺘﻌﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻤﻨﺔ ﻟﻼﺘﺼﻬﺎﺭ )‪ (Latent Heat of Liquidization‬ﻭﺍﻥ ﺍﻟـ )‪(s‬‬
‫ﺘﻌﻨﻲ )‪ (Solid‬ﻭﺍﻟـ)‪ (L‬ﺘﻌﻨﻲ )‪.(liquid‬‬
‫*‬
‫ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟـ)‪ (hfg‬ﺘﻌﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻤﻨﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺒﺨﺭ )‪ (Latent Heat of Evaporation‬ﻭﺍﻥ ﺍﻟـ )‪ (f‬ﺘﻌﻨﻲ‬
‫)‪ (fluid‬ﻭﺍﻟـ)‪ (g‬ﺘﻌﻨﻲ )‪ (Gas‬ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻡ ﺘﺴﺘﺨﺭﺝ ﻤﻥ ﺠﺩﺍﻭل ﺍﻟﺒﺨﺎﺭ‪.‬‬

‫)‪(73‬‬
‫‪QT = Q12 + Q23 + Q34 + Q45 + Q56‬‬
‫)‪= 20×2.1× [0–(-10)]+20.336+20×4.2× (100-0)+20.2256+20×1.95× (120-100‬‬
‫‪= 420 + 6720 + 8400 + 45120 + 780 = 62220 J‬‬
‫‪Latent Heat of Liquidization‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻤﻨﺔ ﻟﻸﻨﺼﻬﺎﺭ‬
‫ﻫﻲ ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻤﺔ ﻟﺘﺤﻭﻴل )‪ (1kg‬ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺴﺎﺌﻠﺔ ﺒﺜﺒﻭﺕ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﺤـﺩﺘﻬﺎ‬
‫)‪.(kJ/kg‬ﻭﺭﻤﺯﻫﺎ )‪(1kg) . (hsL‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻤﻨﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺒﺨﺭ ‪Latent Heat of Evaporation‬‬

‫ﻫﻲ ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻤﺔ ﻟﺘﺤﻭﻴل )‪ (1kg‬ﻤﻥ ﺴﺎﺌل ﺍﻟﻰ ﺒﺨﺎﺭ ﺒﺜﺒﻭﺕ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﺤﺩﺘﻬﺎ )‪(kJ/kg‬‬
‫ﻭﺭﻤﺯﻫﺎ )‪(hfg‬‬

‫)‪ -(4.2‬ﻗﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﺒﻭﻴل ‪Boyle’s Law‬‬

‫ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﺘﺠﺭﺒﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻏﺎﺯ ﻤﺤﺼﻭﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﺔ ﻜﺘﻠﺘﻪ ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘﻪ ﺜﺎﺒﺘﺔ‪ ،‬ﻟﻭﺤﻅ ﺘﻐﻴـﺭ ﻓـﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺠﻡ ﻴﻤﺜل ﺒﻤﻨﺤﻨﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺨﻁﻁ )‪ (P-V‬ﺸﻜل )‪ .(4.3-a‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﻟـﻭﺤﻅ ﺍﻥ ﺤﺎﺼـل ﻀـﺭﺏ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺠﻡ ﻷﻱ ﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺤﻨﻲ ﺴﻭﻑ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻋﺩﺩ ﻤﺎ ﻤﺘﺴﺎﻭﻴﹰﺎ ﺍﻭ ﺜﺎﺒﺘﹰﺎ )‪ .(Const.‬ﻓـﺈﺫﺍ ﺃﺨـﺫﻨﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﻁ )‪ (3 ،2 ،1‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺤﻨﻲ ﻓﺴﻴﻜﻭﻥ‪:‬‬

‫‪P1V1 = P2V2 = P3V3 = PV = Const.‬‬ ‫)‪………… (4.1‬‬

‫)‪(74‬‬
‫ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺭﺒﺔ ﻗﺎﻡ ﺒﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻡ ﺍﻻﻨﻜﻠﻴﺯﻱ ﺭﻭﺒﺭﺕ ﺒﻭﻴل )‪ (91-1627‬ﻭﺘﻭﺼل ﺍﻟﻰ ﻨﺹ ﻗﺎﻨﻭﻨﻪ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻬﻭﺭ ﻋﺎﻡ‬
‫)‪ :(1660‬ﻀﻐﻁ ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﻤﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻏﺎﺯ ﺘﺘﻨﺎﺴﺏ ﻋﻜﺴﻴﹰﺎ ﻤﻊ ﺤﺠﻤﻪ ﺸﺭﻁ ﺜﺒﻭﺕ ﺩﺭﺠـﺔ ﺍﻟﺤـﺭﺍﺭﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﻓـﻲ‬
‫ﻼ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻜﺘﺸﻑ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﺸﺨﺹ ﺁﺨﺭ ﻭﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻨﺴﻲ ﺁﺩﻡ ﻤﺎﺭﻴﻭﺕ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻜـﺎﻥ ﻴﻌﻤـل ﻤـﺴﺘﻘ ﹰ‬
‫ﺒﺎﻟﻭﻗﺕ ﻨﻔﺴﻪ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻡ ﺍﻻﻨﻜﻠﻴﺯﻱ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﺫﺍ ﺭﺴﻤﻨﺎ ﻤﺨﻁﻁ )‪ (P . 1/V‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜل )‪ (4.3-b‬ﻓﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺴﺘﻤﺜل ﺒﺨﻁ ﻤﺴﺘﻘﻴﻡ ﻴﻤﺭ ﻤﻥ‬
‫ﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﺍﻻﺼل ﻭﺒﻤﻴل ﺜﺎﺒﺕ )‪.(Const.‬‬

‫‪ 4.3‬ﻗﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﺸﺎﺭل ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠﻘﺔ‬

‫‪Charle’s Law and Absoulte Temperature‬‬
‫ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﺘﺠﺭﺒﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻏﺎﺯ ﻤﺤﺼﻭﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﺔ ﻜﺘﻠﺘﻪ ﻭﻀﻐﻁﻪ ﺜﺎﺒﺕ‪ ،‬ﻟﻭﺤﻅ ﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺠـﻡ‬
‫ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻴﻤﺜل ﺒﺨﻁ ﻤﺴﺘﻘﻴﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺨﻁﻁ )‪ (V-t‬ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺸﻜل )‪ .(4.4-a‬ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ )‪ (V‬ﻴﻤﺜـل‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻡ‪ (t) ،‬ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‪ (C) ،‬ﺍﻟﻤﻴل ﻭﻫﻭ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺜﺎﺒﺘﺔ‪ (Vo) ،‬ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻡ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺌﻭﻱ‪ ،‬ﻓﺴﻴﻌﺒﺭ ﻋﻥ‬
‫ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺭﺒﺔ ﺭﻴﺎﻀﻴﹰﺎ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﺄﺘﻲ‪:‬‬

‫‪V = C t + Vo‬‬ ‫)‪…………. (4.2‬‬

‫ﻜﻤﺎ ﻟﻭﺤﻅ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻤﺘﺩﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺨﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﻴﻡ ﻴﻠﺘﻘﻲ ﻋﻨﺩ ﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﺠﺩﻴﺩﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺤﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻭﻋﻨـﺩﻫﺎ ﻴـﺼﺒﺢ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻥ‪:‬‬

‫‪V=CT‬‬ ‫)‪………… (4.3‬‬

‫ﻭﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺭﺒﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻏﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻓﺴﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻋﺩﺓ ﺨﻁﻭﻁ ﻤﺴﺘﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺘﻠﺘﻘﻲ ﺠﻤﻴﻌﻬﺎ ﻋﻨـﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻴﺩﺓ ﻨﻔﺴﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺤﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻨﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺸﻜل )‪ .(4.4-b‬ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﺘﻤﺜل ﺍﻟـﺼﻔﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠـﻕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻗﻴﻤﺘﻪ )‪ ،(-273°C‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺸﻜل )‪ (4.4-c‬ﻟﺫﻟﻙ ﻅﻬﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻴﺩ ﻟﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻴﺴﻤﻰ ﺒﺩﺭﺠﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠﻘﺔ ﺭﻤﺯﻩ )‪ (T‬ﻭﻭﺤﺩﺘﻪ ﻜﻠﻔﻥ )‪ .(K‬ﺇﻥ )‪ (T‬ﻫﻲ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺠﻠﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﺍﻻﺼل‬
‫ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻴﺩﺓ ﻭ )‪ (t‬ﺘﻤﺜل ﻗﺭﺍﺀﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺭﺍﺭ‪ ،‬ﻟﺫﻟﻙ ﻓﺈﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪T = t + 273‬‬ ‫)‪….. (4.4‬‬

‫)‪(75‬‬
 ‫‪t‬‬

‫ﺸﻜل)‪ -(4.4‬ﻗﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﺸﺎﺭل ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠﻘﺔ‬

‫ﻭﻟﻭﺤﻅ ﺍﻥ ﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻭﻡ ﺍﺼﺒﺤﺕ ﺼﻔﺭﹰﺍ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠﻕ‪ ،‬ﻫﺫﺍ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻲ ﻷﻨﻪ ﻴﺒﻘﻰ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻟﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﻴﺔ ﺤﺘﻰ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺩﺭﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﻁﺌﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻲ ﺤﻴﻥ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﺘﺘﺤﻭل ﻓـﻲ ﻫـﺫﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺴﺎﺌل ﺜﻡ ﺼﻠﺏ‪ ،‬ﺸﻜل )‪ .(4.2‬ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻥ ﻨﻠﺨﺹ ﻤﺎ ﻭﺭﺩ ﺁﻨﻔﹰﺎ ﺒﻤﺎ ﻴﺄﺘﻲ‪:‬‬
‫ﺤﺠﻡ ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﻤﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻏﺎﺯ ﺘﺘﻨﺎﺴﺏ ﻁﺭﺩﻴﹰﺎ ﻤﻊ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠﻘﺔ ﺸﺭﻁ ﺜﺒﻭﺕ ﺍﻟـﻀﻐﻁ‪ .‬ﻓـﺈﺫﺍ‬
‫ﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ )‪ (1‬ﺍﻟﻰ )‪ (2‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺸﻜل )‪ (4.5‬ﻓﺴﻴﻜﻭﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪V1 V2 V‬‬
‫=‬ ‫‪= = Const .‬‬ ‫)‪....... (4.5‬‬
‫‪T1 T2 T‬‬
‫ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﺘﻭﺼل ﺍﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻨﺴﻲ ﺠﺎﻜﻴﻭﺱ ﺁﻱ‪ .‬ﺴﻲ‪ .‬ﺸﺎﺭل )‪ (1823-1746‬ﺤﻴﺙ ﺍﻜﺘﺸﻑ ﺜﺎﺒﺕ‬
‫ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺩﺩ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻗﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﻟﻰ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺴﻤﻲ ﺒﺄﺴﻤﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻴﺭ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﻼﺤﻅﺔ ﺍﻥ ﻓﺭﻨـﺴﻴﹰﺎ‬
‫ﺁﺨﺭ ﻭﻫﻭ ﺠﻭﺯﻴﻑ ﻜﺎﻱ – ﻟﻭﺴﺎﻙ )‪ ،(1850-1778‬ﻗﺩ ﺍﻜﺘﺸﻑ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻻﻜﺘﺸﺎﻑ ﻨﻔﺴﻪ ﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺯﻤﻨﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻨﻔﺴﻬﺎ ﺘﻘﺭﻴﺒﹰﺎ ﻭﻟﻜﻥ ﺒﺜﺒﻭﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻡ‪ ،‬ﺤﻴﺙ ﻭﻀﻊ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‪:‬‬

‫ﺸﻜل)‪ -(4.5‬ﻗﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﺸﺎﺭل‬

‫ﻀﻐﻁ ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﻤﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻏﺎﺯ ﺘﺘﻨﺎﺴﺏ ﻁﺭﺩﻴﹰﺎ ﻤﻊ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠﻘﺔ ﺸﺭﻁ ﺜﺒﻭﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻡ‪ .‬ﺃﻱ ﺍﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪P‬‬
‫‪= Const .‬‬ ‫)‪....... (4.6‬‬
‫‪T‬‬
‫)‪(76‬‬
 ‫)‪ -(4.4‬ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺭﺍﺭ ﺍﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﻱ ﺫﻭ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻭ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻡ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﺒﺕ‬
‫ﻴﺯﺩﺍﺩ ﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ )ﺍﻭ ﺤﺠﻤﻪ( ﺒﻤﻘﺎﺩﻴﺭ ﻤﺘﺴﺎﻭﻴﺔ ﻟﻤﻘﺎﺩﻴﺭ ﻤﺘﺴﺎﻭﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺩﺭﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‪ .‬ﻤﺎﺫﺍ ﻴﻘﺼﺩ‬
‫ﺒﺫﻟﻙ‪ .‬ﺍﺫﺍ ﺴﺨﻥ ﻏﺎﺯ ﻤﺜﺎﻟﻲ ﺒﺜﺒﻭﺕ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ )ﺍﻭ ﺜﺒﻭﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻡ( ﻤﻥ ﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﺍﻻﻨﺠﻤﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻰ ﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﻠﻴﺎﻥ ﻓـﺈﻥ‬
‫ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﻭﺍﺤﺩﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﺌﻭﻱ ﺴﺘﻤﺜل ﺒـ )‪ (1/100‬ﻤﻥ ﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻡ ﺍﻭ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﻜﺫﺍ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﻱ ﺫﻭ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ )ﺍﻭ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻡ( ﺍﻟﺜﺎﺒﺕ ﻜﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻟﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‪ .‬ﺇﻥ‬
‫ﻗﻭﺍﻨﻴﻥ ﺜﺒﻭﺕ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻜﺘﺸﻔﻬﺎ ﺸﺎﺭل ﻭﻗﻭﺍﻨﻴﻥ ﺜﺒﻭﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻡ ﺍﻜﺘﺸﻔﻬﺎ ﻏﺎﻴﻠﻭ ﺴﺎﻙ‪ .‬ﻨﻭﻀﺢ ﻤﺎ ﻴﺄﺘﻲ‪:‬‬

‫ﻗﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﻏﺎﻴﻠﻭﺴﺎﻙ ‪V = Const.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﺸﺎﺭل ‪P = Const.‬‬

‫)‪V = Vo . T ...... (4.7‬‬

‫‪P = Po . T‬‬ ‫‪To‬‬
‫‪To‬‬
‫‪= Vo . t + 273‬‬
‫‪= Po . t + 273‬‬ ‫‪273‬‬
‫‪273‬‬
‫⎟⎞ ‪= Vo . ⎛⎜ 1 t + 1‬‬
‫⎟⎞ ‪= Po . ⎛⎜ 1 t + 1‬‬ ‫‪⎝ 273‬‬ ‫⎠‬
‫‪⎝ 273‬‬ ‫⎠‬
‫)‪= Vo . (αt + 1) ..... (4.8‬‬
‫)‪= Po . (β t + 1‬‬

‫ﺇﻥ ﺍﻻﺸﺎﺭﺓ )‪ (o‬ﺘﻌﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﻋﻨﺩ )‪ .(0°C‬ﻭﺍﻥ )‪ (β‬ﺘﻤﺜل ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ‪ (α) ،‬ﻤﻌﺎﻤل‬
‫ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻡ‪ .‬ﻭﺘﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻥ )‪ (β‬ﻭ )‪ (α‬ﺜﺎﺒﺘﺔ ﻭﻤﺘﺴﺎﻭﻴﺔ ﻟﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻤﻭﻀﺤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺠﺩﻭل ﺭﻗـﻡ‬
‫)‪ (4.1‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺘﺴﺎﻭﻱ )‪ .(1/273‬ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﺍﻋﻼﻩ ﺘﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻨﻪ ﻋﻨﺩ ﻀﻐﻁ )ﺍﻭ ﺤﺠﻡ( ﺜﺎﺒﺕ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺤﺠﻡ )ﺍﻭ‬
‫ﻀﻐﻁ( ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﻴﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺒﻨﺴﺒﺔ )‪ (1/273‬ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﺘﺯﺩﺍﺩ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘﻪ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﻭﺍﺤﺩﺓ‪.‬‬

‫ﺠﺩﻭل )‪ (4.1‬ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺘﻤﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﻟﻜل ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﻤﺌﻭﻴﺔ‬

‫‪β‬‬ ‫‪α‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ‬
‫‪0.00367‬‬ ‫‪0.00367‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍﺀ‬
‫‪0.00366‬‬ ‫‪0.00366‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺩﺭﻭﺠﻴﻥ‬
‫‪0.00367‬‬ ‫‪0.00367‬‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻭﻜﺴﺠﻴﻥ‬
‫‪0.00367‬‬ ‫‪0.00367‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺭﻭﺠﻴﻥ‬
‫‪0.00373‬‬ ‫‪0.00374‬‬ ‫ﺜﺎﻨﻲ ﺍﻭﻜﺴﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺭﺒﻭﻥ‬

‫)‪(77‬‬
‫ﻟﺫﻟﻙ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﺃﻱ ﻗﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﻤﻥ ﻫﺫﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻨﻴﻥ ﻟﻌﻤل ﻤﺤﺭﺍﺭ ﻏﺎﺯﻱ ﺴﻭﺍﺀ ﺒﻀﻐﻁ )ﺍﻭ ﺒﺤﺠـﻡ(‬
‫ﺜﺎﺒﺕ‪.‬‬
‫ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻲ ﻴﺒﻘﻰ ﻏﺎﺯﻴﹰﺎ ﺘﺤﺕ ﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻅﺭﻭﻑ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺩ ﻭﺠﺩ ﺍﻥ ﺤﺠﻤﻪ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺼﻔﺭﹰﺍ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟـﺼﻔﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠﻕ )‪ (t=-273‬ﺃﻱ‪:‬‬
‫⎡‬ ‫⎤‬
‫‪Vo = [1 − α (t o − t )] = ⎢1 −‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫⎥ )‪(0 − ( 273‬‬ ‫)‪...... (4.9‬‬
‫⎣‬ ‫‪273‬‬ ‫⎦‬
‫⎞ ‪⎛ 273‬‬
‫‪= 1− ⎜+‬‬ ‫‪⎟ = 1−1 = 0‬‬ ‫)‪....... (4.10‬‬
‫⎠ ‪⎝ 273‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺠﻡ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻴﺩ ﻋﻥ ﺘﺴﺨﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﻴﺴﺎﻭﻱ‪:‬‬

‫]) ‪V1 = Vo [1 + α (t 1 + t 0‬‬ ‫)‪...... (4.11‬‬

‫ﺍﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻡ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻴﺩ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﻓﻴﺴﺎﻭﻱ‪:‬‬

‫]) ‪V2 = Vo [1 − α (t 0 − t 1‬‬ ‫)‪...... (4.12‬‬

‫)‪ -(4.5‬ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﺔ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻲ ‪The General Equation of Perfect Gas‬‬
‫ﺘﺴﻤﻰ ﺍﻴﻀﹰﺎ ﺒﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ )‪ .(Equation of State‬ﻗﺩ ﺘﺘﻌﺭﺽ ﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﻤﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻏﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺘﻐﻴـﺭ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺠﻡ ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻭﻗﺕ ﻭﺍﺤﺩ‪ .‬ﻟﺫﻟﻙ ﻻ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺘﻁﺒﻴﻕ ﻗﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﺒﻭﻴل ﺍﻟـﺫﻱ ﻴـﺸﺘﺭﻁ‬
‫ﺜﺒﻭﺕ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﻻ ﻗﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﺸﺎﺭل ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﺸﺘﺭﻁ ﺜﺒﻭﺕ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ‪ .‬ﻋﻨﺩﺌ ٍﺫ ﻨﺤﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻰ ﻗﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﺍﻭ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟـﺔ‬
‫ﺠﺩﻴﺩﺓ ﺘﺭﺒﻁ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭﺍﺕ‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﻌﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﺘﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﻤﻥ )‪ (1‬ﺍﻟﻰ )‪ (2‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺸﻜل )‪ (4.6-a‬ﻴﺘﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻋﺩﺩﹰﺍ ﻻ ﻨﻬﺎﺌﻴـﹰﺎ‬
‫ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻟﻙ ﻴﺭﺒﻁ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺘﻴﻥ‪.‬‬

‫ﺸﻜل)‪ -(4.6‬ﺍﺸﺘﻘﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﺔ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻲ‬

‫)‪(78‬‬
‫ﻭﻟﻜﻥ ﻴﺠﺏ ﺍﻥ ﻨﺨﺘﺎﺭ ﻤﺴﻠﻜﹰﺎ ﻴﺴﺘﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﻰ ﻗﺎﻨﻭﻨﻲ ﺒﻭﻴل ﻭﺸﺎﺭل ﻜﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺸﻜل )‪ .(4.6-b‬ﻨﻔﺘـﺭﺽ ﺍﻥ‬
‫ﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻻﺒﺘﺩﺍﺌﻴﺔ ﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﻤﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻏﺎﺯ )‪ (T1 ،V1 ،P1‬ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺌﻴﺔ )‪ (T2 ،V2 ،P2‬ﻭﺤﺼﻭل‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻤﻥ )‪ (1‬ﺍﻟﻰ )‪ (2‬ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺭﺤﻠﺘﻴﻥ ﻤﺘﻌﺎﻗﺒﺘﻴﻥ ﺒﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﻤﺘﻭﺴﻁ ﻤﺜل )‪ .(A‬ﺍﻤـﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺤﻠﺘـﺎﻥ‬
‫ﻓﻬﻤﺎ‪-:‬‬
‫‪ -1‬ﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﻤﻥ )‪ (1‬ﺍﻟﻰ )‪ (A‬ﺒﺜﺒﻭﺕ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‪ .‬ﻋﻨﺩﺌ ٍﺫ ﺒﻤﻭﺠﺏ ﻗﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﺒﻭﻴل ﻴﻜﻭﻥ‪:‬‬

‫‪P1V1 = PA VA = P2VA‬‬

‫‪P1 V1‬‬
‫= ‪VA‬‬ ‫)‪........... (4.13‬‬
‫‪P2‬‬
‫‪ -2‬ﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﻤﻥ )‪ (A‬ﺍﻟﻰ )‪ (2‬ﺒﺜﺒﻭﺕ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ‪ .‬ﻋﻨﺩﺌ ٍﺫ ﺒﻤﻭﺠﺏ ﻗﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﺸﺎﺭل ﻴﻜﻭﻥ‪-:‬‬

‫‪VA V2 VA‬‬
‫=‬ ‫=‬
‫‪TA‬‬ ‫‪T2‬‬ ‫‪T1‬‬
‫‪V2 T1‬‬
‫= ‪∴ VA‬‬ ‫)‪.......... (4.14‬‬
‫‪T2‬‬ ‫ﻭﺒﺘﻌﻭﻴﺽ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ )‪ (4.14‬ﺒـ )‪ (4.13‬ﻴﻜﻭﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪P1 V1 V 2 T1‬‬
‫=‬ ‫)‪......... (4.15‬‬
‫‪P2‬‬ ‫‪T2‬‬

‫ﻭﺒﺄﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺘﺭﺘﻴﺏ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﻭﻋﻨﺩ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺘﻐﻴﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﺨﺭﻯ ﻟﻨﻔﺱ ﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﻤﺜل )‪ … ،4 ،3‬ﺍﻟﺦ( ﻓﻴﻜﻭﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪P1V1 P2V2 P3V3 PV‬‬
‫=‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= =Const‬‬
‫)‪. ......(4.16‬‬
‫‪T1‬‬ ‫‪T2‬‬ ‫‪T3 T‬‬
‫ﻭﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ )‪ (ν‬ﺘﻤﺜل ﺤﺠﻡ )‪ (1Kg‬ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻲ ﻋﻨﺩﺌ ٍﺫ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪Pν‬‬
‫‪= Const .‬‬ ‫)‪......... (4.17‬‬
‫‪T‬‬

‫ﻴﺭﻤﺯ ﻟﻬﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﺒﺕ )‪ (Const.‬ﺒﺎﻟﺭﻤﺯ )‪ (R‬ﻭﻨﺴﻤﻴﻪ ﺜﺎﺒﺕ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﺨﺘﻠﻑ ﻤﻥ ﻏﺎﺯ ﻵﺨﺭ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ‪:‬‬

‫‪Pν = R‬‬ ‫)‪......... (4.18‬‬

‫‪T‬‬ ‫ﺍﻤﺎ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ )‪ (m‬ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﻓﻴﻜﻭﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪PV = m R T‬‬ ‫)‪………. (4.19‬‬

‫ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺘﺴﻤﻰ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﺔ ﺍﻭ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﺍﻭ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟـﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻓﻴﻬـﺎ ﻴﺠـﺏ‬
‫ﺍﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻭﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠﻘﺔ ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠﻘﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺇﻥ ﻗﻭﺍﻨﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﻟﻴﺴﺕ ﺴﻬﻠﺔ ﺘﻤﺎﻤﹰﺎ ﻜﻤﺎ ﺍﻭﻀﺢ ﻜل ﻤﻥ ﻗﺎﻨﻭﻨﻲ ﺒﻭﻴل ﻭﺸﺎﺭل ﻟﻠﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻴـﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻟﻠﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻜﺜﺭ ﺘﻌﻘﻴﺩﹰﺍ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺫﻜﻭﺭﺓ ﺁﻨﻔﹰﺎ ﻜﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺒﻴﺘﻲ – ﺒﺭﻜﻤﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺩﻴﺘـﺭ‬

‫)‪(79‬‬
‫ﻴﺸﻲ‪ ،‬ﺒﻴﺭ ﺜﻴﻠﻭﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﻓﺎﻥ ﺩﻴﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﺯ‪ .‬ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﺘﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻗﻭﺍﻨﻴﻨـﹰﺎ ﻏﻴـﺭ ﻗـﻭﺍﻨﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻐـﺎﺯ‬
‫ﻼ ﺒﺎﻟﻨـﺴﺒﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻲ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﻜﻥ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺘﺒﺴﻴﻁ ﻜل ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﺘﺘﺤﻭل ﺍﻟﻰ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﻤﺜـﺎﻟﻲ‪ .‬ﻓﻤـﺜ ﹰ‬
‫ﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﻓﺎﻥ ﺩﻴﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﺯ‪:‬‬
‫⎛‬ ‫⎞ ‪a‬‬
‫)‪⎜ P + 2 ⎟(ν − b ) = RT .......... (4.20‬‬
‫⎝‬ ‫⎠ ‪ν‬‬ ‫ﻭﻋﻨﺩ )‪ (a‬ﻭ )‪ (b‬ﺘﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺼﻔﺭﹰﺍ ﻓﺘﺼﺒﺢ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪(P + O) (ν - O) = RT‬‬
‫‪Pν = RT‬‬ ‫)‪………. (4.21‬‬

‫ﺇﻥ )‪ (R‬ﻫﻭ ﺜﺎﺒﺕ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﻜﻤﺎ ﺍﺸﺭﻨﺎ )‪ (Gas Constant‬ﻭﻴﺴﻤﻰ ﺍﻴﻀﹰﺎ ﺒﺎﻟﺜﺎﺒﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻴﺯ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﺯ‪ ،‬ﻗﻴﻤﺘﻪ‬
‫ﺘﺨﺘﻠﻑ ﺒﺎﺨﺘﻼﻑ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ‪ .‬ﻭﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ )‪ (mkg‬ﻓﺴﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻭﺤﺩﺍﺕ )‪ (R‬ﻜﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‪:‬‬

‫‪PV kN‬‬ ‫‪1 1 kN . m‬‬

‫=‪R‬‬ ‫= × × ‪= 2 × m3‬‬ ‫)‪= kJ / kg.K ......... (4.22‬‬
‫‪mT m‬‬ ‫‪kg K Kg . K‬‬

‫)‪ -(4.6‬ﺍﻻﻨﺜﺎﻟﺒﻲ ‪Enthalpy‬‬

‫ﻜﺎﻥ ﻴﺩﻋﻰ ﺒﺎﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﺴﺘﺒﺩﻟﺕ ﺘﺴﻤﻴﺘﻪ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﺤﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﻭ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻭ ﺍﻻﻨﺜـﺎﻟﺒﻲ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﻴﺔ )‪ (µ‬ﻭﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺠﻡ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺤﺎﺼل ﻀﺭﺒﻬﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﺸﻐل )‪ (Pν‬ﻫﻲ ﻤـﻥ ﺨـﻭﺍﺹ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﻨﺩ ﺠﻤﻊ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﺘﻅﻬﺭ ﺨﺎﺼﻴﺔ ﺠﺩﻴﺩﺓ ﺘﺴﻤﻰ ﺒﺎﻻﻨﺜﺎﻟﺒﻲ ﺭﻤﺯﻩ )‪ (H‬ﻭﻭﺤﺩﺘـﻪ )‪(kJ‬ﺍﻤـﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻻﻨﺜﺎﻟﺒﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻲ ﻓﺭﻤﺯﻩ )‪ (h‬ﺒﻭﺤﺩﺍﺕ )‪ (kJ/kg‬ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ‪:‬‬

‫‪h = µ + Pν‬‬ ‫)‪………… (4.23‬‬

‫ﻭﺒﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﺘﻔﺎﻀﻠﻴﺔ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪dh = dµ + dPν‬‬
‫‪= dµ + dPν + νdP‬‬
‫ﻭﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ )‪ (P = Const.‬ﻓﺈﻥ )‪ (dP = 0‬ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪dh = dµ + Pdν‬‬
‫ﻭﺒﺘﻜﺎﻤل ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪∫dh = ∫dµ + ∫Pdν‬‬
‫ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﺄﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪∆h = ∆µ + P∆ν‬‬ ‫)‪……….. (4.24‬‬

‫)‪(80‬‬
 ‫)‪ -(4.7‬ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻴﺘﻴﻥ ‪Relationship between the Specific Heats‬‬
‫ﻟﻠﻐﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻲ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘﺎﻥ ﻨﻭﻋﻴﺘﺎﻥ ﻫﻤﺎ ﺒﺜﺒﻭﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻡ ﻭﺭﻤﺯﻫﺎ )‪ (Cv‬ﻭﺒﺜﺒـﻭﺕ ﺍﻟـﻀﻐﻁ ﻭﺭﻤﺯﻫـﺎ‬
‫)‪ .(Cp‬ﻓﻌﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻻﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﻤﺘﻨﺎﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﺭ ﺒﺜﺒﻭﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻡ ﻓﺄﻥ‪:‬‬
‫⎞ ‪⎛ ∂µ‬‬
‫⎜ = ‪Cv‬‬ ‫⎟‬ ‫)‪........... (4.25‬‬
‫‪⎝ ∂T ⎠ υ‬‬
‫‪or‬‬
‫‪(d µ)ν = Cv (dT)ν‬‬
‫‪or‬‬
‫‪d µ = Cv d T‬‬
‫ﺒﺘﻜﺎﻤل ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﻴﻨﺘﺞ‪:‬‬
‫‪∆ µ = Cv ∆ T‬‬ ‫)‪……….. (4.26‬‬

‫ﻭﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻻﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﻤﺘﻨﺎﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﺭ ﺒﺜﺒﻭﺕ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﻓﺈﻥ‪:‬‬

‫⎞ ‪⎛ ∂h‬‬
‫⎜ = ‪Cp‬‬ ‫⎟‬ ‫)‪........... (4.27‬‬
‫‪⎝ ∂T ⎠ p‬‬
‫‪or‬‬
‫‪(dh)p = Cp (dT)p‬‬
‫‪or‬‬
‫‪dh = Cp dT‬‬

‫ﻭﺒﺘﻜﺎﻤل ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﻴﻨﺘﺞ‪:‬‬

‫‪∆h = Cp ∆T‬‬ ‫)‪……….. (4.28‬‬

‫ﺍﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻴﺘﻴﻥ ﻓﺘﺸﺘﻕ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﺄﺘﻲ‪:‬‬

‫‪h = µ + Pν‬‬
‫‪∆h=∆µ+P∆ν‬‬
‫‪Cp ∆T = Cv ∆ T + R ∆T‬‬
‫‪R = Cp – Cv‬‬ ‫)‪………….. (4.29‬‬

‫ﺒﻤﺎ ﺍﻥ )‪ (R‬ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﻤﻭﺠﺒﺔ‪ ،‬ﻟﺫﺍ ﻴﺠﺏ ﺍﻥ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ‪ Cp > Cv‬ﺩﺍﺌﻤﺎﹰ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﺘﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺍﻟـ )‪ (Cp‬ﻭﺍﻟـ‬
‫)‪ (Cv‬ﺒﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻴﺒﻘﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻕ ﺒﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﺜﺎﺒﺘﹰﺎ‪.‬‬

‫)‪(81‬‬
 ‫ﺍﻤﺜﻠﺔ ﻤﺤﻠﻭﻟﺔ‬
‫)‪(4.2‬‬
‫ﻏﺎﺯ ﺤﺠﻤﻪ ) ‪ (0.9 m‬ﻭﻀﻐﻁﻪ )‪ (1 bar‬ﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻴﺯﻭﺜﺭﻤﻠﻴﹰﺎ ﺍﻟﻰ ) ‪ (0.3m‬ﺍﺤﺴﺏ )‪ (1‬ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺌﻲ‬
‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬

‫)‪ (2‬ﻟﻭ ﺯﺩﻨﺎ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﻜﻡ ﻴﺼﺒﺢ ﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺒﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭ )‪.(1.2/1‬‬
‫‪P V 1 × 0.9‬‬
‫= ‪1 − P2 = 1 1‬‬ ‫‪= 3 bar‬‬
‫‪V2‬‬ ‫‪0.3‬‬
‫‪P1 V1 T2 1 × 0.9 1.2‬‬
‫= ‪2 - P2‬‬ ‫×‬ ‫=‬ ‫×‬ ‫‪= 3.6 bar‬‬
‫‪V2‬‬ ‫‪T1‬‬ ‫‪0.3‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫)‪(4.3‬‬
‫ﻏﺎﺯ ﻀﻐﻁﻪ )‪ (40kN/m2‬ﻭﺤﺠﻤﻪ )‪ (0.1m3‬ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘﻪ )‪ (25°C‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺍﻟﻲ‪ .‬ﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﻰ‬
‫)‪ (700kN/m2‬ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ )‪ ،(60°C‬ﺍﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻡ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻴﺩ‪.‬‬

‫‪P1 T2‬‬ ‫‪140 333‬‬

‫= ‪V2‬‬ ‫= ‪× × V1‬‬ ‫×‬ ‫‪× 0.1 = 0.0223 m 3‬‬
‫‪P2 T1‬‬ ‫‪700 298‬‬ ‫)‪(4.4‬‬
‫ﻏﺎﺯ ﻀﻐﻁﻪ )‪ (350kN/m2‬ﻭﺤﺠﻤﻪ )‪ (0.03m3‬ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘﻪ )‪ (35°C‬ﺍﺭﺘﻔﻊ ﻀﻐﻁﻪ ﺒﺜﺒﻭﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻰ )‪ .(1.05 MN/m2‬ﺍﺤﺴﺏ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻴﺩﺓ‪ ،‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪R = 0.29 kJ/kg . K‬‬
‫‪PV 350 × 0.03‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻴﻀﹰﺎ ﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ‪.‬‬
‫=‪m‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 0.118 kg‬‬
‫‪RT 0.29 × 308‬‬
‫‪P‬‬ ‫‪1.05‬‬
‫‪T2 = T1 × 2 = 308‬‬ ‫‪= 924 K = 651 o C‬‬
‫‪P1‬‬ ‫‪0.35‬‬
‫)‪(4.5‬‬
‫)‪ (4.2kg‬ﻤــﻥ ﻏــﺎﺯ )‪ (CO2‬ﻀــﻐﻁﻪ )‪ (12bar‬ﻭﺩﺭﺠــﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘــﻪ )‪ (92°C‬ﻓــﺈﺫﺍ ﻜــﺎﻥ‬
‫‪ .R = 0.189 kJ/kg . K‬ﺍﺤﺴﺏ ﺤﺠﻡ )‪.(CO2‬‬

‫‪V = mTR = 4.2 × 365 × 0.189 = 0.2414 m 3‬‬

‫‪P‬‬ ‫‪12 × 100‬‬

‫)‪(4.6‬‬
‫ﺍﻭﻜﺴﺠﻴﻥ ﻀﻐﻁﻪ )‪ (15.5 bar‬ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘﻪ )‪ (410°C‬ﻭﻜﺎﻥ ‪ .R=0.26 kJ/kg.K‬ﺍﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪P‬‬ ‫‪15.5 × 10 2‬‬
‫=‪ρ‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 8.728 kg/m 3‬‬
‫‪TR 683 × 0.26‬‬

‫)‪(82‬‬
 ‫)‪(4.7‬‬
‫ﻭﻋﺎﺀ ﺤﺠﻤﻪ )‪ (0.2m3‬ﻴﺤﺘﻭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻨﻴﺘﺭﻭﺠﻴﻥ ﻋﻨﺩ ﻀﻐﻁ )‪ (1.013bar‬ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ )‪ .(15°C‬ﺘـﻡ‬
‫ﻀﺦ )‪ (0.2kg‬ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺭﻭﺠﻴﻥ ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺔ ﻤﺨﻀﺔ ﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺨﺯﺍﻥ‪ .‬ﺍﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻴﺩ ﻟﻠﻐـﺎﺯ ﻋﻨـﺩ‬
‫ﺭﺠــﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﺨــﺯﺍﻥ ﺍﻟــﻰ ﺩﺭﺠــﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘــﻪ ﺍﻻﺒﺘﺩﺍﺌﻴــﺔ‪ .‬ﺍﻋﺘﺒــﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺘــﺭﻭﺠﻴﻥ ﻏــﺎﺯ ﻤﺜــﺎﻟﻲ‪،‬‬
‫ﻋﻠﻤﹰﺎ ﺃﻥ‪R = 296.9 J/kg . K :‬‬

‫‪P1 V1 1.013 × 10 2 × 0.2‬‬

‫= ‪m1‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 0.237 kg‬‬
‫‪RT1‬‬ ‫‪0.2969 × 288‬‬
‫‪m2 = m1 + 0.2 = 0.337 + 0.2 = 0.437 kg‬‬

‫‪mRT2 0.437 × 0.2969 × 288‬‬

‫= ‪P2‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 1.87 bar‬‬
‫‪V2‬‬ ‫‪0.2‬‬
‫)‪(4.8‬‬
‫)‪ (0.01Kg‬ﻤﻥ ﻏﺎﺯ ﻤﺜﺎﻟﻲ ﻴﺸﻐل ﺤﺠﻡ ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭﻩ )‪ (0.003m3‬ﻋﻨـﺩ ﻀـﻐﻁ )‪ (7bar‬ﻭﺩﺭﺠـﺔ ﺤـﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬
‫)‪ .(131°C‬ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﺴﻤﺢ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﺯ ﺒﺎﻟﺘﻤﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﻰ ﻀﻐﻁ )‪ (1bar‬ﺍﺼﺒﺢ ﺤﺠﻤﻪ ﺍﻟﻨﻬـﺎﺌﻲ )‪ .(0.02m3‬ﺇﺤـﺴﺏ‬
‫ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺌﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪P1 V1 7 × 10 2 × 0.003‬‬
‫=‪R‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 0.52kJ / kg.K‬‬
‫‪mT1‬‬ ‫‪0.01 × 404‬‬
‫‪P2 V2 100 × 0.02‬‬
‫= ‪T2‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 384.5 K = 111.52o C‬‬
‫‪mR 0.01 × 0.52‬‬ ‫)‪(4.9‬‬
‫ﻗﻨﻴﻨﺔ ﺤﺩﻴﺩﻴﺔ ﺤﺠﻤﻬﺎ )‪ (12L‬ﺘﺤﺘﻭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ )‪ (CO2‬ﺒﺩﺭﺠـﺔ ﺤـﺭﺍﺭﺓ )‪ (20°C‬ﻭﻀـﻐﻁ )‪.(73.5 bar‬‬
‫ﺍﺤﺴﺏ ﻜﺘﻠﺔ )‪ (CO2‬ﻋﻠﻤﹰﺎ ﺃﻥ‪RCO2 = 0.189 kJ/kg . K :‬‬

‫‪P1 V1 73.5 × 10 2 × 0.012‬‬

‫=‪m‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 1.593 kg‬‬
‫‪RT1‬‬ ‫‪0.189 × 293‬‬

‫)‪(83‬‬
 ‫ﻤﺴﺎﺌـل‬
‫)‪(4.1‬‬
‫ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻤﻌﺯﻭل ﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﹰﺎ ﻴﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺠﺯﺌﻴﻥ )‪ a‬ﻭ ‪ (b‬ﺒﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﺤﺎﺠﺯ ﺫﻭ ﻋﺎﺯل ﺤﺭﺍﺭﻱ ﻴﺤﺘﻭﻴﺎﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻐـﺎﺯ‬
‫ﻨﻔـــﺴﻪ‪ ،‬ﺤﺠـــﻡ ﺍﻟﺠـــﺯﺀ )‪ (10L) (a‬ﻭﺩﺭﺠـــﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘـــﻪ )‪ (100°C‬ﻭﻀـــﻐﻁﻪ‬
‫)‪ (10 bar‬ﻭﺤﺠﻡ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺀ )‪ (20L) (b‬ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘﻪ )‪ (20°C‬ﻭﻀﻐﻁﻪ )‪ .(5 bar‬ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﺃﺯﻴل ﺍﻟﺤـﺎﺠﺯ‬
‫ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺌﻴﻥ ﺒﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﻓﻲ ﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﺠﺯﺍﺌﻪ‪ .‬ﺃﻭﺠﺩ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺌﻲ ﻭﺃﻫﻤل ﺤﺠﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺠﺯ‪ .‬ﻋﻠﻤﹰﺎ‬
‫ﺃﻥ‪.R=0.25 kJ/kg.K :‬‬
‫ﺝ‪(6.658 bar) :‬‬
‫)‪(4.2‬‬
‫ﺨﺯﺍﻥ ﻤﻐﻠﻕ‪ .‬ﺤﺠﻤﻪ )‪ (0.5m3‬ﻴﺤﺘﻭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻏﺎﺯ ﻜﺘﻠﺘﻪ )‪ (0.75kg‬ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘﻪ )‪ .(25°C‬ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ‬
‫ﻗﺭﺍﺀﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﻭﻤﻴﺘﺭ ﻫﻲ )‪ .(1bar‬ﺍﻭﺠﺩ ﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻲ‪ (1) :‬ﻗـﺭﺍﺀﺓ ﺍﻟﻤـﺎﻨﻭﻤﻴﺘﺭ ﺒﻭﺤـﺩﺍﺕ )‪ (2) .(mmHg‬ﺇﺫﺍ‬
‫ﺃﻀﻴﻑ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﺯ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭﻫﺎ )‪ (15kJ‬ﻜﻡ ﺴﺘﺼﺒﺢ ﻗﺭﺍﺀﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻨﻭﻤﻴﺘﺭ ﺒﻭﺤﺩﺍﺕ )‪ (mmHg‬ﺍﻴﻀﹰﺎ‪ .‬ﻋﻠﻤـﹰﺎ‬
‫ﺒﺄﻥ‪:‬‬

‫‪Cp = 1.005 kJ/kg.K. Cv = 0.717 kJ/kg.K. ρHg = 13600 kg/m3‬‬

‫‪(305 mmHg.‬‬ ‫ﺝ‪215 mmHg) :‬‬
‫)‪(4.3‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺯﻭل ﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﹰﺎ ﻭﻴﺤﻭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻏﺎﺯ ﺍﻻﻭﻜﺴﺠﻴﻥ )‪ (O2‬ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺯ )‪ (A‬ﻭﻜﺘﻠﺘـﻪ‬
‫)‪ (1.5kg‬ﻭﻏﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺭﻭﺠﻴﻥ )‪ (N2‬ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺯ )‪ (B‬ﻭﻜﺘﻠﺘﻪ )‪ (5.2 kg‬ﻭﻟﻜﻼ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺯﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻘـﺭﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻴﻨـﺔ‬
‫ﺒﺎﻟﺸﻜل‪ .‬ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﺭﻓﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺯل ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻱ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺯﻴﻥ ﻭﺘﺭﻙ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻥ ﺇﺘﺯﻥ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﹰﺎ ﺒﺤﻴـﺙ ﺍﺼـﺒﺤﺕ‬
‫ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺯ )‪ (A‬ﻭﺍﻟﺤﻴﺯ )‪ .(60.19°C) (B‬ﺠﺩ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﺒﺜﺒﻭﺕ ﺍﻟـﻀﻐﻁ )‪(Cp‬‬
‫ﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﺍﻻﻭﻜـﺴﺠﻴﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻨـﺎﻴﺘﺭﻭﺠﻴﻥ ﻋﻠﻤـﹰﺎ ﺍﻥ )ﻗـﺭﺍﺀﺓ ﺍﻟﺒـﺎﺭﻭﻤﻴﺘﺭ )‪ (760mmHg‬ﻭﻜﺜﺎﻓـﺔ ﺍﻟﺯﺌﺒـﻕ‬
‫)‪ .(Cv N2 = 0.744 kJ/kg.K) ،(13600 kg/m3‬ﺃﻫﻤل ﺤﺠﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺯل ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻱ‬
‫‪t=50 0C‬‬ ‫‪t=100 0C‬‬

‫‪Pg=4bar‬‬ ‫‪Pg=2bar‬‬

‫)‪(B‬‬ ‫)‪(A‬‬
‫‪V=0.992m3‬‬ ‫‪V=0.483m3‬‬

‫ﻋﺎﺯل ﺤﺭﺍﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺤﺎﺠﺯ‬

‫)‪(84‬‬
 ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻣﺲ – ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎﻣﻴﻚ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ‬

‫)‪ -(5.1‬ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﺍﻷﻭل ﻟﺩﻴﻨﺎﻤﻴﻙ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ‪The First Law of Thermodynamics‬‬

‫ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺍﻨﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﻌﺘﻤﺩ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻫﻴﻜل ﺩﻴﻨﺎﻤﻴﻙ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﺍﻷﻭل‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻭﺠﺩ ﻤـﻥ‬
‫ﺨﻼل ﺘﺠﺭﺒﺔ ﺍﻻﻨﺴﺎﻥ ﻭﺨﺒﺭﺘﻪ‪ ،‬ﻴﺘﻨﺎﻭل ﻜل ﺃﺸﻜﺎل ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ‪ ،‬ﻜﺎﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﻘﻠﺔ ﺒﺸﻜﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺤـﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻐل‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺯﻭﻨﺔ ﺒﻜل ﺃﺸﻜﺎﻟﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻫﻭ ﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺼﻴﻎ ﻗﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﺤﻔﻅ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﻻ ﺘﻔﻨـﻰ ﻭﻻ‬
‫ﺘﺴﺘﺤﺩﺙ‪ ،‬ﻓﻤﺘﻰ ﻤﺎ ﺍﺨﺘﻔﻰ ﺸﻜل ﻤﻥ ﺃﺸﻜﺎل ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﻅﻬﺭ ﺒﺸﻜل ﺁﺨﺭ‪ .‬ﺒﻭﺴﺎﻁﺘﻪ ﻨﺤﺴﺏ ﻜﻤﻴـﺎﺕ ﺍﻟـﺸﻐل‬
‫ﻼ ﺍﻟﺸﻐل ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺘﺞ ﻤﻥ ﺘﻤﺩﺩ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﻘﻠﺔ ﻋﺒﺭ ﺤﺩﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﺘﺤﺩﺙ ﺘﻐﻴﺭﺍﺕ ﻤﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ‪ ،‬ﻤﺜ ﹰ‬
‫ﺒﺨﺎﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺘﻭﺭﺒﻴﻥ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺸﻐل ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻡ ﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﻫﻭﺍﺀ ﻓﻲ ﻀﺎﻏﻁ‪ ،‬ﺍﻭ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻤﺔ ﻟﺘﻭﻟﻴﺩ ﺒﺨﺎﺭ ﻋﻨﺩ ﻀـﻐﻁ‬
‫ﻤﻌﻴﻥ ﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺠل‪.‬‬
‫ﻟﻘﺩ ﺍﻫﻤل ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﺍﻻﻭل ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻭل ﻭﺍﻻﺘﺠﺎﻩ‪ ،‬ﺇﺫ ﺍﻭﻀﺢ ﺍﻨﻪ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺘﺤﻭﻴل ﺍﻟـﺸﻐل ﻜﻠﻴـﹰﺎ ﺍﻟـﻰ‬
‫ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺒﺎﻻﺤﺘﻜﺎﻙ ﻭﻟﻜﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺤﻴل ﺘﺤﻭﻴل ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻜﻠﻴﹰﺎ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺸﻐل‪ ،‬ﻜﻤـﺎ ﺴـﻨﻼﺤﻅ ﻋﻨـﺩ ﺩﺭﺍﺴـﺘﻨﺎ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺩﻭﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫)‪ -(5.2‬ﺘﺠﺭﺒﺔ ﺠﻭل ‪Joule’s Experiment‬‬

‫ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺍﻗﺭﺕ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﻫﻲ ﺘﺠﺭﺒﺔ ﺠﻭل ﻷﻴﺠﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗـﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻴـﺔ ﺒـﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺤـﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻐل‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻠﺨﺹ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﺄﺘﻲ‪:‬‬
‫ﻴﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺸﻜل )‪ (5.1‬ﻤﻥ ﻭﻋﺎﺀ ﻤﻐﻠﻕ ﻤﻌﺯﻭل ﻴﺤﺘﻭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺎﺌﻊ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻫﺒﻁ ﺍﻟﻭﺯﻥ‬
‫ﻼ ﻤﺎ )‪ (Win‬ﺴﻭﻑ ﻴﻨﺠﺯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻊ ﻴﺤﺴﺏ ﺒﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ )‪ ،(mgz‬ﻓﺴﺘﺭﺘﻔﻊ‬
‫)‪ (m‬ﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ )‪ (Z‬ﻓﺄﻥ ﺸﻐ ﹰ‬

‫ﺸﻜل )‪ -(5.1‬ﺘﺠﺭﺒﺔ ﺠﻭل‬

‫ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻊ‪ .‬ﺍﺒﻌﺩﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺯﻟﺔ ﻭﻭﻀﻊ ﺍﻟﻭﻋﺎﺀ ﻓﻲ ﺤﻭﺽ ﻤﺎﺀ‪ ،‬ﻓﻌﺎﺩﺕ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤـﺎﺌﻊ‬

‫)‪(85‬‬
 ‫ﺍﻟﻰ ﻗﻴﻤﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻻﺼﻠﻴﺔ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺇﻨﺘﻘﺎل ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ )‪ (Qout‬ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻊ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﺘﺤﺴﺏ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﻤﻘـﺩﺍﺭ‬
‫ﺇﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ‪ .‬ﺒﺫﻟﻙ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻗﺩ ﻤﺭ ﺒﺩﻭﺭﻩ‪ .‬ﺍﻜﺘﺸﻑ ﺠﻭل ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﻐل )‪ (Win‬ﻴﺘﻨﺎﺴﺏ ﻤﻊ‬
‫ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ )‪ ،(Qout‬ﺃﻱ‪:‬‬
‫‪Qout α Win‬‬
‫‪Qout = Win‬‬ ‫ﻭﻟﻠﻭﺤﺩﺍﺕ ﻨﻔﺴﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺒﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﻋﺎﻤﺔ ﻟﻸﻨﻅﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻐﻠﻘﺔ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﺘﻤﺭ ﺒﺩﻭﺭﻩ ﻓﺈﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪∫ dQ = ∫ dW‬‬ ‫⇒‬ ‫‪∑Q = ∑ W‬‬ ‫)‪...... (5.1‬‬

‫ﺘﻤﺜل ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺘﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺫﻜﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻨﻔﹰﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺒﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺭﻴﺎﻀﻲ ﻟﻠﻘﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﺍﻻﻭل ﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻤﻐﻠﻕ ﻴﻤﺭ ﺒﺩﻭﺭﻩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺸﻜل )‪ -(5.2‬ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﻐل ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ )ﻤﻜﺎﻓﺊ ﺠﻭل ‪(J‬‬

‫ﻭﻟﻭﺤﻅ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ )‪ (W‬ﻭ )‪ (Q‬ﻁﺭﺩﻴﺔ ﺒﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﺸﻜل )‪ .(5.2‬ﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﻤﺜل )‪ (J‬ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺜﺎﺒﺘـﺔ‬
‫ﺘﺴﻤﻰ ﺒﻤﻜﺎﻓﺊ ﺠﻭل ﻭﺘﺴﺎﻭﻱ )‪ (4.2kJ/kcal‬ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﻐل ﺒﻭﺤﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﻭل ﻭﺍﻟﺤـﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺒﻭﺤـﺩﺍﺕ‬
‫)‪ ،(kcal‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺴﺎﺒﻘﹰﺎ‪.‬‬

‫)‪ -(5.3‬ﺼﻴﻎ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﺍﻻﻭل ‪The First Law Statement‬‬

‫ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻭﺼل ﺍﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﺠﻭل ﺍﻭﻀﺤﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻐل ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﻨﻅﻤـﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻐﻠﻘـﺔ‬
‫ﻴﻌﺒﺭ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﺒﺎﻟﺼﻴﻎ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻴﻤﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺒﺩﻭﺭﻩ ﺃﻱ ﻴﻌﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺤﺎﻟﺘﻪ ﺍﻻﺒﺘﺩﺍﺌﻴﺔ ﺒﻌﺩ ﻤﺭﻭﺭﻩ ﺒﺴﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻻﺠﺭﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﻓﺈﻥ‪:‬‬
‫ﺘﺘﺤﻭل ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻜﻠﻴﹰﺎ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺸﻐل‪ .‬ﻓﻠﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻟﻭﺤﺩﺍﺕ ﻴﻌﺒﺭ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﺭﻴﺎﻀﻴﹰﺎ ﺒـ )‪.(Q=W‬‬ ‫ﺃ‪-‬‬

‫)‪(86‬‬
 ‫ﺏ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻫﻲ ﺍﺤﺩﻯ ﺼﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ‪ .‬ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺼﻭل ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﻐل ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﻲ ﺍﻭ ﺘﺤﻭﻴﻠﻬـﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻴﻪ‪ .‬ﺃﻱ )‪.(Q⇔W‬‬
‫ﺠـ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻤل ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺭﻱ ﻟﻠﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺘﺘﻨﺎﺴﺏ ﻁﺭﺩﻴﹰﺎ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻤل ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺭﻱ ﻟﻠﺸﻐل ﺍﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﺠﺒﺭﻱ ﻟﻠﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬
‫ﻴﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﺠﺒﺭﻱ ﻟﻠﺸﻐل‪ .‬ﺃﻱ ﺍﻨﻪ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻴﻤﺭ ﺃﻱ ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻤﻐﻠﻕ ﺒﺩﻭﺭﻩ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﻐل ﺍﻟﺼﺎﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﻘـل‬
‫ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻴﻁ ﻴﺘﻨﺎﺴﺏ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺄﺨﻭﺫﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻴﻁ‪ .‬ﺃﻱ‪:‬‬

‫‪∫ dQ = ∫ dW‬‬ ‫⇒‬ ‫‪∑Q = ∑ W‬‬ ‫)‪...... (5.2‬‬

‫ﺍﺒﺴﻁ ﻤﺜﺎل ﻟﻬﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺨﺎﺭﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﻭﻟﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻜﻤﺎ ﻓـﻲ ﺸـﻜل )‪ (5.3‬ﺤﻴـﺙ ﺍﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﺔ ﺘﺤﺘﺎﺝ ﺸﻐل )‪.(Win‬‬
‫ﻼ‬
‫ﻟﺘﺩﻓﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺠل ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﺤﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ )‪ (Qin‬ﻟﻴﺘﺒﺨﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﻭﻴﺘﻤﺩﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺭﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﻌﻁﻲ ﺸﻐ ﹰ‬

‫‪∑Q = ∑W‬‬ ‫‪∑Q = ∑W‬‬

‫‪(Qin) + (–Qo) = Wo + (–Win) = Wo – Win‬‬ ‫)‪(Qin) + (–Qo) = Wo + (–Win‬‬
‫]‪Qin – Qo = Wo – [(Win)1 + (Win)2‬‬ ‫‪Qin – Qo = Wo – Win‬‬
‫‪Qin – Qo = Wo – Win‬‬

‫ﺸﻜل )‪ -(5.3‬ﻤﺤﻁﺔ ﺒﺨﺎﺭﻴﺔ – ﺘﻁﺒﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﺍﻻﻭل‬

‫ﻼ‪ .‬ﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺜﻑ ﺘﻁﺭﺩ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ )‪ (Qo‬ﻟﻴﺘﻜﺜﻑ ﺍﻟﺒﺨﺎﺭ ﻭﺘﺩﻓﻌﻪ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﺔ ﺜﺎﻨﻴ ﹰﺔ‬
‫)‪ (Wout‬ﻟﺘﺩﻭﻴﺭ ﻤﻭﻟﺩ ﻜﻬﺭﺒﺎﺌﻲ ﻤﺜ ﹰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺠل ﻭﻫﻜﺫﺍ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺭﻨﺎ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻻﺠﺭﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﻓﺴﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﺍﻻﻭل ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﺄﺘﻲ‪:‬‬
‫‪∑Q = ∑W‬‬
‫)‪Qin + (–Qo) = Wo + (–Win‬‬
‫‪Qin – Qo = Wo – Win‬‬ ‫)‪……….. (5.3‬‬
‫ﺍﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪Win = (Wp)1 + (Wp)2‬‬

‫)‪(87‬‬
 ‫ﺍﺫﺍ ﻅﻬﺭﺕ ﻤﺎﻜﻨﺔ ﺘﻌﻁﻲ ﺸﻐل ﻤﻥ ﻻ ﺸﺊ ﺍﻭ ﺘﻌﻁﻲ ﺸﻐل ﺍﻜﺜﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻓﺘﺴﻤﻰ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﺎﻜﻨـﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺍﻻﺒﺩﻴﺔ ﺍﻭ ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻤﺩﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻉ ﺍﻻﻭل ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺤﻴﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﻊ‪ ،‬ﻷﻨﻬﺎ ﺘﺘﻌﺎﺭﺽ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻘـﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﺍﻻﻭل‪ .‬ﻟـﺫﻟﻙ‬
‫ﻅﻬﺭﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻘﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﺍﻻﻭل‪:‬‬
‫"ﻻ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻟﻤﺎﻜﻨﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺍﺒﺩﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻉ ﺍﻻﻭل"‪.‬‬
‫)‪ -(5.4‬ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ‪Energy Equation‬‬
‫ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺒﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺭﻴﺎﻀﻲ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﺍﻻﻭل‪ ،‬ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﻤﻬﻤﺔ ﺠﺩﹰﺍ ﺘﺴﺘﻌﻤل ﺒـﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﻋﺎﻤـﺔ ﻓـﻲ ﺠﻤﻴـﻊ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺜﺭﻤﻭﺩﻴﻨﺎﻤﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻤﺭ ﺒﺠﺯﺀ ﻤﻥ ﺩﻭﺭﻩ )ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺴﺎﻜﻨﺔ(‪ .‬ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﺘﻐﻴﺭﺕ ﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺨـﻼل‬
‫ﺘﺤﺭﻜﻪ ﺍﻭ ﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻤﻭﻀﻌﻪ‪ ،‬ﻓﺴﺘﻅﻬﺭ ﺨﺎﺼﻴﺔ ﺠﺩﻴﺩﺓ ﻟﻠﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺸﻜل ﻁﺎﻗـﺔ ﻤﺨﺯﻭﻨـﺔ )‪(Stored Energy‬‬
‫ﻜﻤﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﺜﺎﺒﺘﺔ ﻴﺭﻤﺯ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺒﺎﻟﺭﻤﺯ )‪.(∆Ese‬‬
‫ﻭﻟﻐﺭﺽ ﺘﻭﻀﻴﺢ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻨﻔﺘﺭﺽ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺘﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺤﺎﻟﺘﻪ ﻤﻥ )‪ (1‬ﺍﻟﻰ )‪ (2‬ﻋﺒﺭ ﺍﻟﻤـﺴﺎﺭ )‪ ،(A‬ﺜـﻡ‬
‫ﻴﻌﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺤﺎﻟﺘﻪ ﺍﻻﺼﻠﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ )‪ (2‬ﺍﻟﻰ )‪ (1‬ﻋﺒﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺭ )‪ (B‬ﺍﻭ )‪ .(C‬ﻭﻜﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺸﻜل )‪.(5.4‬‬

‫ﺸﻜل )‪ -(5.4‬ﻤﺴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻭﺩﺓ ﺜﺎﺒﺘﺔ‬

‫ﺍﺴﺘﻨﺎﺩﹰﺍ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﺍﻻﻭل ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﺠﺭﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺭﻴﺔ ﻓﺈﻥ‪:‬‬

‫‪∑Q = ∑W‬‬
‫ﻭﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺭﻴﺔ ‪ 1A2B1‬ﻓﺈﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪(Q12)A + (Q21)B = (W12)A + (W21)B‬‬ ‫)‪…. (1‬‬
‫ﻭﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺭﻴﺔ ‪ 1A2C1‬ﻓﺈﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪± (Q12)A ± (Q21)C = ± (W12)A ± (W21)C‬‬ ‫)‪…. (2‬‬
‫ﺒﻁﺭﺡ )‪ (1‬ﻤﻥ )‪ (2‬ﻴﻨﺘﺞ‪:‬‬
‫‪(Q21)B – (Q21)C = (W21)B – (W21)C‬‬
‫‪∴ (W21)B – (W21)B = (Q21)C – (W21)C‬‬ ‫)‪…. (5.4‬‬

‫)‪(88‬‬
 ‫ﻴﺘﻀﺢ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻗﺸﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﻴﺎﻀﻴﺔ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ )‪ (Q-W‬ﺜﺎﺒﺘﺔ ﻋﺒﺭ ﻤﺴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻭﺩﺓ )‪ (B‬ﺍﻭ‬
‫)‪ (C‬ﺍﻭ ﺃﻱ ﻤﺴﺎﺭ ﺁﺨﺭ‪ .‬ﺍﺫﻥ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﺘﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻤﻥ )‪ (1‬ﺍﻟﻰ )‪ (2‬ﻓﺈﻥ )‪ (Q-W‬ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺜﺎﺒﺘﺔ ﻋﺒـﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺭ )‪ (A‬ﺍﻭ ﺃﻱ ﻤﺴﺎﺭ ﺁﺨﺭ‪ ،‬ﻷﻥ ﻁﺭﻴﻕ ﺍﻟﻌﻭﺩﺓ ﺜﺎﺒﺕ ﻤﻬﻤﺎ ﺍﺨﺘﻠﻔﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺭﺍﺕ‪ .‬ﻟﺫﺍ ﻓﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﺒﺘـﺔ‬
‫)‪ (Q-W‬ﺘﻤﺜل ﺨﺎﺼﻴﺔ ﺠﺩﻴﺩﺓ ﻟﻠﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻻ ﺘﺘﻭﻗﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺭ ﻭﺇﻨﻤﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻻﺒﺘﺩﺍﺌﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺌﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺘﻌﺭﻑ‬
‫ﺒﺎﻟﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺯﻭﻨﺔ ﺍﻭ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﻅﺎﻡ‪ ،‬ﻴﺭﻤﺯ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺒـ )‪ (∆Ese‬ﺘﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺒﺘﻐﻴـﺭ )‪ ،(Q-W‬ﺃﻱ‬
‫ﺍﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪Q – W = ∆Ese‬‬ ‫)‪………… (5.5‬‬
‫ﻟﺫﺍ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﺒﺘﺔ )‪ (Q-W‬ﺘﻤﺜل ﺨﺎﺼﻴﺔ ﺠﺩﻴﺩﺓ ﻟﻠﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻻ ﺘﺘﻭﻗﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺭ ﻭﺇﻨﻤـﺎ ﻋﻠـﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻻﺒﺘﺩﺍﺌﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺌﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺘﻌﺭﻑ ﺒﺎﻟﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺯﻭﻨﺔ ﺍﻭ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﻅﺎﻡ‪ .‬ﻴﺭﻤﺯ ﻟﻬـﺎ ﺒــ‬
‫)‪ (∆Ese‬ﺘﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺒﺘﻐﻴﺭ )‪ (Q-W‬ﺃﻱ‪:‬‬
‫‪Q – W = ∆Ese = ∆U + ∆KE + ∆PE‬‬ ‫)‪……….. (5.6‬‬

‫ﻴﻁﻠﻕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﺔ ﻟﻠﻁﺎﻗـﺔ)‪.(The General Energy Equation‬‬
‫ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻁﺒﻘﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﻨﻅﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻐﻠﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻤﺭ ﺒﺠﺯﺀ ﻤﻥ ﺩﻭﺭﺓ )ﺃﻱ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻜﻨﺔ( ﻓـﺴﺘﻬﻤل ﺍﻟﻁـﺎﻗﺘﻴﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺎﻤﻨﺔ ﻭﺘﺼﺒﺢ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﺔ ﻜﺎﻵﺘﻲ‪:‬‬
‫‪Q – W = ∆U‬‬ ‫)‪………. (5.7‬‬

‫ﺃﻱ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﺔ ﻻ ﺘﺘﺤﻭل ﻜﻠﻴﹰﺎ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺸﻐل‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻨﻤﺎ ﻴﺘﺤﻭل ﺠﺯﺀ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﻟﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻨﻅﺎﻡ‪ .‬ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺘﺴﻤﻰ ﺒﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻼﺠﺭﻴﺎﻨﻴﺔ )‪ (Non-Flow Energy Equation‬ﻴﺭﻤﺯ ﻟﻬـﺎ‬
‫)‪.(NFEE‬‬
‫ﺍﻤﺎ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺸﺒﻪ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻜﻨﺔ ﻓﺘﺼﺒﺢ ﺍﻟـ )‪ (NFEE‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻲ‪:‬‬
‫‪dQ – dW = dU‬‬ ‫)‪……… (5.8‬‬
‫ﻭﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻴﻤﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺒﺩﻭﺭﻩ ﻓﺈﻥ )‪ ،(∆U=0‬ﻟﺫﺍ ﺴﺘﺘﺤﻭل ﺍﻟـ )‪ (NFEE‬ﺍﻟﻰ ﻗﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﺠﻭل‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ‪:‬‬
‫‪Q=W‬‬ ‫)‪………. (5.9‬‬
‫)‪ -(5.5‬ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺸﺒﻪ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻜﻨﺔ‬
‫ﺘﻤﺭ ﺍﻻﻨﻅﻤﺔ ﺒﺠﺯﺀ ﻤﻥ ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻤﺎ ﺍﻥ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺴﺎﻜﻨﺔ ﺍﻭ ﺸﺒﻪ ﺴـﺎﻜﻨﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﺎﻟـﺴﺎﻜﻨﺔ ﺘﻜـﻭﻥ‬
‫ﻼ )‪ ،(Q ،W ،U‬ﺍﻤﺎ ﺸﺒﻪ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻜﻨﺔ ﻓﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺘﻐﻴـﺭ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟـﺔ‬
‫ﻤﺤﺩﺩﺓ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺘﻴﻥ ﺍﻻﺒﺘﺩﺍﺌﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻤﺜ ﹰ‬
‫ﺼﻐﻴﺭ ﺠﺩﹰﺍ ﻭﻴﺘﻡ ﺒﻐﺎﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻁﺄ ﻤﻥ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺍﻥ ﻴﺼﺎﺤﺒﻬﺎ ﻀﻴﺎﻉ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﻴﻌﺒﺭ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﺒﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺘﻔﺎﻀـﻠﻴﺔ ﻤـﺜ ﹰ‬
‫ﻼ‬
‫)‪.(dQ ،dW ،dU‬‬

‫ﺇﻥ ﺘﻜﺎﻤل ﺘﻔﺎﻀل ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼﻴﺔ ﻴﻌﻁﻲ ﻓﺭﻗﹰﺎ ﻤﺤﺩﺩﹰﺍ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻗﻴﻤﺘﻴﻥ ﻟﻠﺨﺎﺼـﻴﺔ ﻴﻤﺜـل ﺒﺘﻌـﺎﺒﻴﺭ ﺘﺎﻤـﺔ ﺍﻭ‬
‫ﻼ‪:‬‬
‫ﻤﻀﺒﻭﻁﺔ )‪ (Exact‬ﻤﺜ ﹰ‬

‫)‪(89‬‬
 ‫‪T2‬‬ ‫‪U2‬‬

‫‪∫ dT = T2 − T1 = ∆T‬‬ ‫‪and‬‬ ‫‪∫ dU = U 2 − U 1 = ∆U‬‬ ‫)‪.......... (5.10‬‬

‫‪T1‬‬ ‫‪U1‬‬
‫ﺍﻤﺎ ﺘﻜﺎﻤل ﺘﻔﺎﻀل ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﻓﻴﻌﻁﻲ ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﻤﺤﺩﺩﺓ ﻟﻠﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻭ ﺍﻟﺸﻐل ﻴﻤﺜل ﺒﺘﻌﺎﺒﻴﺭ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺘﺎﻤﺔ ﺍﻭ ﻏﻴﺭ‬
‫ﻼ‪:‬‬
‫ﻤﻀﺒﻭﻁﺔ )‪ ،(Inexact‬ﻓﻤﺜ ﹰ‬
‫‪∫dQ = Q‬‬ ‫‪and ∫dW = W‬‬ ‫)‪…….. (5.11‬‬

‫ﺘﺩل ﺍﻻﺸﺎﺭﺓ )‪ (d‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻨﺎﻫﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﺭ‪ .‬ﻓﻔﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ‬
‫ﺼﻐﻴﺭ ﺠﺩﹰﺍ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻐل ﻭﻻ ﻴﺼﺎﺤﺒﻬﺎ ﻀﻴﺎﻉ‪ ،‬ﻓﺘﻜﺘﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺒﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﺘﻔﺎﻀﻠﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ‪:‬‬
‫‪dQ – dW = dU‬‬
‫ﻭﻋﻨﺩ ﺘﻜﺎﻤل ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﻨﺤﺼل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ‪:‬‬
‫‪∫dQ - ∫dW = ∫dU‬‬
‫‪∴ Q – W = ∆U‬‬ ‫)‪……. (5.12‬‬

‫ﺇﻥ ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻭ ﺍﻟﺸﻐل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﺭﺌﻴﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻨﺤﺘﺎﺝ ﻟﻤﻌﺭﻓﺘﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺘﺼﻤﻴﻡ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﻤﻌـﺩﺍﺕ‪،‬‬
‫ـﻀﻭﺍﻏﻁ‬‫ـﺔ )‪ ،(Heat Exchangers‬ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺨــﺭﺍﺕ )‪ ،(Evaporators‬ﺍﻟـ‬ ‫ـل ﺍﻟﻤﺒــﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴـ‬
‫ﻤﺜـ‬
‫)‪ ،(Compressors‬ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺭﺒﻴﻨﺎﺕ )‪ (Turbines‬ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺤﺭﻜﺎﺕ )‪ (Engines‬ﻭﻏﻴﺭﻫﺎ‪.‬‬

‫)‪ -(5.6‬ﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﺍﻻﻭل‬

‫‪ -1‬ﺘﻭﺠﺩ ﺨﺎﺼﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻐﻠﻕ ﺒﺤﻴﺙ ﺍﻥ ﺃﻱ ﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻓﻲ ﻗﻴﻤﺘﻬﺎ ﻴﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﻟﻠﻔﺭﻕ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻐل‪ ،‬ﺍﺜﻨﺎﺀ‬
‫ﺃﻱ ﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ‪ ،‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜل )‪ (5.4‬ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﺭﻤﺯﻨﺎ ﻟﻠﺨﺎﺼﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺍﻜﺘﺸﻔﺕ ﺒـ )‪ (U‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻌﺒـﺭ‬
‫ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻓﺴﻴﻜﻭﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪dQ – dW = dU‬‬
‫‪∫dQ -∫dW = ∫dU‬‬
‫‪Q – W = ∆U‬‬ ‫‪or ∑ (dQ – dW) = ∆U‬‬ ‫)‪……. (5.13‬‬

‫ﺃﻱ ﺍﻨﻪ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺇﻨﺘﻘﺎل ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻐل ﻋﺒﺭ ﺤﺩﻭﺩ ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻤﻐﻠﻕ ﻓـﻲ ﺍﺠـﺭﺍﺀ ﻏﻴـﺭ ﺩﻭﺭﻱ ﻓﺘﻅﻬـﺭ‬
‫ـﺩﻓﻕ‬ ‫ـﺔ ﺍﻟﺘـ‬
‫ـﺔ ﻋﺩﻴﻤـ‬‫ـﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗـ‬
‫ـﺔ ﺒﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟـ‬‫ـﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟـ‬
‫ـﺴﻤﻰ ﻫـ‬ ‫ـﺔ‪ .‬ﺘـ‬ ‫ـﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﻴـ‬
‫ـﺴﻤﻰ ﺒﺎﻟﻁﺎﻗـ‬ ‫ـﻴﺔ ﺘـ‬‫ﺨﺎﺼـ‬
‫)‪.(Non-Flow Energy Equation‬‬
‫ﻻ ﻋﻥ ﻤﺤﻴﻁﻪ‪ ،‬ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺘﺴﻤﻰ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﹰﺎ‬ ‫‪ -2‬ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻤﻐﻠﻕ ﺘﺒﻘﻰ ﺜﺎﺒﺘﺔ ﺍﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻤﻌﺯﻭ ﹰ‬
‫ﺒﻘﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﺤﻔﻅ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻼ ﺒﺼﻭﺓ ﻤـﺴﺘﻤﺭﺓ‬ ‫‪ -3‬ﺇﻥ ﺁﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺫﺍﺘﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻉ ﺍﻻﻭل ﻤﺴﺘﺤﻴﻠﺔ‪ .‬ﺃﻱ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻵﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻨﺘﺞ ﺸﻐ ﹰ‬
‫ﺒﺩﻭﻥ ﺍﻥ ﺘﻤﺘﺹ ﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺤﻴﻁﻬﺎ ﻭﺘﺴﻤﻰ ﺁﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺫﺍﺘﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﺴﺘﺤﻴﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﻊ‪.‬‬

‫)‪(90‬‬
 ‫)‪ -(5.7‬ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻭ ﻗﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﺠﻭل ‪Internal Energy or Joule's Law‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻲ ﺘﺎﺒﻊ ﻟﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻓﻘﻁ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ ﺘﺨـﻀﻊ ﻟﻠﻌﻼﻗـﺔ ])‪،[µ = ∅ (T‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﻤﺎ ﺤﻘﻘﻪ ﺠﻭل ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﺘﺠﺭﺒﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻟﺫﺍ ﺘﺴﻤﻰ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺒﻘﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﺠﻭل‪ .‬ﻭﺴﻨـﺸﺭﺡ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺭﺒـﺔ‬
‫ﻭﻨﺘﺎﺌﺠﻬﺎ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﻘﺎﻁ ﺍﻵﺘﻴﺔ‪-:‬‬
‫‪ -1‬ﻴﺘﺄﻟﻑ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﻤﻥ ﺤﻭﻀﻴﻥ ﻴﺤﺘﻭﻱ ﺍﺤﺩﻫﻤﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺍﺩ ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺨﻭﺍﺼﻪ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ ﻤﻔﺭﻍ ﺒﻴﻨﻬﻤـﺎ‬
‫ﺼﻤﺎﻡ‪ ،‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺸﻜل )‪.(5.5‬‬
‫‪ -2‬ﺘﻘﺎﺱ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -3‬ﻴﺴﻤﺢ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﺯ ﺒﺎﻟﺘﻤﺩﺩ ﺍﻻﺩﻴﺎﺒﺎﺘﻲ ﻋﻥ ﻁﺭﻴﻕ ﻓﺘﺢ ﺍﻟﺼﻤﺎﻡ ﺒﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﻤﻸ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﺤﻭﺽ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺭﻍ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -4‬ﻭﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻴﺤﺩﺙ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺍﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻴﺩ ﺘﻘﺎﺱ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻤﺭﺓ ﺜﺎﻨﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -5‬ﻭﺒﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺩﺩ ﺤﺭ‪ ،‬ﺇﺫﻥ )‪ ،(W = 0‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻤﺩﺩ ﺍﺩﻴﺎﺒﺎﺘﻲ‪ ،‬ﺇﺫﻥ )‪ (Q = 0‬ﻟﺫﺍ ﻨﺴﺘﻨﺘﺞ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻘـﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﺍﻻﻭل‬
‫ﺍﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪Q – W = ∆U‬‬
‫‪∆U = 0‬‬

‫ﺸﻜل )‪-(5.5‬ﺘﺠﺭﺒﺔ ﺠﻭل ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺃﻱ ﺍﻨﻪ ﻻ ﻴﺤﺩﺙ ﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺘﻴﻥ )‪ (1‬ﻭ )‪ (2‬ﺒﺭﻏﻡ ﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺠﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻲ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -6‬ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻭﺠﺩﻨﺎ ﺍﻨﻪ ﻟﻡ ﻴﺤﺩﺙ ﺃﻱ ﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺒﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﻴﻤﻜﻨﻨﺎ ﺍﻥ ﻨﺴﺘﻨﺘﺞ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﺘﺎﺒﻌﻪ ﻟﺩﺭﺠﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻓﻘﻁ‪ .‬ﺃﻱ ﺍﻨﻪ ﺒﺼﺭﻑ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺭ ﻋﻤﺎ ﻴﺤﺩﺙ ﻟﻠﻀﻐﻁ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺠﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺘﻐﻴﺭﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﺘﺒﻘﻰ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺜﺎﺒﺘﺔ ﻤﺎ ﻟﻡ ﺘﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -7‬ﻗﺎﻡ ﺠﻭل ﺒﺘﻐﻁﻴﺱ ﺍﻟﺤﻭﻀﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﺩﻉ ﻤﺎﺀ‪ ،‬ﺜﻡ ﻗﺎﺱ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﻗﺒـل ﺍﻟﺘﻤـﺩﺩ ﻭﺒﻌـﺩﻩ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻟﻡ ﻴﻼﺤﻅ ﺃﻱ ﺘﻐﻴﻴﺭ‪ ،‬ﺍﺴﺘﻨﺘﺞ ﺍﻥ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻟﻡ ﺘﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺍﻴﻀﺎﹰ‪ ،‬ﻤﻤﺎ ﻤﻜﻨـﻪ ﻤـﻥ ﺍﻟﻘـﻭل ﺍﻥ‬
‫])‪ [µ = ∅ (T‬ﻭﺘﺴﻤﻰ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺒﻘﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﺠﻭل‪ .‬ﻭﻤﻥ ﺘﻌﺭﻴﻑ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﺒﺜﺒﻭﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻡ ﻟــ‬
‫)‪ (1 kg‬ﻤﻥ ﻏﺎﺯ ﻓﺈﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪dµ = Cv dT‬‬
‫ﻭﺒﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺘﻜﺎﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪∆µ = Cv ∆T‬‬ ‫)‪………. (5.14‬‬
‫ﻼ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﺘﺎﺒﻌﺔ ﻟﺩﺭﺠـﺔ ﺍﻟﺤـﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬
‫ﻨﺴﺘﻨﺘﺞ ﻤﻥ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺍﻨﻪ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻊ ﻏﺎﺯﹰﺍ ﻜﺎﻤ ﹰ‬
‫ﻓﻘﻁ‪.‬‬

‫)‪(91‬‬
 ‫ﺍﻤﺜﻠﺔ ﻤﺤﻠﻭﻟﺔ‬
‫)‪(5.1‬‬
‫ﻼ ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭﻩ )‪ .(43.5kJ‬ﺍﻭﺠﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ‬
‫)‪ (0.5kg‬ﻤﻥ ﻤﺎﺌﻊ ﺘﻤﺩﺩ ﺍﺩﻴﺒﺎﺘﻴﹰﺎ ﻓﺄﻨﺘﺞ ﺸﻐ ﹰ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺌﻊ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻻﺠﺭﺍﺀ‪.‬‬
‫‪∆U = − W = − 43.5 kJ‬‬
‫‪∆U 43.5‬‬
‫= ‪∆µ‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= −87 kJ‬‬
‫‪m‬‬ ‫‪0.5‬‬
‫)‪(5.2‬‬
‫ﺨﺯﺍﻥ ﻴﺤﺘﻭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺎﺌﻊ ﻴﻘﻠﺏ ﺒﻭﺴﺎﻁﺔ ﻋﺠﻠﺔ ﻗﻼﺒﺔ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﺸﻐل ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺭﻭﻑ ﻟﻌﺠﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻘـﻼﺏ )‪،(5283 kJ/hr‬‬
‫ﺘﻨﺘﻘل ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﺯﺍﻥ ﺒﻤﻌﺩل )‪ (1672 kJ/hr‬ﻤﻌﺘﺒﺭﹰﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻅﻭﻤﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺨﺯﺍﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻊ‪ .‬ﺍﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺭ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﻅﻭﻤﺔ ﺨﻼل ﺴﺎﻋﺔ ﻭﺍﺤﺩﺓ؟‬
‫‪∆U = Q – W = – 1672 – (–5283) = 3611 kJ/hr‬‬

‫)‪(5.3‬‬
‫ﻤﻜﺒﺱ ﻤﺘﺤﺭﻙ ﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﺔ ﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﻤﻘﻁﻌﻬـﺎ )‪ (0.1m2‬ﻓﻴﻬـﺎ ﻫـﻭﺍﺀ ﻤﺤـﺼﻭﺭ ﻀـﻐﻁﻪ‬
‫)‪ (1.5bar‬ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘﻪ )‪ .(17°C‬ﺴﺨﻥ ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍﺀ ﻭﺍﺭﺘﻔﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺒﺱ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻥ ﺍﺼﻁﺩﻡ ﺒﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﺍﻟﺼﺩﺍﻡ‪ .‬ﺜﻡ‬
‫ﺴﺨﻥ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻥ ﺍﺼﺒﺢ ﻀﻐﻁﻪ ﻀﻌﻑ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻻﺒﺘﺩﺍﺌﻲ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﺍﻫﻤﻠﻨﺎ ﺴﻤﻙ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺒﺱ‪ .‬ﺍﺤﺴﺏ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻐل ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﻘل‪.‬‬
‫⎞ ‪⎛V‬‬ ‫⎞ ‪⎛ 3 × 0.1‬‬ ‫= ‪T3‬‬
‫‪P3‬‬
‫⎜‪T2 = T1 ⎜⎜ 2 ⎟⎟ = 290‬‬ ‫⎟‬ ‫‪. T2‬‬
‫⎠ ‪⎝ V1‬‬ ‫⎠ ‪⎝ 1 × 0.1‬‬ ‫‪P2‬‬
‫‪= 870 K‬‬ ‫=‬
‫‪2P1‬‬
‫‪T2 = 2 × 870 = 1740 K‬‬
‫) ‪W = P(V2 − V1‬‬ ‫‪P1‬‬
‫)‪= 150(0.3 - 0.1‬‬ ‫‪∑ W = 30 + 0 = 30 kJ‬‬
‫‪= 30 kJ/kg‬‬

‫)‪(5.4‬‬
‫ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻤﻐﻠﻕ ﺘﻐﻴﺭﺕ ﺤﺎﻟﺘﻪ ﻤﻥ )‪ (1‬ﺍﻟﻰ )‪ .(2‬ﻓﻲ ﺍﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺍﺴﺘﻠﻡ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭﻫﺎ )‪ (100kJ‬ﻭﺍﻋﻁﻰ ﺸﻐل‬
‫ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭﻩ )‪ .(150 kJ‬ﻋﻨﺩ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻤﻥ )‪ (2‬ﺍﻟﻰ )‪ (1‬ﺒﺫل ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺸﻐل ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭﻩ )‪ .(80kJ‬ﺍﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﻘﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻻﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﻤﻥ )‪ (2‬ﺍﻟﻰ )‪(1‬؟ ﻭﺒﻴﻥ ﺇﺘﺠﺎﻫﻬﺎ؟‬
‫‪∑Q=∑W‬‬ ‫)‪100 + Q21 = 150 + (-80‬‬
‫‪Q12 + Q21 = W12 + W21‬‬ ‫‪Q21 = -30 kJ‬‬

‫)‪(92‬‬
 ‫)‪(5.5‬‬
‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ )‪ ،(250 kJ/kg‬ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﺘﻨﺘﻘل )‪ (700kJ‬ﺤـﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻤـﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻴﻁ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻤﻊ ﺇﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﺸﻐل ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭﻩ )‪ (200kJ‬ﺍﺤﺴﺏ ﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻅـﺎﻡ ﻭﺍﻫﻤـل‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺎﻤﻨﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪∆U12 = Q12 – W12 = 700 – 200 = 500 kJ‬‬
‫‪∆U 12 500‬‬
‫=‪m‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 2 kg‬‬
‫‪∆µ 12 250‬‬

‫)‪(5.6‬‬
‫ﻤﻜﺒﺱ ﻴﺘﺤﺭﻙ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﺔ ﺘﺤﺘﻭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻏﺎﺯ ﻀﻐﻁﻪ )‪ (690kN/m2‬ﺇﺯﺩﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻡ ﺒﺜﺒﻭﺕ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﻤـﻥ‬
‫)‪ (0.003m3‬ﺍﻟﻰ )‪ (0.024m3‬ﺍﻭﺠﺩ ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺒﺎﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻤﺤﺘﻭﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﺔ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺘﺸﻊ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻴﻁ ﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭﻫﺎ )‪.(6 kJ‬‬
‫‪∆U12 = Q – W = Q - P∆V12 = (–6) –[690 (0.024 – 0.003)] = –20.49 kJ‬‬

‫)‪(5.7‬‬
‫ﺍﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﺔ ﻤﻐﻠﻘﺔ ﺒﻤﻜﺒﺱ ﻤﺘﺤﺭﻙ ﺘﺤﺘﻭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻏﺎﺯ‪ ،‬ﻓﻲ ﺍﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﻤﻌﻴﻥ ﻴﻔﻘﺩ ﺍﻟﻐـﺎﺯ )‪ (1055kJ‬ﻤـﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﺘﺯﺩﺍﺩ ﻁﺎﻗﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﺒﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭ )‪ (210kJ‬ﺍﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﺸﻐل ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﻘل ﻭﻤﺎ ﻫﻭ ﺍﺘﺠﺎﻫﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﻫل ﺍﻻﺠـﺭﺍﺀ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺫﻜﻭﺭ ﺘﻤﺩﺩ ﺍﻡ ﺍﻨﻀﻐﻁ‪.‬‬
‫‪Q – W = ∆U‬‬
‫‪–1055 – W = 210 ⇒ ∴ W = –1265 kJ‬‬

‫)‪(5.8‬‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻤﻐﻠﻕ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ )‪ (0.5kg‬ﻤﻥ ﺒﺨﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﺘﺤـﺕ ﻀـﻐﻁ ﺜﺎﺒـﺕ ﻤـﻥ ﺤﺠـﻡ )‪ (3m3‬ﺍﻟـﻰ‬
‫)‪ .(0.028m3‬ﻟﻭ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﻘﺎل ﺒﺎﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻻﺠـﺭﺍﺀ ﺒﻤﻘـﺩﺍﺭ )‪ (900kJ‬ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺸـﻜل ﺤـﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬
‫ﻭ )‪ (81.6kJ‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺸﻜل ﺸﻐل‪ .‬ﺍﻭﺠﺩ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﺒﻭﺤﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟـ )‪ (bar‬ﻭﺍﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴـﺭ ﺒﺎﻟﻁﺎﻗـﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪∆U12 = Q12 – W12‬‬ ‫‪W12 = P∆V12‬‬
‫)‪= (–900) – (–81.6‬‬
‫‪= − 31.6‬‬
‫‪W12‬‬
‫‪= –818.4 kJ‬‬ ‫=‪P‬‬
‫‪∆V12 0.028 − 3‬‬
‫‪∆U 12 − 818.4‬‬
‫= ‪∆ µ 12‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 0.2746 bar‬‬
‫‪m‬‬ ‫‪0.5‬‬
‫‪= −1636.8 kJ/kg‬‬

‫)‪(93‬‬
 ‫)‪(5.9‬‬
‫)‪ (2 kg‬ﻤﻥ ﻤﺎﺌﻊ ﻓﻲ ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻤﻐﻠﻕ ﻴﺘﻌﺭﺽ ﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺜﺒﻭﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻡ ﺘﺯﺩﺍﺩ ﺨﻼﻟﻪ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﻤـﻥ‬
‫)‪ (120 kJ/kg‬ﺍﻟﻰ )‪ .(180 kJ/kg‬ﺍﺤﺴﺏ ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺒﻭﺤﺩﺍﺕ )‪.(kJ‬‬
‫‪q = ∆ µ = 180 – 120 = 60kJ/kg‬‬
‫‪Q = m×q = 2×60 =120 kJ‬‬
‫)‪(5.10‬‬
‫ﻜﺎﻥ ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺸﻐل ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺫﻭل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻀﻐﻁ ﺸﺤﻨﻪ ﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﺔ ﻤﺤﺭﻙ ﻫﻭ )‪ (75 kJ/kg‬ﻭﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺤـﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻁﺭﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻴﻁ )‪ .(42 kJ/kg‬ﺍﻭﺠﺩ ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪∆ µ = Q - w = (-42) – (-75) = 33 kJ/kg‬‬
‫)‪(5.11‬‬
‫ﺍﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﺔ ﺘﺤﺘﻭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻏﺎﺯ ﻤﻐﻠﻕ ﺒﻤﻜﺒﺱ ﻻ ﺇﺤﺘﻜﺎﻜﻲ ﻭﺯﻨﻪ ﻴﺤﺩﺙ ﻀﻐﻁ ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭﻩ )‪ .(3 bar‬ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻴﺒـﺭﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻐــﺎﺯ ﻴﻘــل ﺤﺠﻤــﻪ ﻤــﻥ )‪ (0.1 m3‬ﺍﻟــﻰ )‪ (0.03 m3‬ﻭﺘــﺯﺩﺍﺩ ﻁﺎﻗﺘــﻪ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﻴــﺔ ﻤــﻥ‬
‫)‪ (4.18 kJ‬ﺍﻟﻰ )‪ .(16.72 kJ‬ﺍﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﺸﻐل ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﻘﻠﺘﻴﻥ‪.‬‬
‫‪W = P∆V = 300 (0.03 – 0.1) = -21 kJ‬‬
‫‪Q = ∆U + W = (16.72 – 4.18) + (-21) = -8.46 kJ‬‬

‫)‪(5.12‬‬
‫ﺨﺯﺍﻥ ﻤﻌﺯﻭل ﻤﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺠﺯﺌﻴﻥ ﻴﻔﺼل ﺒﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﺤﺎﺠﺯ‪ .‬ﺍﺤﺩ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺌﻴﻥ ﺒﺤﺠﻡ )‪ (2m3‬ﻴﺤﻭﻱ ﻫﻭﺍﺀ ﺒـﻀﻐﻁ‬
‫)‪ (5 bar‬ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ )‪ (300K‬ﻭﺍﻟﺠﺯﺀ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﺯﺍﻥ ﺒﺤﺠﻡ )‪ ،(5m3‬ﺭﻓﻊ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺠﺯ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺌﻴﻥ‬
‫ﻭﺘﻤﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍﺀ ﻟﻤلﺀ ﺍﻟﺨﺯﺍﻥ ﺒﺄﻜﻤﻠﻪ‪ .‬ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺭ ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍﺀ ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﻱ‪ .‬ﺍﺤﺴﺏ‪ (1) :‬ﺍﻟﺸﻐل ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺠﺯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍﺀ‪.‬‬
‫)‪ (2‬ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﻘﻠﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ‪ (3) .‬ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﻴﺔ‪ (4) .‬ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﻓﻲ ﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺠﺭﺍﺀ‪.‬‬
‫‪(1) W = 0‬‬ ‫‪(2) Q = 0‬‬
‫‪( 3) Q T1 = T2 = 300 ∴ ∆T = 0 ∴ Q - W = ∆U = 0‬‬
‫‪P1 V1 5 × 2‬‬
‫= ‪(4) P2‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 1.43 bar‬‬
‫‪V2‬‬ ‫‪7‬‬

‫)‪(94‬‬
 ‫ﻤﺴﺎﺌل‬
‫)‪(5.1‬‬
‫ﻼ ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭﻩ )‪ .(5kJ‬ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻋﻠﻤﺕ ﺍﻥ )‪.(γ=1.66‬‬ ‫ﻏﺎﺯ ﻴﺘﻤﺩﺩ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺜﺒﻭﺕ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﻨﺠﺯ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺸﻐ ﹰ‬
‫ﺍﺤﺴﺏ‪:‬‬
‫)‪ (1‬ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﻘﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺩﺩ ﻭﺍﺘﺠﺎﻫﻬﺎ )‪ (2‬ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﺯ‪.‬‬
‫ﺝ‪(7.57 ، 12.57 kJ) :‬‬

‫)‪(5.2‬‬
‫‪D=20cm‬‬ ‫ﻏﺎﺯ ﻜﺘﻠﺘﻪ )‪ (0.5kg‬ﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﺔ ﻋﻤﻭﺩﻴﺔ ﻓﻭﻗﻪ ﻤﻜﺒﺱ ﻋﺩﻴﻡ ﺍﻻﺤﺘﻜﺎﻙ‬
‫ﻜﺘﻠﺘﻪ )‪ .(1kg‬ﺍﻻﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﺔ ﻤﻭﻀﻭﻋﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺨﺯﺍﻥ ﻤﺎﺀ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻤﻭﻀﺢ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟـﺸﻜل‪.‬‬
‫‪D=20cm‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﺨﺎﻥ ﻴﻌﻁﻲ ﻗﺩﺭﺓ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺀ ﺒﻤﻌﺩل )‪ (1kW‬ﻭﻤﺭﻭﺤﺔ ﺘﺤﺭﻴـﻙ ﺍﻟﻤـﺎﺀ‬
‫ﻤﻜﺒﺱ‬
‫ﺘﻌﻤل ﺒﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭﻫﺎ )‪ .(0.1kW‬ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﺭﻭﺤﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﻟﻠﺠﻭ ﺘـﺴﺎﻭﻱ‬
‫ﻏﺎﺯ‬
‫ﻤﺭﻭﺤﺔ‬ ‫)‪ (10%‬ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺎﻓﺔ‪ .‬ﻤﺎ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤـﺎﺀ ﺒﻌـﺩ‬
‫ﺘﺸﻐﻴل ﺍﻟﺴﺨﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺭﻭﺤﺔ ﻟﻤـﺩﺓ )‪ (20 min.‬ﻭﺍﺫﺍ ﺍﺭﺘﻔـﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻜـﺒﺱ ﺨﻼﻟﻬـﺎ‬
‫ﻤﺎﺀ‬ ‫)‪ (20cm‬ﻭﺇﺯﺩﺍﺩﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﺯ ﺒﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭ )‪ .(10kJ‬ﻋﻠﻤـﹰﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻗـﺭﺍﺀﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﻭﻤﺘﺭ )‪.(1.01 bar‬‬
‫ﺝ‪(1177.364 kJ) :‬‬

‫)‪(5.3‬‬
‫ﻏﺎﺯ ﻴﻤﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺘﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻥ )‪ (3‬ﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀﺍﺕ‪ (1) :‬ﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﻴﺴﺘﻠﻡ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﺤـﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻤﻘـﺩﺍﺭﻫﺎ )‪(500kJ‬‬
‫ﻭﻴﻌﻁﻲ ﺸﻐل ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭﻩ )‪ (2) .(320kJ‬ﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﻴﺴﺘﻠﻡ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﺸﻐل ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭﻩ )‪ (140kJ‬ﻭﻴﻌﻁـﻲ ﺤـﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬
‫ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭﻫﺎ )‪ (3) .(200kJ‬ﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﺩﻴﺎﺒﺎﺘﻲ‪ .‬ﺠﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻟﻠﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻻﺩﻴﺎﺒﺎﺘﻲ‪.‬‬
‫ﺝ‪(-120kJ) :‬‬

‫)‪(5.4‬‬
‫ﻭﺭﺸﺔ ﺘﺤﺘﺎﺝ ﻟﻠﺘﺩﻓﺌﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﺘﺎﺀ ﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﺴﺎﺌﺭ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻨﺤﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻴﻁ )‪ .(320 000 kJ/hr‬ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻤﺔ ﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴل ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﺌﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻭﺭﺸﺔ )‪ .(25kW‬ﻭﻴﻭﺠﺩ ﻜﺫﻟﻙ )‪ (20‬ﻤﺼﺒﺎﺤﹰﺎ ﻤﻀﺎ ًﺀ ﻗـﺩﺭﺓ ﻜـل ﻤﻨﻬـﺎ‬
‫)‪ .(100W‬ﺍﺤﺴﺏ ﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﻗﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻡ ﺤﺭﻗﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻋﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﻔﺎﻅ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﻟﻭﺭﺸﺔ ﺜﺎﺒﺘﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﻋﻠﻤﺕ ﺍﻥ )‪ (85%‬ﻤﻥ ﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﻗﻭﺩ ﺘﺩﺨل ﺍﻟﻭﺭﺸﺔ ﻟﺘﺩﻓﺌﺘﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻭﻗـﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻤـﺴﺘﻌﻤل‬
‫)‪.(40 MJ/kg‬‬
‫ﺝ‪(6.553 kg/hr) :‬‬

‫)‪(95‬‬
 ‫)‪(5.5‬‬
‫ﺍﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﺔ ﻤﺯﻭﺩﺓ ﺒﻤﻜﺒﺱ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻨﺘﺭﻭﺠﻴﻥ ﺒﺤﺠﻡ )‪ (0.1m3‬ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ )‪ (25°C‬ﻭﻀﻐﻁ )‪.(150 kPa‬‬
‫ﺘﺤﺭﻙ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺒﺱ ﻀﺎﻏﻁﹰﺎ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺭﻭﺠﻴﻥ ﺤﺘﻰ ﻭﺼل ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ )‪ (1MPa‬ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤـﺭﺍﺭﺓ )‪ .(150°C‬ﻭﺒـﺫل‬
‫ﺸﻐل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻻﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭﻩ )‪ .(27.8 kJ‬ﺍﺤﺴﺏ ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﻘﻠﺔ ﺍﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻻﻨـﻀﻐﺎﻁ‬
‫ﻭﺍﺘﺠﺎﻫﻬﺎ ﻭﻜﺫﻟﻙ ﺍﺤﺴﺏ ﺤﺠﻡ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺌﻲ‪ .‬ﻋﻠﻤﹰﺎ ﺒﺄﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪Cp = 1.04 kJ/kg . K‬‬ ‫‪γ = 1.4‬‬
‫ﺝ‪(-12.06 kJ ،0.0213 m3) :‬‬

‫)‪(5.6‬‬
‫ﻤﺎﺌﻊ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﺔ ﻭﻤﻜﺒﺱ ﺘﻌﺭﺽ ﻷﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺒﺩﻭﻥ ﺇﺤﺘﻜﺎﻙ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺩ ﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻀﻐﻁﻪ ﻭﺤﺠﻤﻪ ﺒﻤﻭﺠـﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗـﺔ‬
‫)‪ (P = a + bV‬ﺤﻴﺙ ﺍﻥ )‪ (b ،a‬ﺜﻭﺍﺒﺕ‪ .‬ﻭﺘﻐﻴﺭﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﻅﻭﻤﺔ ﺨﻼل ﺍﻻﺠـﺭﺍﺀ ﺤـﺴﺏ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ )‪ (U = 34 + 3.15 PV‬ﺤﻴﺙ )‪ .(V ≡ m3) ، (P ≡ kN/m2) ،(U ≡ kJ‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜـﺎﻥ ﺍﻟـﻀﻐﻁ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺠﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺒﺩﺍﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺠﺭﺍﺀ )‪ (0.03 m3) ،(170 kPa‬ﻭﻓﻲ ﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺠـﺭﺍﺀ )‪(0.06 m3) ،(400 kPa‬‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺍﻟﻲ‪ .‬ﺍﺭﺴﻡ ﺍﻻﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺨﻁﻁ )‪ (P-V‬ﻭﺍﺤﺴﺏ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻭﺍﺘﺠﺎﻩ ﻜل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻐل ﺨـﻼل‬
‫ﺍﻻﺠﺭﺍﺀ‪.‬‬
‫ﺝ‪(68.05 kJ ،8.55 kJ) :‬‬

‫)‪(5.7‬‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻤﻌﺯﻭل ﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺎﹰ‪ ، ،‬ﻴﺤﺘﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺯ )‪ (a‬ﻭﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺤﺠﻤﻪ )‪ (0.5m3‬ﻋﻠـﻰ ﻫـﻭﺍﺀ ﻜﺘﻠﺘـﻪ )‪(0.5kg‬‬
‫ﻭﻀﻐﻁﻪ )‪ (1.35bar‬ﻭﻴﺤﺘﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺯ )‪ (b‬ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺤﺠﻤﻪ )‪ (0.25m3‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﻭﺍﺀ ﻜﺘﻠﺘﻪ )‪ (1kg‬ﻭﻀـﻐﻁﻪ‬
‫)‪ .(4.25 bar‬ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﺭﻓﻊ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺠﺯ )‪) (c‬ﺍﻫﻤل ﺤﺠﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺯ( ﻭﺘﺭﻙ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻥ ﻴﺼل ﺍﻟﻰ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻘﺭﺍﺭ‪.‬‬
‫ﻤﺎﺫﺍ ﺴﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺌﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ‪ ،‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻋﻠﻤﺕ ﺍﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪Cp = 1.005 kJ/kg . K‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪Cv = 0.717 kJ/kg .K‬‬
‫ﺝ‪(2.316 bar ،402.18 K) :‬‬

‫)‪(5.8‬‬
‫ﻼ‪ .‬ﻓـﺈﺫﺍ ﻜـﺎﻥ ﺍﻟـﺸﻐل‬
‫ﻫﻭﺍﺀ ﻜﺘﻠﺘﻪ )‪ (2kg‬ﻓﻲ ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻤﻐﻠﻕ‪ .‬ﺍﻀﻴﻔﺕ ﺍﻟﻴﻪ ﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻨﺘﺞ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺸﻐ ﹰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺘﺞ ﻴﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﻨﺼﻑ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍﺀ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﺭﺘﻔﻌﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﺫﻟـﻙ‬
‫ﺒﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭ )‪ .(600K‬ﺃﻭﺠﺩ ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻐل ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺘﺞ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻤﹰﺎ ﺒﺄﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪Cp = 1.005 kJ/kg.K‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪Cv = 0.718 kJ/kg.K‬‬
‫ﺝ‪(861.6 kJ ،1723.2 kJ) :‬‬

‫)‪(96‬‬
 ‫)‪(5.9‬‬
‫ﺍﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﺔ ﺸﺎﻗﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺘﺤﺘﻭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ )‪ (100g‬ﻫﻭﺍﺀ ﻤﻐﻠﻘﺔ ﺒﻤﻜﺒﺱ ﺤﺭ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﺔ )ﺒﺩﻭﻥ ﺇﺤﺘﻜﺎﻙ( ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﺭﺘﻔـﺎﻉ‬
‫)‪ .(50cm‬ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻗﺭﺍﺀﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﻭﻤﺘﺭ )‪:(1 bar‬‬
‫ﺍﻀﻴﻔﺕ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭﻫﺎ )‪ (5.95kJ‬ﻭﺃﺼﺒﺤﺕ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ )‪ (103°C‬ﻭﺍﺼﺒﺢ ﺍﻟﻤﻜـﺒﺱ ﻋﻠـﻰ‬ ‫ﺃ‪-‬‬
‫ﻭﺸﻙ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﺔ‪ .‬ﺍﺤﺴﺏ ﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍﺀ ﻗﺒل ﺇﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‪.‬‬
‫ﺏ‪ -‬ﺍﺫﺍ ﺍﺴﺘﻤﺭﻴﻨﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺇﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻥ ﻴﺭﺘﻔﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺒﺱ )‪ .(50cm‬ﺍﺤﺴﺏ ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺎﻓﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻐل ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﻘل‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺱ ﻟﻠﻬﻭﺍﺀ‪ .‬ﺍﺭﺴﻡ ﺍﻹﺠﺭﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺨﻁـﻁ‬
‫)‪(P-V‬ﻋﻠﻤﹰﺎ ﺒﺄﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪Cp = 1.005 kJ/kg.K‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪Cv = 0.717 kJ/kg.K‬‬

‫ﺝ‪(26.96 kJ ،10.829 kJ ،37.79 kJ ،0.861 bar) :‬‬

‫)‪(5.10‬‬
‫ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻤﻐﻠﻕ ﻴﺤﺘﻭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ )‪ (0.2kg‬ﻤﻥ ﻏﺎﺯ ﻤﺜﺎﻟﻲ‪ .‬ﻀﻐﻁ ﺒﻭﻟﺘﺭﻭﺒﻴﹰﺎ ﺍﻟـﻰ )‪ (100°C‬ﻭﺍﻀـﻴﻑ ﺍﺜﻨـﺎﺀ‬
‫ﻼ ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭﻩ )‪ .(19.7kJ‬ﻭﻁﺭﺤﺕ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭﻫﺎ )‪ .(5.3kJ‬ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨـﺕ )‪ (γ=1.4‬ﺍﻭﺠـﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﺸﻐ ﹰ‬
‫ﻗﻴﻤﺔ )‪.(R‬‬
‫ﺝ‪(0.295 kJ/kg.K) :‬‬

‫)‪(97‬‬
 ‫)‪ -(5.8‬ﺍﻻﺠﺭﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻼﺠﺭﻴﺎﻨﻴﺔ )ﺍﻻﻨﻅﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻐﻠﻘﺔ(‬
‫)‪Non-Flow Processes (Closed System‬‬
‫ﻤﻥ ﺍﻻﻤﺜﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﻗﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻭﻀﺢ ﻟﻨﺎ ﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﻨﻅﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻐﻠﻘﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺤـﺩﺙ ﻓـﻲ‬
‫ﺍﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﺔ ﻤﺤﺭﻙ ﺍﻻﺤﺘﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﻲ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﺩﺨل ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻊ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﻻﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﺔ ﻴﺒﻘﻰ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺤﺒﻴﺴﹰﺎ ﻟﻔﺘﺭﺓ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺨﻼﻟﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻼ‬
‫ﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻊ ﺒﻭﺴﺎﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺒﺱ‪ .‬ﻭﺒﻌﺩ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺘﺘﻭﻟﺩ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻓﻴﺘﻤﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻊ ﺩﺍﻓﻌﺎﹰ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺒﺱ ﻓﻴﻨﺠﺯ ﺸﻐ ﹰ‬
‫ﺨﺎﺭﺠﻴﹰﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﻟﻭﺤﻅ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻊ ﻭﺘﻤﺩﺩﻩ ﺘﺘﺤﻘﻕ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻼﺠﺭﻴﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻥ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻭﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻔﺼل ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻐﻠﻕ ﻋﻥ ﻤﺤﻴﻁﻪ ﻟﻴﺴﺕ ﺒﺎﻟﻀﺭﻭﺭﺓ ﺜﺎﺒﺘﺔ‪ ،‬ﺒل ﻤﺘﻐﻴـﺭﺓ ﻋﻨـﺩﻤﺎ ﺘﺘﻤـﺩﺩ ﺍﻭ ﺘـﺘﻘﻠﺹ‬
‫ﻟﺘﺴﺘﻭﻋﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺭﺍﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺤﺠﻡ ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻊ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﺒﺘﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺇﻥ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ‪:‬‬
‫‪Q – W = ∆U‬‬
‫ﻭﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟـ )‪ (1kg‬ﻤﻥ ﻏﺎﺯ ﻓﺈﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪q – w = ∆µ‬‬ ‫)‪…….. (5.15‬‬

‫ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺴﻨﻌﺘﻤﺩ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻏﻠﺏ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻭل ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﻤﺔ ﺘﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺒﺤﺴﺏ ﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺠﺭﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬
‫ﺘﺘﻤﻴﺯ ﺒﻤﺎ ﻴﺄﺘﻲ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -1‬ﺒﻘﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻡ ﺍﻭ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻭ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺜﺎﺒﺘﺔ‪ ،‬ﻤﻊ ﺇﻨﺘﻘﺎل ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻋﺒﺭ ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻭﺩ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -2‬ﺇﻨﺘﻘﺎل ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻴﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺼﻔﺭﹰﺍ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -3‬ﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺠﻡ‪ ،‬ﺒﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺨﺎﻀﻌﹰﺎ ﻟﻠﻌﻼﻗﺔ )‪.(Pνn = C.‬‬
‫ﺇﻥ ﺃﻏﻠﺏ ﺍﻻﺠﺭﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻼﺠﺭﻴﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺘﻘﺘﺭﺏ ﻤﻥ ﺍﺤﺩ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻻﺠﺭﺍﺀﺍﺕ‪ .‬ﻭﻴﻌﺎﻟﺞ ﻜـل ﺍﺠـﺭﺍﺀ‬
‫ﻼ‪ .‬ﻭﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﺒﺨـﺎﺭ ﻴﺠـﺏ ﺍﺴـﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﺠـﺩﺍﻭل‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﺭﺽ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻊ ﺍﻤﺎ ﺍﻥ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺒﺨﺎﺭﹰﺍ ﺍﻭ ﻏﺎﺯﹰﺍ ﻜﺎﻤ ﹰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺨﻭﺍﺹ‪ ،‬ﻭﻤﻊ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺘﺅﺠل ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺍﻤﺎ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻐـﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻤـل ﻓﻴﻤﻜﻨﻨـﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴـل‬
‫ﺒﺎﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﺒﺭﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺴﻨﺴﺘﻌﻤل ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍﺀ ﻜﻤﺜﺎل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻤل ﻤﻊ ﺍﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﺜﻭﺍﺒﺕ ﺍﻵﺘﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪R=0.287 kJ/kg.K ، Cv=0.718 kJ/kg.K ، Cp = 1.005 kJ/kg.K‬‬
‫ﺍﻥ ﺍﺠﺭﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻊ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻐﻠـﻕ ﺘـﺴﻤﻰ ﺍﺠـﺭﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﻋﺩﻴﻤـﺔ ﺍﻟﺘـﺩﻓﻕ ﺍﻭ ﻻ ﺠﺭﻴﺎﻨﻴـﺔ‬
‫)‪ .(Non-Flow Processes‬ﻁﺒﻕ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﺍﻻﻭل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻻﻨﻅﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻐﻠﻘﺔ‪ ،‬ﺜﻡ ﻁﺒﻘﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺒﻌﺩ‬
‫ﺫﻟﻙ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﻨﻅﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺘﻭﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺴﻴﺭﺩ ﺫﻜﺭﻫﺎ ﻻﺤﻘﹰﺎ‪.‬‬

‫)‪(98‬‬
 ‫)‪ -(5.9‬ﺘﻁﺒﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﺍﻻﻭل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﻨﻅﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻐﻠﻘﺔ‬
‫‪Application of the First Law of Thermodynamics on the Closed System‬‬
‫ﺘﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻓﻲ ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻤﻐﻠﻕ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺘﻌﺘﺒـﺭ ﺤـﺎﻻﺕ ﺨﺎﺼـﺔ ﻟﻸﺠـﺭﺍﺀﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻼﺠﺭﻴﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻭﺤﺩﺓ ﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻏﺎﺯ ﻤﺜﺎﻟﻲ ﻫﻲ‪:‬‬

‫)‪ -(5.9.1‬ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺜﺒﻭﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻡ ‪Constant Volume Process‬‬

‫ﺘﺴﻤﻰ ﺍﻴﻀﹰﺎ ﺒﺎﻷﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻻﻴﺯﻭﻤﻴﺭﻱ ﺍﻭ ﺍﻻﻴﺯﻭﻜﻭﺭﻱ )‪ (Iso-Choric‬ﻓﺒﻌﺩ ﺇﻨﺘﻘﺎل ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟـﻰ‬
‫ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻤﻐﻠﻕ ﻤﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻥ ﻭﻋﺎﺀ ﻤﻌﺩﻨﻲ ﻤﻤﻠﻭﺀ ﺒﻐﺎﺯ ﻤﺜﺎﻟﻲ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ )‪ ،(Cv‬ﻓﺴﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﺴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﻤﻥ )‪ (1‬ﺍﻟﻰ )‪ (2‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺨﻁﻁ )‪ (P-V‬ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻥ ﻤﺴﺘﻘﻴﻡ ﻋﻤﻭﺩﻱ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺸﻜل )‪.(5.6-a‬‬
‫ﻭﺤﻴﺙ ﺍﻥ ﺤﺠﻡ ﺍﻟﻭﻋﺎﺀ ﺜﺎﺒﺕ ﻓﺈﻥ )‪ (V1-V2‬ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﺈﻥ )‪ ،(dV=0‬ﻟﺫﺍ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ‪:‬‬

‫ﺸﻜل )‪ -(5.6‬ﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﺒﺜﺒﻭﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻡ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ‬

‫ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺃ‪-‬‬

‫‪P‬‬
‫‪= Const .‬‬
‫‪T‬‬
‫ﺏ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺸﻐل ﺍﻻﺯﺍﺤﻲ‪:‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪w 12 = ∫ Pdν = 0‬‬ ‫)‪......... (5.16‬‬
‫‪1‬‬

‫ﺝ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﻴﺔ‪:‬‬

‫‪2‬‬
‫) ‪∆µ = Cv ∫ dT = Cv(T2 − T1‬‬ ‫)‪(kJ/kg‬‬ ‫)‪......... (5.17‬‬
‫‪1‬‬

‫ﺩ‪ -‬ﻋﻨﺩ ﺘﻁﺒﻴﻕ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﺍﻻﻭل‪:‬‬

‫‪q − w = ∆µ‬‬
‫) ‪q = ∆µ = Cv (T2 − T1‬‬ ‫)‪(kJ/kg‬‬ ‫)‪......... (5.18‬‬
‫‪∆µ‬‬
‫= ‪∴ Cv‬‬
‫‪∆T‬‬
‫)‪(99‬‬
 ‫ﻭﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻭﺠﺩﻫﺎ ﺠﻭل ﻭﺴﻤﺎﻫﺎ ﻗﺎﻨﻭﻨﹰﺎ ﺒﺄﺴﻤﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﻴﺘﻭﻗـﻑ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺒﺩﺭﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺜﺒﻭﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫)‪ -(5.9.2‬ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺜﺒﻭﺕ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ‪Constant Pressure Process‬‬

‫ﺘﺴﻤﻰ ﺍﻴﻀﹰﺎ ﺒﺎﻻﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻻﻴﺯﻭﺒﺎﺭﻱ )‪ .(Iso-baric‬ﻓﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻨﺘﻘﺎل ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻰ ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻤﻐﻠﻕ ﻤﺘﻜـﻭﻥ‬
‫ﻤﻥ ﻏﺎﺯ ﻤﺜﺎﻟﻲ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ )‪ (Cp‬ﻭﻴﺤﺘﻔﻅ ﺒﻀﻐﻁ ﺜﺎﺒﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﻴﺘﺤﺭﻙ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺒﺱ ﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﺔ ﺭﺃﺴـﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﺴﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﺴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ )‪ (1‬ﺍﻟﻰ )‪ (2‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺨﻁﻁ )‪ (P-V‬ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻥ ﻤﺴﺘﻘﻴﻡ ﺍﻓﻘﻲ‪ ،‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﻓـﻲ ﺸـﻜل‬
‫)‪ .(5.6-b‬ﻭﺤﻴﺙ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﺜﺎﺒﺕ )‪ ،(P1=P2‬ﻟﺫﺍ ﺴﻴﻜﻭﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪ν = Const .‬‬ ‫ﺃ‪ -‬ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪T‬‬ ‫ﺏ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺸﻐل ﺍﻻﺯﺍﺤﻲ‪:‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫)‪w 12 = ∫ Pdν = P(ν 2 − ν 1 ) = R(T2 − T1 ) (kJ/kg‬‬ ‫)‪........ (5.19‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫ﺝ‪ -‬ﻋﻨﺩ ﺘﻁﺒﻴﻕ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﺍﻻﻭل‪:‬‬
‫‪ -1‬ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ )‪(q‬‬
‫‪q = ∆µ + w‬‬
‫)‪= Cv (T2 – T1) + R(T2 – T1‬‬
‫)‪= Cp (T2 – T1‬‬ ‫)‪……. (5.20‬‬
‫‪ -2‬ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﻨﺜﺎﻟﺒﻲ )‪(∆h‬‬
‫‪dq=dµ+dw‬‬ ‫)‪…… (5.21‬‬
‫ﻭﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﺜﺎﺒﺕ ﺘﺼﺒﺢ‪:‬‬
‫‪=dµ+dPν‬‬
‫)‪= d (µ + Pν‬‬
‫‪∴dq = dh‬‬
‫ﻭﺒﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺘﻜﺎﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪q = ∆h‬‬
‫‪∴ q = ∆h = Cp ∆T‬‬ ‫)‪…….. (5.22‬‬

‫ﺃﻱ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺜﺒﻭﺕ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﺘﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﻨﺜـﺎﻟﺒﻲ‪ .‬ﻭﻤـﻥ ﻫـﺫﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﻨﺘﻌﺭﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟـ )‪(Cp‬‬
‫‪Cp = ∆h / ∆T‬‬ ‫)‪…….. (5.23‬‬

‫‪-3‬ﺜﺎﺒﺕ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ )‪(R‬‬

‫‪q =∆µ+w‬‬
‫‪Cp∆T = Cv∆T+R∆T‬‬
‫‪R = Cp-Cv‬‬

‫)‪(100‬‬
 ‫)‪ -(5.9.3‬ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺜﺒﻭﺕ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ‪Constant Temperature Process‬‬
‫ﺘﺴﻤﻰ ﺍﻴﻀﹰﺎ ﺒﺎﻻﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻻﻴﺯﻭﺜﺭﻤﻠﻲ )‪ .(Isothermal‬ﻓﺒﻌﺩ ﺇﻨﺘﻘﺎل ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟـﻰ ﻨﻅـﺎﻡ ﻤﻐﻠـﻕ‬
‫ﻤﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻥ ﻏﺎﺯ ﻤﺜﺎﻟﻲ ﻴﺤﺘﻔﻅ ﺒﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺜﺎﺒﺘﺔ ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺔ ﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺒﺱ ﺍﻟﺒﻁﻴﺌﺔ ﺠﺩﹰﺍ ﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﻻﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﻜﺫﺍ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻭﻗﺕ ﻜﺎﻑ ﻟﻠﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺒﺎﻟﺴﺭﻴﺎﻥ ﺨﻼل ﺠﺩﺭﺍﻥ ﺍﻻﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﺔ ﻭﺘﻨﺘﺸﺭ ﻓﻲ ﻜل ﻤﻜـﺎﻥ ﺒـﻴﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﻬﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺏ ﻻ ﻴﻨﻁﺒﻕ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻻﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺤﺭﻜﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺤﺘﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻴﺜﺔ‪ ،‬ﺤﻴﺙ ﺍﻥ ﺴـﺭﻋﺔ‬
‫ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺭﻜﺎﺕ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺠﺩﹰﺍ‪.‬‬
‫ﺇﻥ ﻤﺴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ )‪ (1‬ﺍﻟﻰ )‪ (2‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺨﻁﻁ )‪ (P-V‬ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻥ ﻤﻨﺤﻨﻲ‪ ،‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﻤﻭﻀـﺢ ﻓـﻲ‬
‫ﺸﻜل )‪ .(5.7-a‬ﻭﺒﻤﺎ ﺍﻥ )‪ (T1=T2‬ﻓﺴﻴﻜﻭﻥ‪:‬‬
‫ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ‪Pν = Const. :‬‬ ‫ﺃ‪-‬‬
‫ﺏ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺸﻐل ﺍﻻﺯﺍﺤﻲ‪:‬‬

‫‪Q PV = mRT = C‬‬ ‫‪or‬‬ ‫)‪P = C ⇒ C = PV ....... (5.24‬‬

‫‪V‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪C‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪dV‬‬ ‫‪V‬‬ ‫‪V‬‬ ‫⎤ ‪V ⎡ kJ‬‬
‫∫‪w = ∫ PdV = ∫ dV = C‬‬ ‫⎥ ⎢ ‪= CLn 2 = P1 V1 Ln 2 = RTLn 2‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫‪V‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫‪V‬‬ ‫‪V1‬‬ ‫‪V1‬‬ ‫⎦ ‪V1 ⎣ kg‬‬
‫‪ν2‬‬
‫)‪Or = P1 ν 1 Ln .................................................... (5.25‬‬
‫‪ν1‬‬
‫‪ν‬‬ ‫‪ν‬‬
‫‪w = ∫ Pdv = ∫ RT dν = RTLn 2 = P1ν 1Ln 2‬‬
‫‪ν‬‬ ‫‪ν1‬‬ ‫‪ν1‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫ﺝ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪∆µ = Cv ∫ dT = 0‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫ﺩ‪ -‬ﻋﻨﺩ ﺘﻁﺒﻴﻕ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﺍﻻﻭل‪:‬‬

‫‪q − w = ∆/µ‬‬
‫‪∴q = w‬‬ ‫)‪........... (5.26‬‬

‫)‪ -(5.9.4‬ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺩﻴﺎﺒﺎﺘﻴﺔ ‪Adiabatic Process‬‬

‫ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺘﺒﺎﺩل ﺤﺭﺍﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﻭﺘﺘﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﺔ ﻤﺤﺭﻙ ﻤﻌﺯﻭﻟﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﺒﺤﻴﺙ ﻻ ﺘﻨﺘﻘل ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺨﻼل ﺠﺩﺭﺍﻥ ﺍﻻﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺯﻭﻟﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺠﻬﺯﺓ ﺒﻤﻜﺒﺱ ﻤﻌﺯﻭل ﻻ ﺇﺤﺘﻜﺎﻜﻲ‪ ،‬ﺒﻴﻨﻤـﺎ‬
‫ﻴﺘﻤﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﻭﻴﻘﻭﻡ ﺒﻌﻤل ﺨﺎﺭﺠﻲ‪.‬‬
‫ﻑ ﻟﻠﺘﺒـﺎﺩل‬
‫ﻼ ﻭﻟﻜﻥ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻴﺤﺩﺙ ﺍﻻﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺴﺭﻴﻌﹰﺎ ﻻ ﻴﻭﺠﺩ ﻭﻗﺕ ﻜﺎ ٍ‬
‫ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﻓﻌ ﹰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻱ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺤﻴﻁ ﻋﺒﺭ ﺠﺩﺭﺍﻥ ﺍﻻﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻜﻤﺜﺎل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻫﻭ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻤـﺩﺩ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﻤﺤﺭﻙ ﺍﻻﺤﺘﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﺘﻘﺭﻴﺒﹰﺎ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﺩﻴﺎﺒﺎﺘﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻔﻲ ﺨـﻼل ﺍﻟﻔﺘـﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺯﻤﻨﻴـﺔ‬

‫)‪(101‬‬
 ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻴﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺘﻡ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺇﻫﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﺘﺒﺎﺩل ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻱ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺤﻴﻁ ﺒـﺴﺒﺏ ﺴـﺭﻋﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺭﻙ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ )‪.(q=0‬‬
‫ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻻﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ‪ ،‬ﻤﺴﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﻤﻥ )‪ (1‬ﺍﻟﻰ )‪ (2‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺨﻁﻁ )‪(P-V‬‬
‫ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻥ ﻤﻨﺤﻨﻲ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺸﻜل )‪ (5.7-b‬ﻟﺫﻟﻙ ﺴﻴﻜﻭﻥ‪:‬‬

‫ﺸﻜل )‪ -(5.7‬ﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺁﻴﺯﻭﺜﺭﻭﻤﻠﻴﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺍﺩﻴﺎﺒﺎﺘﻴﺎ‬

‫ﺍﻻﺱ ﺍﻻﺩﻴﺎﺒﺎﺘﻲ ﻜﺎﻤﺎ )‪ (γ‬ﻭﻴﺴﺎﻭﻱ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺃ‪-‬‬

‫‪γ = Cp / Cv‬‬
‫ﺍﻤﺎ ﺍﻟـ )‪ (Cp ،Cv‬ﻓﺘﺸﺘﻕ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻲ‪:‬‬
‫)‪Cp Cpγ − Cp Cp( γ − 1‬‬
‫‪R = Cp − Cv = Cp −‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫=‬
‫‪γ‬‬ ‫‪γ‬‬ ‫‪γ‬‬
‫‪Rγ‬‬
‫= ‪∴ Cp‬‬ ‫)‪.......... (5.27‬‬ ‫ﻭﻜﺫﻟﻙ‪:‬‬
‫‪γ −1‬‬
‫)‪R = Cp – Cv = γ Cv – Cv = Cv (γ– 1‬‬
‫‪∴ Cv = R‬‬ ‫)‪.......... (5.28‬‬
‫‪γ −1‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺫﻜﻭﺭﺓ ﺁﻨﻔﹰﺎ ﺘﺼﺢ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻲ‪ .‬ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﻭﺍﺒﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺫﻜﻭﺭﺓ ﺁﻨﻔﹰﺎ ﻭﺜﻭﺍﺒﺕ ﺍﺨﺭﻯ ﻤﻭﻀﺤﺔ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺠﺩﻭل )‪.(5.1‬‬

‫)‪(102‬‬
 ‫ﺠﺩﻭل )‪ (5.1‬ﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ‬

‫ﻋﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﺫﺭﺍﺕ ﻓﻲ‬

‫‪kJ/kg.K‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﻴﺌﻲ‬

‫‪ρ kg/m3‬‬
‫)‪(S.T.P‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺠﺯﻴﺊ ‪N‬‬
‫‪Gas‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ‬ ‫‪γ‬‬

‫‪M‬‬
‫‪Cp‬‬ ‫‪Cv‬‬ ‫‪R‬‬
‫‪Air‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪29‬‬ ‫‪1.293‬‬ ‫‪1.01‬‬ ‫‪0.72‬‬ ‫‪0.287‬‬ ‫‪1.4‬‬
‫‪He‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪0.179‬‬ ‫‪5.19‬‬ ‫‪3.11‬‬ ‫‪2.08‬‬ ‫‪1.67‬‬
‫‪H2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪0.09‬‬ ‫‪14.20‬‬ ‫‪10.08‬‬ ‫‪4.12‬‬ ‫‪1.41‬‬
‫‪N2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪28‬‬ ‫‪1.253‬‬ ‫‪1.04‬‬ ‫‪0.74‬‬ ‫‪0.297‬‬ ‫‪1.4‬‬
‫‪O2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪32‬‬ ‫‪1.430‬‬ ‫‪0.92‬‬ ‫‪0.66‬‬ ‫‪0.260‬‬ ‫‪1.4‬‬
‫‪CO‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪28‬‬ ‫‪1.151‬‬ ‫‪1.04‬‬ ‫‪0.74‬‬ ‫‪0.297‬‬ ‫‪1.4‬‬
‫‪CO2‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪44‬‬ ‫‪1.975‬‬ ‫‪0.82‬‬ ‫‪0.63‬‬ ‫‪0.189‬‬ ‫‪1.31‬‬
‫‪SO2‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪61‬‬ ‫‪2.90‬‬ ‫‪0.61‬‬ ‫‪0.48‬‬ ‫‪0.13‬‬ ‫‪1.26‬‬
‫‪CH4‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪16‬‬ ‫‪0.718‬‬ ‫‪2.23‬‬ ‫‪1.71‬‬ ‫‪0.52‬‬ ‫‪1.31‬‬
‫‪C2H6‬‬ ‫‪8‬‬ ‫‪30‬‬ ‫‪1.358‬‬ ‫‪1.75‬‬ ‫‪1.47‬‬ ‫‪0.277‬‬ ‫‪1.19‬‬
‫ﻨﺘﺭﻭﺠﻴﻥ ﺠﻭﻱ‬ ‫‪28.15‬‬ ‫‪1.03‬‬ ‫‪0.74‬‬ ‫‪0.295‬‬ ‫‪1.4‬‬

‫ﻤﺭﻜﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍﺀ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻤﻴﺔ‪(21%O2) ،(79% N2) :‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﺯﻨﻴﺔ‪(23.2%O2) ،(76.8% N2) :‬‬
‫‪ … N2‬ﻨﻴﺘﺭﻭﺠﻴﻥ ﺠﻭﻱ‪.‬‬
‫ﺏ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫)‪∆µ = Cv ∫dT = Cv (T2 – T1‬‬ ‫)‪……. (5.29‬‬

‫ﺝ‪ -‬ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ )ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﺔ( ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻌﺒﺭ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ )‪ (P‬ﻭ )‪:(ν‬‬
‫‪Pνγ = Const.‬‬ ‫)‪…….. (5.30‬‬

‫ﺩ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺭﺒﻁ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ )‪:(T ،ν ،P‬‬

‫‪γ −1‬‬
‫‪γ −1‬‬
‫⎞ ‪T2 ⎛ ν 1‬‬ ‫⎞ ‪⎛P‬‬ ‫‪γ‬‬
‫⎟ ⎜=‬ ‫⎟ ‪=⎜ 2‬‬ ‫)‪.......... (5.31‬‬
‫⎠ ‪T1 ⎝ ν 2‬‬ ‫⎠ ‪⎝ P1‬‬

‫)‪(103‬‬
 ‫ﻭﺍﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠﻭﺏ ﺍﻴﺠﺎﺩ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻻﺱ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ )‪ (5.31‬ﻓﻨﺴﺘﻌﻴﻥ ﺒﺎﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﻴﺎﻀﻴﺔ ﺍﻵﺘﻴﺔ‪:‬‬

‫‪y = xa‬‬ ‫‪T2‬‬

‫‪Ln‬‬
‫‪Ln y = a Ln x‬‬ ‫‪T1‬‬
‫= ‪∴γ − 1‬‬
‫‪Ln y‬‬ ‫‪v‬‬
‫= ‪∴a‬‬ ‫‪Ln 2‬‬
‫‪Ln x‬‬ ‫‪v1‬‬
‫‪T2‬‬
‫‪Ln‬‬
‫‪γ −1‬‬ ‫‪T1‬‬
‫∴‬ ‫=‬
‫‪γ‬‬ ‫‪P‬‬
‫‪Ln 2‬‬
‫‪P1‬‬
‫ﺤﻴﺙ ﺍﻥ ∗ )‪ (Ln‬ﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﻠﻭﻏﺎﺭﻴﺘﻡ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﻌﻲ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻤﺎ ﺍﺫﺍ ﺼﺎﺩﻓﻨﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺤﺴﺎﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ )‪ (Ln y = x‬ﻓﻨﺴﺘﻌﻴﻥ ﺒﺎﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﻴﺎﻀﻴﺔ ﺍﻵﺘﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪Ln y = x‬‬
‫‪∴ y = ex‬‬

‫ﻭﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﻤﺜﺎﻟﻲ ﺫﻱ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﺜﺎﺒﺘﺔ ﻴﻘﻊ ﺘﺤﺕ ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺇﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﺍﻭ ﺘﻤﺩﺩ ﺍﺩﻴﺎﺒﺎﺘﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻨﻌﻜﺎﺴﻲ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﻓﻲ )ﺝ( ﻭ )ﺩ( ﺘﺸﺘﻕ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﺄﺘﻲ‪:‬‬
‫‪q − w = ∆µ‬‬
‫‪Q P = RT‬‬
‫‪− w = ∆µ‬‬ ‫‪v‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫)‪QR = Cv( γ − 1‬‬
‫‪− ∫ Pdv = ∫ CvdT‬‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪− RT ∫ dν = Cv ∫ dt‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫‪ν‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬

‫ﻴﻘﺼﺩ ﺒـ )‪ (Ln‬ﻟﻭﻏﺎﺭﻴﺘﻤﺎﺕ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺍﺴﺎﺴﻬﺎ )‪ .(e‬ﺍﻤﺎ ﺍﻟـ )‪ (Log‬ﻓﻬﻲ ﻟﻭﻏﺎﺭﻴﺘﻤﺎﺕ ﻋـﺸﺭﻴﺔ‬ ‫∗‬

‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺍﺴﺎﺴﻬﺎ )‪ (10‬ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺒﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﻫﻲ‪:‬‬

‫‪Ln = 2. 3 log‬‬

‫)‪(104‬‬
 :‫( ﻴﻨﺘﺞ‬T) ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺴﻤﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
2 2
− Cv( γ − 1)∫ dν = Cv ∫ dT
ν T
1 1
Xa = y
ν2 T
− ( γ − 1)Ln = Ln 2 LnX a = Lny
ν1 T1
−( γ −1) aLnX = Lny
⎛ν ⎞ T2
Ln⎜ 2 ⎟ = Ln
⎝ ν1 ⎠ T1
γ −1
⎛ ν1 ⎞ T2
⎜ ⎟ = ....... (5.32)
⎝ ν2 ⎠ T1
v 1 P2 T1
γ −1 γ −1 Q =
T2 ⎛ P2 ⎞ ⎛T ⎞ v 2 P1T2
=⎜ ⎟ .⎜ 2 ⎟
T1 ⎝ P1 ⎠ ⎝ T1 ⎠
γ −1 γ −1
T2 ⎛T ⎞ ⎛P ⎞
.⎜ 2 ⎟ =⎜ 2 ⎟
T1 ⎝ T1 ⎠ ⎝ P1 ⎠
γ γ −1
⎛ T2 ⎞ ⎛ P2 ⎞
⎜ ⎟ =⎜ ⎟
⎝ T1 ⎠ ⎝ P1 ⎠
γ −1
T2 ⎛ P2 ⎞ γ
=⎜ ⎟ ......... (5.33)
T1 ⎝ P1 ⎠
:‫( ﻴﻨﺘﺞ‬5.32) ‫( ﺒـ‬5.33) ‫ﻨﻌﻭﺽ‬
γ −1
γ −1
T2 ⎛ ν 1 ⎞ ⎛P ⎞ γ
=⎜ ⎟ =⎜ 2 ⎟ ......... (5.34)
T1 ⎝ ν 2 ⎠ ⎝ P1 ⎠

:‫ﻭﻤﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﻨﻭﺠﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻵﺘﻴﺔ‬

γ γ γ
P1ν1 = P2ν2 = Pν = Const. ……. (5.35)

.(C.) ‫( ﺍﻭ‬Const.) ‫ﻴﺭﻤﺯ ﻟﻠﺜﺎﺒﺕ ﺒـ‬

(105)
 ‫ﻫـ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺸﻐل ﺍﻻﺯﺍﺤﻲ‬
‫‪γ‬‬ ‫‪γ‬‬
‫‪Q PV γ = C ⇒ P = CV - γ ⇒ C = P1 V1 = P2 V2‬‬ ‫)‪....... (5.36‬‬
‫⎞ ‪⎛ V2 − γ +1 − V1 − γ +1‬‬
‫‪V‬‬
‫‪⎡ V − γ +1 ⎤ 2‬‬
‫⎢ ‪W = ∫ PdV = ∫ CV dV = C‬‬ ‫⎜⎜ ‪⎥ = C‬‬ ‫=⎟‬
‫‪-γ‬‬
‫⎟‬
‫‪⎣ − γ + 1 ⎦ V1‬‬ ‫⎝‬ ‫‪− γ +1‬‬ ‫⎠‬
‫‪P2 V2γ V2− γ +1 − P1 V1γ V1− γ +1 P1 V1 − P2 V2‬‬
‫=‬ ‫=‬
‫‪− γ +1‬‬ ‫‪γ −1‬‬ ‫ﻭ‪ -‬ﻋﻨﺩ ﺘﻁﺒﻴﻕ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﺍﻻﻭل‪:‬‬
‫) ‪R(T1 − T2‬‬
‫=‬ ‫)‪(kJ/kg‬‬ ‫)‪........ (5.37‬‬
‫‪γ −1‬‬
‫‪q − w = ∆µ‬‬
‫‪− w = ∆µ‬‬
‫‪P1ν 1 − P2 ν 2‬‬
‫‪−‬‬ ‫) ‪= Cv (T2 − T1‬‬ ‫)‪........ (5.38‬‬
‫‪γ −1‬‬
‫)‪ -(5.9.5‬ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻭﻟﺘﺭﻭﺒﻴﺔ ‪Polytropic Process‬‬
‫ﺘﺴﻤﻰ ﺍﻴﻀﹰﺎ ﺒﺎﻷﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﺍﻭ ﻤﺘﻌﺩﺩ ﺍﻻﻨﺤﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺨﻲ‪ ،‬ﻴﺤﺩﺙ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﻨﻅـﺎﻡ‬
‫ﻜﺎﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺠﻡ ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭﺓ‪ .‬ﻴﻤﺜل ﺒﻤﻨﺤﻨﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺨﻁﻁ )‪ ،(P-v‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺸـﻜل )‪.(5.8-a‬‬
‫ﻫﻭ ﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﻴﻘﻊ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻻﺠﺭﺍﺌﻴﻥ ﺍﻻﻴﺯﻭﺜﺭﻤﻠﻲ ﻭﺍﻻﺩﻴﺎﺒﺎﺘﻲ‪ ،‬ﺇﺫ ﺍﻥ ﻤﻨﺤﻨﻲ ﺍﻻﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻻﻴﺯﻭﺜﺭﻤﻠﻲ ﻴﻘـﻊ ﻓـﻭﻕ‬
‫ﻤﻨﺤﻨﻲ ﺍﻻﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻻﺩﻴﺎﺒﺎﺘﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻭﻟﺘﺭﻭﺒﻲ ﺒﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺩﺩ‪ ،‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺸﻜل )‪ .(5.8-b‬ﺍﻤﺎ ﻓـﻲ ﺤﺎﻟـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﻓﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻜﺱ‪ .‬ﺇﻥ ﺨﻁﻭﻁ ﻭﻤﻨﺤﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﺠﺭﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺩﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺸﻜل )‪ (5.8-b‬ﻋﻜـﺱ ﺍﺠـﺭﺍﺀﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺨﻁﻁ )‪.(P-V‬‬

‫‪P‬‬ ‫‪PV∞ = Const.‬‬ ‫‪P‬‬

‫‪1‬‬
‫‪PV0 = Const.‬‬ ‫‪PVn = Const.‬‬
‫‪PV = Const.‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪PVn = Const.‬‬

‫‪PVγ = Const.‬‬
‫‪ (bِ) V‬ﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﻋﺎﻤﺔ‬ ‫)ِ‪ (a‬ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺒﻭﻟﺘﺭﻭﺒﻴﺔ‬ ‫‪V‬‬

‫ﺸﻜل )‪ -(5.8‬ﻤﻨﺤﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺠﺭﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﺔ‬

‫)‪(106‬‬
 ‫ﺍﻻﺱ ﺍﻟﺒﻭﻟﺘﺭﻭﺒﻲ )‪ :(n‬ﻴﻌﺘﻤﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻅﺭﻭﻑ ﺍﻻﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﺔ ﻤﺜل ﺨﻠﻴﻁ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻻﻨـﻀﻐﺎﻁ …‬ ‫ﺃ‪-‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺦ‪ .‬ﻗﻴﻤﺘﻪ ﻋﺎﺩ ﹰﺓ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻭﺍﻗﻌﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ )‪ (γ ، 1‬ﻭﻟﻜﻥ ﺒﺸﻜل ﻋﺎﻡ ﺘﺘﺤﺩﺩ ﻗﻴﻤﺘﻪ ﺒﻴﻥ )∞‪ .(0-‬ﻭﺇﺴﺘﻨﺎﺩﹰﺍ ﺍﻟـﻰ‬
‫ﺸﻜل )‪ (5.8-b‬ﻓﺈﻨﻪ‪:‬‬
‫‪ .1‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ )‪ (n=0‬ﻓﺴﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻻﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺜﺒﻭﺕ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ‪:‬‬
‫‪PV0 = Const.‬‬ ‫‪∴ P = Const.‬‬
‫‪ .2‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ )∞=‪ (n‬ﻓﺴﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻷﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺜﺒﻭﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻡ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ‪-:‬‬

‫‪PV ∞ = Const . ⇒ P 1 / ∞ V = Const . ⇒ P 0 V = Const . ∴ V = Const.‬‬

‫‪ .3‬ﺍﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ )‪ (n=1‬ﻓﺴﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻹﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻴﺯﻭﺜﺭﻤﻠﻲ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ‪:‬‬

‫‪PV = Const.‬‬
‫‪ .4‬ﺍﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ )‪ (n=γ‬ﻓﺴﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻻﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﺩﻴﺎﺒﺎﺘﻲ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ‪:‬‬
‫‪γ‬‬
‫‪PV = Const.‬‬

‫ﻟﺫﻟﻙ ﺘﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺫﻜﻭﺭﺓ ﺁﻨﻔﹰﺎ ﺤﺎﻻﺕ ﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻭﻟﺘﺭﻭﺒﻲ ﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﺔ ﻟﺘﻤﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻭ‬
‫ﺇﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁﻬﺎ‪.‬‬

‫ﺏ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﺍﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﺭﺒﻁ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼﻴﺘﻴﻥ )‪ (ν. P‬ﻫﻭ‪:‬‬
‫‪Pνn = Const.‬‬ ‫)‪……… (5.39‬‬

‫ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻋﻠﻤﺕ ﺨﻤﺴﺔ ﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﻓﺴﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﺔ ﻫﻲ‪:‬‬

‫‪P1ν 1 P2 ν 2‬‬
‫=‬ ‫‪= Const .‬‬ ‫)‪......... (5.40‬‬
‫‪T1‬‬ ‫‪T2‬‬

‫ﻭﻋﻨﺩ ﻋﺩﻡ ﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﺨﻤﺴﺔ ﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﻓﺴﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﺔ‪:‬‬

‫‪n −1‬‬ ‫‪n −1‬‬

‫⎞ ‪T2 ⎛ V1‬‬ ‫⎞ ‪⎛P‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬
‫⎟ ⎜=‬ ‫⎟ ‪=⎜ 2‬‬ ‫)‪........... (5.41‬‬
‫⎠ ‪T1 ⎝ V2‬‬ ‫⎠ ‪⎝ P1‬‬
‫ﺝ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫) ‪∆µ = Cv ∫ dT = Cv (T2 − T1‬‬ ‫)‪(kJ/kg‬‬ ‫)‪........ (5.42‬‬
‫‪1‬‬

‫)‪(107‬‬
 ‫ﺩ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺸﻐل ﺍﻻﺯﺍﺤﻲ‪:‬‬
‫‪Q PV n = C ⇒ P = CV -n ⇒ C = P1 V1n = P2 V2n‬‬ ‫)‪........ (5.43‬‬
‫‪V2‬‬
‫⎤ ‪⎡ V − n +1‬‬
‫⎢‪W = ∫ PdV = ∫ CV -n dV = C‬‬ ‫⎥‬
‫‪⎣ − n + 1 ⎦ V1‬‬
‫‪⎛ V2 −n +1 − V1−n +1 ⎞ P2 V2n V2−n +1 − P1 V1n V1−n +1‬‬
‫⎜‪= C‬‬ ‫=⎟‬
‫⎜‬ ‫‪−n+1‬‬ ‫⎟‬ ‫‪−n+1‬‬
‫⎝‬ ‫⎠‬
‫) ‪P V − P2 V2 R(T1 − T2‬‬
‫‪= 1 1‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫)‪(kJ/kg‬‬ ‫)‪........... (5.44‬‬
‫‪n −1‬‬ ‫‪n −1‬‬
‫ﻫـ‪ -‬ﺒﺘﻁﺒﻴﻕ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﺍﻻﻭل‪ ،‬ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﺸﺘﻘﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﻘﻠﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻜﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‪:‬‬
‫‪q = ∆µ + w‬‬
‫) ‪R (T1 − T2‬‬ ‫‪R‬‬
‫‪= Cv (T2 − T1 ) +‬‬ ‫= ‪Q Cv‬‬
‫‪n −1‬‬ ‫‪γ -1‬‬
‫‪R‬‬ ‫‪R‬‬
‫=‬ ‫‪(T2 − T1 ) +‬‬ ‫) ‪(T1 − T2‬‬
‫‪γ -1‬‬ ‫‪n -1‬‬
‫‪R‬‬ ‫‪R‬‬
‫=‬ ‫‪(T2 − T1 ) −‬‬ ‫) ‪(T1 − T2‬‬
‫‪n -1‬‬ ‫‪γ -1‬‬
‫‪⎛ 1‬‬ ‫⎞ ‪1‬‬
‫⎜⎜ =‬ ‫‪−‬‬ ‫) ‪⎟⎟ R (T1 − T2‬‬
‫⎝‬ ‫‪n‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪γ‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫⎠‬
‫⎤ )‪⎡ ( γ - 1) - (n - 1‬‬
‫⎢=‬ ‫) ‪⎥ R (T1 − T2‬‬
‫⎦ )‪⎣ (n - 1)( γ - 1‬‬
‫) ‪γ - n R (T1 − T2‬‬
‫=‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫)‪......... (5.45‬‬
‫‪γ -1‬‬ ‫‪n −1‬‬
‫‪γ -n‬‬
‫=‪q‬‬ ‫‪.w‬‬ ‫)‪(kJ/kg‬‬ ‫)‪......... (5.45‬‬
‫‪γ -1‬‬

‫ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺫﻜﻭﺭﺓ ﺁﻨﻔﹰﺎ ﻨﺴﺘﻨﺘﺞ ﻤﺎ ﻴﺄﺘﻲ‪:‬‬

‫ﻭﻴﻜﻭﻥ )‪ (q=0‬ﻓﺎﻻﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﺩﻴﺎﺒﺎﺘﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫(‬‫‪γ−γ‬‬
‫‪γ −1‬‬
‫‪=0‬‬ ‫)‬ ‫‪ -1‬ﺍﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ )‪ (n=γ‬ﻓﺘﻜﻭﻥ‬
‫ﻭﻴﻜﻭﻥ )‪ (q=w‬ﻓﺎﻻﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻴﺯﻭﺜﺭﻤﻠﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫(‬‫‪γ −1‬‬
‫‪γ −1‬‬
‫‪=0‬‬ ‫)‬ ‫‪ -2‬ﺍﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ )‪ (n=1‬ﻓﺘﻜﻭﻥ‬
‫ﺍﺫﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﻗﻌﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻻﺠﺭﺍﺌﻴﻥ ﺍﻻﻴﺯﻭﺜﺭﻤﻠﻲ ﻭﺍﻻﺩﻴﺒﺎﺘﻲ‪.‬‬

‫)‪(108‬‬
 ‫ﻭ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ )‪ :(Cn‬ﺇﺴﺘﻨﺎﺩﺍﹰ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ )‪ (5.45‬ﻓﻴﻜﻭﻥ‪:‬‬
‫)‪( γ − n‬‬ ‫) ‪(T − T2‬‬
‫=‪q‬‬ ‫‪.R 1‬‬ ‫)‪Q R = Cv ( γ − 1‬‬
‫)‪( γ − 1‬‬ ‫)‪(n − 1‬‬
‫)‪( γ − n‬‬ ‫‪T − T2‬‬
‫=‬ ‫‪. Cv ( γ − 1) 1‬‬
‫)‪( γ − 1‬‬ ‫‪n −1‬‬
‫)‪( γ − n‬‬
‫‪= Cv‬‬ ‫) ‪(T − T2‬‬
‫‪(n − 1) 1‬‬ ‫ﻴﺘﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﺘﺴﺎﻭﻱ‪:‬‬
‫) ‪q = Cn (T1 − T2‬‬ ‫)‪........... (5.47‬‬
‫)‪( γ − n‬‬
‫‪Cn = Cv‬‬ ‫)‪.......... (5.48‬‬
‫)‪(n − 1‬‬

‫ﺇﻥ ﺨﻼﺼﺔ ﻤﺎ ﺫﻜﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺘﻁﺒﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﺍﻻﻭل ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺒﺄﺠﺭﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻻﻨﻅﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻐﻠﻘﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﻤﻭﻀﺤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺠﺩﻭل ﺭﻗﻡ )‪.(5.2‬‬

‫)‪(109‬‬
 ‫ﺠﺩﻭل )‪" (5.2‬ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﺍﻻﺠﺭﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺩﻴﻨﺎﻤﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻲ"‬

‫ﻋﻨﺩ ﺘﻁﺒﻴﻕ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻥ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺸﻜﺎل‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻭل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻐل ﺍﻻﺯﺍﺤﻲ ‪w‬‬ ‫ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺠﺭﺍﺀ‬ ‫ﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﻴﺔ )‪(∆µ‬‬
‫‪w=0‬‬
‫‪q−w‬‬ ‫‪=0‬‬ ‫‪.1‬‬
‫‪P‬‬ ‫‪/ = ∆µ‬‬ ‫‪P = C.‬‬
‫)‪Cv(T2-T1‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪T‬‬ ‫ﺜﺒﻭﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻡ‬
‫‪V‬‬
‫‪R=Cp-Cv‬‬ ‫‪q=∆µ+w‬‬ ‫‪.2‬‬
‫‪=(µ2+P2ν2) -‬‬ ‫‪P∆V=R∆T‬‬ ‫‪ν = C.‬‬
‫‪P‬‬ ‫)‪Cv(T2-T1‬‬ ‫ﺜﺒﻭﺕ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ‬
‫)‪( µ1+P1ν1‬‬ ‫‪T‬‬
‫‪q=∆h12=Cp∆T‬‬
‫‪V‬‬
‫‪P‬‬ ‫‪q = w + ∆µ = 0‬‬ ‫‪ν2‬‬
‫‪P1ν 1Ln‬‬
‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪ν1‬‬ ‫‪Pν=C.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻴﺯﻭﺜﺭﻤﻠﻲ‬ ‫‪.3‬‬
‫‪V‬‬ ‫‪ν2‬‬
‫‪RT1Ln‬‬
‫‪ν1‬‬
‫‪γ=Cp/Cv ,‬‬ ‫‪Pν γ = C.‬‬
‫‪Cv=R/γ-1‬‬ ‫‪γ −1‬‬
‫‪Cp= Rγ/γ-1‬‬ ‫⎟⎞ ‪P1 ν 1 − P2 ν 2 T2 = ⎛⎜ ν1‬‬
‫⎠ ‪T1 ⎝ ν 2‬‬
‫‪P‬‬ ‫‪q =0 − w = ∆µ‬‬ ‫‪γ −1‬‬
‫)‪Cv (T2-T1‬‬ ‫‪γ −1‬‬
‫ﺍﻻﺩﻴﺎﺒﺎﺘﻲ‬ ‫‪.4‬‬
‫) ‪R(T1 − T2‬‬ ‫‪⎛ P2 ⎞ γ‬‬
‫⎟ ⎜=‬
‫‪γ −1‬‬ ‫⎠ ‪⎝ P1‬‬
‫‪V‬‬

‫)‪Cn=Cv(γ-n‬‬ ‫‪q = ∆µ + w‬‬ ‫‪.5‬‬

‫)‪/(n-1‬‬
‫‪γ -n‬‬ ‫ﺘﺴﺘﺒﺩل )‪ (γ‬ﺒـ )‪(n‬‬
‫‪P‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪.w‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻭﻟﺘﺭﻭﺒﻲ‬
‫‪γ -1‬‬ ‫)‪Cv (T2-T1‬‬ ‫‪Pν‬‬
‫‪= C.‬‬
‫‪T‬‬
‫‪V‬‬

‫)‪(110‬‬
 ‫ﺍﻤﺜﻠﺔ ﻤﺤﻠﻭﻟﺔ‬
‫)‪(5.13‬‬
‫ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻤﻐﻠﻕ ﻴﻤﺭ ﺒـ )‪ (3‬ﺍﺠﺭﺍﺀﺍﺕ‪ (1) :‬ﺍﻨﺘﻘﺎل ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ )‪ (8 kJ‬ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻤﻊ ﺇﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﺸﻐل )‪(2) .(2 kJ‬‬
‫ﺍﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﺩﻴﺎﺒﺎﺘﻲ‪ (3) .‬ﺒﺫل ﺸﻐل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻤﻘـﺩﺍﺭﻩ )‪ (3kJ‬ﺒﺤﻴـﺙ ﺇﻨﺨﻔـﻀﺕ ﺍﻟــ )‪ (∆U‬ﺒﻤﻘـﺩﺍﺭ‬
‫)‪ .(2 kJ‬ﺍﺤﺴﺏ‪:‬‬
‫‪ ∆U -1‬ﻟﻸﺠﺭﺍﺌﻴﻥ ﺍﻻﻭﻟﻴﻴﻥ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -2‬ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﻘﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻻﺨﻴﺭ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -3‬ﺍﻟﺸﻐل ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ‪.‬‬

‫‪∆U12 = Q12 – W12 = 8-2 = 6 kJ‬‬ ‫?=‪Qo‬‬

‫‪Win=3kJ‬‬
‫‪Q31 = W31 + ∆U31 = -3 + (-2) = - 5 kJ‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪∆u=-2kJ‬‬

‫‪∫ dQ = ∫ dW‬‬ ‫‪Qin=8kJ‬‬

‫‪3‬‬ ‫?=‪Wo‬‬
‫?=‪∆u‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪Win=2kJ‬‬

‫‪∫ dQ + ∫ dQ + ∫ dQ = ∫ dW + ∫ dW + ∫ dW‬‬ ‫? =‪∆u‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬

‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬
‫‪Q12 + Q23 + Q31 = W12 + W23 + W31‬‬ ‫‪∆U23 = Q23 – W23 = 0-4 = -4 kJ‬‬
‫)‪8 + 0 + (-5) = 2 + W23 + (-3‬‬ ‫ﺘﻨﺨﻔﺽ‬
‫‪∴ W23 = -4 kJ‬‬

‫)‪(5.14‬‬
‫ﺍﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﺔ ﺴﻌﺘﻬﺎ )‪ (0.85 m3‬ﺘﺤﺘﻭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻏﺎﺯ ﻀﻐﻁﻪ )‪ (275 kN/m2‬ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘـﻪ )‪ .(15°C‬ﺇﺫﺍ‬
‫ﺍﻀﻴﻑ )‪ (1.6kg‬ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﻨﻔﺴﻪ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻻﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﺔ‪ .‬ﻤﺎﺫﺍ ﺴﻴﺼﺒﺢ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﺘﺼﺒﺢ ﺩﺭﺠـﺔ ﺍﻟﺤـﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬
‫)‪ (15°C‬ﻤﺭﺓ ﺍﺨﺭﻯ ؟ ﺇﺤﺴﺏ ﻜﺫﻟﻙ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻲ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﺯ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻻﺒﺘﺩﺍﺌﻴـﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺌﻴـﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﻭﻕ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺌﻭﻱ )‪ (0°C‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻫﻲ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻻﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻋﻨـﺩﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗـﺔ ﺼـﻔﺭﺍﹰ‪،‬‬
‫ﺍﺴﺘﻌﻤل‪:‬‬
‫‪Cv = 0.715 kJ/kg. K ، Cp = 1.005 kJ/kg.K‬‬
‫‪R = Cp – Cv = 1.005 – 0.715‬‬ ‫⎞ ‪⎛m‬‬ ‫‪4.5‬‬
‫‪= 0.29 kJ/kg.K‬‬ ‫‪P2 = P1 ⎜⎜ 2 ⎟⎟ = 275‬‬ ‫‪= 442kN / m 2‬‬
‫⎠ ‪⎝ m1‬‬ ‫‪2.8‬‬
‫‪PV‬‬ ‫‪275 × 0.85‬‬ ‫)‪∆h = Cp (T2 – T1‬‬
‫= ‪m1 = 1 1‬‬ ‫‪= 2.8 kg‬‬
‫‪RT1 0.29 × 288‬‬ ‫)‪=1.005(288 - 273‬‬
‫‪m2 = 2.8 + 1.7 = 4.5 kg‬‬ ‫‪= 15.075 kJ/kg‬‬

‫‪P2 m 2 RT2 / V2 m 2‬‬

‫=‬ ‫=‬
‫‪P1 m 1 RT1 / V1 m 1‬‬

‫)‪(111‬‬
 ‫)‪(5.15‬‬
‫ﻫﻭﺍﺀ ﻜﺘﻠﺘﻪ )‪ (5 kg‬ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘﻪ )‪ (20°C‬ﻭﻀﻐﻁﻪ )‪ .(3 bar‬ﺯﻭﺩ ﺒﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺒﺤﺠﻡ ﺜﺎﺒـﺕ ﻤﻘـﺩﺍﺭﻫﺎ‬
‫)‪) .(500 kJ‬ﺃ( ﻜﻴﻑ ﺴﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺤﺎﻟﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺨﻴﻥ‪) .‬ﺏ( ﻭﻟﻭ ﺍﺭﺩﻨﺎ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺍﻥ ﻨﺒﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﺒﻀﻐﻁ‬
‫ﺜﺎﺒﺕ ﻟﻜﻲ ﻴﺭﺠﻊ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘﻪ ﺍﻻﺒﺘﺩﺍﺌﻴﺔ ﻓﻜﻡ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﺠﺏ ﺍﻥ ﻨﺄﺨﺫﻫﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍﺀ‪ .‬ﻋﻠﻤﹰﺎ‬
‫ﺒﺄﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪R = 0.29 kJ/kg.K ، Cv = 0.715 kJ/kg.K‬‬

‫ﺇﻥ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ )ﻜﻴﻑ ﺴﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺤﺎﻟﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺌﻴﺔ( ﺘﻌﻨـﻲ‬ ‫‪P1 T2 300 × 432.86‬‬
‫= ‪P2‬‬ ‫=‬
‫ﺍﻴﺠﺎﺩ ﻗﻴﻡ ‪.P2 ،V2 ،T2‬‬ ‫‪T1‬‬ ‫‪293‬‬
‫‪= 443.2 kN/m 2‬‬
‫‪Q‬‬
‫= ‪∆T‬‬ ‫‪= 500 = 139.86K‬‬ ‫‪Cp = R + Cv = 0.29 + 0.715‬‬
‫‪mCv 5 × 0.715‬‬ ‫‪= 1.005 kJ/kg.K‬‬
‫‪T2 = ∆T + T1 = 139.86 + 20‬‬
‫‪= 159.86 °C‬‬ ‫)‪Q23 = m Cp (T3-T2‬‬
‫‪mRT1 5 × 0.29 × 293‬‬ ‫)‪= 5×1.005 (20-159.86‬‬
‫= ‪V1‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 1.42 m 3‬‬ ‫‪= - 702.796 kJ‬‬
‫‪P1‬‬ ‫‪300‬‬

‫)‪(5.16‬‬
‫ﻏﺎﺯ ﻜﺘﻠﺘﻪ )‪ (2kg‬ﻭﺤﺠﻤﻪ )‪ (0.7m3‬ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘﻪ )‪ (15°C‬ﺴﺨﻥ ﺒﺜﺒﻭﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻡ ﺒﺤﻴـﺙ ﺍﺼـﺒﺤﺕ‬
‫ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘﻪ )‪ .(135°C‬ﺍﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﻘﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﻭﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺌﻲ‪ .‬ﻋﻠﻤﹰﺎ ﺃﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪Cv = 0.72 kJ/kg.K ، R = 0.29 kJ/kg.K‬‬
‫‪Q = m Cv (T2 – T1) = 2 × 0.72 (135 – 15) = 172.8 kJ‬‬

‫‪mRT1 2 × 0.29 × 288‬‬

‫= ‪P1‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 238.6 kN/m 2‬‬
‫‪V1‬‬ ‫‪0.7‬‬
‫‪T2‬‬ ‫‪408‬‬
‫‪P2 = P1‬‬ ‫‪= 238.6‬‬ ‫‪= 338.1 kN/m 2‬‬
‫‪T1‬‬ ‫‪288‬‬

‫)‪(112‬‬
 ‫)‪(5.17‬‬
‫ﻏﺎﺯ ﻀﻐﻁﻪ )‪ (2bar‬ﻭﺤﺠﻤﻪ )‪ (0.9m3‬ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘﻪ )‪ (30°C‬ﺯﻭﺩ ﺒﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺒﻀﻐﻁ ﺜﺎﺒﺕ ﻭﺍﺼﺒﺤﺕ‬
‫ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘﻪ )‪ .(180°C‬ﺍﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻐل ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﻘﻠﻴﻥ ﻋﻠﻤﹰﺎ ﺍﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪R = 0.29 kJ/kg.K ،Cp = 1.005 kJ / kg.K‬‬

‫‪P1 V1‬‬ ‫‪200 × 0.9‬‬ ‫‪V1T2 0.9 × 453‬‬

‫=‪m‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 2.11 kg‬‬ ‫= ‪V2‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 1.39 m 3‬‬
‫‪RT1 0.29 × 293‬‬ ‫‪T1‬‬ ‫‪293‬‬

‫‪Q12 = m Cp ∆T‬‬ ‫)‪W12 = P (V2 – V1‬‬

‫)‪= 2.11 × 1.005 (180-20‬‬ ‫)‪= 2 (1.39 – 0.9‬‬
‫‪= 339.29 kJ‬‬ ‫‪= 98.2 kJ‬‬

‫)‪(5.18‬‬
‫ﻏﺎﺯ ﻀﻐﻁﻪ )‪ (275 kN/m2‬ﻭﺤﺠﻤﻪ )‪ (0.09 m3‬ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘﻪ )‪ .(18.5°C‬ﺘﻐﻴﺭﺕ ﺤﺎﻟﺘﻪ ﺒـﻀﻐﻁ‬
‫ﺜﺎﺒﺕ ﻭﺍﺼﺒﺤﺕ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘﻪ )‪ .(15°C‬ﺇﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﻘﻠﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻐل ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺠﺯ ﻓـﻲ ﺍﺜﻨـﺎﺀ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺠﺭﺍﺀ‪ .‬ﻋﻠﻤﹰﺎ ﺍﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪R = 0.29 kJ/kg.K ،Cv = 1.005 kJ/kg.K‬‬

‫‪P1 V1 275 × 0.09‬‬

‫=‪m‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 0.186 kg‬‬ ‫)‪W = P(V2 – V1) = 275 (0.0566 – 0.09‬‬
‫‪RT1 0.29 × 458‬‬ ‫‪= - 9.19 kJ‬‬
‫)‪Q = m Cp (T2 – T1‬‬ ‫‪T‬‬
‫)‪= 0.186 × 1.005 (288 – 458‬‬ ‫‪V2 = V1 2 = 0.09 288 = 0.0566 m 3‬‬
‫‪T1‬‬ ‫‪458‬‬
‫‪= -31.78 kJ‬‬

‫)‪(5.19‬‬
‫ﻤﺎﺌﻊ ﻜﺘﻠﺘﻪ )‪ (2.25 kg‬ﻭﺤﺠﻤﻪ )‪ (0.1m3‬ﻭﻀﻐﻁﻪ )‪ ،(7bar‬ﻤﻭﻀﻭﻉ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﺔ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻤﻜﺒﺱ ﻤﺘﺤﺭﻙ‬
‫ﺒﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﺒﻘﻰ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﺜﺎﺒﺘﺎﹰ‪ .‬ﺒﻌﺩ ﺘﺴﺨﻴﻨﻪ ﻴﺘﻤﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺤﺠﻡ )‪ .(0.2 m3‬ﻓﻠﻭ ﻋﻠﻤﺕ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻻﻨﺜﺎﻟﺒﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺌﻊ‬
‫ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﺩﺍﻴﺔ )‪ (210kJ/kg‬ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔ )‪ .(280kJ/kg‬ﺍﺤﺴﺏ ‪:‬‬
‫)ﺃ( ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﻘﻠﺔ‪) .‬ﺏ( ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺌﻊ‪.‬‬
‫)‪Q = ∆H = m (h2 – h1‬‬
‫)‪= 2.25 (280 – 210‬‬
‫‪= 157.5 kJ‬‬
‫‪∆U = Q - P∆V‬‬
‫])‪= 157.5 – [700 (0.2 – 0.1‬‬
‫‪= 87.5 kJ‬‬

‫)‪(113‬‬
 ‫)‪(5.20‬‬

‫ﻼ ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭﻩ )‪ .(5 kJ‬ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ )‪.(γ =1.66‬‬

‫ﻏﺎﺯ ﻴﺘﻤﺩﺩ ﺒﺜﺒﻭﺕ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﻭﻴﻨﺠﺯ ﺸﻐ ﹰ‬
‫ﺍﺤﺴﺏ‪ (1) :‬ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﻘﻠﺔ )‪ (2‬ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪Q = m Cp ∆T‬‬
‫‪Rγ‬‬ ‫‪γ‬‬ ‫‪γ‬‬
‫‪=m‬‬ ‫‪∆T = P∆V‬‬ ‫‪=W‬‬
‫‪γ -1‬‬ ‫‪γ −1‬‬ ‫‪γ −1‬‬
‫‪1.66‬‬
‫× ‪∴Q = 5‬‬ ‫‪= 12.575 kJ‬‬
‫‪1.66 - 1‬‬
‫‪∆U = Q – W = 12.575 – 5 = 7.575 kJ‬‬

‫)‪(5.21‬‬

‫ﻏﺎﺯ ﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺨﺯﺍﻥ ﻀﻐﻁﻪ )‪ (0.4 MN/m2‬ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘﻪ )‪ (14°C‬ﻭﺤﺠﻤﻪ )‪ .(3000L‬ﺍﻀﻴﻔﺕ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻴﻪ ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﺨﺭﻯ ﻤﻥ ﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﺒﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﻀﺎﻋﻑ ﻀﻐﻁﻪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﺤﺴﺏ‪) :‬ﺃ( ﺍﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ )ﺏ( ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﻘﻠﺔ )ﺝ( ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻤﹰﺎ ﺒﺄﻥ‪:‬‬

‫‪R = 0.26 kJ/kg.K ،Cp = 1.005 kJ/kg.K‬‬

‫‪PV‬‬ ‫‪400 × 3‬‬ ‫‪m 14.59‬‬
‫= ‪m1 = 1 1‬‬ ‫‪= 16.08 kg‬‬ ‫= =‪ρ‬‬ ‫‪= 4.86 kg/m 3‬‬
‫‪RT1 0.26 × 287‬‬ ‫‪V‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬
‫‪Cv = Cp – R‬‬
‫‪PV‬‬ ‫‪2 × 400 × 3‬‬
‫= ‪m2 = 2 2‬‬ ‫‪= 30.66 kg‬‬ ‫‪= 1.005 – 0.26 = 0.745 kJ/kg.K‬‬
‫‪RT2‬‬ ‫‪0.26 × 287‬‬ ‫‪Q12 = m Cv ∆T‬‬
‫‪∆m = m2 – m1‬‬ ‫)‪= 14.59 × 0.745 (28-14‬‬
‫‪= 30.66 – 16.08‬‬ ‫‪= 152.17 kJ‬‬
‫‪= 14.59 kg‬‬ ‫‪Q12 = ∆U12 = 152.17 kJ‬‬

‫)‪(114‬‬
 ‫)‪(5.22‬‬
‫ﻭﻋﺎﺀ ﻟﻠﻀﻐﻁ‪ ،‬ﻤﺭﺒﻭﻁ ﺒﺼﻤﺎﻡ‪ ،‬ﺒﻤﺴﺘﻭﺩﻉ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﺯ ﻴﺤﻔﻅ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﺘﺤﺕ ﻀﻐﻁ ﻭﺩﺭﺠـﺔ ﺤـﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺜـﺎﺒﺘﺘﻴﻥ‬
‫ﻗﻴﻤﺘﻬﻤﺎ )‪ (1.4 MN/m2‬ﻭ )‪ (85°C‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺍﻟﻲ‪ .‬ﻭﻋﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻤﻔﺭﻏﹰﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺩﺍﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﺘﺢ ﺍﻟـﺼﻤﺎﻡ‬
‫ﻷﺘﺎﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎل ﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭﻫﺎ )‪ (2.7kg‬ﻟﻠﻤﺭﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺼﻤﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﻭﻤﻥ ﺜـﻡ ﺍﻏﻠـﻕ ﺍﻟـﺼﻤﺎﻡ‬
‫ﻭﺍﺼﺒﺢ ﻜل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﻓﻲ ﻭﻋـﺎﺀ ﺍﻟـﻀﻐﻁ )‪ (700kN/m2‬ﻭ )‪ (60°C‬ﻋﻠـﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺍﻟﻲ‪ .‬ﺍﺤﺴﺏ ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﻘﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻭﻋﺎﺀ ﺍﻭ ﻤﻨﻪ‪ .‬ﺍﺤﺴﺏ ﻜﺫﻟﻙ ﺤﺠﻡ ﻭﻋﺎﺀ ﺍﻟـﻀﻐﻁ‬
‫ﻭﺤﺠﻡ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﻗﺒل ﺍﻻﻨﺘﻘﺎل‪ .‬ﻋﻠﻤﹰﺎ ﺃﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪Cp = 0.88 kJ/kg.K ،Cv = 0.67 kJ/kg.K‬‬
‫‪q = ∆µ – w‬‬ ‫‪P1ν1 = RT1‬‬
‫‪= Cv (T2 – T1) – RT1‬‬ ‫‪T‬‬
‫‪= Cv (T2 – T1) – (Cp – Cv) T1‬‬ ‫‪υ1 = (Cp − Cv ) 1‬‬
‫‪P1‬‬
‫‪= 0.67×(333-358)–(0.88 – 0.67) 358‬‬
‫‪= – 91.93 kJ/kg‬‬ ‫‪(0.88 - 0.67)358‬‬ ‫‪m3‬‬
‫=‬ ‫‪= 0.0537‬‬
‫‪Q=q×m‬‬ ‫‪1400‬‬ ‫‪kg‬‬
‫‪= 91.93 × 2.7‬‬ ‫‪V1 = ν1 ×m = 0.0537×2.7 = 0.145m3‬‬
‫‪= 248.2 kJ‬‬
‫‪PT‬‬ ‫‪1400 × 333 × 0.145‬‬
‫= ‪V2 = 1 2 × V1‬‬
‫‪P2 T‬‬ ‫‪700 × 358‬‬
‫‪= 0.27 m 3‬‬

‫)‪(5.23‬‬
‫ﻤﺎﺌﻊ ﻀﻐﻁﻪ )‪ (7 bar‬ﻭﺤﺠﻤﻪ )‪ (0.1 m3‬ﻭﻜﺘﻠﺘﻪ )‪ (2.25 kg‬ﻤﻭﻀﻭﻉ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﺔ ﻤﻐﻠﻘـﺔ ﺒﻤﻜـﺒﺱ‬
‫ﻴﺘﺤﺭﻙ ﺒﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﺒﻘﻰ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﺜﺎﺒﺘﹰﺎ‪ .‬ﻴﺠﻬﺯ ﺒﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻓﻴﺘﻤﺩﺩ ﺤﺘﻰ )‪ .(0.2 m3‬ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨـﺕ ﺍﻻﻨﺜـﺎﻟﺒﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻲ ﺍﻻﺒﺘﺩﺍﺌﻲ )‪ (210 kJ/kg‬ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺌﻲ )‪ (280 kJ/kg‬ﺍﻭﺠﺩ‪) :‬ﺃ( ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﻘﻠﺔ )ﺏ( ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻓـﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫)‪Q = ∆H = m (h2 – h1‬‬ ‫)‪W = P (V2 – V1‬‬
‫)‪= 2.25 (280 – 210‬‬ ‫)‪= 700 (0.2 – 0.1‬‬
‫‪= 157.5 kJ‬‬ ‫‪= 70 kJ‬‬
‫‪∆U = Q – W‬‬
‫‪= 157.5 – 70‬‬
‫‪= 87.5 kJ‬‬

‫)‪(115‬‬
 ‫)‪(5.24‬‬
‫ﻏﺎﺯ ﻀﻐﻁﻪ )‪ (1 bar‬ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘﻪ )‪ (15°C‬ﻭﻜﺜﺎﻓﺘﻪ )‪ .(1.855 kg/m3‬ﺍﺤﺴﺏ ﻗﻴﻤـﺔ )‪ .(R‬ﻋﻨـﺩ‬
‫ﺘﺴﺨﻴﻥ )‪ (0.9 kg‬ﻤﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﻤﻥ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ )‪ (15°C‬ﺍﻟـﻰ )‪ (250°C‬ﺒـﻀﻐﻁ ﺜﺎﺒـﺕ‪ ،‬ﻜﺎﻨـﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠﻭﺒﺔ )‪ .(175 kJ‬ﺍﺤﺴﺏ )‪ (Cp‬ﻭ )‪ .(Cv‬ﻭﺍﺤﺴﺏ ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴـﺭ ﻓـﻲ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗـﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻐل ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﻘل‪.‬‬

‫‪PV‬‬ ‫‪100 × 1‬‬ ‫)‪∆U = m Cv (T2 – T1‬‬

‫=‪R‬‬ ‫=‬
‫‪mT 1.875 × 278‬‬ ‫)‪= 0.9 × 0.643 (250 – 15‬‬
‫‪= 0.185 kJ/kg.K‬‬ ‫‪= 136 kJ‬‬
‫‪Q‬‬ ‫‪175‬‬ ‫‪W = Q - ∆U‬‬
‫= ‪Cp‬‬ ‫=‬
‫)‪m(T2 − T1 ) 0.9( 250 − 15‬‬ ‫‪= 175 – 136‬‬
‫‪= 39 kJ‬‬
‫‪= 0.828 kJ/kg . K‬‬
‫‪Cv = Cp–R‬‬
‫‪= 0.828 – 0.185‬‬
‫‪= 0.643 kJ/kg.K‬‬

‫)‪(5.25‬‬
‫ﺍﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﺔ ﻋﺩﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺼﻴل ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻱ ﻗﻁﺭﻫﺎ )‪ (100mm‬ﺘﺤﺘﻭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﻭﺍﺀ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘـﻪ )‪(15.5°C‬‬
‫ﻤﻐﻠﻘﺔ ﺒﻤﻜﺒﺱ ﻋﺩﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺼﻴل ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻱ ﻭﻋﺩﻴﻡ ﺍﻻﺤﺘﻜﺎﻙ ﻭﺯﻨﻪ )‪ .(15N‬ﻭﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻜـﺒﺱ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺇﺭﺘﻔـﺎﻉ‬
‫)‪ (150mm‬ﻤﻥ ﻗﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺍﻻﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﺔ‪ .‬ﻋﻨﺩ ﺘﺴﺨﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍﺀ ﺍﺭﺘﻔﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺒﺱ )‪ (150mm‬ﺍﻀﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻓـﺈﺫﺍ ﻜـﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﺠﻭﻱ )‪ ،(1.013 bar‬ﻭﻜﺎﻥ‬
‫‪Cp = 1 kJ/kg.K ، R = 0.287 kJ/kg.K‬‬
‫ﺍﻭﺠﺩ‪ (1) :‬ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﻘﻠﺔ )‪ (2‬ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺒﺎﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﻴﺔ‬

‫)‪(116‬‬
 ‫ﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺒﺱ ﺜﺎﺒﺕ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺘﻤﺕ ﺒﺜﺒﻭﺕ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ‬ ‫‪T2 = T1 .‬‬
‫‪V2‬‬
‫‪π.D 2 π × (0.1) 2‬‬ ‫‪V1‬‬
‫=‪A‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 0.007854m 2‬‬
‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪= 288.15 × 0.0236 = 577 K‬‬
‫‪V1=A×L1‬‬ ‫‪0.00118‬‬
‫‪=0.007854 × 0.15=0.00118m3‬‬
‫)‪Q = m Cp (T2 – T1‬‬
‫‪V2 = A×L2‬‬
‫)‪= 0.00147 × 1 × (577 – 288.15‬‬
‫‪= 0.007854 × 0.3 = 0.00236 m3‬‬
‫‪= 0.425 kJ‬‬
‫‪Q Pg = F‬‬ ‫)‪W = P (V2 – V1‬‬
‫‪A‬‬
‫‪Pabs = Patm + Pg‬‬ ‫)‪= 1.032×102 (0.00236–0.06118‬‬
‫‪= 0.122kJ‬‬
‫‪= 1.013 × 10 5 +‬‬ ‫‪15‬‬
‫‪∆U = Q – W‬‬
‫‪0.007854‬‬
‫‪= 0.424 – 0.122‬‬
‫‪= 1.03 bar‬‬ ‫‪= 0.3021 kJ‬‬
‫‪PV 1.032 × 10 2 × 0.00118‬‬
‫=‪m‬‬ ‫=‬
‫‪RT‬‬ ‫‪0.287 × 288.5‬‬
‫‪= 0.00147 kg‬‬
‫)‪(5.26‬‬
‫ﺍﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﺔ ﺍﻭﻜﺴﺠﻴﻥ ﺴﻌﺘﻬﺎ )‪ (300Litre‬ﻭﺘﺤﺘﻭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﻭﻜﺴﺠﻴﻥ ﺘﺤﺕ ﻀﻐﻁ )‪ (3.1MN/m2‬ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺔ‬
‫ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ )‪ .(18°C‬ﻓﺘﺢ ﺍﻟﺼﻤﺎﻡ ﻭﺍﺴﺘﻌﻤل ﻗﺴﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ‪ .‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻻﻭﻜﺴﺠﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻗﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﺔ‬
‫)‪ (1.7MN/m2‬ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘﻪ )‪ .(15°C‬ﺒﻌﺩ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺇﻏﻼﻕ ﺍﻟﺼﻤﺎﻡ ﺭﺠﻊ ﺍﻻﻭﻜـﺴﺠﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺒـﺎﻗﻲ ﻓـﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘﻪ ﺍﻻﺒﺘﺩﺍﺌﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺍﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﻘﻠﺔ‪ ،‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻋﻠﻤﺕ ﺍﻥ ﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻻﻭﻜﺴﺠﻴﻥ ﻋﻨـﺩ‬
‫ﺩﺭﺠﺔ )‪ (0°C‬ﻭﻀﻐﻁ )‪ (0.101325MN/m2‬ﻫﻲ )‪ (1.429kg/m3‬ﻭﺍﻥ ‪.γ=1.4‬‬

‫‪PV 0.101325 × 10 3 × 1‬‬ ‫‪12.3 – 6.8 = 5.5 kg‬‬

‫=‪R‬‬ ‫=‬
‫‪mT‬‬ ‫‪1.429 × 273‬‬ ‫‪R‬‬ ‫‪0.26‬‬
‫‪= 0.26 kJ/kg.K‬‬ ‫= ‪Cv‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 0.65 kJ/kg.K‬‬
‫‪γ − 1 0.4‬‬
‫‪P1 V1 3.1 × 10 3 × 300 × 10 − 3‬‬
‫= ‪m1‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫)‪Q = ∆U = m Cv (T2 – T1‬‬
‫‪RT1‬‬ ‫‪0.26 × 291‬‬
‫)‪= 5.5 . 0.65 (291 – 288‬‬
‫‪= 12.3 kg‬‬ ‫‪= 10.725 kJ‬‬
‫‪P2 V2 1.7 × 10 3 × 300 × 10 -3‬‬
‫= ‪m2‬‬ ‫=‬
‫‪RT2‬‬ ‫‪0.26 × 288‬‬
‫‪= 6.8 kg‬‬

‫)‪(117‬‬
 ‫)‪(5.27‬‬
‫)‪ (0.05 kg‬ﻤﻥ ﻤﺎﺌﻊ ﻀـﻐﻁﻪ )‪ (2 bar‬ﻭﺤﺠﻤـﻪ )‪ (0.8856 m3/kg‬ﺘﻤـﺩﺩ ﺒـﻀﻐﻁ ﺜﺎﺒـﺕ ﺍﻟـﻰ‬
‫)‪.(0.0658 m3‬‬
‫ﺇﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻐل ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﻘﻠﻴﻥ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ‪:‬‬
‫)ﺃ( ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻊ ﺒﺨﺎﺭ ﻭﺤﺎﻟﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﺠﺎﻑ ﻤﺸﺒﻊ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﺨﺎﺭ )‪.(300°C‬‬
‫)ﺏ( ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻊ ﻫﻭﺍﺀ ﺘﺼل ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘﻪ )‪ (130°C‬ﻋﻠﻤﹰﺎ ﺃﻥ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﻻﻨﺜﺎﻟﺒﻲ ﺘﺤﺕ ﻀﻐﻁ )‪ (2 bar‬ﻫﻭ )‪.(2707 kJ/kg.K‬‬
‫ﺍﻻﻨﺜﺎﻟﺒﻲ ﺒﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ )‪ (300°C‬ﻫﻭ )‪.(307 kJ/kg.K‬‬

‫)‪(a‬‬ ‫)‪(b‬‬
‫‪V2 0.0658‬‬ ‫‪P2 V 2 200 × 0.0658‬‬
‫= ‪ν2‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫= ‪T2‬‬ ‫=‬
‫‪m‬‬ ‫‪0.05‬‬ ‫‪mR‬‬ ‫‪0.05 × 0.287‬‬
‫‪= 917 K‬‬
‫‪= 1.316 m 3 / kg‬‬
‫‪Q = m Cp ∆T‬‬
‫)‪Qin = m (h2 – h1‬‬ ‫)‪= 0.05 × 1.005 (917 – 403‬‬
‫)‪= 0.05 (3072 – 2707‬‬ ‫‪= 25.83 kJ‬‬
‫‪= 18.25 kJ‬‬
‫)‪w = R (T2 – T1‬‬
‫)‪w = P∆ν = P (ν2 - ν1‬‬ ‫)‪= 0.287 (917 – 403‬‬
‫)‪= 200 (1.316 – 0.8856‬‬ ‫‪= 147.52 kJ/kg‬‬
‫‪= 86.08 kJ/kg‬‬
‫‪W = m ×w‬‬
‫‪W = m× w = 0.05 × 86.08‬‬ ‫‪= 0.05 × 147.52 = 7.38 kJ‬‬
‫‪= 4.304 kg‬‬

‫)‪(118‬‬
 ‫)‪(5.28‬‬
‫ﻏﺎﺯ ﻤﺜﺎﻟﻲ ﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﺔ ﻤﺯﻭﺩﺓ ﺒﻤﻜﺒﺱ ﻋﺩﻴﻡ ﺍﻻﺤﺘﻜﺎﻙ ﺤﺠﻤﻪ )‪ (23.7 L‬ﻭﺩﺭﺠـﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘـﻪ‬
‫)‪ (16°C‬ﻭﻀﻐﻁﻪ )‪ .(1.013 bar‬ﻴﻁﻠﺏ ﺭﻓﻊ ﻀﻐﻁﻪ ﺍﻟﻰ )‪ (5 bar‬ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ )‪ (16°C‬ﺒﺄﺠﺭﺍﺌﻴﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻨﻌﻜﺎﺴﻴﻴﻴﻥ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﻴﻥ ﻫﻤﺎ‪:‬‬
‫ﺃ‪ -‬ﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺒﻀﻐﻁ ﺜﺎﺒﺕ ﻴﺘﺒﻌﻪ ﺘﺴﺨﻴﻥ ﺘﺤﺕ ﺤﺠﻡ ﺜﺎﺒﺕ‪.‬‬
‫ﺏ‪ -‬ﺘﺴﺨﻴﻥ ﺘﺤﺕ ﺤﺠﻡ ﺜﺎﺒﺕ ﻴﺘﺒﻌﻪ ﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺘﺤﺕ ﻀﻐﻁ ﺜﺎﺒﺕ‪ .‬ﺍﺤﺴﺏ ﻟﻜل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻻﺠـﺭﺍﺌﻴﻥ )‪ (1‬ﺍﻟﺤـﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻐل ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﻘﻠﻴﻥ )‪ ،∆H ،∆U (2‬ﻋﻠﻤﹰﺎ ﺍﻥ‪:‬‬

‫‪Cp = 0.293 kJ/kg.K ، Cv = 0.21 kJ/kg.K‬‬

‫)‪(1‬‬ ‫)‪(2‬‬
‫‪P1‬‬
‫‪= 23.7 × 1 = 4.74 L‬‬ ‫⎞ ‪⎛P‬‬
‫‪V2. = V1 .‬‬
‫‪P2‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪T2 = T1 ⎜ 2 ⎟ = 289⎛⎜ 5 ⎞⎟ = 1445 K‬‬
‫⎠ ‪⎝ P1‬‬ ‫⎠‪⎝1‬‬
‫⎞ ‪⎛V‬‬
‫‪T2 = T1 ⎜ 2 ⎟ = 289 4.74 = 57.8 K‬‬
‫⎠ ‪⎝ V1‬‬ ‫‪23.7‬‬ ‫‪qin =∆µ12=Cv.∆T‬‬
‫)‪=0.21 (1445 – 289‬‬
‫‪qo = ∆h = Cp∆T‬‬ ‫‪=24.3kJ‬‬
‫)‪= 0.293 (57.8 – 289‬‬
‫‪= – 6.774 kJ/kg‬‬ ‫‪qo =∆h=Cp ∆T‬‬
‫)‪=0.293(289-1445‬‬
‫‪∆µ12 = ∆h – P∆V‬‬ ‫‪=-33.87 kJ‬‬
‫⎥⎤ ⎟⎞ ‪= −6.774 − ⎡⎢⎛⎜ 101.3 4.74 − 23.7‬‬
‫⎝⎣‬ ‫‪1000 ⎠ ⎦ ∑q = 24.27 – 33.871‬‬
‫‪= – 4.855 kJ/kg‬‬ ‫‪= – 9.611 kJ‬‬

‫‪∆µ23 = qin = Cv ∆T‬‬ ‫‪∆µ23 = ∆h - P∆V‬‬

‫)‪= 0.21 (289-578‬‬
‫⎤ ‪= −33.871 − ⎡500 4.74 − 23.1‬‬
‫‪= 4.855 kJ/kg‬‬ ‫⎣⎢‬ ‫⎦⎥ ‪1000‬‬
‫‪∑q = qo+qin‬‬ ‫‪= 24.27 KJ‬‬
‫‪= –6.774 + 4.855‬‬
‫‪= –1.92 kJ/kg‬‬ ‫‪∑µ = 24.27 – 24.27 = 0‬‬

‫‪∑∆µ = ∆µ12 + ∆µ23‬‬ ‫‪w = q – ∆µ‬‬

‫‪= – 4.855 + 4.855 = 0‬‬ ‫‪= – 9.611 – 0‬‬
‫‪= -9.601 kJ‬‬
‫‪w = q – ∆µ‬‬
‫‪= –1.919 – 0‬‬
‫‪= – 1.919 kJ/kg‬‬

‫)‪(119‬‬
 ‫)‪(5.29‬‬
‫ﻤﺎﺌﻊ ﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﺔ ﻤﻐﻠﻘﺔ ﺒﻤﻜﺒﺱ ﻤﺘﺤﺭﻙ ﻋﺩﻴﻡ ﺍﻻﺤﺘﻜـﺎﻙ‪ .‬ﺃﻀـﻴﻔﺕ ﺍﻟﻴـﻪ ﺤـﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻤﻘـﺩﺍﺭﻫﺎ‬
‫)‪ .(1023.67 kJ/kg‬ﻭﺘﻤــﺩﺩ ﺒــﻀﻐﻁ ﺜﺎﺒــﺕ ﻤﻘــﺩﺍﺭﻩ )‪ (1.0133 bar‬ﻭﺘﻐﻴــﺭ ﺤﺠﻤــﻪ ﻤــﻥ‬
‫)‪ (0.00104 m3/kg‬ﺍﻟﻰ )‪ .(1.67 m3/kg‬ﺍﺤﺴﺏ‪.∆h ،∆µ :‬‬
‫‪∆µ = q − w = q − P∆ν‬‬
‫])‪= 1023.67 − [101.33 (1.67 − 0.00104‬‬
‫‪= 854.55 kJ/kg‬‬
‫‪q = ∆h = 1023.67 kJ/kg‬‬
‫)‪(5.30‬‬
‫ﻫﻭﺍﺀ ﻜﺘﻠﺘﻪ )‪ (1kg‬ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘﻪ )‪ (290K‬ﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﺔ ﻴﺘﺤﺭﻙ ﺒﺩﺍﺨﻠﻬﺎ ﻤﻜـﺒﺱ‪ .‬ﻀـﻐﻁ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍﺀ ﺒﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺒﻁﻴﺌﺔ ﻋﺩﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻻﺤﺘﻜﺎﻙ ﺒﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺤﺠﻤﻪ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻲ ﻤﻥ )‪ (0.8m3/kg‬ﺍﻟـﻰ )‪(0.2m3/kg‬‬
‫ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺌﻴﺔ )‪ (500K‬ﻭﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ )‪ ،(PV1.25=0.75‬ﺤﻴﺙ ﺍﻥ )‪ (P‬ﺒﻭﺤـﺩﺍﺕ )‪ (bar‬ﻭ‬
‫)‪ (v‬ﺒﻭﺤﺩﺍﺕ )‪ .(m3/kg‬ﺍﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﺸﻐل ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﻘﻠﻴﻥ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻤﹰﺎ ﺃﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪Cp=0.287 kJ/kg.K‬‬
‫‪V2‬‬ ‫‪V2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪V‬‬
‫‪dV‬‬
‫‪W = m ∫ PdV = m ∫ C γ = m ∫ C.V − γ dV‬‬
‫‪V1‬‬ ‫‪V1 V‬‬ ‫‪V1‬‬
‫‪0.2‬‬
‫⎤ ‪⎡ V − γ +1‬‬ ‫⎞ ‪⎛ V2− γ +1 − V1− γ +1‬‬
‫⎢ ‪= mc‬‬ ‫⎜⎜‪⎥ = mc‬‬ ‫⎟‬
‫⎟‬
‫⎣‬ ‫‪−‬‬ ‫‪γ‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪⎦ 0.8‬‬ ‫⎝‬ ‫‪−‬‬ ‫‪γ‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫⎠‬
‫⎞ ‪⎛ 0.2 −1.5+1 − 0.8 −1.5+1‬‬
‫⎜⎜‪= 1 × 0.75‬‬ ‫⎟‬
‫‪−‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫⎟‬
‫⎝‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫⎠‬
‫‪⎛ 0 .2‬‬ ‫‪− 0.5‬‬
‫‪− 0 .8‬‬ ‫‪− 0.5‬‬
‫⎞‬ ‫⎛‬ ‫‪−2‬‬ ‫⎞‬
‫⎜⎜‪= 0.75‬‬ ‫⎜‪⎟ = 0.75‬‬
‫⎟‬ ‫⎟‬
‫⎝‬ ‫‪− 0.5‬‬ ‫⎠‬ ‫⎠ ‪⎝ 0.2 − 0.8‬‬
‫‪⎛ 1‬‬ ‫⎞ ‪1‬‬
‫⎜‪= −2 × 0.75‬‬ ‫‪−‬‬ ‫⎟‬
‫‪⎝ 0 .2‬‬ ‫⎠ ‪0 .8‬‬
‫‪⎛ 1‬‬ ‫⎞ ‪1‬‬
‫⎜‪= −1.5‬‬ ‫‪−‬‬ ‫)‪⎟ = −1.5( 2.237 − 1.12‬‬
‫⎠ ‪⎝ 0.447 0.894‬‬
‫‪= 1.5 × 1.12 = −1.68 bar . m 3 = 168 kJ‬‬
‫‪∆µ = m Cv ∆T = 1 × 0.718 (580 - 290) = 208.2 kJ‬‬
‫‪Q = ∆U + W = 208.2 - 168 = 40.2 kJ‬‬

‫)‪(120‬‬
 ‫)‪(5.31‬‬
‫ﻫﻭﺍﺀ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘﻪ )‪ (20°C‬ﻭﻀﻐﻁﻪ )‪ (1 bar‬ﻭﺤﺠﻤﻪ )‪ .(0.02m3‬ﺴـﺨﻥ ﺒﺜﺒـﻭﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺠـﻡ ﺍﻟـﻰ‬
‫)‪ .(5 bar‬ﻭﺒﻌﺩﻫﺎ ﺒﺭﺩ ﺒﺜﺒﻭﺕ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻥ ﻋﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘﻪ ﺍﻻﺒﺘﺩﺍﺌﻴـﺔ‪ .‬ﺍﺤـﺴﺏ ﺼـﺎﻓﻲ ﺍﻟـﺸﻐل‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻤﹰﺎ ﺍﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪R=0.287 kJ/kg.K ، Cp =1.01 kJ/kg.K‬‬

‫‪Cv = Cp − R‬‬ ‫‪T1‬‬

‫‪V3 = V2 .‬‬
‫‪T2‬‬
‫‪= 1.01 − 0.287‬‬
‫‪= 0.723kJ / kg.K‬‬ ‫‪= 0.02 × 293 = 0.004 m 3‬‬
‫‪1405‬‬
‫‪PV‬‬ ‫‪100 × 0.02‬‬ ‫)‪W23 = P3 (V3-V2‬‬
‫= ‪m= 1 1‬‬
‫‪RT1 0.287 × 298‬‬ ‫‪=500(0.004 - 0.02) = -8 kJ‬‬
‫‪= 0.0238 kg‬‬
‫)‪Q23 = m Cp (T3-T2‬‬
‫‪P‬‬
‫‪T2 = T1 . 2‬‬ ‫)‪=0.0238×1.01 (20 - 1465‬‬
‫‪P1‬‬ ‫‪= - 34.7kJ‬‬
‫‪5‬‬
‫‪= 293 = 1465 K‬‬ ‫‪∑W=0 + (-8) = -8kJ‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫) ‪Q 12 = m Cv (T2 − T1‬‬
‫‪∑Q = 20 + (-34.7) = - 14.7 kJ‬‬
‫)‪= 0.0238 × 0.723 × (1465 - 293‬‬
‫‪= 19.9 kJ‬‬

‫)‪(5.32‬‬
‫ﻏﺎﺯ ﻀﻐﻁﻪ )‪ (100 kN/m2‬ﻭﺤﺠﻤﻪ )‪ (0.056m3‬ﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻴﺯﻭﺜﺭﻤﻠﻴﹰﺎ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺤﺠﻡ )‪ .(0.007m3‬ﺇﺤـﺴﺏ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺌﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻐل ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺠﺯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ؟‬

‫‪V1‬‬
‫‪P2 = P1‬‬
‫‪V2‬‬
‫‪0.056‬‬
‫× ‪= 100‬‬ ‫‪= 800 kN/m 2‬‬
‫‪0.007‬‬
‫‪V‬‬
‫‪W.D = P1 V1 Ln 1‬‬
‫‪V2‬‬
‫‪0.007‬‬
‫‪= 100 × 0.056 Ln‬‬ ‫‪= −11.65 kJ‬‬
‫‪0.056‬‬

‫)‪(121‬‬
 ‫)‪(5.33‬‬
‫ﻫﻭﺍﺀ ﻜﺘﻠﺘﻪ )‪ (1kg‬ﻤﺤﺼﻭﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺴـﻁﻭﺍﻨﺔ ﻀـﻐﻁﻪ )‪ (2 bar‬ﻭﺩﺭﺠـﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘـﻪ )‪ (427°C‬ﻀـﻐﻁ‬
‫ﺍﻴﺯﻭﺜﺭﻤﻠﻴﹰﺎ ﺍﻟﻰ )‪ .(5 bar‬ﺜﻡ ﺒﺭﺩ ﺒﺤﺠﻡ ﺜﺎﺒﺕ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻥ ﻋﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻰ ﻀﻐﻁﻪ ﺍﻻﺒﺘـﺩﺍﺌﻲ‪ .‬ﺍﻭﺠـﺩ )‪ (1‬ﺍﻟـﺸﻐل‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺠﺯ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﺠﺭﺍﺌﻴﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻐل ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻲ‪ (2) .‬ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﻘﻠﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻋﻠﻤﹰﺎ ﺃﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪R=0.287 kJ/kg.K ، Cv=0.72 kJ/kg.K‬‬

‫‪P1‬‬
‫‪Q 12 = W 12 = mRT 1 Ln‬‬ ‫) ‪Q 23 = m Cv (T3 − T2‬‬
‫‪P2‬‬
‫‪= 1 × 0.72 (280 - 427) = -302.4 kJ‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪= 1 × 0.287 × 700 L n‬‬
‫‪5‬‬
‫‪= -184.1 kJ‬‬
‫‪∑ W = -184.1 + 0 = -184.1 kJ‬‬
‫‪P T‬‬
‫‪T3 = 3 2‬‬
‫‪P2‬‬ ‫‪∑ Q = −184.1 + (−302.4) = −486.5 kJ‬‬
‫‪200 × 700‬‬
‫=‬ ‫‪= 280 K‬‬
‫‪500‬‬
‫)‪(5.34‬‬
‫ﺍﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﺔ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻤﻜﺒﺱ ﺘﺤﻭﻱ )‪ (1kg‬ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍﺀ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘﻪ )‪ .(300°C‬ﺘﻤـﺩﺩ ﺍﻴﺯﻭﺜﺭﻤﻠﻴـﹰﺎ ﺍﻟـﻰ ﺍﻥ‬
‫ﺘﻀﺎﻋﻑ ﺤﺠﻤﻪ‪ .‬ﺜﻡ ﺩﻓﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺒﺱ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨل ﺒﺤﻴﺙ ﺒﻘﻲ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﺜﺎﺒﺘﹰﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻥ ﺍﺴـﺘﺭﺠﻊ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍﺀ ﺤﺠﻤﻪ ﺍﻻﻭل‪ .‬ﺍﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﻘﻠﺔ ﻭﺼﺎﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻤﹰﺎ ﺃﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪Cp=1.01 kJ/kg.K ، R=0.287 kJ/kg.K‬‬

‫‪V2‬‬ ‫)‪Q23 = mCv (T3-T2‬‬

‫‪Q12 = mRT1 Ln‬‬ ‫)‪= 1 × 1.01 (286.5 – 573‬‬
‫‪V1‬‬
‫‪=-289.37 kJ‬‬
‫‪V2‬‬
‫‪= 1 × 0.287 × 573 Ln‬‬
‫‪V1‬‬ ‫)‪∑Q = 114 + (-289.37‬‬
‫‪= 114 kJ‬‬ ‫‪= - 175.4 kJ‬‬
‫‪V‬‬ ‫‪2V‬‬
‫‪T3 = T2 × 3 = 573 × 1‬‬
‫‪V2‬‬ ‫‪V1‬‬
‫‪= 286.5 K‬‬

‫)‪(122‬‬
 ‫)‪(5.35‬‬
‫ﻏﺎﺯ ﻀﻐﻁﻪ )‪ (138 kN/m2‬ﻭﺤﺠﻤﻪ )‪ .(0.112 m3‬ﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﻰ )‪ (90 kN/m2‬ﺍﺩﻴﺎﺒﺎﺘﻴﹰﺎ ﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ‬
‫)‪ .(PV1.4 =C.‬ﺍﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻡ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻴﺩ؟‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫‪⎛ P ⎞γ‬‬
‫‪V2 = V1 ⎜ 1 ⎟ = 0.112 ⎛⎜ 138 ⎞⎟ = 0.0348 m 3‬‬
‫‪1.4‬‬

‫⎠ ‪⎝ P2‬‬ ‫⎠ ‪⎝ 690‬‬

‫)‪(5.36‬‬
‫ﻏﺎﺯ ﻀﻐﻁﻪ )‪ (1.4 MN/m2‬ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘﻪ )‪ (360°C‬ﺘﻤـﺩﺩ ﺍﺩﻴﺎﺒﺎﺘﻴـﹰﺎ ﺍﻟـﻰ ﺍﻥ ﺍﺼـﺒﺢ ﻀـﻐﻁﻪ‬
‫)‪ (100kN/m2‬ﻭﺴﺨﻥ ﺒﻀﻐﻁ ﺜﺎﺒﺕ ﺤﺘﻰ ﻋﺎﺩ ﺍﻟـﻰ ﺩﺭﺠـﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘـﻪ ﺍﻻﺒﺘﺩﺍﺌﻴـﺔ ﻭﺍﺼـﺒﺢ ﻀـﻐﻁﻪ‬
‫)‪ .(200kN/m2‬ﻭﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻴﺯﻭﺜﺭﻤﻠﻴﹰﺎ ﺤﺘﻰ ﻋﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻰ ﻀﻐﻁﻪ ﺍﻻﺒﺘﺩﺍﺌﻲ‪ .‬ﺍﺭﺴﻡ ﺍﻻﺠﺭﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﻤﺨﻁـﻁ‬
‫)‪ (P-v‬ﻭﺍﺤﺴﺏ )ﺃ( ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻻﺱ ﺍﻻﺩﻴﺎﺒﺎﺘﻲ )‪) (γ‬ﺏ( ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺩﺩ ﺍﻻﺩﻴﺎﺒﺎﺘﻲ‪.‬‬
‫ﻋﻠﻤﹰﺎ ﺃﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪Cp=1.005 kJ/kg.K‬‬

‫‪Cp = 1.005 kJ/kg.K‬‬ ‫= ‪Cv‬‬

‫‪Cp 1.005‬‬
‫=‬ ‫‪= 0.705 kJ/kg.K‬‬
‫‪P1 V3 1400‬‬ ‫‪γ‬‬ ‫‪1.425‬‬
‫=‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 6.36‬‬
‫‪P3 V1‬‬ ‫‪220‬‬ ‫‪P‬‬ ‫‪100‬‬
‫= ‪T2 = 2 T3‬‬ ‫‪× 633 = 288 K‬‬
‫‪γ‬‬ ‫‪γ‬‬ ‫‪P3‬‬ ‫‪220‬‬
‫⎞ ‪P1 ⎛ V2‬‬ ‫⎞ ‪⎛V‬‬
‫⎜⎜ =‬ ‫⎟⎟ ‪⎟⎟ = ⎜⎜ 3‬‬ ‫‪∆U = U2 - U1‬‬
‫⎠ ‪P2 ⎝ V1‬‬ ‫⎠ ‪⎝ V1‬‬ ‫)‪= m Cv (T2-T1‬‬
‫‪1400‬‬
‫‪= (6.36) γ ⇒ Ln14 = γ Ln 6.36‬‬ ‫)‪= 0.23 × 0.705 (288-633‬‬
‫‪100‬‬ ‫‪= -55.9 kJ‬‬
‫‪∴ γ = 1.425‬‬

‫)‪(123‬‬
 ‫)‪(5.37‬‬
‫ﻫﻭﺍﺀ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘﻪ )‪ (300 K‬ﻭﻀﻐﻁﻪ )‪ .(1 bar‬ﻴﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﺩﻴﺎﺒﺎﺘﻴﹰﺎ ﺍﻟﻰ ﻀـﻌﻑ ﻀـﻐﻁﻪ ﺍﻻﺒﺘـﺩﺍﺌﻲ‬
‫ﺒﻭﺴﺎﻁﺔ ﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﻴﺴﺘﻬﻠﻙ ﻗﺩﺭﺓ ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭﻫﺎ )‪ .(200W‬ﺇﺤﺴﺏ ﺤﺠﻡ ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺝ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﺤﺴﺏ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘﻪ‪ .‬ﻋﻠﻤﹰﺎ ﺃﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪(γ=1.4) .‬‬

‫‪γ −1‬‬ ‫)‪W( γ − 1‬‬

‫⎞ ‪⎛P‬‬ ‫‪γ‬‬ ‫= ‪mR‬‬
‫⎟ ‪T2 = T1 ⎜ 2‬‬ ‫‪T2 − T1‬‬
‫⎠ ‪⎝ P1‬‬
‫‪0.2 × 04‬‬
‫‪0.4‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 1.2177 × 10 -3‬‬
‫‪= 300⎛⎜ ⎟ = 365.7 K‬‬
‫‪2 ⎞ 1.4‬‬ ‫‪65.7‬‬
‫⎠‪⎝1‬‬ ‫•‬ ‫‪mRT‬‬
‫=‪V‬‬
‫) ‪mR(T2 - T1‬‬ ‫‪P‬‬
‫=‪W‬‬
‫‪γ -1‬‬ ‫‪0.0012 × 365.7‬‬
‫=‬ ‫‪= 0.0022 m 3 / s‬‬
‫‪200‬‬

‫)‪(5.38‬‬
‫ﺍﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﺔ ﻤﻐﻠﻘﺔ ﺒﻤﻜﺒﺱ ﺘﺤﺘﻭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻏﺎﺯ ﻜﺘﻠﺘـﻪ )‪ (0.45kg‬ﻭﻀـﻐﻁﻪ )‪ (6.7bar‬ﻭﺩﺭﺠـﺔ ﺤـﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬
‫)‪ (185°C‬ﺘﻤﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﺍﺩﻴﺎﺒﺎﺘﻴﹰﺎ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻥ ﺍﺼﺒﺢ ﻀﻐﻁﻪ )‪ (138 kN/m2‬ﻭﺍﻨﺨﻔﻀﺕ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘﻪ ﺒﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭ‬
‫)‪ .(165K‬ﺍﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺩﺩ ﺇﻨﺘﻘل ﺸﻐل ﺒﻭﺴﺎﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺒﺱ ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭﻩ )‪ .(53 kJ‬ﺍﺤﺴﺏ )‪ (Cp‬ﻭ )‪.(Cv‬‬

‫‪γ −1‬‬ ‫‪γ −1‬‬

‫‪T2 = ∆T + T1‬‬ ‫‪T1 ⎛ P1‬‬ ‫‪⎞ γ‬‬ ‫⎞ ‪458 ⎛ 670‬‬ ‫‪γ‬‬

‫⎟ ⎜=‬ ‫⇒‬ ‫⎜=‬ ‫⎟‬
‫‪= (-165) + 458 = 293 K‬‬ ‫⎠⎟ ‪T2 ⎜⎝ P2‬‬ ‫⎠ ‪293 ⎝ 138‬‬
‫‪γ −1‬‬
‫)‪W12 = - ∆U12 = - m Cv (T2-T1‬‬ ‫= ‪Ln 1.565‬‬ ‫‪Ln 1.58‬‬
‫‪γ‬‬
‫)‪53 = - 0.45 Cv (293-458‬‬
‫‪γ = 1.4‬‬
‫‪Cv = 0.714 kJ/kg.K‬‬ ‫‪Cp = Cv . γ = 0.74 × 1.4‬‬
‫‪= 0.999 kJ/kg.K‬‬

‫)‪(124‬‬
 ‫)‪(5.39‬‬
‫ﻫﻭﺍﺀ ﻜﺘﻠﺘﻪ )‪ (0.225kg‬ﺒﻀﻐﻁ ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭﻩ )‪ (8.3bar‬ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ )‪ (538°C‬ﺘﻤﺩﺩ ﺍﺩﻴﺎﺒﺎﺘﻴﹰﺎ ﺇﻨﻌﻜﺎﺴﻴﹰﺎ ﺍﻟﻰ‬
‫ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ )‪ .(149°C‬ﺍﻭﺠﺩ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺠﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻐل ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﻘل ﻋﻠﻤﹰﺎ ﺃﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪R=0.287 kJ/kg.K ، Cp=1.005 kJ/kg.K‬‬

‫‪Cv = Cp − R‬‬ ‫‪mRT2 0.225 × 0.287 × 422‬‬

‫= ‪V2‬‬ ‫=‬
‫‪= 1.005 − 0.287‬‬ ‫‪P2‬‬ ‫‪80.3‬‬
‫‪= 0.718kJ / kg.K‬‬ ‫‪= 0.33 m 3‬‬
‫‪Cp 1.005‬‬ ‫) ‪mR (T1 − T2‬‬
‫=‪γ‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 1.4‬‬ ‫= ‪W12‬‬
‫‪Cv 0.718‬‬ ‫‪γ −1‬‬
‫‪γ‬‬ ‫‪1.4‬‬
‫)‪0.225 × 0.287 × (811 - 422‬‬
‫‪⎛T‬‬ ‫‪⎞ 1‬‬
‫‪γ‬‬ ‫‪−‬‬ ‫‪⎛ 422 ⎞ 1.4−1‬‬ ‫=‬
‫⎟⎟ ‪P2 = P1 ⎜⎜ 2‬‬ ‫⎜‪= 830‬‬ ‫⎟‬ ‫‪1.4 - 1‬‬
‫⎠ ‪⎝ T1‬‬ ‫⎠ ‪⎝ 811‬‬
‫‪= 62.799 kJ‬‬
‫‪= 80.3 kPa‬‬

‫)‪(5.40‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻻﺒﺘﺩﺍﺌﻲ‪ .‬ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤـﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻻﺒﺘﺩﺍﺌﻴـﺔ ﻫـﻲ‬ ‫ﺘﻤﺩﺩ ﻏﺎﺯ ﻤﺜﺎﻟﻲ ﺍﺩﻴﺎﺒﺎﺘﻴﹰﺎ ﺤﺘﻰ ﺍﺼﺒﺢ ﻀﻐﻁﻪ ) ‪(15‬‬
‫)‪ (1.5‬ﻤﻥ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺌﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ )‪ .(R=0.3 kJ/kg.K‬ﺍﺤﺴﺏ )‪ (Cp‬ﻭ )‪.(γ‬‬

‫‪γ −1‬‬
‫‪Rγ‬‬
‫‪T2 ⎛ P2‬‬ ‫‪⎞ γ‬‬ ‫= ‪Cp‬‬
‫⎟ ⎜=‬ ‫‪γ −1‬‬
‫⎠ ‪T1 ⎝ P1‬‬
‫‪0.3 × 1.336‬‬
‫‪T‬‬ ‫‪γ −1‬‬ ‫‪P‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 1.193kJ / kg.K‬‬
‫= ‪Ln 2‬‬ ‫‪Ln 2‬‬ ‫‪0.336‬‬
‫‪T1‬‬ ‫‪γ‬‬ ‫‪P1‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫‪T2‬‬ ‫=‪γ‬‬ ‫‪= 1.336‬‬
‫‪Ln‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1 − 0.252‬‬
‫‪γ −1‬‬ ‫‪T1 Ln 1.5‬‬
‫=‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 0.252‬‬
‫‪γ‬‬ ‫‪P2‬‬ ‫‪Ln‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫‪Ln‬‬
‫‪P1‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬

‫)‪(125‬‬
 ‫)‪(5.41‬‬
‫ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻏﺎﺯ )‪ (N2‬ﻜﺘﻠﺘﻬﺎ )‪ (0.2kg‬ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘﻬﺎ )‪ (15°C‬ﻀﻐﻁﺕ ﺍﺩﻴﺎﺒﺎﺘﻴﹰﺎ ﺤﺘﻰ ﺍﺼﺒﺢ ﺤﺠﻤﻬـﺎ‬
‫ﺭﺒﻊ ﻤﺎ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺩﺍﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﺼﺒﺤﺕ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘﻬﺎ )‪ .(237°C‬ﻭﻜـﺎﻥ ﺍﻟـﺸﻐل ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﻘـل )‪.(33kJ‬‬
‫ﺍﺤﺴﺏ )‪ (γ‬ﻭ )‪.(R‬‬
‫‪γ −1‬‬
‫⎞ ‪T1 ⎛ V2‬‬ ‫‪288‬‬
‫⎜⎜ =‬ ‫⇒ ⎟⎟‬ ‫‪= (0.25) γ −1‬‬
‫⎠ ‪T2 ⎝ V1‬‬ ‫‪510‬‬
‫)‪Ln (0.5647) = ( γ − 1) Ln (0.25‬‬
‫‪γ = 1.412‬‬
‫) ‪mR (T1 − T2‬‬
‫= ‪W12‬‬ ‫=‬
‫‪γ −1‬‬
‫)‪0.2 × R (15 - 273‬‬
‫= ‪− 33‬‬
‫‪1.412 - 1‬‬
‫‪R = 0.2634 kJ/kg.K‬‬

‫)‪(5.42‬‬
‫ﻏﺎﺯ ﻴﺘﻤﺩﺩ ﺍﺩﻴﺎﺒﺎﺘﻴﹰﺎ ﻤﻥ ﻀﻐﻁ )‪ (700kN/m2‬ﻭﺤﺠﻡ )‪ (0.015 m3‬ﺍﻟﻰ )‪ .(140 kN/m2‬ﺍﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺌﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻐل ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﻘل ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻋﻠﻤﹰﺎ ﺒﺄﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪Cp = 1.046 kJ/kg.K ، Cv = 0.752 kJ/kg.K‬‬

‫‪γ = Cp / Cv‬‬
‫‪1.046‬‬
‫=‬ ‫‪= 1.39‬‬
‫‪0.752‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫‪⎛P‬‬ ‫‪⎞γ‬‬
‫⎟⎟ ‪V2 = V1 ⎜⎜ 1‬‬
‫⎠ ‪⎝ P2‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫‪⎛ 700 ⎞ 1.39‬‬
‫⎜‪= 0.015‬‬ ‫⎟‬ ‫‪= 0.048 m 3‬‬
‫⎠ ‪⎝ 140‬‬
‫‪P V − P2 V2‬‬
‫‪W= 1 1‬‬
‫‪γ −1‬‬
‫‪700 × 0.015 - 140 × 0.048‬‬
‫=‬ ‫‪= 9.69 kJ‬‬
‫‪1.39 - 1‬‬
‫‪∆U = -W = -9.69 kJ‬‬

‫)‪(126‬‬
 ‫)‪(5.43‬‬
‫ﻏﺎﺯ ﺤﺠﻤﻪ )‪ (0.3 m3‬ﻭﻀﻐﻁﻪ )‪ (100 kN/m2‬ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘﻪ )‪ (20°C‬ﻀـﻐﻁ ﺍﻴﺯﻭﺜﺭﻤﻠﻴـﺎ ﺍﻟـﻰ‬
‫)‪ .(500 kN/m2‬ﻭﺘﻤﺩﺩ ﺍﺩﻴﺎﺒﺎﺘﻴﹰﺎ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺤﺠﻤﻪ ﺍﻻﺼﻠﻲ‪ .‬ﺍﺤﺴﺏ )ﺍ( ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﻘﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻻﻨـﻀﻐﺎﻁ‪،‬‬
‫)ﺏ( ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﻴﺔ )ﺠـ( ﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ‪.‬‬
‫‪Cp = 1 kJ/kg.K ، γ = 1.4‬‬
‫ﺍﻴﺯﻭﺜﺭﻤﻠﻴﺎ‬
‫ً‬ ‫)ﺃ(‬ ‫)‪Cp( γ − 1‬‬
‫‪P1‬‬ ‫‪100‬‬ ‫=‪R‬‬
‫‪V2 = V1‬‬ ‫‪= 0.3‬‬ ‫‪= 0.06 m 3‬‬ ‫‪γ‬‬
‫‪P2‬‬ ‫‪500‬‬ ‫)‪1(1.4 − 1‬‬
‫=‬ ‫‪= 0.286 kJ/kg.K‬‬
‫‪P1‬‬ ‫‪1.4‬‬
‫‪Q = W = PVLn‬‬ ‫=‬
‫‪P2‬‬ ‫‪PV‬‬
‫‪m= 1 1‬‬
‫‪100‬‬ ‫‪RT1‬‬
‫‪= 100 × 0.3 Ln‬‬ ‫‪= −48.3 kJ‬‬
‫‪500‬‬ ‫)ﺏ( ﺍﺩﻴﺎﺒﺎﺘﻴ ﹰﺎ‬ ‫‪100 × 0.3‬‬
‫=‬ ‫‪= 0.358 kg‬‬
‫‪γ‬‬
‫‪0.286 × 293‬‬
‫⎞ ‪⎛V‬‬
‫‪1.4‬‬
‫⎞ ‪⎛ 0.06‬‬
‫⎜ × ‪P3 = P2 ⎜⎜ 2 ⎟⎟ = 500‬‬ ‫⎟‬
‫⎠ ‪⎝ V3‬‬ ‫⎠ ‪⎝ 0.3‬‬
‫‪= 52.6 kN/m 2‬‬
‫) ‪− ( P2 V2 − P1 V1‬‬
‫= ‪∆U = − W‬‬
‫‪γ −1‬‬
‫)‪- (500 × 0.06 - 52.6 × 0.3‬‬
‫=‬
‫‪1.4 - 1‬‬
‫‪= −35.5 kJ‬‬

‫)‪(127‬‬
 ‫)‪(5.44‬‬
‫ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻏﺎﺯ ﻀﻐﻁﻪ )‪ (5bar‬ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘﻪ )‪ .(20°C‬ﺘﻤﺩﺩ ﺍﻴﺯﻭﺜﺭﻤﻠﻴﹰﺎ ﻤﻥ )‪ (0.3m3‬ﺍﻟـﻰ ﻀـﻐﻁ‬
‫ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭﻩ )‪ .(1bar‬ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ )‪ (γ=1.4‬ﻭ )‪ .(Cp = 1 kJ/kg.K‬ﺍﺤﺴﺏ‪:‬‬
‫)ﺃ( ﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ )ﺏ( ﺍﻟﺸﻐل ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺠﺯ )ﺠـ( ﺤﺠﻡ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ‪.‬‬

‫)‪Cp( γ − 1‬‬ ‫‪P1‬‬

‫=‪R‬‬ ‫‪W12 = mRT Ln‬‬
‫‪γ‬‬ ‫‪P2‬‬
‫)‪1(1.4 − 1‬‬ ‫‪W12 = 1.79 × 0.286 × 293 Ln‬‬
‫‪5‬‬
‫=‬ ‫‪= 0.286 kJ/kg.K‬‬
‫‪1.4‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫‪PV‬‬ ‫‪= 241.41 kJ‬‬
‫‪m= 1 1‬‬
‫‪RT1‬‬ ‫‪P1 V1 5 × 0.3‬‬
‫= ‪V2‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 1.5 m 3‬‬
‫‪500 × 0.3‬‬ ‫‪P2‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫=‬ ‫‪= 1.79kg‬‬
‫‪0.286 × 293‬‬

‫)‪(5.45‬‬
‫ﻫﻭﺍﺀ ﺤﺠﻤﻪ )‪ (0.056m3‬ﻭﻀﻐﻁﻪ )‪ .(1.38 bar‬ﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻴﺯﻭﺜﺭﻤﻠﻴﹰﺎ ﺍﻟﻰ )‪ .(0.014m3‬ﺍﻭﺠـﺩ ﺍﻟـﺸﻐل‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﻘل ﻭﻗﺎﺭﻨﻪ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺸﻐل ﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻻﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﺍﺩﻴﺎﺒﺎﺘﻴﹰﺎ ﺍﻨﻌﻜﺎﺴﻴﺎ ﺨﻼل ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻤﻴﺔ ﻨﻔﺴﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻋﻠﻤـﹰﺎ‬
‫ﺃﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪R=0.287 kJ/kg.K ، γ=1.4‬‬

‫‪V2‬‬ ‫‪P1 V1 − P2 V2‬‬

‫‪W = P1 V1 Ln‬‬ ‫=‪W‬‬
‫‪V1‬‬ ‫‪γ −1‬‬
‫‪= 138 × 0.056 Ln‬‬
‫‪0.014‬‬
‫‪= 10.7 kJ‬‬ ‫‪138 × 0.056 × 964 × 0.014‬‬
‫‪0.056‬‬ ‫=‬
‫‪1.4 - 1‬‬
‫‪γ‬‬
‫⎞ ‪⎛V‬‬ ‫‪= −14.42 kJ‬‬
‫⎟⎟ ‪P2 = P1 ⎜⎜ 1‬‬
‫⎠ ‪⎝ V2‬‬
‫‪1.4‬‬
‫⎞ ‪⎛ 0.056‬‬
‫⎜ × ‪= 138‬‬ ‫⎟‬ ‫‪= 9.64 bar‬‬
‫⎠ ‪⎝ 0.014‬‬

‫)‪(128‬‬
 ‫)‪(5.46‬‬
‫ﻫﻭﺍﺀ ﺤﺠﻤﻪ )‪ (0.2m3‬ﻋﻨﺩ ﻀﻐﻁ )‪ (5 bar‬ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ )‪ (30°C‬ﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﺩﻴﺎﺒﺎﺘﻴﹰﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﺔ ﻤﻐﻠﻘﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻰ ﺤﺠﻡ )‪ ،(0.1m3‬ﺜﻡ ﺒﺭﺩ ﺒﺜﺒﻭﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻡ ﺍﻟﻰ ﻀﻐﻁ )‪ .(5 bar‬ﺜﻡ ﺴﺨﻥ ﺒﺜﺒﻭﺕ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻟـﻰ ﺤﺠﻤـﻪ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺒﺘﺩﺍﺌﻲ‪ .‬ﺍﺤﺴﺏ ﺼﺎﻓﻲ‪:‬‬
‫)ﺃ( ﺍﻟﺸﻐل ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ )ﺏ( ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻤﹰﺎ ﺃﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪R = 0.787 kJ/kg.K . Cp = 1.005 kJ/kg.K‬‬

‫)‪(1‬‬ ‫)‪(2‬‬
‫‪γ‬‬
‫⎞ ‪⎛V‬‬
‫‪Cv = Cp − R‬‬ ‫⎟⎟ ‪P2 = P1 ⎜⎜ 1‬‬
‫‪= 1.005 − 0287‬‬ ‫⎠ ‪⎝ V2‬‬
‫‪1.4‬‬
‫‪= 0.718kJ / kg.K‬‬ ‫⎞ ‪⎛ 0.2‬‬
‫⎜ × ‪= 500‬‬ ‫⎟‬ ‫‪= 1320 kN/m 2‬‬
‫‪γ = Cp / Cv‬‬ ‫⎠ ‪⎝ 0.1‬‬
‫‪= 1.005 / 0.718 = 1.399‬‬ ‫‪TP‬‬
‫‪T3 = 2 3‬‬
‫‪γ‬‬ ‫‪P2‬‬
‫⎞ ‪⎛V‬‬
‫⎟⎟ ‪T2 = T1 ⎜⎜ 1‬‬ ‫‪400 × 500‬‬
‫⎠ ‪⎝ V2‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 1055 K‬‬
‫‪1320‬‬
‫‪1.4‬‬
‫⎞ ‪⎛ 0.2‬‬ ‫) ‪W31 = P( V1 − V3‬‬
‫⎜ × ‪= 300‬‬ ‫⎟‬ ‫‪= 400 K‬‬
‫⎠ ‪⎝ 0.1‬‬ ‫‪= 500(0.2 − 0.1) = 50 kJ‬‬
‫=‪m‬‬
‫‪PV1‬‬ ‫‪Q 23‬‬ ‫) ‪= mv(T3 − T2‬‬
‫‪RT1‬‬ ‫)‪= 1.15 × 0.718(151.5 − 400‬‬
‫‪500 × 0.2‬‬ ‫‪= −205kJ‬‬
‫=‬ ‫‪= 1.15 kg‬‬
‫‪0.787 × 300‬‬ ‫‪Q 31‬‬ ‫‪= mCp∆T‬‬
‫‪W = -∆U = -mCv∆T‬‬
‫)‪= 1.15 × 1.005 (151.2‬‬
‫)‪= −1.15 × 0.718 (400 - 303‬‬
‫‪= 175kJ‬‬
‫‪= -80.1 kJ‬‬
‫‪WT = ( −80) + 0 + 50‬‬
‫‪= −30 kJ‬‬
‫‪Q T = 0 + ( −205) + 175‬‬
‫‪= −30 KJ‬‬
‫‪∆U T = Q T − WT‬‬
‫‪= −30 − ( −30) = 0 kJ‬‬

‫)‪(129‬‬
 ‫)‪(5.47‬‬
‫ﻏﺎﺯ ﻤﺜﺎﻟﻲ ﻜﺘﻠﺘﻪ )‪ (0.45kg‬ﺘﻤﺩﺩ ﺍﺩﻴﺎﺒﺎﺘﻴﹰﺎ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻥ ﺍﺼﺒﺢ ﻀﻐﻁﻪ ﻨﺼﻑ ﻤﺎ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺩﺍﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻨﺠـﺯ‬
‫ﻼ ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭﻩ )‪ (27kJ‬ﻭﺍﻨﺨﻔﻀﺕ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘﻪ ﻤﻥ )‪ (220°C‬ﺍﻟـﻰ )‪ .(130°C‬ﺍﺤـﺴﺏ ﻗﻴﻤـﺔ )‪(γ‬‬
‫ﺸﻐ ﹰ‬
‫ﻭﻜﺫﻟﻙ )‪.(R‬‬
‫‪γ −1‬‬
‫‪T1 ⎛ P1‬‬ ‫‪⎞ γ‬‬ ‫‪γ −1‬‬
‫‪= (2 ) γ‬‬
‫‪493‬‬
‫⎟ ⎜=‬ ‫⇒‬
‫⎠⎟ ‪T2 ⎜⎝ P2‬‬ ‫‪403‬‬
‫‪γ -1‬‬
‫= ‪Ln 1.223‬‬ ‫‪Ln 2‬‬
‫‪γ‬‬
‫‪γ = 1.41‬‬
‫)‪W( γ - 1‬‬
‫=‪R‬‬
‫) ‪m(T1 − T2‬‬
‫)‪27(1.41 − 1‬‬
‫=‬ ‫‪= 0.273 kJ/kg.K‬‬
‫)‪0.45( 220 − 130‬‬

‫)‪(5.48‬‬
‫ﻫﻭﺍﺀ ﺘﻤﺩﺩ ﺍﺩﻴﺎﺒﺎﺘﻴﹰﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻤﻐﻠﻕ ﻋﻨﺩ ﻀﻐﻁ )‪ (6 bar‬ﺍﻟﻰ )‪ .(1.48 bar‬ﺜﻡ ﺘﺭﻙ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻥ ﻋﺎﺩﺕ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ‬
‫ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘــﻪ ﺍﻟــﻰ ﻤــﺎ ﻜﺎﻨــﺕ ﻋﻠﻴــﻪ ﻓــﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺩﺍﻴــﺔ ﺒﺜﺒــﻭﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺠــﻡ ﻓــﺄﺭﺘﻔﻊ ﻀــﻐﻁﻪ ﺍﻟــﻰ‬
‫)‪ .(2.21 bar‬ﺍﻭﺠﺩ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ )‪ .(R‬ﻋﻠﻤﹰﺎ ﺃﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪Cp=1.005 kJ/kg.K‬‬
‫‪γ −1‬‬
‫‪T‬‬ ‫⎞ ‪⎛P‬‬ ‫‪γ‬‬
‫⎟ ‪1→2⇒ 2 =⎜ 2‬‬ ‫)‪....(1‬‬
‫⎠ ‪T1 ⎝ P1‬‬ ‫ﻤﻥ )‪ (1‬ﻭ )‪ (2‬ﻴﻨﺘﺞ‪:‬‬
‫‪T‬‬ ‫‪P‬‬
‫‪2→3⇒ 2 = 2‬‬ ‫)‪....(2‬‬
‫‪T1 P3‬‬
‫‪Ln P1 − Ln P2‬‬
‫=‪γ‬‬
‫‪Ln P1 − Ln P3‬‬
‫‪Ln 6 − Ln 1.48‬‬
‫=‬ ‫‪= 1.47‬‬
‫‪Ln 6 − Ln 2.21‬‬
‫‪Cp 1.005‬‬
‫= ‪Cv‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 0.68‬‬
‫‪γ‬‬ ‫‪1.47‬‬
‫‪R = Cp − Cv‬‬
‫‪= 1.005 − 0.68‬‬
‫‪= 0.325 kJ/kg.K‬‬

‫)‪(130‬‬
 ‫)‪(5.49‬‬
‫ﻏﺎﺯ ﺤﺠﻤﻪ )‪ (0.12m3‬ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘﻪ )‪ (20°C‬ﻭﻀﻐﻁﻪ )‪ .(1.0133 bar‬ﻀـﻐﻁ ﺍﺩﻴﺎﺒﺎﺘﻴـﹰﺎ ﺍﻟـﻰ‬
‫)‪ .(0.024m3‬ﺍﺤﺴﺏ )ﺃ( ﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ )ﺏ( ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻋﻨﺩ ﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﻨـﻀﻐﺎﻁ‪) ،‬ﺝ( ﺍﻟـﺸﻐل‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﻘل‪.‬ﻋﻠﻤﹰﺎ ﺃﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪Cp = 1.005 kJ/kg.K . Cv=0.718 kJ/kg.K‬‬
‫‪R = Cp − Cv‬‬ ‫‪T1 P2 V2‬‬
‫= ‪T2‬‬
‫‪= 1.005 − 0.715 = 0.287kJ / kg.K‬‬ ‫‪P1 V1‬‬
‫‪PV 101.33 × 0.12‬‬ ‫‪293 × 964 × 0.024‬‬
‫=‪m‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 0.144 kg‬‬ ‫=‬
‫‪RT 0.287 × 293‬‬ ‫‪101.33 × 0.12‬‬
‫‪γ = Cp/Cv = 1.4‬‬ ‫‪= 557.7 K‬‬
‫⎞ ‪⎛V‬‬
‫‪γ‬‬
‫⎞ ‪⎛ 0.12‬‬
‫‪1.4‬‬ ‫‪101.33 × 0.12 - 964 × 0.024‬‬
‫⎜ × ‪P2 = P1 ⎜⎜ 1 ⎟⎟ = 1.0133‬‬ ‫⎟‬ ‫=‪W‬‬
‫⎠ ‪⎝ 0.024‬‬ ‫‪1.4 - 1‬‬
‫⎠ ‪⎝ V2‬‬
‫‪= -85.283 kJ‬‬
‫‪= 9.64 bar‬‬

‫)‪(5.50‬‬
‫ﻏـﺎﺯ ﻜﺘﻠﺘـﻪ )‪ (1.8 kg‬ﻭﻀـﻐﻁﻪ )‪ (2 bar‬ﻭﺩﺭﺠـﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘـﻪ )‪ .(27°C‬ﻀـﻐﻁ ﺍﺩﻴﺎﺒﺎﺘﻴـﹰﺎ ﺍﻟـﻰ‬
‫)‪ .(3.5 bar‬ﺍﺤﺴﺏ )‪ (1‬ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻡ ﺍﻻﺒﺘﺩﺍﺌﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺌﻲ )‪ (2‬ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺌﻴﺔ )‪ (3‬ﺍﻟـﺸﻐل ﻭﺍﻟﺤـﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﻘﻠﻴﻥ )‪ (4‬ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻋﻠﻤﹰﺎ ﺃﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪R = 0.3 kJ/kg.K . γ = 1.4‬‬

‫‪mRT1 1.8 × 0.3 × 300‬‬ ‫) ‪mR (T1 − T2‬‬

‫= ‪V1‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫= ‪W12‬‬
‫‪P1‬‬ ‫‪200‬‬ ‫‪γ −1‬‬
‫‪= 0.81 m 3‬‬ ‫)‪1.8 × 0.3 × (200 - 352‬‬
‫=‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫‪1.4 - 1‬‬
‫‪W12 = −70.2kJ‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫‪⎛ P ⎞γ‬‬
‫⎟⎞ ‪V2 = V1 ⎜ 1 ⎟ = 0.81 × ⎛⎜ 2‬‬
‫‪1.4‬‬

‫⎠ ‪⎝ P2‬‬ ‫⎠ ‪⎝ 3.5‬‬ ‫‪− W12 = ∆U 12 = 70.2kJ‬‬

‫‪= 0.543 m 3‬‬ ‫‪∆U 12 = −70.2kJ‬‬
‫‪γ −1‬‬ ‫‪1.4−1‬‬
‫⎞ ‪⎛V‬‬
‫⎟ ‪T2 = T1 ⎜ 1‬‬ ‫⎟⎞ ‪= 200 × ⎛⎜ 0.81‬‬
‫⎠ ‪⎝ V2‬‬ ‫⎠ ‪⎝ 0.543‬‬
‫‪= 352 K‬‬

‫)‪(131‬‬
 ‫)‪(5.51‬‬
‫ﻏﺎﺯ ﻓﻲ ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻤﻐﻠﻕ ﻀﻐﻁﻪ )‪ .(320 kN/m2‬ﺒﺭﺩ ﺒﺜﺒﻭﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻡ ﺤﺘﻰ ﺍﺼﺒﺢ ﻀﻐﻁﻪ )‪ .(2.4 bar‬ﺜـﻡ‬
‫ﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﺩﻴﺎﺒﺎﺘﻴﹰﺎ ﺤﺘﻰ ﺍﺼﺒﺢ ﻀﻐﻁﻪ )‪ (700 kN/m2‬ﻭﻋﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘﻪ ﺍﻻﺒﺘﺩﺍﺌﻴـﺔ‪ .‬ﻓـﺈﺫﺍ ﻜـﺎﻥ‬
‫)‪ .(R=0.262 kJ/kg.K‬ﺍﺤﺴﺏ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﺒﺜﺒﻭﺕ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ‪.‬‬
‫‪T2 P2‬‬ ‫‪γ −1‬‬
‫⇒‪1→ 2‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫)‪....(1‬‬ ‫⎞ ‪2.4 ⎛ 20.4‬‬ ‫‪γ‬‬
‫‪T1 P1‬‬ ‫⎜=‬ ‫⎟‬
‫‪γ −1‬‬
‫⎠ ‪3.2 ⎝ 7‬‬
‫‪T2 ⎛ P2‬‬ ‫‪⎞ γ‬‬ ‫‪γ = 1.37‬‬
‫⇒‪2→3‬‬ ‫⎟ ⎜=‬ ‫)‪....(2‬‬
‫⎠⎟ ‪T3 ⎜⎝ P3‬‬ ‫‪Rγ‬‬ ‫‪0.262 × 1.37‬‬
‫= ‪Cp‬‬ ‫=‬
‫‪Q T1 = T3‬‬ ‫‪γ −1‬‬ ‫‪1.37 - 1‬‬
‫‪γ −1‬‬ ‫‪= 0.97kJ / kg.K‬‬
‫‪P2 ⎛ P2‬‬ ‫‪⎞ γ‬‬
‫∴‬ ‫⎟ ⎜=‬
‫⎠⎟ ‪P1 ⎜⎝ P3‬‬

‫)‪(5.52‬‬
‫ﻫﻭﺍﺀ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘﻪ )‪ (44°C‬ﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﺩﻴﺎﺒﺎﺘﻴﹰﺎ ﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ )‪ (PV1.4=C.‬ﺍﻟﻰ ﺤﺠﻡ )‪ .(450L‬ﺜﻡ ﺒـﺭﺩ‬
‫ﺒﺜﺒﻭﺕ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ )‪ .(35°C‬ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﻐل ﻤﺘﺴﺎ ٍﻭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﺠﺭﺍﺌﻴﻥ ﺍﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺌﻲ‬
‫ﺒﺎﻟـ )‪.(m3‬‬
‫‪W12 = W23‬‬ ‫‪t 2 = 50 o C = 323 K‬‬
‫) ‪mR (T1 − T2‬‬ ‫= ‪V3‬‬
‫‪V2‬‬
‫= ‪× T3‬‬
‫‪450‬‬
‫‪× 308‬‬
‫) ‪= mR (T3 − T2‬‬
‫‪γ −1‬‬ ‫‪T2‬‬ ‫‪323‬‬
‫‪44 − t 2‬‬ ‫‪= 429L = 0.429 m 3‬‬
‫‪= 35 − t 2‬‬
‫‪0.4‬‬

‫)‪(132‬‬
 ‫)‪(5.53‬‬
‫ﻫﻭﺍﺀ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘﻪ )‪ (538°C‬ﻭﻀﻐﻁﻪ )‪ (8.3 bar‬ﻭﻜﺘﻠﺘﻪ )‪ .(0.225 kg‬ﺘﻤﺩﺩ ﺍﺩﻴﺎﺒﺎﺘﻴﹰﺎ ﺍﻟـﻰ ﺩﺭﺠـﺔ‬
‫ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ )‪ .(149°C‬ﺍﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺠﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺌﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻐل ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﻘل‪ .‬ﻋﻠﻤﹰﺎ ﺃﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪R=0.287 kJ/kg.K ، Cp = 1.005 kJ/kg.K‬‬
‫‪γ‬‬
‫‪⎛ T ⎞ γ −1‬‬
‫‪1.4‬‬
‫) ‪W = − ∆U = mCv (T1 − T2‬‬
‫⎟⎞ ‪P2 = P1 ⎜ 2 ⎟ = 8.3⎛⎜ 422‬‬
‫‪1.4−1‬‬

‫⎠ ‪⎝ T1‬‬ ‫⎠ ‪⎝ 811‬‬ ‫)‪= 0.225 × 0.718(811 - 422‬‬

‫‪= 0.839 bar‬‬ ‫‪= 62.9 kJ‬‬
‫‪mRT1 0.255 × 0.287 × 811‬‬
‫= ‪V1‬‬ ‫=‬
‫‪P1‬‬ ‫‪8.3 × 10 2‬‬
‫‪= 0.0631 m 3‬‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫‪⎛ T ⎞ γ −1‬‬
‫⎟⎞ ‪V2 = V1 ⎜ 1 ⎟ = 0.063⎛⎜ 811‬‬
‫‪1.4−1‬‬

‫⎠ ‪⎝ T2‬‬ ‫⎠ ‪⎝ 422‬‬
‫‪= 0.324 m 3‬‬

‫)‪(5.54‬‬
‫)‪ (0.5 kg‬ﻫﻭﺍﺀ ﻀﻐﻁﻪ )‪ (1.2 bar‬ﻭﺤﺠﻤﻪ )‪ .(0.4 m3‬ﻴﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻴﺯﻭﺜﺭﻤﻠﻴﺎﹰ‪ ،‬ﺜﻡ ﻴﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﺩﻴﺎﺒﺎﺘﻴـﹰﺎ ﺍﻟـﻰ‬
‫ل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻻﺠﺭﺍﺀﻴﻥ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻤﹰﺎ ﺃﻥ‪:‬‬
‫)‪ .(200°C‬ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﻐل ﻤﺘﺴﺎ ٍﻭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﺠﺭﺍﺀﻴﻥ‪ ،‬ﺍﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻡ ﻓﻲ ﻜ ٍ‬
‫‪Cp=1.005 kJ/kg.K ، Cv=0.718 kJ/kg.K‬‬
‫‪P1 V1‬‬ ‫‪120 × 0.4‬‬ ‫‪P1‬‬
‫= ‪T1‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 0 .354 ⇒ 1 .2 = 0 .354‬‬
‫‪mR‬‬ ‫‪0.5 × 0.287‬‬ ‫‪P2‬‬ ‫‪P2‬‬
‫‪= 334 .5 K‬‬
‫‪P2 = 3 .389 bar‬‬
‫‪W12 = W23‬‬
‫‪P1 V1 1 .2 × 0.4‬‬
‫‪P‬‬ ‫) ‪mR ( T2 − T3‬‬ ‫= ‪V2‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 0 .141 m 3‬‬
‫= ‪mRT1 Ln 1‬‬ ‫‪P2‬‬ ‫‪3.389‬‬
‫‪P2‬‬ ‫‪γ −1‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫‪P‬‬ ‫‪334 .5 − 473‬‬ ‫‪⎛T‬‬ ‫‪⎞ −1‬‬
‫‪γ‬‬
‫= ‪Ln 1‬‬ ‫⎟ ‪V 3 = V2 ⎜ 2‬‬
‫) ‪P2 (1 − 1.4 )( 334 .5‬‬ ‫⎠ ‪⎝ T3‬‬
‫‪= − 1.0377‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬

‫⎟⎞ ‪= 0 .141 ⎛⎜ 334 .5‬‬

‫‪P1‬‬ ‫‪1 .399 − 1‬‬
‫‪Ln‬‬
‫‪e‬‬ ‫‪P2‬‬
‫‪= e −1.0377‬‬ ‫⎠ ‪⎝ 473‬‬
‫‪= 0 .06 m 3‬‬

‫)‪(133‬‬
 ‫)‪(5.55‬‬
‫ﻫﻭﺍﺀ ﻀﻐﻁﻪ )‪ (1 bar‬ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘﻪ )‪ (300 K‬ﻴﻀﻐﻁ ﻓﻲ ﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﺍﺩﻴﺎﺒﺎﺘﻴﹰﺎ ﺍﻟﻰ )‪ (2 bar‬ﻭﻴـﺴﺘﻬﻠﻙ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻗﺩﺭﺓ )‪ (200 W‬ﺍﺤﺴﺏ ﺤﺠﻡ ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺝ ﺒﺎﻟـ )‪ ،(m3/s‬ﻋﻠﻤﹰﺎ ﺃﻥ‪γ=1.4 :‬‬

‫‪γ −1‬‬
‫⎞ ‪⎛P‬‬
‫‪0.4‬‬ ‫‪mR = 1.2177‬‬
‫⎟⎞ ‪T2 = T1 ⎜ 2 ⎟ = 300 × ⎛⎜ 2‬‬
‫⎠ ‪⎝ P1‬‬ ‫⎠‪⎝1‬‬ ‫‪V = mRT = 1.2177 × 365.7‬‬
‫‪= 365.7 K‬‬ ‫‪P‬‬ ‫‪200‬‬
‫‪3‬‬
‫‪= 0.0022 m‬‬
‫‪W = mR∆T‬‬ ‫‪s‬‬
‫‪γ -1‬‬
‫)‪mR ( 365.7 − 300‬‬
‫= ‪200‬‬
‫‪0 .4‬‬

‫)‪(5.56‬‬
‫ﻏﺎﺯ ﻤﺜﺎﻟﻲ ﻜﺘﻠﺘﻪ )‪ (0.2 kg‬ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘﻪ )‪ .(15°C‬ﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﺩﻴﺎﺒﺎﺘﻴﹰﺎ ﺍﻟـﻰ )‪ (1/4‬ﺤﺠﻤـﻪ ﺍﻻﺒﺘـﺩﺍﺌﻲ‬
‫ﻼ ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭﻩ )‪ .(33kJ‬ﺜﻡ ﺒﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﺒﺜﺒﻭﺕ ﺍﻟـﻀﻐﻁ‬
‫ﻭﺇﺭﺘﻔﻌﺕ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘﻪ ﺒﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭ )‪ (222K‬ﻭﺍﻨﺠﺯ ﺸﻐ ﹰ‬
‫ﻭﻋﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘﻪ ﺍﻻﺼﻠﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺃﻭﺠﺩ )‪ (2) Cp . Cv (1‬ﺍﻟﺸﻐل ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﻘل‪.‬‬

‫‪1→ 2:‬‬
‫‪Cp = R + Cv = 0.304 + 0.74‬‬
‫‪T2 = ∆T12 + T1 = 222 + 288‬‬
‫‪= 1.044kJ/kg.K‬‬
‫‪= 510 K‬‬
‫‪2 → 3:‬‬
‫) ‪- W12 = − ∆U 12 = −mCv(T2 − T1‬‬
‫) ‪Q 23 = mCp(T3 − T2‬‬
‫‪−W‬‬ ‫‪− 33‬‬
‫= ‪Cv‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫)‪= 0.2 × 1.044 (15 - 237‬‬
‫)‪m(T1 − T2 ) 0.2(15 − 237‬‬
‫‪= -46.356 kJ‬‬
‫‪= 0.74 kJ/kg.K‬‬
‫) ‪∆U 23 = mCv(T3 − T2‬‬
‫‪γ −1‬‬ ‫‪γ −1‬‬
‫⎞ ‪T1 ⎛ V2‬‬ ‫⎞ ‪288 ⎛ 1‬‬ ‫)‪= 0.2 × 0.74 (15 - 273‬‬
‫⎜=‬ ‫⎟‬ ‫⇒‬ ‫⎟ ⎜=‬
‫⎠⎟ ‪T2 ⎜⎝ V1‬‬ ‫⎠ ‪510 ⎝ 4‬‬ ‫‪= -32.856 kJ‬‬
‫‪⇒ γ = 1.41‬‬ ‫) ‪W23 = −( ∆U 23 − Q 23‬‬
‫=‪R‬‬
‫)‪W12 ( γ − 1) − 33(1.41 − 1‬‬
‫=‬ ‫])‪= -[- 32.856 - (-46.356‬‬
‫)‪m(T1 − T2 ) 0.2(15 − 237‬‬ ‫)‪= -(-32.856 + 46.356‬‬
‫‪= 0.304 kJ/kg.K‬‬ ‫‪= -13.5 kJ‬‬

‫)‪(134‬‬
 ‫)‪(5.57‬‬
‫ﻏﺎﺯ ﻤﺜﺎﻟﻲ ﻀﻐﻁﻪ )‪ (1 bar‬ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘﻪ )‪ (27°C‬ﻭﺤﺠﻤـﻪ )‪ (3.5m3‬ﻀـﻐﻁ ﺍﻴﺯﻭﺜﺭﻤﻠﻴـﹰﺎ ﺍﻟـﻰ‬
‫)‪ .(600kN/m2‬ﺜﻡ ﺘﻤﺩﺩ ﺍﺩﻴﺎﺒﺎﺘﻴﹰﺎ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺤﺠﻤﻪ ﺍﻻﻭل‪ .‬ﺍﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﻘﻠﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻸﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻻﺨﻴﺭ‪ .‬ﻋﻠﻤﹰﺎ ﺃﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪γ=1.4‬‬
‫‪P1‬‬ ‫‪100‬‬ ‫‪P2 V2 − P3 V3‬‬
‫‪Q 12 = PVLn‬‬ ‫‪= 100 × 0.5Ln‬‬ ‫= ‪W23‬‬
‫‪P2‬‬ ‫‪600‬‬ ‫‪γ −1‬‬
‫‪= −89.6 kJ‬‬ ‫‪600 × 0.083 - 48.84 × 0.5‬‬
‫‪P1‬‬ ‫=‬
‫‪100‬‬ ‫‪1.4 - 1‬‬
‫‪V2 = V1 .‬‬ ‫‪= 0.5‬‬
‫‪P2‬‬ ‫‪600‬‬ ‫‪= 63.95 kJ‬‬
‫‪= 0.083 m 3‬‬ ‫‪∆U 23 = − W23 = −63.95 kJ‬‬
‫‪γ‬‬
‫⎞ ‪⎛V‬‬
‫‪1.4‬‬
‫⎞ ‪⎛ 0.083‬‬
‫⎜‪P3 = P2 ⎜⎜ 2 ⎟⎟ = 600‬‬ ‫⎟‬
‫⎠ ‪⎝ V3‬‬ ‫⎠ ‪⎝ 0 .5‬‬
‫‪= 48.84 kN/m 2‬‬

‫)‪(5.58‬‬
‫ﻏﺎﺯ ﻜﺘﻠﺘﻪ )‪ (3 kg‬ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘﻪ )‪ (20°C‬ﻴﻀﻐﻁ ﻓﻲ ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻤﻐﻠﻕ ﺍﺩﻴﺎﺒﺎﺘﻴﹰﺎ ﻭﻴﻨﺘﻘـل ﺸـﻐل ﻤﻘـﺩﺍﺭﻩ‬
‫)‪ ،(100kJ‬ﺜﻡ ﻴﺘﻤﺩﺩ ﺒﺜﺒﻭﺕ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﻭﻴﻨﺘﻘل ﺸﻐل ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭﻩ )‪ .(100 kJ‬ﺍﺤـﺴﺏ ﺩﺭﺠـﺔ ﺍﻟﺤـﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺒﻌـﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﺍﻻﺩﻴﺎﺒﺎﺘﻲ )ﺏ( ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻋﻠﻤﹰﺎ ﺃﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪γ=1.4 ، Cv = 0.72 kJ/kg.K‬‬

‫)‪R = Cv( γ − 1) = 0.72(1.4 − 1‬‬ ‫) ‪∆U 23 = mCv(T3 − T2‬‬

‫‪= 0.288kJ/kg.K‬‬ ‫)‪= 3 × 0.72(455 - 339.3‬‬
‫) ‪mR (T1 − T2‬‬ ‫‪= 250 kJ‬‬
‫= ‪W12‬‬
‫‪γ −1‬‬ ‫‪Q 23‬‬ ‫‪= ∆U 23 + W23 = 250 + 100‬‬
‫) ‪3 × 0.288( 293 − T2‬‬
‫= ‪100‬‬ ‫‪= 350 kJ‬‬
‫‪1.4 − 1‬‬
‫‪T2 = 339.4 K‬‬
‫) ‪W23 = mR (T3 − T2‬‬
‫)‪100 = 3 × 0.288(T3 − 339.4‬‬
‫‪T3 = 455 K‬‬

‫)‪(135‬‬
 ‫)‪(5.59‬‬
‫ﻏﺎﺯ ﺤﺠﻤﻪ )‪ (0.336 m3‬ﻭﻀﻐﻁﻪ )‪ (1.03 bar‬ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘـﻪ )‪ (38 °C‬ﻀـﻐﻁ ﺍﻨﻌﻜﺎﺴـﻴﹰﺎ ﺍﻟـﻰ‬
‫)‪ (16.5 bar‬ﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ )‪ .(Pν1.3=C.‬ﻭﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﺍﻻﺒﺘﺩﺍﺌﻴﺔ ﻨﻔﺴﻬﺎ ﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻨﻌﻜﺎﺴﻴﹰﺎ ﺍﺩﻴﺎﺒﺎﺘﻴـﹰﺎ ﺍﻟـﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺌﻲ ﻨﻔﺴﻪ‪ .‬ﺍﻭﺠﺩ‪ (1) :‬ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻡ ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻐل ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﻘﻠﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﺠـﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻻﻭل‬
‫)‪ (2‬ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻐل ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﻘل ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ‪ .‬ﻋﻠﻤﹰﺎ ﺍﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪R=0.287 kJ/kg.K ، Cv=0.718 kJ/kg.K‬‬

‫)‪(1‬‬ ‫)‪(2‬‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪γ‬‬
‫‪⎛P‬‬ ‫‪⎞γ‬‬ ‫⎞ ‪⎛V‬‬
‫⎟⎟ ‪V2 = V1 ⎜⎜ 1‬‬ ‫⎟⎟ ‪P2 = P1 ⎜⎜ 1‬‬
‫⎠ ‪⎝ P2‬‬ ‫⎠ ‪⎝ V2‬‬
‫‪1.4‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫⎞ ‪⎛ 0.336‬‬
‫‪⎛ 1.03 ⎞ 1.3‬‬ ‫⎜‪= 103‬‬ ‫⎟‬ ‫‪= 20.4 bar‬‬
‫⎜‪= 0.336‬‬ ‫⎟‬ ‫‪= 0.0396 m 3‬‬ ‫⎠ ‪⎝ 0.0396‬‬
‫⎠ ‪⎝ 16.5‬‬
‫‪TV P‬‬
‫‪T × V2 P2‬‬ ‫‪T2 = 1 2 2‬‬
‫‪T2 = 1‬‬ ‫‪P1 V1‬‬
‫‪P1 V1‬‬
‫‪311 × 0.0396 × 20.4‬‬
‫‪311 × 0.0396 × 16.5‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 75 K‬‬
‫=‬ ‫‪= 588 K‬‬ ‫‪103 × 0.336‬‬
‫‪0.336 × 1.03‬‬
‫‪P V − P2 V2‬‬
‫‪P V − P2 V2‬‬ ‫‪W12 = 1 1‬‬
‫‪W12 = 1 1‬‬ ‫‪γ −1‬‬
‫‪n −1‬‬
‫‪103 × 0.336 - 1650 × 0.0396‬‬ ‫‪103 × 0.336 - 20.4 × 0.0396‬‬
‫=‬ ‫=‬
‫‪1.3 - 1‬‬ ‫‪1.4 - 1‬‬
‫‪= -103 kJ‬‬ ‫‪= -115 kJ‬‬ ‫ﻭﺒﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﺨﺭﻯ‪:‬‬
‫‪γ −1‬‬
‫‪PV‬‬ ‫⎞ ‪⎛V‬‬
‫‪m= 1 1‬‬ ‫⎟⎟ ‪T2 = T1 ⎜⎜ 1‬‬
‫‪RT1‬‬ ‫⎠ ‪⎝ V2‬‬
‫‪103 × 0.336‬‬ ‫⎞ ‪⎛ 0.336‬‬
‫=‬ ‫‪= 0.387 kg‬‬ ‫⎜‪= 311‬‬ ‫‪⎟ = 725 K‬‬
‫‪0.287 × 311‬‬ ‫⎠ ‪⎝ 0.0396‬‬
‫) ‪∆U 12 = mCv(T2 − T1‬‬ ‫‪PV‬‬
‫‪m= 1 1‬‬
‫)‪= 0.387 × 0.718 (588 - 311‬‬ ‫‪RT1‬‬
‫‪= 77 kJ‬‬ ‫‪103 × 0.336‬‬
‫=‬ ‫‪= 0.387 kg‬‬
‫‪Q 12‬‬ ‫‪= ∆U 12 + W12‬‬ ‫‪0.287 × 311‬‬
‫‪= 77 + ( −103) = −26 kJ‬‬ ‫) ‪∆U 12 = mCv(T2 − T1‬‬
‫)‪= 0.387 × 0.718 (414‬‬
‫‪= 115 kJ = -W‬‬

‫)‪(136‬‬
 ‫)‪(5.60‬‬
‫ﻫﻭﺍﺀ ﻀﻐﻁﻪ )‪ (1MN/m2‬ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘﻪ )‪ (45°C‬ﻭﺤﺠﻤﻪ )‪ (0.3m3‬ﺘﻤﺩﺩ ﺍﻟـﻰ )‪ (1.2m3‬ﺤـﺴﺏ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ )‪ .(PV1.25=C.‬ﺍﺤﺴﺏ )ﺃ( ﺍﻟﺸﻐل ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺠﺯ )ﺏ( ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﻴﺔ )ﺝ( ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﻘﻠﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻋﻠﻤﹰﺎ ﺃﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪γ=1.4‬‬

‫‪1.25‬‬
‫⎞ ‪⎛V‬‬ ‫‪∆U = − W‬‬
‫⎟ ‪P2 = P1 ⎜ 1‬‬
‫⎠ ‪⎝ V2‬‬
‫‪1.25‬‬ ‫‪= − 0.088 = −0.22 MJ‬‬
‫‪= 1 × ⎛⎜ 0.3 ⎞⎟ = 0.177 MN/m 2‬‬
‫‪0 .4‬‬
‫⎠ ‪⎝ 1.2‬‬ ‫‪Q = ∆U + W‬‬
‫‪P V − P2 V2‬‬ ‫‪= −0.22 + 0.352 = 0.132 MJ‬‬
‫‪W= 1 1‬‬
‫‪n −1‬‬
‫‪= 1 × 0.3 − 0.177 × 1.2‬‬
‫‪1.25 - 1‬‬
‫‪= 0.088 = 0.352 MJ‬‬
‫‪0.25‬‬

‫)‪(5.61‬‬
‫ﻏﺎﺯ ﻀﻐﻁﻪ )‪ (1 bar‬ﻭﺤﺠﻤﻪ )‪ (10.7 m3‬ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘﻪ )‪ (15°C‬ﺘﻐﻴﺭﺕ ﺤﺎﻟﺘﻪ ﺒﺤﻴﺙ ﺍﺼﺒﺢ ﻓـﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔ ﻀﻐﻁﻪ )‪ (5 bar‬ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘﻪ )‪ .(15°C‬ﻭﻜﺎﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺒﺎﻟﻁﺭﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪-:‬‬
‫)‪ (1‬ﺘﺴﺨﻴﻥ ﺒﺜﺒﻭﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻡ ﺜﻡ ﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺒﺜﺒﻭﺕ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ‪.‬‬
‫)‪ (2‬ﺍﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﺍﻴﺯﻭﺜﺭﻤﻠﻲ‬
‫)‪ (3‬ﺍﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﺍﺩﻴﺎﺒﺎﺘﻲ ﻴﺘﺒﻌﻪ ﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺒﺜﺒﻭﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻡ‪ .‬ﺍﺤﺴﺏ ﻟﻜل ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻲ‪:‬‬
‫)ﺃ( ﺍﻟﺸﻐل ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﻘﻠﻴﻥ‬
‫)ﺏ( ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﻴﺔ‬
‫)ﺝ( ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﻨﺜﺎﻟﺒﻲ‪،‬‬
‫ﻋﻠﻤﹰﺎ ﺃﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪Cp = 0.293 kJ/kg.K ، Cv = 0.21 kJ/kg.K‬‬

‫)‪(137‬‬
(1) (2)
1→ 2 ∆U 12 = 0
R = Cp − Cv = 0.083 kJ / kg.K
∆H 12 = 0
PV
m= 1 1 Q 12 − W12 = 0
RT1
P1
100 × 10.7 Q 12 = W12 = mRT1 Ln
= = 44.76 kg P2
0.083 × 288
1
PV
T2 = 2 2 = 44.76 × 0.083 × 288 Ln
mR 5
500 × 10.7 = -1722 kJ
= = 1440 K (3)
44.7 × 0.083
γ = Cp / Cv = 1.395
Q 12 = ∆U 12 = mCv(T2 − T1 )
P3 T3 T1
= 44.76 × 0.21 (1440 - 288) = =
P2 T2 T2
= 10847.1 kJ
γ −1
∆H 12 = mCp(T2 − T1 ) P3 ⎛ P1 ⎞ γ
=⎜ ⎟
= 44.76 × 0.293 (1440 - 288) P2 ⎜⎝ P2 ⎟⎠
= 15108.1 kJ 0.283
5 ⎛ 1 ⎞
=⎜ ⎟
2→3 P2 ⎜⎝ P2 ⎟⎠
mRT3 P2 = 9.436 bar
V3 =
P3 ⎛P ⎞
T2 = T3 ⎜⎜ 2 ⎟⎟ = 543.5 K
44.76 × 0.083 × 288 ⎝ P3 ⎠
= = 2.14 m 3
500 mR (T1 − T2 )
W23 = P2 ( V3 − V2 ) W12 = = −2403
γ −1
= 500( 2.14 − 10.7) = −4280 kJ ∆U 12 = − W12 = 2403 kJ
Q 23 = mCp(T3 − T2 ) ∆H 12 = mCp(T2 − T1 )
= 44.76 × 0.293 (288 - 1440) = 3350.8 kJ
= -15134.34 kJ Q 23 = ∆U 23 = mCv(T3 − T2 )
∆U 23 = Q 23 − W23 = −2401.6 kJ
= -15134 - (-4280) ∆H 23 = mCp(T3 − T2 )
= -10854.34 kJ = −3350.8 kJ
∆H 23 = mCp(T3 − T2 ) = Q 23
= −15134.34 kJ

(138)
 ‫)‪(5.62‬‬
‫ﻏﺎﺯ ﻀﻐﻁﻪ )‪ (300 kN/m2‬ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘﻪ )‪ ،(25°C‬ﻀﻐﻁ ﺤـﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗـﺔ )‪ (PV1.4=C‬ﺤﺘـﻰ‬
‫ﺍﺼﺒﺤﺕ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘﻪ )‪ .(180°C‬ﺍﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻴﺩ‪.‬‬
‫‪n‬‬ ‫‪1.4‬‬
‫‪⎛ T ⎞ n −1‬‬ ‫‪⎛ 453 ⎞ 0.4‬‬
‫⎟⎟ ‪P2 = P1 ⎜⎜ 2‬‬ ‫⎜‪= 300‬‬ ‫‪⎟ = 1299 kN/m = 1.299 MN/m‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬

‫⎠ ‪⎝ T1‬‬ ‫⎠ ‪⎝ 298‬‬
‫)‪(5.63‬‬
‫ﻏﺎﺯ ﻀﻐﻁﻪ )‪ (2070 kN/m2‬ﻭﺤﺠﻤﻪ )‪ (0.04 m3‬ﺘﻤﺩﺩ ﺒﻭﻟﺘﺭﻭﺒﻴﹰﺎ ﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ )‪ (PV1.35=C‬ﺍﻟـﻰ‬
‫ﻀﻐﻁ )‪ .(207 kN/m2‬ﺍﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﺸﻐل ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺠﺯ‪.‬‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫‪⎛P‬‬ ‫⎞‬ ‫‪n‬‬ ‫‪⎛ 2070 ⎞ 1.35‬‬
‫⎜‪V2 = V1 ⎜⎜ 1 ⎟⎟ = 0.014‬‬ ‫⎟‬ ‫‪= 0.077 m 3‬‬
‫⎠ ‪⎝ P2‬‬ ‫⎠ ‪⎝ 207‬‬
‫‪P V − P2 V2 2070 × 0.014 - 207 × 0.077‬‬
‫‪W= 1 1‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 37.3 kJ‬‬
‫‪n −1‬‬ ‫‪1.35 - 1‬‬
‫)‪(5.64‬‬
‫ﻤﺎﺌﻊ ﻀﻐﻁﻪ )‪ (1 bar‬ﻭﺤﺠﻤﻪ )‪ (0.06 m3‬ﻭﻜﺘﻠﺘﻪ )‪ (0.07 kg‬ﻭﻁﺎﻗﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﻴﺔ )‪ .(200 kJ/kg‬ﻀﻐﻁ‬
‫ﺒﻭﻟﺘﺭﻭﺒﻴــﹰﺎ ﺒﺤﻴــﺙ ﺍﺼــﺒﺢ ﻀــﻐﻁﻪ )‪ (9 bar‬ﻭﺤﺠﻤــﻪ )‪ (0.0111 m3‬ﻭﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗــﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﻴــﺔ‬
‫)‪ .(370 kJ/kg‬ﺍﺤﺴﺏ‪) :‬ﺃ( ﺍﻟﺸﻐل ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﻘل )ﺏ( ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﻘﻠﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪n‬‬ ‫)‪Q – W = m (µ2 – µ1‬‬

‫⎞ ‪P2 ⎛ V1‬‬
‫‪n‬‬
‫⎞ ‪⎛ 9 ⎞ ⎛ 0.06‬‬
‫⎜⎜ =‬ ‫⎜ = ⎟ ⎜ ⇒ ⎟⎟‬ ‫⎟‬ ‫)‪Q – (–13.2) = 0.07 (370 – 200‬‬
‫⎠ ‪P1 ⎝ V2‬‬ ‫⎠ ‪⎝ 1 ⎠ ⎝ 0.0111‬‬ ‫‪Q = – 1.3 kJ‬‬
‫‪Ln 9 = n Ln 5.4‬‬
‫‪n = 1.302‬‬
‫‪P1 V1 − P2 V2‬‬
‫=‪W‬‬
‫‪n −1‬‬
‫‪100 × 0.06 - 9 × 0.0111‬‬
‫=‬
‫‪1.302 - 1‬‬
‫‪= -13.2 kJ‬‬

‫)‪(139‬‬
 ‫)‪(5.65‬‬
‫ﻏﺎﺯ ﺤﺠﻤﻪ )‪ (0.015 m3‬ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘﻪ )‪ .(28.5°C‬ﺘﻤﺩﺩ ﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻥ )‪ (PV1.35=C‬ﺤﺘﻰ ﺍﺼﺒﺢ‬
‫ﺤﺠﻤﻪ )‪ .(0.09 m3‬ﺍﺤﺴﺏ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻴﺩﺓ‪.‬‬
‫‪n −1‬‬ ‫‪1.35−1‬‬
‫⎞ ‪⎛V‬‬
‫⎟ ‪T2 = T1 ⎜ 1‬‬ ‫⎟⎞ ‪= 558⎛⎜ 0.015‬‬ ‫‪= 298.4 K = 25.4o C‬‬
‫⎠ ‪⎝ V2‬‬ ‫⎠ ‪⎝ 0.09‬‬
‫)‪(5.66‬‬
‫ﻏﺎﺯ ﻜﺘﻠﺘﻪ )‪ (0.675 kg‬ﻭﻀﻐﻁﻪ )‪ (1.4 MN/m2‬ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘﻪ )‪ (280°C‬ﺘﻤﺩﺩ ﺤـﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗـﺔ‬
‫)‪ (PV1.3=C‬ﺤﺘﻰ ﺍﺼﺒﺢ ﺤﺠﻤﻪ ﺍﺭﺒﻌﺔ ﺍﻀﻌﺎﻑ ﺤﺠﻤﻪ ﺍﻻﺒﺘﺩﺍﺌﻲ‪ .‬ﺍﺤﺴﺏ )‪ (1‬ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻡ ﺍﻻﺒﺘﺩﺍﺌﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻬـﺎﺌﻲ‬
‫)ﺏ( ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺌﻲ )ﺝ( ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺌﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻋﻠﻤﹰﺎ ﺃﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪R=0.278 kJ/kg.K‬‬
‫‪mRT1 0.675 × 0.287 × 553‬‬
‫= ‪V1‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 0.0675 m 3‬‬
‫‪P1‬‬ ‫‪1.4 × 10‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬

‫‪V2 = 4V1 = 4 × 0.0765 = 0.306 m 3‬‬

‫‪n‬‬
‫⎞ ‪⎛V‬‬
‫‪1.3‬‬
‫⎞‪⎛1‬‬
‫‪P2 = P1 ⎜⎜ 1 ⎟⎟ = 1.4⎜ ⎟ = 0.231 MN/m 2 = 231 kN/m 2‬‬
‫⎠ ‪⎝ V2‬‬ ‫⎠‪⎝4‬‬
‫‪P V‬‬ ‫‪0.231‬‬
‫= ‪T2 = 2 . 2 .T1‬‬ ‫‪× 4 × 553 = 365 K = 92 o C‬‬
‫‪P1 V1‬‬ ‫‪1.4‬‬
‫)‪(5.67‬‬
‫ﻫﻭﺍﺀ ﻜﺘﻠﺘﻪ )‪ (0.25 kg‬ﻀﻐﻁﻪ )‪ (140 kN/m2‬ﻭﺤﺠﻤﻪ )‪ (0.15 m3‬ﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﻰ )‪ (4MN/m2‬ﺤـﺴﺏ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻥ )‪ .(PV1.25=C‬ﺍﺤﺴﺏ )‪ (1‬ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﻴﺔ )ﺏ( ﺍﻟﺸﻐل ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﻘل )ﺝ( ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﻘﻠﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻋﻠﻤﹰﺎ ﺃﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪Cv = 0.718 kJ/kg.K ، Cp = 1.005 kJ/kg.K‬‬
‫‪R = Cp – Cv = 1.005 – 0.718 = 0.287 kJ/kg.K‬‬
‫‪PV‬‬ ‫‪140 × 0.15‬‬
‫= ‪T1 = 1 1‬‬ ‫‪= 292.7 K‬‬ ‫) ‪mR (T1 − T2‬‬
‫‪mR 0.25 × 0.287‬‬ ‫=‪W‬‬
‫‪n −1‬‬ ‫‪0.25‬‬
‫‪n −1‬‬
‫‪⎛P ⎞ n‬‬ ‫‪⎛ 1.4 × 10 3 ⎞ 1.25‬‬ ‫)‪0.25 × 0.287(292.7 - 463.9‬‬
‫⎟⎟ ‪T2 = T1 ⎜⎜ 2‬‬ ‫⎜⎜‪= 292.7‬‬ ‫⎟‬ ‫=‬
‫⎟‬ ‫‪1.25 - 1‬‬
‫⎠ ‪⎝ P1‬‬ ‫⎠ ‪⎝ 140‬‬
‫‪= −49.1 kJ‬‬
‫‪= 463.9 K‬‬
‫‪Q = ∆U + W‬‬
‫‪∆U = mCv∆T‬‬
‫‪= 30.73 - 49.1 = -18.37 kJ‬‬
‫)‪= 0.25 × 0.718 (463.9 - 292.7‬‬
‫‪= 30.73 kJ‬‬

‫)‪(140‬‬
 ‫)‪(5.68‬‬
‫ﺍﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﺔ ﺘﺤﺘﻭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ )‪ (0.75 kg‬ﻤﻥ ﻤﺎﺌﻊ ﻀﻐﻁﻪ )‪ (7 bar‬ﺘﻤﺩﺩ ﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻥ )‪ (PV1.37=C1‬ﺤﺘـﻰ‬
‫)‪ .(1.4 bar‬ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺤﺠﻤﻪ ﺍﻻﺒﺘﺩﺍﺌﻲ )‪ (0.25 m3/kg‬ﻭﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﻘﻠﺔ )‪ .(33 kJ‬ﺍﺤﺴﺏ ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺒﺎﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪∆U = Q − W‬‬
‫‪V1 = ν 1 .m = 0.25 × 0.75 = 0.1875 m 3‬‬
‫‪= 33 − 140.778‬‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫‪⎛P‬‬ ‫⎞‬ ‫‪n‬‬ ‫‪⎛ 7 ⎞ 1.37‬‬ ‫‪= -107.778 KJ‬‬
‫⎜‪V2 = V1 ⎜⎜ 1 ⎟⎟ = 0.25‬‬ ‫⎟‬ ‫‪= 0.66 m 3‬‬
‫⎠ ‪⎝ P2‬‬ ‫⎠ ‪⎝ 1.4‬‬ ‫‪∆U − 107.778‬‬
‫= ‪∆µ‬‬ ‫=‬
‫‪P V − P2 V2‬‬ ‫‪m‬‬ ‫‪0.75‬‬
‫‪W12 = 1 1‬‬ ‫‪= -143.7 kJ‬‬
‫‪n −1‬‬
‫‪700 × 0.1875 − 140 × 0.66‬‬
‫=‬
‫‪1.37 − 1‬‬
‫‪= 140.778 kJ‬‬

‫)‪(5.69‬‬
‫ﻏﺎﺯ ﻤﺜﺎﻟﻲ ﻜﺘﻠﺘﻪ )‪ (2 kg‬ﺘﻤﺩﺩ ﺒﻭﻟﺘﺭﻭﺒﻴﹰﺎ ﺍﻟﻰ )‪ (3‬ﺍﻀﻌﺎﻑ ﺤﺠﻤﻪ ﺍﻻﺼﻠﻲ ﻭﺍﻨﺨﻔﻀﺕ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘﻪ ﻤﻥ‬
‫ﻼ ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭﻩ )‪ (100 kJ‬ﻭﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺎﻓﺔ )‪ .(20 kJ‬ﺍﺤـﺴﺏ‬
‫)‪ (300°C‬ﺍﻟﻰ )‪ (60°C‬ﻭﺍﻨﺠﺯ ﺸﻐ ﹰ‬
‫)‪Cp (2) ، Cv (1‬‬
‫‪∆U = Q − W‬‬ ‫) ‪mR (T1 − T2‬‬
‫=‪W‬‬
‫‪= 20 − 100 = −80 kJ‬‬ ‫‪n −1‬‬
‫‪∆U‬‬ ‫‪− 80‬‬ ‫)‪2R(573 − 333‬‬
‫= ‪Cv‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫= ‪100‬‬
‫)‪m(T2 − T1 ) 2( 333 − 573‬‬ ‫‪1.494 − 1‬‬
‫‪R = 0.103 kJ/kg.K‬‬
‫‪= 0.166 kJ/kg.K‬‬
‫‪n −1‬‬
‫‪Cp = R + Cv‬‬
‫⎞ ‪T1 ⎛ V2‬‬ ‫‪= 0.13 + 0.166‬‬
‫⎜=‬ ‫⎟‬
‫⎠⎟ ‪T2 ⎜⎝ V1‬‬
‫‪= 0.27 kJ/kg.K‬‬
‫‪n −1‬‬
‫⎞ ‪573 ⎛ 3V1‬‬
‫⎜=‬ ‫⎟‬
‫⎠⎟ ‪333 ⎜⎝ V1‬‬
‫‪Ln1.72 = (n − 1)Ln 3‬‬
‫‪n = 1.494‬‬

‫)‪(141‬‬
 ‫)‪(5.70‬‬
‫ﻏﺎﺯ ﻀﻐﻁﻪ )‪ (1.4 bar‬ﻭﺤﺠﻤﻪ )‪ (12L‬ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘﻪ ﺍﻻﺒﺘﺩﺍﺌﻴﺔ )‪ .(100°C‬ﻀﻐﻁ ﺒﻭﻟﺘﺭﻭﺒﻴﹰﺎ ﺒﺤﻴﺙ‬
‫ﺍﺼﺒﺢ ﻀﻐﻁﻪ )‪ (28 bar‬ﻭﺤﺠﻤﻪ )‪ .(1.2 L‬ﺍﺤﺴﺏ )‪ (1‬ﺍﻻﺱ ﺍﻟﺒﻭﻟﺘﺭﻭﺒﻲ )‪ (2) (n‬ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺠﺭﺍﺀ )‪ (3‬ﺍﻟﺸﻐل ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﻘﻠﻴﻥ )‪ (4‬ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻕ ﺒﺎﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻁﺘﻴﻥ‪ .‬ﻋﻠﻤﹰﺎ ﺃﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪R=0.287 kJ/kg.K ، γ=1.4‬‬
‫‪n‬‬
‫⎞ ‪P1 ⎛ V2‬‬
‫‪n‬‬ ‫‪R‬‬ ‫‪0.287‬‬
‫⎞ ‪1.4 ⎛ 1.2‬‬ ‫= ‪Cv‬‬ ‫=‬
‫⎜⎜ =‬ ‫⇒ ⎟⎟‬ ‫⎜=‬ ‫⎟‬ ‫‪γ − 1 10.4 − 1‬‬
‫⎠ ‪P2 ⎝ V1‬‬ ‫⎠ ‪28 ⎝ 12‬‬
‫‪Ln 0.05 = n Ln 0.1‬‬ ‫‪= 0.718 kJ/kg.K‬‬
‫‪n = 1.3‬‬ ‫⎞‪⎛n-γ‬‬
‫⎜‪Cn = Cv‬‬ ‫⎟‬
‫‪n −1‬‬ ‫⎠‪⎝ n -1‬‬
‫⎞ ‪⎛V‬‬
‫⎟⎟ ‪T2 = T1 ⎜⎜ 1‬‬ ‫⎞ ‪⎛ 1.3 − 1.4‬‬
‫⎠ ‪⎝ V2‬‬ ‫⎜‪= 0.718‬‬ ‫⎟‬
‫⎠ ‪⎝ 1.3 − 1‬‬
‫‪1.3 −1‬‬
‫⎞ ‪⎛ 12‬‬ ‫‪= -0.2393kJ/kg.K‬‬
‫⎜‪= 373‬‬ ‫⎟‬ ‫‪= 744 K‬‬
‫⎠ ‪⎝ 1.2‬‬ ‫) ‪Q = mCn(T2 − T1‬‬
‫‪P V − P2 V2‬‬ ‫)‪= 0.0157 × (-0.2393)(744 - 373‬‬
‫‪W12 = 1 1‬‬
‫‪n −1‬‬ ‫‪= -1.4‬‬
‫‪140 × 12 × 10 − 3 − 2800 × 1.2 × 10 − 3 OR‬‬
‫=‬ ‫‪γ −n‬‬
‫‪1.3 − 1‬‬ ‫‪Q=W‬‬
‫‪= −5.6 kJ‬‬ ‫‪γ −1‬‬
‫‪1.4 − 1.3‬‬
‫× ‪= −5.6‬‬ ‫‪= −1.4 kJ‬‬
‫‪1 .4 − 1‬‬
‫‪∆U = Q - W‬‬
‫‪= -1.4 - (-5.6) = 4.2 kJ‬‬

‫)‪(5.71‬‬
‫ﻏﺎﺯ ﻤﺜﺎﻟﻲ ﺤﺠﻤﻪ )‪ (470L‬ﻀﻐﻁ ﺒﻭﻟﺘﺭﻭﺒﻴﹰﺎ ﺍﻟﻰ )‪ ،(200L‬ﺜﻡ ﺒﺭﺩ ﺒﺜﺒﻭﺕ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﻰ )‪ (160L‬ﺤﻴـﺙ‬
‫ﻋﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘﻪ ﺍﻻﺒﺘﺩﺍﺌﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺍﺤﺴﺏ )‪.(n‬‬
‫‪V‬‬ ‫‪V‬‬ ‫‪T‬‬ ‫‪V‬‬ ‫‪T‬‬ ‫‪V‬‬ ‫‪0.2‬‬
‫= ‪2→3⇒ 2 = 3 ⇒ 2 = 2 ⇒ 2 = 2‬‬ ‫‪= 1.25‬‬
‫‪T2 T3‬‬ ‫‪T3 V3‬‬ ‫‪T1 V3 0.16‬‬
‫‪n −1‬‬ ‫‪n −1‬‬
‫⎞ ‪T2 ⎛ V1‬‬ ‫⎞ ‪⎛ 470‬‬
‫⎜=‬ ‫⎟‬ ‫⎜ = ‪⇒ 1.25‬‬ ‫⎟‬ ‫‪⇒ Ln 1.25 = (n - 1) Ln 2.35‬‬
‫⎠⎟ ‪T1 ⎜⎝ V2‬‬ ‫⎠ ‪⎝ 200‬‬
‫‪n = 1.26‬‬

‫)‪(142‬‬
 ‫)‪(5.72‬‬
‫ﻏﺎﺯ ﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﺔ ﻤﺠﻬﺯﺓ ﺒﻤﻜﺒﺱ ﻋـﺩﻴﻡ ﺍﻻﺤﺘﻜـﺎﻙ ﻭﺍﻟﺘـﺴﺭﺏ‪ .‬ﺤﺠﻤـﻪ )‪ (0.0135m3‬ﻭﻀـﻐﻁﻪ‬
‫)‪ (27 bar‬ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘﻪ )‪ .(215°C‬ﺘﻤﺩﺩ ﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗـﺔ )‪ .(Pν1.29=C‬ﻜـﺎﻥ ﺍﻟـﺸﻐل ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﻘـل‬
‫)‪ (49 kJ‬ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﻘﻠﺔ )‪ .(11.9 kJ‬ﺍﺤﺴﺏ )ﺃ( ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺌﻴﺔ )ﺏ( ‪) γ‬ﺝ( ‪) R‬ﺩ( ﻜﺘﻠـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻤﹰﺎ ﺃﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪Cp=1.03 kJ/kg.K‬‬
‫‪P1 V1‬‬
‫‪P1 V1 P2 V2‬‬
‫=‬
‫‪T‬‬
‫‪⇒ P2 V2 = P1 V1 2‬‬ ‫= ‪mR‬‬
‫‪T1‬‬ ‫‪T2‬‬ ‫‪T1‬‬ ‫‪T1‬‬
‫‪2700 × 0.0135‬‬
‫‪P1 V1 − P1 V1‬‬
‫‪T2‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 0.0746 kJ/K‬‬
‫‪P1 V1 − P2 V2‬‬ ‫‪T1‬‬ ‫‪488‬‬
‫=‪W‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪37.1 0.0746‬‬
‫‪n −1‬‬ ‫‪n −1‬‬ ‫=‬
‫‪190‬‬ ‫‪γ −1‬‬
‫⎛‬ ‫⎞ ‪T‬‬
‫⎟⎟ ‪P1 V1 ⎜⎜ 1 − 2‬‬ ‫‪γ = 1.38‬‬
‫=‪W‬‬ ‫⎝‬ ‫⎠ ‪T1‬‬
‫‪n −1‬‬ ‫‪Cp 103‬‬
‫= ‪Cv‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 0.747 kJ/kg.K‬‬
‫‪γ‬‬ ‫‪0.38‬‬
‫⎛‬ ‫⎞ ‪T‬‬
‫⎟ ‪2700 × 0.0135⎜ 1 − 2‬‬ ‫‪R = Cp - Cv‬‬
‫= ‪49‬‬ ‫⎝‬ ‫⎠ ‪488‬‬
‫‪1.29 − 1‬‬ ‫‪= 1.03 - 0.747 = 0.283 kJ/kg.K‬‬
‫‪T2 = 298 K‬‬ ‫‪mR 0.0746‬‬
‫=‪m‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 0.246 kg‬‬
‫‪∆U = Q − W = 11.9 − 49 = −37.1 kJ‬‬ ‫‪R‬‬ ‫‪0.283‬‬
‫‪∆U‬‬
‫= ‪mCv‬‬
‫‪T2 − T1‬‬
‫‪− 37.1‬‬ ‫‪37.1 mR‬‬
‫=‬ ‫=‬ ‫=‬
‫‪298 − 488 190 γ − 1‬‬
‫)‪(5.73‬‬
‫ﻏﺎﺯ ﻀﻐﻁﻪ )‪ (1.032 bar‬ﻭﺤﺠﻤﻪ )‪ (0.085 m3‬ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘﻪ )‪ .(38°C‬ﻀﻐﻁ ﺤـﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗـﺔ‬
‫)‪ (Pv1.3=C‬ﺍﻟﻰ )‪ .(5.5 bar‬ﺍﻭﺠﺩ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﻘﻠﺔ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻤﹰﺎ ﺃﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪Cv = 0.715 kJ/kg.K ، R=0.287 kJ/kg.K‬‬
‫‪n −1‬‬ ‫‪1.3 −1‬‬
‫‪⎛P ⎞ n‬‬ ‫‪⎛ 5.5 ⎞ 1.3‬‬
‫⎟⎟ ‪T2 = T1 ⎜⎜ 2‬‬ ‫⎜‪= 311‬‬ ‫⎟‬ ‫‪= 458 K‬‬
‫⎠ ‪⎝ P1‬‬ ‫⎠ ‪⎝ 1.032‬‬
‫‪PV‬‬ ‫‪103.5 × 0.085‬‬
‫= ‪m= 1 1‬‬ ‫‪= 0.0985 K‬‬
‫‪RT1‬‬ ‫‪0.287 × 311‬‬
‫‪∆U = mCv∆T = 0.0985 × 0.715 (458 - 311) = 10.35 kJ‬‬
‫)‪mR(T1 − T2 ) 0.0985 × 0.287 ( 311 − 458‬‬
‫=‪W‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= −13.85 kJ‬‬
‫‪n −1‬‬ ‫‪1.3 − 1‬‬
‫‪Q = ∆U + W = 10.35 + (-13.85) = -3.5 kJ‬‬

‫)‪(143‬‬
 ‫)‪(5.74‬‬
‫ﻏﺎﺯ ﺤﺠﻤﻪ )‪ (0.1m3‬ﻭﻀﻐﻁﻪ )‪ (120 kN/m2‬ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘﻪ )‪ (25°C‬ﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﻰ )‪(1.2MN/m2‬‬
‫ﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ )‪.(PV1.2=C1‬‬
‫ﺍﺤﺴﺏ‪) :‬ﺃ( ﺍﻟﺸﻐل ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﻘل )ﺏ( ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﻴﺔ )ﺝ( ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﻘﻠﺔ‪ .‬ﻋﻠﻤﹰﺎ ﺃﻥ‪:‬‬

‫‪R=0.285 kJ/kg.K ، Cv=0.72 kJ/kg.K‬‬

‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪P1 V1‬‬ ‫‪120 × 0.1‬‬

‫‪⎛ P ⎞n‬‬ ‫‪⎛ 120 ⎞ 1.2‬‬ ‫=‪m‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 0.141 kg‬‬
‫⎜‪V2 = V1 ⎜⎜ 1 ⎟⎟ = 0.1‬‬ ‫⎟‬ ‫‪RT1 0.285 × 298‬‬
‫⎠ ‪⎝ P2‬‬ ‫⎠ ‪⎝ 1200‬‬
‫) ‪∆U = mCv(T2 − T1‬‬
‫‪= 0.0147 m‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬
‫)‪= 0.141 × 0.72(438 − 298‬‬
‫‪P V − P2 V2‬‬ ‫‪= 14.2 kJ‬‬
‫‪W= 1 1‬‬
‫‪n −1‬‬
‫‪Q = ∆U + W‬‬
‫)‪10 3 (120 × 0.1 − 1200 × 0.0147‬‬
‫=‬ ‫‪= 14.2 - 28.2 = -14 kJ‬‬
‫‪0.2‬‬
‫‪= 28.2 kJ‬‬
‫‪P2 V2 T1 1200 × 0.0147 × 298‬‬
‫= ‪T2‬‬ ‫=‬
‫‪P1 V1‬‬ ‫‪120 × 0.01‬‬
‫‪= 438 K‬‬

‫)‪(144‬‬
 (5.75)
‫( ﻴـﻀﻐﻁ ﺤـﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗـﺔ‬27°C) ‫( ﻭﺩﺭﺠـﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘـﻪ‬1.1 bar) ‫( ﻤﻥ ﻏﺎﺯ ﻤﺜﺎﻟﻲ ﻀـﻐﻁﻪ‬1kg)
:‫ ﺍﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﻘﻠﺔ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ‬.(6.6 bar) ‫( ﺍﻟﻰ‬PV1.3=C1)
Cp=1.75 kJ/kg.K ‫( ﻓﺈﻥ‬M=30) ‫)ﺃ( ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﺇﻴﺜﺎﻥ‬
Cp=0.515 kJ/kg.K :‫( ﻓﺈﻥ‬M=40) ‫)ﺏ( ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﺁﺭﻜﻭﻥ‬
n −1
⎛P ⎞ n
T2 = T1 ⎜⎜ 2 ⎟⎟ ‫)ﺏ( ﺁﺭﻜﻭﻥ‬
⎝ P1 ⎠
1.3 −1
R 8.314
⎛ 6.6 ⎞ 1.3 R= = = 0.208 kJ/kg.K
= 300⎜ ⎟ = 453.6 K M 40
⎝ 1.1 ⎠
Cv = Cp - R = 0.515 - 0.208
‫)ﺃ( ﺍﻴﺜﺎﻥ‬
= 0.307kJ/kg.K
R 8.314
R= = 0.515
M 30 γ = Cp/Cv = = 1.678
= 0.277kJ/kg.K 0.307
R(T1 − T2 )
Cv = Cp - R W=
n −1
= 1.75 - 0.277
0.208( 300 − 453.6)
= 1.473 kJ/kg.K =
1.3 − 1
γ = Cp/Cv =
1.75 = −106.5 kJ/kg
1.473 γ -n
= 1.188 Q=W
γ -1
R(T1 − T2 ) 1.678 − 1.3
W= = −106.58 = −59.4kJ/kg
n −1 1.678 − 1
0.277( 300 − 453.6)
=
1.3 − 1
= −141.3 kJ/kg
γ -n
Q=W
γ -1
1.188 − 1.3
= −141.8
1.188 − 1
= 84.5 kJ/kg

(145)
 ‫)‪(5.76‬‬
‫ﻫﻭﺍﺀ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﺔ ﺤﺠﻤﻬـﺎ )‪ (45000cm3‬ﻭﻀـﻐﻁﻬﺎ )‪ (0.95 bar‬ﻭﺩﺭﺠـﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘﻬـﺎ )‪.(121°C‬‬
‫ﻀﻐﻁﺕ ﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ )‪ (PVn=C.‬ﺍﻟﻰ )‪ (9bar‬ﻭﺍﺼﺒﺢ ﺤﺠﻤﻬﺎ )‪ .(8000 cm3‬ﺍﺤﺴﺏ )‪ (1‬ﻗﻴﻤﺔ )‪.(n‬‬
‫)‪ (2‬ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﻴﺔ )‪ (3‬ﺍﻟﺸﻐل ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﻘﻠﺔ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻤﹰﺎ ﺃﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪Cp=1.005 kJ/kg.K ، R=0.287 kJ/kg.K‬‬

‫‪P1 V1‬‬ ‫‪95 × 0.045‬‬

‫⎞ ‪P2 ⎛ V1‬‬
‫‪n‬‬
‫⎞ ‪9 ⎛ 0.045‬‬
‫‪n‬‬ ‫=‪m‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 0.0378 kg‬‬
‫⎜⎜ =‬ ‫⎜ = ⇒ ⎟⎟‬ ‫⎟‬ ‫‪RT1 0.287 × 394‬‬
‫⎠ ‪P1 ⎝ V2‬‬ ‫⎠ ‪1 ⎝ 0.008‬‬
‫) ‪∆U = mCv(T2 − T1‬‬
‫)‪Ln(9) = n Ln (5.6‬‬
‫)‪= 0.0378 × 0.718 (678.6 - 394‬‬
‫‪n = 1.319‬‬
‫‪= 7.73 kJ‬‬
‫‪PVT‬‬
‫‪T2 = 2 2 1‬‬ ‫‪P V − P2 V2‬‬
‫‪P1 V1‬‬ ‫‪W= 1 1‬‬
‫‪n −1‬‬
‫‪900 × 0.008 × 394‬‬ ‫‪95 × 0.045 - 900 × 0.008‬‬
‫=‬ ‫‪= 678.6 K‬‬ ‫=‬
‫‪95 × 0.045‬‬ ‫‪1.319 - 1‬‬
‫‪Cv = Cp − R = 1.005 − 0.287‬‬ ‫‪= -9.695kJ‬‬
‫‪= 0.718 kJ/kg.K‬‬ ‫)‪Q = ∆U + W = 7.73 + (-9.695‬‬
‫‪= -1.971 kJ‬‬

‫)‪(146‬‬
 ‫)‪(5.77‬‬
‫ـﻐﻁﻪ‬
‫ـﻪ )‪ (0.28 m3‬ﻭﻀـ‬
‫ـﺯل ﺩﺭﺠـﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘـﻪ )‪ (49°C‬ﻭﺤﺠﻤـ‬
‫ـﻁﻭﺍﻨﺔ ﻤﺤـﺭﻙ ﺩﻴـ‬
‫ﻫـﻭﺍﺀ ﺩﺨـل ﺍﺴـ‬
‫)‪ ،(110kN/m2‬ﻭﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻻﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ )‪ .(15/1‬ﻴﻀﻐﻁ ﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ )‪ .(PV1.27=C.‬ﺍﺤﺴﺏ‪:‬‬
‫)‪ (1‬ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ‪ (2) .‬ﺍﻟﺸﻐل ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﻘﻠﻴﻥ ﻋﻠﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪Cp=1.0 kJ/kg.K ، Cv=0.71 kJ/kg.K‬‬
‫⎞ ‪⎛V‬‬
‫‪n‬‬
‫⎞ ‪⎛ 15‬‬
‫‪1.27‬‬
‫) ‪mR (T1 − T2‬‬
‫⎟ ⎜‪P2 = P1 ⎜⎜ 1 ⎟⎟ = 110‬‬ ‫=‪W‬‬
‫⎠ ‪⎝ V2‬‬ ‫⎠‪⎝ 1‬‬ ‫‪n −1‬‬
‫)‪0.33 × 0.29 (49 - 395.96‬‬
‫‪= 31.163 kN/m 2‬‬ ‫=‬
‫‪1.27 - 1‬‬
‫‪n −1‬‬ ‫‪1.27 −1‬‬
‫⎞ ‪⎛V‬‬ ‫⎞ ‪⎛ 15‬‬ ‫‪= −122.92 kJ‬‬
‫⎟⎟ ‪T2 = T1 ⎜⎜ 1‬‬ ‫⎟ ⎜‪= 322‬‬
‫⎠ ‪⎝ V2‬‬ ‫⎠‪⎝ 1‬‬ ‫‪γ = Cp/Cv = 1/0.71 = 1.41‬‬
‫‪= 668.96 K‬‬ ‫‪γ -n‬‬ ‫‪1.41 − 1.27‬‬
‫‪Q=W‬‬ ‫‪= −122.92‬‬
‫‪P1 V1 110 × 0.28‬‬ ‫‪γ -1‬‬ ‫‪1.41 − 1‬‬
‫=‪m‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 0.33 kg‬‬
‫‪RT1 0.29 × 322‬‬ ‫‪= -41.973 kJ‬‬
‫‪R = Cp − Cv = 1 − 0.71‬‬
‫‪= 0.29 kJ/kg.K‬‬
‫)‪(5.78‬‬
‫ﻫﻭﺍﺀ ﻜﺘﻠﺘﻪ )‪ (1 kg‬ﻀﻐﻁﻪ )‪ (1 bar‬ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘﻪ )‪ (20°C‬ﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﻰ )‪ (1/4‬ﺤﺠﻤـﻪ ﺍﻻﺒﺘـﺩﺍﺌﻲ‪.‬‬
‫ﺇﺤﺴﺏ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻀﻐﻁ ﻭﺤﺠﻡ ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺘـﻡ ﺍﻻﻨـﻀﻐﺎﻁ )ﺃ( ﺍﻴﺯﻭﺜﺭﻤﻠـﻲ )ﺏ(‬
‫ﺒﻭﻟﺘﺭﻭﺒﻲ ﻭﺍﻥ )‪ .(n=1.25‬ﻋﻠﻤﹰﺎ ﺃﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪Cp=1 kJ/kg.K ، Cv=0.71 kJ/kg.K‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫‪R = Cp – Cv‬‬ ‫‪⎛ V ⎞ n −1‬‬ ‫)ﺏ(‬
‫⎟⎟ ‪T2 = T1 ⎜⎜ 1‬‬
‫‪= 1 – 0.71 = 0.29 kJ/kg.K‬‬ ‫⎠ ‪⎝ V2‬‬
‫)ﺃ(‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫‪mRT1‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪293(4) −1‬‬ ‫‪= 414.427 K‬‬
‫= ‪V1‬‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬‫‪25‬‬

‫‪P1‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬
‫⎞ ‪⎛V‬‬
‫‪1 × 0.29 × 293‬‬ ‫⎟⎟ ‪P2 = P1 ⎜⎜ 1‬‬
‫=‬ ‫‪= 0.85 m 3‬‬ ‫⎠ ‪⎝ V2‬‬
‫‪100‬‬
‫‪V‬‬ ‫‪0.85‬‬ ‫‪= 100(4)1.25 = 565.7 kN/m 2‬‬
‫= ‪V2 = 1‬‬ ‫‪= 0.2124 m 3‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬
‫‪⎛ T ⎞ n −1‬‬
‫‪mRT2‬‬ ‫⎟⎟ ‪V2 = V1 ⎜⎜ 1‬‬
‫= ‪P2‬‬ ‫⎠ ‪⎝ T2‬‬
‫‪V2‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫‪1 × 0.29 × 293‬‬ ‫‪⎛ 293‬‬ ‫‪⎞ 25‬‬
‫=‬ ‫‪= 400kN / m 2‬‬ ‫⎜‪= 0.8497‬‬ ‫⎟‬
‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬
‫‪= 0.2123 m 3‬‬
‫‪0.2124‬‬ ‫⎠ ‪⎝ 414.43‬‬

‫)‪(147‬‬
 ‫)‪(5.79‬‬
‫)‪ (0.8 kg‬ﻤﻥ ﺍﻭﻜﺴﺠﻴﻥ ﺘﺤﺕ ﻀﻐﻁ )‪ (1000 kN/m2‬ﻭﺤﺠﻡ )‪ .(0.06 m3‬ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﻡ ﺒﺄﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﻤﻌـﻴﻥ‬
‫ﺍﺼــﺒﺢ ﻀــﻐﻁﻪ )‪ (305 kN/m2‬ﻭﺤﺠﻤــﻪ )‪ .(0.14 m3‬ﻓــﺈﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨــﺕ ‪،Cv=0.65 kJ/kg.K‬‬
‫‪ .R=0.26 kJ/kg.K‬ﺍﺤﺴﺏ )ﺃ( ﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺠﺭﺍﺀ )ﺏ( ﺍﻟﺸﻐل ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﻘﻠﺔ‪) .‬ﺝ( ﻜﻴـﻑ ﺴـﻴﻜﻭﻥ‬
‫ﻻ ﻤـﻥ ﺍﻟﻘـﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﻤـﺫﻜﻭﺭﺓ‬
‫ﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﻟﻭ ﺍﺼﺒﺢ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ )‪ (305 kN/m2‬ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺠﻡ )‪ (0.197m3‬ﺒـﺩ ﹰ‬
‫ﻭﺍﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﺸﻐل ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﻘﻠﻴﻥ‪.‬‬
‫ﺒﻤﺎ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻻﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﻌﻠﻭﻡ‪ ،‬ﻓﻨﺤﺴﺏ ‪n‬‬ ‫‪′‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬
‫⎟⎞ ‪P2 ⎛⎜ V1‬‬
‫=‬
‫‪n‬‬
‫⎞ ‪P2 ⎛ V1‬‬
‫⎜=‬ ‫⎟‬ ‫⎟ ‪P1 ⎜ V ′‬‬
‫⎠⎟ ‪P1 ⎜⎝ V2‬‬ ‫⎠ ‪⎝ 2‬‬
‫‪n‬‬
‫⎟⎞ ‪⇒ 305 = ⎛⎜ 0.06‬‬
‫‪n‬‬
‫⎞ ‪305 ⎛ 0.06‬‬
‫⇒‬ ‫⎜=‬ ‫⎟‬ ‫⎠ ‪1000 ⎝ 0.197‬‬
‫⎠ ‪1000 ⎝ 0.14‬‬ ‫∴ﺍﻻﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻴﺯﻭﺜﺭﻤﻠﻲ‪:‬‬
‫‪⇒n =1‬‬
‫‪⇒ n = 1.4‬‬
‫‪P1 V1‬‬
‫‪R + Cv 0.26 + 0.65‬‬ ‫= ‪T1‬‬
‫=‪γ‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪mR‬‬
‫‪Cv‬‬ ‫‪0.65‬‬
‫‪1000 × 0.06‬‬
‫‪= 1.4 = n‬‬ ‫=‬
‫‪0.8 × 0.26‬‬
‫‪P1 V1‬‬ ‫‪= 288.46 K‬‬
‫= ‪W12‬‬
‫‪γ −1‬‬
‫‪Q 12′ = W12′‬‬
‫‪1000 × 0.06 - 305 × 0.14‬‬
‫=‬ ‫‪V2′‬‬
‫‪1.4 - 1‬‬ ‫‪= mRT1 Ln‬‬
‫‪V2‬‬
‫‪= 43.25 kJ‬‬
‫‪0.197‬‬
‫‪Q 12 = 0‬‬ ‫‪= 0.8 × 0.26 × 288 Ln‬‬
‫‪0.06‬‬
‫‪= 71.33 kJ‬‬

‫)‪(148‬‬
 ‫)‪(5.80‬‬
‫ـﻰ‬
‫ـﺔ )‪ (PV1.3=C.‬ﺍﻟـ‬
‫ـﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗـ‬
‫ـﺩﺩ ﺤـ‬ ‫ـﻐﻁﻪ )‪ (1MN/m2‬ﻭﺤﺠﻤـ‬
‫ـﻪ )‪ (0.003 m3‬ﺘﻤـ‬ ‫ـﺎﺯ ﻀـ‬
‫ﻏـ‬
‫)‪ .(0.1MN/m2‬ﺍﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﻘﻠﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﺔ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻤﹰﺎ ﺃﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪γ=1.4 ، Cv=0.718 kJ/kg.K‬‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫‪⎛ P ⎞n‬‬ ‫‪⎛ 1 ⎞ 1.3‬‬
‫⎜‪V2 = V1 ⎜⎜ 1 ⎟⎟ = 0.003‬‬ ‫‪⎟ = 0.0176 m‬‬
‫‪3‬‬

‫⎠ ‪⎝ P2‬‬ ‫⎠ ‪⎝ 0.1‬‬
‫‪γ −n‬‬ ‫‪γ − n P1 V1 − P2 V2‬‬
‫=‪Q‬‬ ‫= ‪×W‬‬ ‫×‬
‫‪γ −1‬‬ ‫‪γ −1‬‬ ‫‪n −1‬‬
‫‪1.4 - 1.3 1 × 0.003 - 0.1 × 0.0176‬‬
‫=‬ ‫×‬ ‫‪= 1.03 kJ‬‬
‫‪1.4 - 1‬‬ ‫‪1.3 - 1‬‬
‫)‪( γ - n‬‬ ‫‪1.4 − 1.3‬‬
‫‪Cn = Cv‬‬ ‫‪= 0.718‬‬ ‫‪= 0.239 kJ/kg.K‬‬
‫)‪(n - 1‬‬ ‫‪1.3 − 1‬‬
‫)‪(5.81‬‬
‫ﺍﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﺔ ﻋﻤﻭﺩﻴﺔ ﻁﻭﻴﻠﺔ ﻗﻁﺭﻫـﺎ )‪ (600 mm‬ﺘﺤﺘـﻭﻱ ﻋﻠـﻰ )‪ (0.085 m3‬ﻤـﻥ ﺍﻟﻬـﻭﺍﺀ ﻀـﻐﻁ‬
‫)‪ (1MN/m2‬ﻭﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍﺀ ﻤﺤﺼﻭﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﺔ ﺒﻤﻜﺒﺱ ﻋﺩﻴﻡ ﺍﻻﺤﺘﻜﺎﻙ ﻜﺘﻠﺘـﻪ )‪ (90kg‬ﻋﻨـﺩ ﺍﻨﻔﻼﺘـﻪ‬
‫ﻴﺘﺤﺭﻙ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺒﺱ ﻋﻤﻭﺩﻴﹰﺎ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻻﻋﻠﻰ‪ ،‬ﺍﺤﺴﺏ ﺴﺭﻋﺘﻪ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺇﺭﺘﻔﺎﻋﻪ ﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ )‪ (1.2m‬ﻭﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﻬـﻭﺍﺀ ﻓـﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﺔ‪ .‬ﻴﺘﻤﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍﺀ ﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ )‪ .(PV1.35=C.‬ﻭﺍﻥ ﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍﺀ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻫﻤﺎﻟﻬـﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟـﻀﻐﻁ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺠﻭﻱ ﻓﻭﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺒﺱ ﻫﻭ )‪.(0.103 MN/m2‬‬

‫‪W = Patm .V = Patm .A.L‬‬

‫‪V2 = A . L + V1 = π.D .L + V1‬‬
‫‪2‬‬

‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪π.D 2 .L‬‬

‫=‬ ‫‪P‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬
‫‪= π × 0.6 × 1.2 + 0.085 = 0.424 m 3‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪atm‬‬
‫‪4‬‬
‫‪4‬‬
‫‪= 0.103 π × 0.6 × 1.2‬‬
‫‪2‬‬

‫‪1.35‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬
‫⎞ ‪⎛ V1‬‬
‫‪1.35‬‬
‫⎜‪P2 = P1 ⎜ ⎟ = 1‬‬ ‫⎛‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪085‬‬ ‫⎞‬ ‫‪= 0.0343 MJ‬‬
‫⎟‬
‫⎠ ‪⎝ V2‬‬ ‫⎠ ‪⎝ 0.424‬‬
‫‪mc 2 = ⎛ 0.1049 − 0.0343 − 1060 ⎞10 6 J‬‬
‫‪= 0.114 MN/m‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫⎜‬ ‫⎟‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫⎝‬ ‫⎠ ‪10 6‬‬
‫‪P V − P2 V2‬‬ ‫‪= 69540 J‬‬
‫‪W= 1 1‬‬ ‫=‬
‫‪n−1‬‬
‫‪∴ C = 2.69540‬‬
‫‪= 1 × 0.085 - 0.114 × 0.424‬‬ ‫‪90‬‬
‫‪1.35 - 1‬‬
‫‪= 0.1049 MJ‬‬ ‫‪= 1545 = 39.3 m/s‬‬
‫‪∆PE = mgz = 90 × 9.81 × 1.2 = 1060 J‬‬

‫)‪(149‬‬
 ‫)‪(5.82‬‬
‫ﺍﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﺔ ﺘﺤﺘﻭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ )‪ (0.085 m3‬ﻤﻥ ﻏﺎﺯ ﻀﻐﻁﻪ )‪ (1.032 bar‬ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘﻪ )‪ ،(38°C‬ﻴﻀﻐﻁ‬
‫ﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ )‪ (PV1.3=C.‬ﺍﻟﻰ )‪ .(5.5 bar‬ﺃﻭﺠﺩ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﻘﻠﺔ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻤﹰﺎ ﺃﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪Cv=0.75 kJ/kg.K ، R=0.287 kJ/kg.K‬‬
‫‪n −1‬‬
‫⎞ ‪⎛P‬‬ ‫) ‪mR (T1 − T2‬‬
‫⎟⎟ ‪T2 = T1 ⎜⎜ 2‬‬
‫‪n‬‬
‫=‪W‬‬
‫‪n −1‬‬
‫⎠ ‪⎝ P1‬‬
‫)‪0.0985 × 0.287 (311 - 458‬‬
‫‪1.3 −1‬‬ ‫=‬
‫‪⎛ 5 .5‬‬ ‫‪⎞ 1.3‬‬ ‫‪1.3 - 1‬‬
‫⎜‪= 311‬‬ ‫⎟‬ ‫‪= 458 K‬‬
‫⎠ ‪⎝ 1.032‬‬ ‫‪= -13.85 kJ‬‬
‫‪PV‬‬ ‫‪103.5 × 0.085‬‬ ‫‪Q = ∆U + W‬‬
‫= ‪m= 1 1‬‬
‫‪RT1‬‬ ‫‪0.287 × 311‬‬ ‫)‪= 10.35 + (-13.85‬‬
‫‪= 0.0985 kg‬‬ ‫‪= -3.5 kJ‬‬
‫) ‪∆U = mCv(T2 − T1‬‬
‫)‪= 0.0985 × 0.715 (458 - 311‬‬
‫‪= 10.35 kJ‬‬

‫)‪(5.83‬‬
‫ﻏﺎﺯ ﻜﺘﻠﺘﻪ )‪ (0.013 kg‬ﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﺔ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺇﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁﻬﺎ )‪ (14/1‬ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘﻬـﺎ )‪(100°C‬‬
‫ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺒﻭﻟﺘﺭﻭﺒﻴﺔ ﻭﺘﺨﻀﻊ ﻟﻠﻘﺎﻨﻭﻥ )‪ .(PV1.3=C.‬ﺍﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﻘﻠﺔ‪ .‬ﻋﻠﻤﹰﺎ ﺃﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪R=0.28 kJ/kg.K ، Cp=0.72 kJ/kg.K‬‬
‫‪Cv = Cp − R = 0.72 − 0.28‬‬ ‫‪γ −n‬‬
‫‪Q=W‬‬
‫‪= 0.44 kJ/kg.K‬‬ ‫‪γ −1‬‬
‫‪γ = Cp/Cv = 0.72/0.44 = 1.636‬‬ ‫‪1.636 − 1.3‬‬
‫× )‪= ( −5.463‬‬
‫‪n −1‬‬ ‫‪1.636 − 1‬‬
‫⎞ ‪⎛V‬‬
‫⎟⎟ ‪T2 = T1 ⎜⎜ 1‬‬ ‫‪= 373(14) 0.3‬‬ ‫‪= -2.886 kJ‬‬
‫⎠ ‪⎝ V2‬‬
‫‪= 823.28 K‬‬
‫) ‪mR (T1 − T2‬‬
‫=‪W‬‬
‫‪n −1‬‬
‫)‪0.013 × 0.28 (373 - 823.28‬‬
‫=‬
‫‪1.3 - 1‬‬
‫‪= -5.463 kJ‬‬

‫)‪(150‬‬
 ‫)‪(5.84‬‬
‫ﻏﺎﺯ ﺤﺠﻤﻪ )‪ (0.14m3‬ﻭﻀﻐﻁﻪ )‪ (1.38 bar‬ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘﻪ )‪ (38°C‬ﻴﻀﻐﻁ ﺒﻭﻟﺘﺭﻭﺒﻴـﹰﺎ ﻭﺤـﺴﺏ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ )‪ (PV1.35=C.‬ﺍﻟﻰ )‪ .(8.7bar‬ﺍﺤﺴﺏ )‪ (1‬ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻐل ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﻘﻠﻴﻥ )‪ (2‬ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻓـﻲ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻋﻠﻤﹰﺎ ﺃﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪γ=1.4 ، R=0.264 kJ/kg.K‬‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫‪⎛P‬‬ ‫⎞‬ ‫‪⎛ 138 ⎞ 35‬‬ ‫‪γ −n‬‬
‫‪n‬‬
‫⎜‪V2 = V1 ⎜⎜ 1 ⎟⎟ = 0.14‬‬ ‫⎟‬
‫‪1‬‬‫‪.‬‬
‫× ‪Q 12 = W12‬‬
‫⎠ ‪⎝ 870‬‬ ‫‪γ −1‬‬
‫⎠ ‪⎝ P2‬‬
‫‪1.4 − 1.35‬‬
‫‪= 0.0358 m 3‬‬ ‫‪= 33.788‬‬
‫‪1 .4 − 1‬‬
‫‪P V − P2 V2‬‬
‫‪W12 = 1 1‬‬ ‫‪= -4.223 kJ‬‬
‫‪n −1‬‬
‫‪∆U = Q - W‬‬
‫‪138 × 0.14 − 870 × 0.0358‬‬
‫=‬ ‫‪= -4.223 + 33.788‬‬
‫‪1.35 − 1‬‬
‫‪= -33.788 kJ‬‬ ‫‪= 29.564 kJ‬‬

‫)‪(5.85‬‬
‫ﺍﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﺔ ﺘﺤﺘﻭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ )‪ (0.07 kg‬ﻤﻥ ﻤﺎﺌﻊ ﻀﻐﻁﻪ )‪ (1 bar‬ﻭﺤﺠﻤﻪ )‪ (0.06 m3‬ﻭﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺩﺍﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ‬
‫)‪ .(200 kJ/kg‬ﻀﻐﻁ ﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ )‪ (PVn=C.‬ﺤﺘﻰ ﺍﺼﺒﺢ ﻀـﻐﻁﻪ )‪ (9 bar‬ﻭﺤﺠﻤـﻪ ‪(0.0111‬‬
‫)‪ m3‬ﻭﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺩﺍﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ )‪ .(370 kJ/kg‬ﺍﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﺸﻐل ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﻘﻠﻴﻥ؟‬

‫⎞ ‪P1 ⎛ V2‬‬
‫‪n‬‬
‫⎞ ‪1 ⎛ 0.0111‬‬
‫‪n‬‬ ‫‪∆ U = m∆ µ‬‬
‫⎜⎜ =‬ ‫⎜ = ⇒ ⎟⎟‬ ‫⎟‬
‫⎠ ‪P2 ⎝ V1‬‬ ‫⎠ ‪9 ⎝ 0.06‬‬ ‫)‪= 0.07( 370 − 200‬‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫⎞ ‪⎛ 0.0111‬‬ ‫‪= 11.9 kJ‬‬
‫⎜ ‪Ln = n Ln‬‬ ‫⎟‬ ‫‪Q = ∆U + W‬‬
‫‪9‬‬ ‫⎠ ‪⎝ 0.06‬‬
‫‪n = 1.302‬‬ ‫)‪= 11.9 + (-13.2‬‬
‫‪P V − P2 V2‬‬ ‫‪= -1.3 kJ‬‬
‫‪W= 1 1‬‬
‫‪n −1‬‬
‫‪100 × 0.06 - 900 × 0.011‬‬
‫=‬
‫‪1.302 - 1‬‬
‫‪= −13.2 kJ‬‬

‫)‪(151‬‬
 (5.86)
Cp
.( γ = ) ‫ ﺍﺜﺒﺕ ﺍﻥ‬،‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻻﺩﻴﺎﺒﺎﺘﻲ‬
Cv
q − w = ∆µ
γ −1= R
− w = ∆µ Cv
Cp − Cv
R(T2 − T1 ) γ = R +1= +1
= Cv(T2 − T1 ) Cv Cv
γ −1
Cp − Cv + Cv
R = Cv =
Cv
γ −1
Cp
γ=
Cv
(5.87)
(Cp=Cp) ‫ ﺍﺜﺒﺕ ﺍﻥ‬. ( H 2 − H 1 = γ U ) ‫ ﺍﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ‬.‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﺩﻴﺒﺎﺘﻲ‬
H 2 − H1 = γ U
Cp
( U 2 + P2 V2 ) − ( U 1 + P1 V 1 ) =
mCv(T2 − T1 )
Cv
∆U + mR (T2− T1 ) = mCp(T2− T1 )
mCv∆T + mR∆T = mCp∆T
Cv + Cp − Cv = Cp
∴ Cp = Cp
(5.88)
(R=Cp-Cv) ‫ ﺍﺜﺒﺕ ﺍﻥ‬.‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﺩﻴﺒﺎﺘﻲ‬
Q − W = ∆U R = Cv( γ − 1)
− W = ∆U Cp
= Cv(− 1)
P2 V2 − P1 V1 Cv
= ∆U Cp − Cv
γ −1 = Cv( )
mR∆T = mCv∆T Cv
γ −1 R = Cp − Cv

(152)
 ‫ﻤﺴﺎﺌل‬
‫)‪(5.11‬‬
‫ﻫﻭﺍﺀ ﻜﺘﻠﺘﻪ )‪ (1 kg‬ﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺘﺤﺕ ﻀﻐﻁ )‪ (1 bar‬ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ )‪ (20°C‬ﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﻰ ) ‪ ( 14‬ﺤﺠﻤﻪ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺒﺘﺩﺍﺌﻲ‪ .‬ﺍﺤﺴﺏ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻀﻐﻁ ﻭﺤﺠﻡ ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺘﻡ ﺍﻻﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺠـﺭﺍﺀ )ﺃ(‬
‫ﺍﻴﺯﻭﺜﺭﻤﻠﻲ )ﺏ( ﺒﻭﻟﺘﺭﻭﺒﻲ ﻭﺒﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺒﻭﻟﺘﺭﻭﺒﻴﺔ ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭﻫﺎ )‪ .(1.25‬ﻓﻲ ﺃﻱ ﺍﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺴﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻟﻠﺸﻐل ﺍﻗل ﻗﻴﻤـﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻗﺎﺭﻥ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺭﺴﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺨﻁﻁ )‪ .(P-V‬ﻋﻠﻤﹰﺎ ﺃﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪Cp=1 kJ/kg.K ، Cv=0.71 kJ/kg.K‬‬
‫ﺝ‪(-140.78 kJ ، 414.36 K ، 5.657 bar ، -117.8 kJ ، 4 bar ، 0.2124 m3 ، 0.85 m2 ):‬‬

‫)‪(5.12‬‬
‫ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻏﺎﺯ ﻜﺘﻠﺘﻪ )‪ (1 kg‬ﻭﺤﺠﻤﻪ )‪ (0.1 m3‬ﻓﻲ ﻨﻅﺎ ﻤﻐﻠﻕ‪ .‬ﺘﻤﺩﺩ ﺒﺘﺴﺨﻴﻨﻪ ﺘﺤﺕ ﻀﻐﻁ ﺜﺎﺒﺕ ﺤﺘـﻰ‬
‫ﺍﺯﺩﺍﺩﺕ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘﻪ ﺒﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭ )‪ (50°C‬ﻭﺘﻀﺎﻋﻑ ﺤﺠﻤﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻗﺭﺍﺀﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻨﻭﻤﺘﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺒﻭﻁ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻅـﺎﻡ‬
‫)‪ .(20 cmHg‬ﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻻﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻗﺭﺍﺀﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﻭﻤﻴﺘﺭ )‪ .(1.01 bar‬ﺍﺤﺴﺏ ﻤﻘـﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴـﺭ ﻓـﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻨﺜﺎﻟﺒﻲ ﻟﻬﺫﺍ ﺍﻻﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻐل ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺠﺯ‪ .‬ﻋﻠﻤﹰﺎ ﺃﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪δHg = 13600 kg/m3 ، Cv=0.7 kJ/kg.K‬‬
‫ﺝ‪(12.77 kJ ، 37 kJ):‬‬

‫)‪(5.13‬‬
‫ﺍﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﺔ ﻤﺤﺭﻙ ﺩﻴﺯل‪ .‬ﻀﻐﻁﻬﺎ )‪ (0.95 bar‬ﻭﺤﺠﻤﻬﺎ )‪ (14L‬ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘﻬـﺎ )‪ .(100°C‬ﺍﻟﻨـﺴﺒﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻤﻴﺔ ﻟﻸﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ) ‪ .( 141‬ﺍﺤﺴﺏ‪:‬‬
‫)‪ (1‬ﺍﻟﺸﻐل ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺠﺯ )‪ (2‬ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﻴﺔ )‪ (3‬ﺍﻟﺤـﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﻘﻠـﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﺜﻨـﺎﺀ ﻋﻤﻠﻴـﺔ ﺍﻨـﻀﻐﺎﻁ‬
‫ﺒﻭﻟﺘﺭﻭﺒﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻤﹰﺎ ﺃﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪n=1.3 ، Cp=0.72 kJ/kg.K ، R=0.28 kJ/kg.K‬‬
‫ﺝ‪(-2.818 kJ ، 2.516 kJ ، -5.352 kJ) :‬‬

‫)‪(153‬‬
 ‫)‪(5.14‬‬
‫ﻫﻭﺍﺀ ﻀﻐﻁﻪ )‪ (1.2 bar‬ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘﻪ ))‪ (20°C‬ﺴﺨﻥ ﺒﺜﺒﻭﺕ ﺍﻟـﻀﻐﻁ ﺒﺤﻴـﺙ ﺍﺼـﺒﺢ ﺤﺠﻤـﻪ‬
‫)‪ .(0.4 m3‬ﺜﻡ ﺘﻤﺩﺩ ﺍﺩﻴﺎﺒﺎﺘﻴﹰﺎ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻥ ﺍﺼﺒﺤﺕ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘﻪ ))‪ .(35°C‬ﻭﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟـﺸﻐل ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﻘـل ﻓـﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺠﺭﺍﺌﻴﻥ ﻤﺘﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻋﻠﻤﺕ ﺃﻥ‪.Cp=1.005 kJ/kg.K ، Cv=0.717 kJ/kg.K :‬‬
‫ﺍﺤﺴﺏ‪ (1) :‬ﺤﺠﻡ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺩﺍﻴﺔ )‪ (2‬ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﻘﻠﺔ ﻟﻸﺠﺭﺍﺀﻴﻥ )‪ (3‬ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻸﺠﺭﺍﺀﻴﻥ‪.‬‬
‫ﺝ‪(-3.77 kJ ، 9.42 kJ ، 13.2 kJ ، 0.368 m3) :‬‬

‫)‪(5.15‬‬
‫ﻫﻭﺍﺀ ﻜﺘﻠﺘﻪ )‪ (0.2 kg‬ﻭﻀﻐﻁﻪ )‪ (1.5 bar‬ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘﻪ ))‪ .(17°C‬ﻀـﻐﻁ ﺒﻭﻟﺘﺭﻭﺒﻴـﹰﺎ ﻭﺤـﺴﺏ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ )‪ (PV1.25=C.‬ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻥ ﺍﺼﺒﺢ ﻀﻐﻁﻪ ﻀﻌﻑ ﻤﺎ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺩﺍﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺒﻌﺩ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺘﻤﺩﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺇﺠـﺭﺍﺀ‬
‫ﺍﻴﺯﻭﺜﺭﻤﻠﻲ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻥ ﺍﺼﺒﺢ ﺤﺠﻤﻪ )‪ .(0.13 m3‬ﺍﺤﺴﺏ )‪ (1‬ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻻﻨـﻀﻐﺎﻁ )‪ (2‬ﺍﻟـﺸﻐل‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﻘﻠﻴﻥ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻻﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ )‪ (3‬ﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺩﺩ )‪ (4‬ﺍﻟﺤـﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﻘﻠـﺔ ﻋﻨـﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻤـﺩﺩ‬
‫ﻭﺍﺘﺠﺎﻫﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻋﻠﻤﹰﺎ ﺃﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪Cv = 0.717 kJ/kg.K ، Cp = 1.005 kJ/kg.K‬‬
‫ﺝ‪(13.64 kJ ، 1.47 bar ، -3.71 kJ ، -9.9 kJ ، 331 K) :‬‬

‫)‪(5.16‬‬
‫ﻏﺎﺯ ﻜﺘﻠﺘﻪ )‪ (0.5 kg‬ﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻓﻲ ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻤﻐﻠﻕ‪ .‬ﺘﻤﺩﺩ ﺍﺩﻴﺎﺒﺎﺘﻴﹰﺎ ﻤـﻥ ﻀـﻐﻁ )‪ (5 bar‬ﻭﺩﺭﺠـﺔ ﺤـﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬
‫)‪ (100°C‬ﺍﻟﻰ ﻀﻐﻁ )‪ ،(1.89 bar‬ﺒﺤﻴﺙ ﺍﺼﺒﺢ ﺤﺠﻤﻪ ﻀﻌﻑ ﻤﺎ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺩﺍﻴـﺔ‪ ،‬ﺜـﻡ ﺘﻤـﺩﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻴﺯﻭﺜﺭﻤﻠﻴﹰﺎ ﺍﻟﻰ )‪ .(1 bar‬ﻓﺄﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ )‪ .(Cv=0.71 kJ/kg.K‬ﺍﺭﺴـﻡ ﺍﻻﺠـﺭﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﻤﺨﻁﻁـﻲ‬
‫)‪ (P-V‬ﻭ )‪ (T-S‬ﻭﺍﺤﺴﺏ )‪ (1‬ﺤﺠﻡ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﻓﻲ ﺒﺩﺍﻴﺔ ﻭﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻻﺩﻴﺎﺒﺎﺘﻲ )‪ (2‬ﺍﻟﺸﻐل ﻭﺍﻟﺤـﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﻘﻠﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﺠﺭﺍﺀﻴﻥ )‪ (3‬ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻸﺠﺭﺍﺀﻴﻥ‪.‬‬
‫ﺝ‪(0 ، -32.33 kJ ، 25.63 kJ ، 32.57 kJ ، 0.213 m3 ، 0.107 m3) :‬‬
‫)‪(5.17‬‬
‫ﺤﺠﻤـﻪ‬ ‫ﻏﺎﺯ ﺤﺠﻤﻪ )‪ (0.03 m3‬ﻭﻀﻐﻁﻪ )‪ (1 bar‬ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘﻪ )‪ (15°C‬ﻴﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﺩﻴﺎﺒﺎﺘﻴﹰﺎ ﺍﻟﻰ ) ‪(14‬‬
‫ﺍﻻﻭل‪ .‬ﺜﻡ ﻴﺒﺭﺩ ﺒﺜﺒﻭﺕ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻥ ﺘﻌﻭﺩ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘﻪ )‪ .(15°C‬ﺜﻡ ﻴﺘﻤﺩﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﺩﻴﺎﺒﺎﺘﻲ ﺍﻟـﻰ‬
‫ﻀﻐﻁ )‪ .(1 bar‬ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻋﻠﻤﺕ ﺍﻥ )‪ .(γ=1.4‬ﺍﺭﺴﻡ ﺍﻻﺠﺭﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺨﻁﻁﻲ )‪ (P-V‬ﻭ )‪ (T-S‬ﻭﺍﺤﺴﺏ‪:‬‬
‫)‪ (1‬ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺠﻡ ﻓﻲ ﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺩﺩ )‪ (2‬ﺼﺎﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻐل ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﻘل ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﺠﺭﺍﺀﺍﺕ‪.‬‬
‫ﺝ‪(-4.75 kJ ، 0.01723 m3 ، 165.4 K) :‬‬

‫)‪(154‬‬
 ‫)‪(5.18‬‬
‫ﺍﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﺔ ﺘﺤﺘﻭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻏﺎﺯ ﻀﻐﻁﻪ )‪ (1 bar‬ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘﻪ ))‪:(27°C‬‬
‫)ﺃ( ﺍﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ‪ A‬ﺘﻀﺎﻑ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺒﺜﺒﻭﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻡ ﺤﺘﻰ ﻴﺘﻀﺎﻋﻑ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﻭﺒﻌﺩ ﺫﻟـﻙ ﻴﺘﻤـﺩﺩ ﺒﺜﺒـﻭﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﺤﺘﻰ ﻴﺼﺒﺢ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻡ )‪ (3‬ﺍﻀﻌﺎﻓﻪ‪.‬‬
‫)ﺏ( ﻓﻲ ﺍﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ‪ B‬ﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﻨﻔﺴﻬﺎ ﻴﺘﻤﺩﺩ ﺒﺜﺒﻭﺕ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﺤﺘـﻰ ﻴـﺼﺒﺢ ﺍﻟﺤﺠـﻡ )‪(3‬‬
‫ﺍﻀﻌﺎﻑ‪ ،‬ﺒﻌﺩ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺘﻀﺎﻑ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺒﺜﺒﻭﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻡ ﺤﺘﻰ ﻴﻠﺘﻘﻲ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻤﻠﻴـﺔ ‪ .A‬ﺍﺤـﺴﺏ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻜﻴﻠﻭﻏﺭﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺤﺩ ﻭﻟﻜﻼ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺘﻴﻥ‪ (1) :‬ﺼﺎﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ )‪ (2‬ﺼﺎﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻐل )‪ (3‬ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﻴﻪ‪ .‬ﻋﻠﻤﹰﺎ ﺃﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪Cv = 0.744 kJ/kg.K ، R = 0.297 kJ/kg.K‬‬
‫ﺝ‪:‬‬
‫( ‪) 1472.4kJ/kg، 356.4kJ/kg، 1116kJ/kg، 1294.2kJ/k.g, 178.2kJ/kg ، 1116 kJ/kg‬‬

‫)‪(5.19‬‬
‫ﻫﻭﺍﺀ ﻜﺘﻠﺘﻪ )‪ (0.5 kg‬ﻭﻀﻐﻁﻪ )‪ (1.2 bar‬ﻭﺤﺠﻤﻪ )‪ .(0.4 m3‬ﻴﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻴﺯﻭﺜﺭﻤﻠﻴﺎﹰ‪ ،‬ﺜﻡ ﻴﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﺩﻴﺎﺒﺎﺘﻴﹰﺎ‬
‫ﺒﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﺼﺒﺢ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘﻪ )‪ .(200°C‬ﺍﺤﺴﺏ ﺤﺠﻡ ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍﺀ ﻓﻲ ﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔ ﻜل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻻﺠﺭﺍﺀﻴﻥ ﺍﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﻐل‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﺠﺭﺍﺌﻴﻥ ﻤﺘﺴﺎﻭﻱ‪ .‬ﻋﻠﻤﹰﺎ ﺃﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪R=0.287 kJ/kg.K‬‬
‫ﺝ‪(0.06 m3 ، 0.142 m3) :‬‬
‫)‪(5.20‬‬
‫ﻏﺎﺯ ﺤﺠﻤﻪ )‪ (0.3m3‬ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘﻪ )‪ (20°C‬ﻭﻀﻐﻁﻪ )‪ .(1bar‬ﺃﻀﻴﻔﺕ ﺍﻟﻴﻪ ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﻤـﻥ ﺍﻟﺤـﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺒﺜﺒﻭﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻡ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻥ ﺍﺼﺒﺤﺕ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘﻪ )‪ .(100°C‬ﺜﻡ ﻁﺭﺤﺕ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺒﺜﺒﻭﺕ ﺍﻟـﻀﻐﻁ ﻤﻘـﺩﺍﺭﻫﺎ‬
‫ﻨﺼﻑ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺍﻀﻴﻔﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻻﻭل‪ .‬ﻓﺎﺫﺍ ﻋﻠﻤﺕ ﺍﻥ )‪ .(γ=1.4‬ﻭﻀﺢ ﺍﻻﺠـﺭﺍﺀﺍﺕ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺨﻁﻁﻲ )‪ (P-V‬ﻭ )‪ .(T-S‬ﻭﺍﺤﺴﺏ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺠﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺌﻲ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﺯ ﻭﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺸﻐل ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﻘـل‬
‫ﺨﻼل ﻜل ﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀ‪.‬‬
‫ﺝ‪(-29.37 kJ ، 0.277 m3 ، 344.3 K) :‬‬

‫)‪(155‬‬
 ‫)‪(5.21‬‬
‫)‪ (1kg‬ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍﺀ ﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﺔ ﻀﻐﻁﻪ ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘﻪ )‪ (1 bar‬ﻭ )‪ (15°C‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺍﻟﻲ‪ .‬ﻴـﻀﻐﻁ‬
‫ﺤﺠﻤﻪ ﺍﻻﻭل‪ .‬ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻻﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ )‪ (1‬ﺇﻨﻌﻜﺎﺴـﻴﹰﺎ ﻭﻓـﻕ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗـﺔ )‪ (2) (PVγ=C1‬ﻻ‬ ‫ﺍﺩﻴﺎﺒﺎﺘﻴﹰﺎ ﺍﻟﻰ ) ‪(14‬‬
‫ﺍﻨﻌﻜﺎﺴﻴﹰﺎ ﺒﺤﻴﺙ ﺍﺼﺒﺤﺕ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻜﺒﺭ ﺒﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭ )‪ (6.6°C‬ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟـﺔ )‪.(1‬‬
‫ﺍﻭﺠﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺸﻐل ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﻘل ﻭﺍﻻﻨﺘﺭﻭﺒﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺘﻴﻥ‪ .‬ﻋﻠﻤﹰﺎ ﺃﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪γ=1.4 ، R=0.29 kJ/kg.K‬‬
‫ﺝ‪(0.0095 kJ/K ، -159.3 kJ ، -154.5 kJ) :‬‬

‫)‪(5.22‬‬
‫)‪ (0.5 kg‬ﻤﻥ ﻏﺎﺯ ﻀﻐﻁﻪ )‪ (1.5 bar‬ﻭﺤﺠﻤﻪ )‪ .(280L‬ﻀُﻐﻁ ﺒﻭﻟﺘﺭﻭﺒﻴﹰﺎ ﺍﻟـﻰ ﺍﻥ ﺍﺼـﺒﺢ ﺤﺠﻤـﻪ‬
‫)‪ (100L‬ﺘﺒﻌﹰﺎ ﻟﻠﻌﻼﻗﺔ )‪ (PV1.2=C.‬ﻭﺍﻋﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺤﺠﻤﻪ ﺍﻻﺒﺘﺩﺍﺌﻲ ﺒﺈﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻴﺯﻭﺜﺭﻤﻠﻲ‪ .‬ﺍﺭﺴﻡ ﺍﻻﺠـﺭﺍﺀﺍﺕ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺨﻁﻁﻲ )‪ (P-V‬ﻭ )‪ (T-S‬ﻭﺍﺤﺴﺏ‪:‬‬
‫)‪ (1‬ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔ ﻜل ﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀ )‪ (2‬ﺍﻟﺸﻐل ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﻘل ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﻘﻠـﺔ ﺨـﻼل ﻜـل‬
‫ﺍﺠﺭﺍﺀ‪ .‬ﻋﻠﻤﹰﺎ ﺃﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪Cv = 0.724 kJ/kg.K ، Cp = 1.02 kJ/kg.K‬‬
‫ﺝ‪(54.99 kJ ، -57.054 kJ ، 1.84 bar ، 360.88 K ، 5.16 bar) :‬‬

‫)‪(5.23‬‬
‫ﻫﻭﺍﺀ ﺒﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﺔ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻤﻴﺔ ) ‪ . (171‬ﻴﻀﻐﻁ ﺒﻅﺭﻭﻑ ﻤﺘﺸﺎﺒﻬﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺤـﺎﻟﺘﻴﻥ‪ (1) :‬ﺍﻴﺯﻭﺜﺭﻤﻠﻴـﹰﺎ‪.‬‬
‫)‪ (2‬ﺒﻭﻟﺘﺭﻭﺒﻴﹰﺎ ﻭﻓﻕ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻥ )‪ (PV1.3=C.‬ﺍﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺘﻴﻥ ﻟﻜل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﻐل ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﻘﻠﻴﻥ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺌﻲ‪.‬‬
‫ﺝ‪(0.425 ، 10.85 ، 0.634) :‬‬

‫)‪(5.24‬‬
‫ﺍﻭﻜﺴﺠﻴﻥ ﺤﺠﻤﻪ )‪ (2L‬ﻭﻀﻐﻁﻪ )‪ (2 bar‬ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘﻪ )‪ (40°C‬ﺘﻤﺩﺩ ﻓـﻲ ﻨﻅـﺎﻡ ﻤﻐﻠـﻕ ﺒﺜﺒـﻭﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻥ ﺍﺼﺒﺢ ﺤﺠﻤﻪ ﻀﻌﻑ ﺤﺠﻤﻪ ﺍﻻﺒﺘﺩﺍﺌﻲ‪ .‬ﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻴﺯﻭﺜﺭﻤﻠﻴﹰﺎ ﺍﻟـﻰ ﺍﻥ ﻋـﺎﺩ ﺍﻟـﻰ ﺤﺠﻤـﻪ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺒﺘﺩﺍﺌﻲ‪ .‬ﺜﻡ ﺘﻤﺩﺩ ﻤﺭﺓ ﺍﺨﺭﻯ ﺒﻭﻟﺘﺭﻭﺒﻴﹰﺎ ﻭﻓﻕ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻥ )‪ (PV1.3=C.‬ﺒﺤﻴﺙ ﺍﺼﺒﺢ ﺤﺠﻤﻪ ﻀﻌﻑ ﺤﺠﻤـﻪ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺒﺘﺩﺍﺌﻲ ﺜﺎﻨﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺍﺭﺴﻡ ﺍﻻﺠﺭﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺨﻁﻁﻲ )‪ (P-V‬ﻭ )‪ (T-S‬ﻭﺍﺤـﺴﺏ )‪ (1‬ﺍﻟـﺸﻐل ﻭﺍﻟﺤـﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﻘﻠﻴﻥ )‪ (2‬ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻜل ﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀ‪ .‬ﻋﻠﻤﹰﺎ ﺃﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪Cv = 0.62 kJ/kg.K ، Cp = 0.92 kJ/kg.K‬‬
‫ﺝ‪:‬‬
‫) ‪.(-0.389 kJ ، 0 ، 1.04 kJ ، 0.0945 kJ ، -0.534 kJ ، 1.44 kJ ، 0.482 kJ ، 0.4 kJ‬‬

‫)‪(156‬‬
 ‫)‪(5.25‬‬
‫ﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍﺀ ﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻤﻐﻠﻕ ﺘﻤﺩﺩﺕ ﺒﺸﻜل ﻟﺤﻅﻲ )ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﻩ ﺍﺩﻴﺎﺒﺎﺘﻴﺎﹰ( ﻤﻥ ﻀﻐﻁ ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭﻩ‬
‫)‪ (6 bar‬ﺍﻟﻰ )‪ .(1.48 bar‬ﺜﻡ ﺘﺭﻙ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻥ ﻋﺎﺩﺕ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﻰ ﻤﺎ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺩﺍﻴﺔ ﺒﺜﺒـﻭﺕ‬
‫ﺤﺠﻤﻪ ﻓﺎﺭﺘﻔﻊ ﻀﻐﻁﻪ ﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻟﺫﻟﻙ ﺍﻟﻰ )‪ .(2.21 bar‬ﺍﻭﺠﺩ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ )‪ (R‬ﻭﺍﺭﺴﻡ ﻤﺨﻁﻁ )‪ (P-V‬ﻋﻠﻤﹰﺎ ﺃﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪Cp = 1.005 kJ/kg.K‬‬
‫ﺝ‪(0.287 kJ/kg.K) :‬‬

‫)‪(5.26‬‬
‫ﻫﻭﺍﺀ ﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻓﻲ ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻤﻐﻠﻕ ﻨﺴﺒﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻤﻴﺔ )‪ .(17‬ﻴﻀﻐﻁ ﻤـﻥ ﻨﻘﻁـﺔ ﻭﺍﺤـﺩﺓ ﻓـﻲ ﺇﺠـﺭﺍﺌﻴﻥ ﺍﻻﻭل‬
‫ﺍﻴﺯﻭﺜﺭﻤﻠﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ ﺒﻭﻟﺘﺭﻭﺒﻲ ﻴﺨﻀﻊ ﻟﻠﻌﻼﻗﺔ )‪ .(PV1.3=C.‬ﺍﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﻨـﺴﺒﺔ ﺒـﻴﻥ ﺍﻟـﺸﻐل ﻟﻜـل ﻤـﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺠﺭﺍﺌﻴﻥ ﻭﻜﺫﻟﻙ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺌﻲ ﻟﻜل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻻﺠﺭﺍﺀﻴﻥ‪.‬‬
‫ﺝ‪(0.425 ، 0.634) :‬‬

‫)‪(5.27‬‬
‫ﻏﺎﺯ ﻓﻲ ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻤﻐﻠﻕ ﻴﺘﻤﺩﺩ ﺍﻴﺯﻭﺜﺭﻤﻠﻴﹰﺎ ﺍﻟﻰ ) ‪(16‬‬
‫ﻤﻥ ﻀﻐﻁﻪ ﺍﻻﺒﺘﺩﺍﺌﻲ ﻭﻤﻥ ﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﻴﺘﻤـﺩﺩ ﺍﺩﻴﺎﺒﺎﺘﻴـﹰﺎ‬
‫ﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ )‪ (PV1.36=C.‬ﺍﻟﻰ ) ‪ (16‬ﻤﻥ ﻀﻐﻁﻪ ﺍﻻﺒﺘﺩﺍﺌﻲ ﺍﻴـﻀﹰﺎ‪ .‬ﺍﺤـﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﻨـﺴﺒﺔ ﺒـﻴﻥ ﺍﻟـﺸﻐل‬
‫ﺍﻻﻴﺯﻭﺜﺭﻤﻠﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻐل ﺍﻻﺩﻴﺎﺒﺎﺘﻲ‪.‬‬
‫ﺝ‪(1.72) :‬‬

‫)‪(5.28‬‬
‫ﺍﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﺔ ﻤﻐﻠﻘﺔ ﺒﻤﻜﺒﺱ ﺘﺤﺘﻭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻏﺎﺯ ﻤﺜﺎﻟﻲ ﺘﻤﺩﺩ ﻓـﻲ ﻅـﺭﻭﻑ ﻤﺘـﺸﺎﺒﻬﺔ ﻓـﻲ ﺍﺠـﺭﺍﺀﻴﻥ ﺍﻻﻭل‬
‫ﺍﻴﺯﻭﺜﺭﻤﻠﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ ﺒﻭﻟﺘﺭﻭﺒﻲ ﻴﺨﻀﻊ ﻟﻠﻌﻼﻗﺔ )‪ .(PV1.3=C.‬ﻭﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻡ ﺍﻻﺒﺘﺩﺍﺌﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺠﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺌﻲ) ‪ . (171‬ﺍﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﻘﻠﺔ ﻟﻜل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻻﺠﺭﺍﺀﻴﻥ‪ .‬ﻋﻠﻤﹰﺎ ﺃﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪γ = 1.4 ، R = 0.293 kJ/kg.K‬‬
‫ﺝ‪(5.97) :‬‬

‫)‪(5.29‬‬
‫ﻏﺎﺯ ﻓﻲ ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻤﻐﻠﻕ ﺤﺠﻤﻪ )‪ (0.106m3‬ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘﻪ )‪ (100°C‬ﺘﻤﺩﺩ ﺍﺩﻴﺎﺒﺎﺘﻴﹰﺎ ﺒﺤﻴﺙ ﺍﺼﺒﺢ ﻀﻐﻁﻪ‬
‫) ‪ (13‬ﻤﺎ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺩﺍﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﺼﺒﺢ ﺤﺠﻤﻪ ﻀﻌﻑ ﻤﺎ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺩﺍﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺜﻡ ﺘﻤﺩﺩ ﺍﻴﺯﻭﺜﺭﻤﻠﻴﹰﺎ ﺒﺤﻴﺙ‬
‫ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﻐل ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺠﺯ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﺠﺭﺍﺀﻴﻥ ﻤﺘﺴﺎﻭﻱ‪ .‬ﺍﺤﺴﺏ ﺤﺠﻡ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﻓﻲ ﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻻﻴﺯﻭﺜﺭﻤﻠﻲ‪.‬‬
‫ﺝ‪(0.5 m3) :‬‬

‫)‪(157‬‬
 ‫)‪(5.30‬‬
‫ﻏﺎﺯ ﻨﺘﺭﻭﺠﻴﻥ ﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻓﻲ ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻤﻐﻠﻕ ﺘﺤﺕ ﻀـﻐﻁ ﻤﻘـﺩﺍﺭﻩ )‪ (100bar‬ﻭﺩﺭﺠـﺔ ﺤـﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻤﻘـﺩﺍﺭﻫﺎ‬
‫ﻼ ﻤﻘــﺩﺍﺭﻩ‬
‫)‪ .(600°C‬ﻭﻴــﺸﻐل ﺤﺠﻤــﹰﺎ ﻤﻘــﺩﺍﺭﻩ )‪ .(1.31 L‬ﺘﻤــﺩﺩ ﺒﻭﻟﺘﺭﻭﺒﻴــﹰﺎ ﻭﺃﻨــﺘﺞ ﺸــﻐ ﹰ‬
‫)‪ .(28.65kJ‬ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻋﻠﻤﺕ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻻﺱ ﺍﻟﺒﻭﻟﺘﺭﻭﺒﻲ )‪ (n=1.3‬ﺍﻭﺠﺩ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺠـﻡ ﻓـﻲ‬
‫ﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺠﺭﺍﺀ‪.‬‬
‫ﺝ‪(46 L ، 0.978 bar ، 27°C) :‬‬

‫)‪(5.31‬‬
‫ﻫﻭﺍﺀ ﻀﻐﻁﻪ )‪ (1.02 bar‬ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘﻪ )‪ .(268 °C‬ﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻴﺯﻭﺜﺭﻤﻠﻴﺎﹰ‪ ،‬ﺜﻡ ﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﺩﻴﺎﺒﺎﺘﻴﹰﺎ ﺍﻟـﻰ ﺍﻥ‬
‫ﺍﺼﺒﺢ ﻀﻐﻁﻪ )‪ (51 bar‬ﻭﺤﺠﻤﻪ )‪ (0.032 m3‬ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘﻪ )‪ .(1000°C‬ﺍﺭﺴﻡ ﺍﻻﺠﺭﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﻋﻠـﻰ‬
‫ﻤﺨﻁﻁ )‪ (P-V‬ﻭﺍﺤﺴﺏ‪ (1) :‬ﺤﺠﻡ ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍﺀ ﻗﺒل ﻭﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻻﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﺍﻻﻴﺯﻭﺜﺭﻤﻠـﻲ‪ (2) .‬ﺼـﺎﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤـﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻐل ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﻘﻠﻴﻥ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻤﹰﺎ ﺃﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪R = 0.287 kJ/kg.K ، γ =1.4‬‬
‫ﺝ‪(-157.5 kJ ، -63.72 kJ ، 0.272 m3 ، 0.681 m3) :‬‬

‫)‪(5.32‬‬
‫ﺍﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﺔ ﺤﺠﻤﻬﺎ )‪ (300 L‬ﺘﺤﺘﻭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻭﻜﺴﺠﻴﻥ ﻀﻐﻁﻪ ) ‪ (3.1 MN/m‬ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘﻪ )‪.(18°C‬‬
‫‪2‬‬

‫ﻓﺘﺢ ﺍﻟﺼﻤﺎﻡ ﻭﺍﺴﺘﻌﻤل ﻗﺴﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﻓﺄﺼﺒﺢ ﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻻﻭﻜﺴﺠﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺒﻘﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﺔ )‪(1.7 MN/m2‬‬
‫ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘﻪ )‪ .(15°C‬ﺒﻌﺩ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺇﻏﻼﻕ ﺍﻟﺼﻤﺎﻡ ﺇﻨﺘﻘﻠﺕ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺒﺜﺒﻭﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻡ ﺒﺤﻴﺙ ﻋﺎﺩ ﺍﻻﻭﻜﺴﺠﻴﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺒﻘﻲ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘﻪ ﺍﻻﺒﺘﺩﺍﺌﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻋﻠﻤﺕ ﺍﻥ )‪ (Cp=0.91 kJ/kg.K) ،(γ=1.4‬ﻟﻸﻭﻜـﺴﺠﻴﻥ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﺤﺴﺏ‪:‬‬
‫)ﺃ( ﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﻻﻭﻜﺴﺠﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻌﻤل )ﺏ( ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﻘﻠﺔ ﺨﻼل ﺠﺩﺭﺍﻥ ﺍﻻﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻻﻭﻜـﺴﺠﻴﻥ‬
‫ﺒﻌﺩ ﻏﻠﻕ ﺍﻟﺼﻤﺎﻡ )ﺝ( ﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻻﻭﻜﺴﺠﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺌﻲ‪.‬‬
‫ﺝ‪(1.72 MN/m2 ، 10.725 kJ ، 5.5 kg) :‬‬

‫)‪(5.33‬‬
‫ﻏﺎﺯ ﻓﻲ ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻤﻐﻠﻕ ﻜﺘﻠﺘﻪ )‪ (0.75 kg‬ﻭﻀﻐﻁﻪ )‪ (1 bar‬ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘـﻪ )‪ (20°C‬ﻀـﻐﻁ ﺒـﺈﺠﺭﺍﺀ‬
‫ﺍﻴﺯﻭﺜﺭﻤﻠﻲ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻥ ﺍﺼﺒﺢ ﺤﺠﻤﻪ ﻨﺼﻑ ﺤﺠﻤﻪ ﺍﻻﺒﺘﺩﺍﺌﻲ ﻭﺒﻌﺩ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻀﻐﻁ ﺒـﺈﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺒـﻭﻟﺘﺭﻭﺒﻲ ﺤـﺴﺏ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ )‪ (PV1.3=C.‬ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻥ ﺍﺼﺒﺢ ﺤﺠﻤﻪ ﺭﺒﻊ ﺤﺠﻤﻪ ﺍﻻﺒﺘﺩﺍﺌﻲ‪ .‬ﺍﺭﺴﻡ ﺍﻻﺠﺭﺍﺀﻴﻥ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﻤﺨﻁـﻁ ‪(P-‬‬
‫)‪ ،V‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻋﻠﻤﺕ ﺃﻥ‪ (Cv=0.718 kJ/kg.K :‬ﻭ )‪ .(Cp=1 kJ/kg.K‬ﺍﺤﺴﺏ ﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻲ‪:‬‬
‫ﺃ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔ ﻜل ﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀ‪.‬‬
‫ﺏ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺸﻐل ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺒﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺤﻴﻁ ﻓﻲ ﻜل ﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀ‪.‬‬
‫ﺠـ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻜل ﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀ‪.‬‬
‫ﺝ‪:‬‬
‫) ‪(36.46 kJ، 11.3 kJ، 47.73 kJ، -43 kJ ،360.7K، 5bar، 2bar، 0.1549m3، 0.3098m3، 0.6197m3‬‬

‫)‪(158‬‬
 ‫)‪(5.34‬‬
‫ﻏﺎﺯ ﻤﺜﺎﻟﻲ ﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻓﻲ ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻤﻐﻠﻕ ﻴﻤﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﺠﺭﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫)‪ (1‬ﺍﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺒﺜﺒﻭﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻡ ﻟﻴﺭﺘﻔﻊ ﻀﻐﻁﻪ ﻤﻥ )‪ (2 bar‬ﺍﻟﻰ )‪.(7 bar‬‬
‫)‪ (2‬ﺘﻤﺩﺩ ﺍﺩﻴﺎﺒﺎﺘﻲ‪.‬‬
‫)‪ (3‬ﺇﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﺍﻴﺯﻭﺜﺭﻤﻠﻲ ﻟﻴﻌﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺤﺎﻟﺘﻪ ﺍﻻﺒﺘﺩﺍﺌﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ )‪ (Qo‬ﺘﻤﺜل ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﺭﻭﺤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻻﻴﺯﻭﺜﺭﻤﻠـﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﻜﺎﻨـﺕ )‪ (Qin‬ﺘﻤﺜـل ﺍﻟﺤـﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬
‫ﻭﺍﺭﺴﻡ ﺍﻻﺠﺭﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺨﻁﻁ )‪.(P-V‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺜﺒﻭﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻡ‪ .‬ﺍﺤﺴﺏ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ) (‬
‫‪Qo‬‬
‫‪Qin‬‬

‫ﺝ‪.(0.5) :‬‬

‫)‪(159‬‬
 ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺩﺱ – ﺍﻷﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺘﻮﺣﺔ‬

‫)‪ -(6.1‬ﺍﻻﻨﻅﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺘﻭﺤﺔ ‪The Open Systems‬‬

‫ﺍﻥ ﺍﻻﺠﺭﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﻨﻅﻤﺔ ﺘﺨﻀﻊ ﻟﻠﻤﺨﻁﻁ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‪:‬‬

‫‪Non-Flow‬‬ ‫)‪(NFEE‬‬

‫‪Process‬‬ ‫)‪Non-Steady (NSFEE‬‬

‫‪Flow‬‬
‫‪Steady‬‬ ‫)‪(SFEE‬‬

‫ﺴﺒﻕ ﺍﻥ ﺘﻤﺕ ﻤﻨﺎﻗﺸﺔ ﺍﺠﺭﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﻋﺩﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺩﻓﻕ )‪ (Non-Flow‬ﺍﻭ ﺍﻻﻨﻅﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻐﻠﻘﺔ ﻭﺭﻤﺯ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ )‪ .(NFEE‬ﻭﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻔﺼل ﺴـﻨﻨﺎﻗﺵ ﺍﺠـﺭﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘـﺩﻓﻕ )‪ (Flow Process‬ﻭﺍﻻﻨﻅﻤـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺘﻭﺤﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻥ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺘﺩﻓﻘﹰﺎ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﻨﺘﻅﻡ )‪ ،(Non-Steady‬ﺍﻭ ﺘﺩﻓﻘﹰﺎ ﻤﻨﺘﻅﻤﹰﺎ )‪.(Steady‬‬
‫ﻴﺭﻤﺯ ﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺩﻓﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﻅﻡ ﺒـ )‪ ،(SFEE‬ﻭﻴﺘﻤﻴﺯ ﺒﻤﺎ ﻴﺄﺘﻲ‪:‬‬
‫‪ (m‬ﺜﺎﺒﺘﺎﹰ ﻭﻤﺘﺴﺎﻭﻴﹰﺎ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﺨل ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺨﺭﺝ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -1‬ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻌﺩل ﺍﻟﺘﺩﻓﻕ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﻲ ) &‬
‫‪ -2‬ﺘﺩﻓﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻊ ﻭﺍﻨﺘﻘﺎل ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻐل ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺒﻤﻌﺩل ﺯﻤﻨﻲ ﻤﻨﺘﻅﻡ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -3‬ﻻ ﺘﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻊ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻴﺔ ﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺯﻤﻥ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -4‬ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻴﺔ ﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺌﻊ ﺨﺎﺼﻴﺔ ﺜﺭﻤﻭﺩﻴﻨﺎﻤﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻜﺎﻟـ )‪ (ν ،T ،P‬ﻭﺨﺎﺼﻴﺔ ﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﺸﻤل ﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻊ ﻭﺍﺭﺘﻔﺎﻋﻪ ﻓﻭﻕ ﺨﻁ ﻗﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﻤﻌﻴﻥ‪ .‬ﻗﺩ ﺘﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻫﺎﺘﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼﻴﺘﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺩ ﺘﺅﺜﺭﺍﻥ ﻓـﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻐل ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﻘﻠﻴﻥ ﻋﺒﺭ ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻭﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻤﻥ ﺍﻻﻤﺜﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﻨﻅﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺘﻭﺤﺔ‪ ،‬ﺘﻤﺩﺩ ﻏﺎﺯ ﻋﺒﺭ ﻓﻭﻫﺔ‪ ،‬ﺒﺨﺎﺭ ﻴﺘﺩﻓﻕ ﻋﺒﺭ ﺘـﻭﺭﺒﻴﻥ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻤـﺎﺀ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﻟﻰ ﻤﺭﺠل ﻭﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﺘﺭﻜﻪ ﻜﺒﺨﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﻏﺎﺯ ﻴﻀﻐﻁ ﻓﻲ ﻀﺎﻏﻁ … ﺍﻟﺦ‪.‬‬
‫ﺇﻥ ﺸﻜل )‪ (6.3-b‬ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺴﻴﺭﺩ ﺫﻜﺭﻩ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺒﻌﺩ‪ ،‬ﻴﻭﻀﺢ ﺘﺩﻓﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻊ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﻨﻅﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺘﻭﺤﺔ‪.‬‬
‫)‪ -(6.2‬ﺍﻟﺸﻐل ﺍﻟﺼﺎﻓﻲ ‪Net Work‬‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﻨﻅﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺘﻭﺤﺔ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻨﻭﻋﺎﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﻐل ﻫﻤﺎ ﺸـﻐل ﻋﻤـﻭﺩ ﺍﻻﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﺸـﻐل ﺍﻟﺠﺭﻴـﺎﻥ‪،‬‬
‫ﻤﻭﻀﺤﺎﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻵﺘﻴﺔ‪:‬‬

‫)‪(160‬‬
 ‫)‪ -(6.2.1‬ﺸﻐل ﻋﻤﻭﺩ ﺍﻻﺩﺍﺭﺓ ‪Shaft Work‬‬
‫ﺭﻤﺯﻩ )‪ .(Ws‬ﺭﺒﻤﺎ ﻴﺘﺒﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻻﺫﻫﺎﻥ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﻐل )‪ (W‬ﻓﻲ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﻫـﻭ ﻤﺠـﺭﺩ ﺸـﻐل‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻭﺩ )‪ .(Ws‬ﺍﻻ ﺍﻥ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺼﺤﻴﺢ‪ .‬ﻓﻤﺼﻁﻠﺢ ﺸﻐل ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻭﺩ ﻴﺴﺘﻌﻤل ﻟﻠﺩﻻﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﻐل ﺍﻟﺨـﺎﺭﺠﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﻘل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻭ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ )‪ (External Work Done‬ﻓﻲ ﺍﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﺠﺭﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻊ ﺨﻼل ﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﻤﺎ ﻭﺍﻟـﺫﻱ‬
‫ﻴﻨﻘل ﺒﻭﺴﺎﻁﺔ ﻋﻤﻭﺩ ﻴﺒﺭﺯ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺎﺯ‪ ،‬ﺸﻜل )‪ ،(6.1‬ﻴﺘﺤﺭﻙ ﺩﻭﺭﺍﻨﻴﺎﹰ‪ ،‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜل )‪ (6.1-a‬ﺍﻭ ﺘﺭﺩﺩﻴﺎﹰ‪،‬‬
‫ﻜﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜل )‪.(6.1-b‬‬

‫ﺸﻜل )‪ -(6.1‬ﺸﻐل ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻭﺩ )‪(Ws‬‬

‫)‪ -(6.2.2‬ﺸﻐل ﺍﻭ ﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺭﻴﺎﻥ ‪Flow Work‬‬

‫ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻭ ﺍﻟﺸﻐل ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺘﺞ ﺒﺴﺒﺏ ﺠﺭﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻊ‪ .‬ﺇﻥ ﺃﻱ ﺤﺠﻡ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺎﺌﻊ ﻴﺩﺨل ﺍﻭ ﻴﺨﺭﺝ ﻤـﻥ ﺍﻭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻴﺠﺏ ﺍﻥ ﻴﺯﻴﺢ ﺤﺠﻤﹰﺎ ﻤﺴﺎﻭﻴﹰﺎ ﻟﻪ ﻟﻴﺘﺴﻨﻰ ﻟﻪ ﺍﻟﺩﺨﻭل ﺍﻭ ﺍﻟﺨﺭﻭﺝ‪ .‬ﻋﻨﺩﺌ ٍﺫ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﺭﻴﺎﻥ ﻤﺴﺘﻘﺭﹰﺍ‬
‫ﻼ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺯﺍﺤﺔ‪ ،‬ﻴﺴﻤﻰ ﺒـﺸﻐل ﺍﻟﺠﺭﻴـﺎﻥ )‪،(Flow Work‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺯﻴﺤﺔ ﻴﺠﺏ ﺍﻥ ﺘﻨﺠﺯ ﺸﻐ ﹰ‬
‫ﺭﻤﺯﻩ )‪.(WFlow‬‬
‫ﻨﻔﺘﺭﺽ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻊ ﻴﺘﺩﻓﻕ ﺒﺄﻨﺘﻅﺎﻡ ﻀﻤﻥ ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻤﻔﺘﻭﺡ‪ ،‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺸـﻜل )‪ ،(6.2-a‬ﺤﻴـﺙ ﻴـﺩﺨل‬
‫‪ ( V‬ﺤﺠـﻡ ﺍﻟﻤـﺎﺌﻊ‬
‫‪ .(m‬ﻭﺍﻥ ﺸﺭﻭﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻊ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﺩﺨﻭل )‪ (P1‬ﺘﻤﺜل ﺍﻟـﻀﻐﻁ‪& )،‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫ﻭﻴﺨﺭﺝ ﺒﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺩل ) &‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺩﻓﻕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺤﺩﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﺸﺭﻭﻁﻪ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﺨﺭﻭﺝ ) ‪& , P‬‬
‫‪(V‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬

‫)‪(161‬‬
‫ﻭﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻴﺠﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻊ ﻤﻥ )‪ (1‬ﺍﻟﻰ )‪ (2‬ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺸﻜل ﺍﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﺔ ﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﻤﻘﻁﻌﻬﺎ )‪ ،(A‬ﺘﺘﻘﻠﺹ‬
‫ﺍﻭ ﺘﺘﻤﺩﺩ ﺘﺒﻌﹰﺎ ﻟﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻁﻊ ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ‪ .‬ﺇﻥ ﺍﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻊ ﺴﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﻁـﻭل‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺭ ﺘﺤﺕ ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﻗﻭﺘﻴﻥ ﺍﻭ ﻨﻭﻋﻴﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﻐل ﺍﻟﺠﺭﻴﺎﻨﻲ ﻫﻤﺎ‪-:‬‬

‫ﺸﻜل )‪ -(6.2‬ﺍﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺸﻐل‬

‫‪ -1‬ﺍﻟﺸﻐل ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨل ‪ :(WFlow)in‬ﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺜﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻊ ﺒﺄﺘﺠﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺠﺭﻴﺎﻥ‪ .‬ﺃﻱ ﺍﻟﺸﻐل ﺍﻟـﻼﺯﻡ‬
‫‪ (m‬ﺍﻟﻰ ﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ )‪ (L1‬ﻭﻴﺴﺎﻭﻱ‪:‬‬
‫ﻟﺩﻓﻊ ﻜﻴﻠﻭ ﻏﺭﺍﻡ ﻭﺍﺤﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻊ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺤﺩﺓ ) &‬

‫‪& 1 = P1ν 1m‬‬

‫‪( WFlow ) in = F1L 1 = P1 A 1L 1 = P1 V‬‬ ‫&‬ ‫)‪....... (6.1‬‬

‫ﻭﺍﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ )‪ (ν‬ﺘﻤﺜل ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻲ ﻓﺴﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﻐل ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻲ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ ﻟﻜل )‪ (1kg/s‬ﻴﺴﺎﻭﻱ‪:‬‬
‫‪(w Flow )in = P1ν 1‬‬ ‫)‪....... (6.2‬‬

‫‪ -2‬ﺍﻟﺸﻐل ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺝ ‪ : (WFlow)out‬ﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺜﺭﺓ ﺒﺎﻻﺘﺠﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻜﺱ ﻟﺠﺭﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻊ )‪ .(F2‬ﺃﻱ‬
‫‪ (m‬ﺍﻟﻰ ﺨﺎﺭﺝ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻟﻤـﺴﺎﻓﺔ ‪L2‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻐل ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻡ ﻟﺩﻓﻊ ﻜﻴﻠﻭ ﻏﺭﺍﻡ ﻭﺍﺤﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻊ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺤﺩﺓ ) &‬
‫ﻭﻴﺴﺎﻭﻱ‪:‬‬
‫‪( WFlow )out‬‬ ‫‪& 2 = P2 ν 2m‬‬
‫‪= F2 L 2 = P2 A 2 L 2 = P2 V‬‬ ‫&‬ ‫)‪....... (6.3‬‬

‫ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻐل ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻲ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ‪:‬‬

‫‪(w Flow )out = P2 ν 2‬‬ ‫)‪....... (6.4‬‬
‫ﻭﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻓﺄﻥ ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻓﻲ ﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻭ ﺸﻐل ﺍﻟﺠﺭﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻲ ﻴﺴﺎﻭﻱ‪-:‬‬
‫‪∆wFlow = (wFlow)out – (wFlow)in‬‬ ‫)‪……. (6.5‬‬

‫‪∆wFlow = P2ν2 - P2ν2 = ∆Pν‬‬ ‫)‪…….. (6.6‬‬

‫)‪(162‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﻜﺫﺍ ﺴﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﻐل ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻲ )‪ (w‬ﻓﻲ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﺠﺒﺭﻱ ﻟﻠﺸﻐل ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﻘـل‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻐل ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻲ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﻓﻲ )‪ (wnet‬ﻭﻴﺴﺎﻭﻱ‪:‬‬

‫‪wnet = ws + ∆wFlow = ws + ∆Pν‬‬ ‫)‪………. (6.7‬‬

‫‪or‬‬
‫‪Wnet = Ws + ∆PV‬‬ ‫)‪……….. (6.8‬‬

‫ﻼ ﻋﻠـﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﺸﻐل ﺍﻻﺯﺍﺤﻲ ﻓﻬﻭ ﺍﻟﺸﻐل ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺘﺞ ﺒﺴﺒﺏ ﺇﺯﺍﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻊ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺯﻴﺤﺔ ﺘﻨﺠﺯ ﺸـﻐ ﹰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺯﺍﺤﺔ‪ ،‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺸﻜل )‪ (6.2-b‬ﻟﺘﺯﻴﺢ ﻤﻜﺒﺴﹰﺎ ﻤﻥ ﻤﻭﻗﻊ ﻵﺨﺭ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺸﻐل ﺍﻻﺯﺍﺤﻲ ﻭﺭﻤﺯﻩ )‪(Wdis.‬‬
‫ﻴﺴﺘﺨﺭﺝ ﺒﺎﻟﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺫﻜﻭﺭﺓ ﺁﻨﻔﹰﺎ‪.‬‬
‫‪∆wnet = ∆wDisp. = P2ν2 – P1ν2 = ∆Pν‬‬ ‫)‪………. (6.9‬‬
‫‪or‬‬
‫‪Wnet = ∆PV‬‬ ‫)‪………. (6.10‬‬

‫)‪ -(6.3‬ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﻨﻅﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺘﻭﺤﺔ ‪Energy Equation for Open System‬‬
‫ﺘﻨﺘﻘل ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻻﻨﻅﻤﺔ ﺒﺄﺸﻜﺎﻟﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻭﻜﺫﻟﻙ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﻋﺒﺭ ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻭﺩ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺍﻟﺨـﻭﺍﺹ‬
‫‪ (m‬ﻓﺘـﺴﻤﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻌـﺎﺩﺍﺓ ﺒﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟـﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗـﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﺭﻴـﺎﻥ ﻏﻴـﺭ ﺍﻟﻤـﺴﺘﻘﺭ‬ ‫ﺃﻱ ‪& out‬‬
‫‪& in ≠ m‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﻤﺘﻐﻴـﺭﺓ )‬
‫)‪ .(Unsteady Flow Energy Equation‬ﻴﺭﻤﺯ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺇﺨﺘﺼﺎﺭﹰﺍ )‪ .(USFEE‬ﺇﻥ ﻫـﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻨـﻭﻉ ﻤـﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺠﺭﻴﺎﻥ ﻻ ﻴﻬﻤﻨﺎ ﻜﺜﻴﺭﺍﹰ‪ ،‬ﺸﻜل )‪.(6.3-a‬‬
‫ﺍﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻉ ﺍﻵﺨﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻬﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﺭﻴﺎﻥ ﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﺠﺭﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺭ )‪ ،(Steady Flow‬ﻭﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴـﺼﺎﺩﻓﻨﺎ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻁﺒﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺩﺴﻴﺔ ﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﺩﺨل ﻭﺘﺨﺭﺝ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺒﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺩل‪ ،‬ﻭﻜﺫﻟﻙ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺘﻨﺘﻘل ﺒﺸﻜل ﻤﺴﺘﻘﺭ‪ ،‬ﻟﺫﻟﻙ‬
‫ﺘﺴﻤﻰ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺒﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﺭﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺭ )‪ (Steady Flow Energy Equation‬ﻴﺭﻤﺯ ﻟﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺇﺨﺘﺼﺎﺭﹰﺍ ﺒـ )‪ ،(SFEE‬ﺸﻜل )‪.(6.3-b‬‬
‫ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﺭﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺭ ﻴﻌﻨﻲ ﺍﻥ ﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺩﻓﻕ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻱ ﻤﻘﻁﻊ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻴﺠـﺏ ﺍﻥ ﺘﻜـﻭﻥ‬
‫ﺜﺎﺒﺘﺔ ﻭﻻ ﺘﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻤﻊ ﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺯﻤﻥ‪ .‬ﺃﻱ ﺍﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪ (m‬ﻭﻤﻌﺩل ﺍﻟﺘﺩﻓﻕ )‪ (Flow Rate‬ﻋﺒﺭ ﺃﻱ ﻤﻘﻁﻊ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻅـﺎﻡ‬
‫‪ .1‬ﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺩﻓﻕ ﻓﻲ ﻭﺤﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺯﻤﻥ ) &‬
‫ﺜﺎﺒﺘﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .2‬ﺇﻨﺘﻘﺎل ﺍﻟﺸﻐل ﺍﻭ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻴﺠﺏ ﺍﻥ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺒﻤﻌﺩل ﺯﻤﻨﻲ ﻤﻨﺘﻅﻡ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ ﺍﻥ ﻤﻌﺩل ﺍﻻﻨﺘﻘﺎل ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺜﺎﺒﺘﹰﺎ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺭﻜﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺨﺎﺭﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻭﺭﺒﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﻼﺠﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻀﻭﺍﻏﻁ ﻭﻏﻴﺭﻫﺎ‪.‬‬

‫)‪(163‬‬
 ‫ﺸﻜل )‪ -(6.3‬ﺠﺭﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺌﻊ‬

‫ﻨﻔﺘﺭﺽ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻤﻔﺘﻭﺡ‪ ،‬ﺸﻜل )‪ (6.3-b‬ﻴﺠﺭﻱ ﺨﻼﻟـﻪ ﺍﻟﻤـﺎﺌﻊ ﺸـﺭﻭﻁﻪ ﻋﻨـﺩ ﺍﻟـﺩﺨﻭل‬
‫)‪ (C1 ،µ1 ،ν1 ،P1‬ﻭﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﺨﺭﻭﺝ )‪ .(C2 ،µ2 ،ν2 ،P2‬ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻭﻟﻜل )‪ (1kg‬ﺘﺸﻤل‪:‬‬
‫‪ -1‬ﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻭ ﺸﻐل ﺍﻟﺠﺭﻴﺎﻥ )‪.(Pν‬‬
‫‪ -2‬ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﻴﺔ )‪.(µ‬‬
‫‪⎛ C2‬‬ ‫⎞‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫⎜‬
‫‪⎜ 2‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﻴﺔ ⎟‬
‫⎟‬ ‫‪ -3‬ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ‬
‫⎝‬ ‫⎠‬
‫‪ -4‬ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻤﻨﺔ )‪.(gz‬‬
‫ﻓﻠﻭ ﺍﻀﻴﻔﺕ ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ )‪ (q‬ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻓﺴﻴﺘﺤﻭل ﺠﺯﺀ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺸﻐل ﻭﺍﻟﺠﺯﺀ ﺍﻵﺨﺭ ﺍﻟﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﺴﺘﻨﺎﺩﹰﺍ ﺍﻟﻰ ﻗﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﺤﻔﻅ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﻓﺈﻥ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺠﺔ )‪ = (Eout‬ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﺔ )‪(Ein‬‬
‫ﺍﻭ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺌﻴﺔ ‪ +‬ﺸﻐل ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻭﺩ )‪ = (ws‬ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺒﺘﺩﺍﺌﻴﺔ ‪q +‬‬
‫‪C12‬‬ ‫‪C2‬‬
‫‪q + P1ν 1 + µ 1 +‬‬ ‫‪+ gz 1 = w s + P2 ν 2 + µ 2 + 2 + gz 2‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪C − C1‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪q = (µ 2 − µ 1 ) + 2‬‬ ‫‪+ g∆z 12 + ∆Pν + w s‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪q = ∆µ + ∆KE + ∆PE + ∆Pν + w s‬‬

‫ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﻋﺎﻤﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻤﻐﻠﻕ ﻭﺒﺈﻫﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺘﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺎﻤﻨﺔ ﻓﻴﻨـﺘﺞ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟـﺔ ﺭﻤﺯﻫـﺎ‬
‫)‪ (NFEE‬ﻭﺘﻌﺒﻴﺭﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﺭﻴﺎﻀﻲ‪:‬‬
‫‪q – (∆Pν + ws) = ∆µ‬‬ ‫)‪………… (6.11‬‬
‫‪∴ q – wnet = ∆µ‬‬ ‫)‪………… (6.12‬‬

‫)‪(164‬‬
 ‫ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻤﻔﺘﻭﺡ ﻓﻴﻨﺘﺞ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺭﻤﺯﻫﺎ )‪ (SFEE‬ﻭﺘﻌﺒﻴﺭﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﺭﻴﺎﻀﻲ‪:‬‬
‫)‪q –ws = ∆µ + ∆Pν = ∆ (µ + Pν‬‬ ‫)‪..……… (6.13‬‬
‫‪∴ q – ws = ∆h‬‬ ‫)‪………… (6.14‬‬
‫ﺇﻥ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﺍﻟـ )‪ (NFEE‬ﻭﺍﻟـ )‪ (SFEE‬ﺘﺩﻋﻰ ﺍﺤﻴﺎﻨﹰﺎ ﺒﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻁﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ ( W‬ﺍﻭ‬
‫ـﺸﻐل) &‬
‫ـﺩل ﺍﻟـ‬
‫ـﺎ ﻤﻌـ‬
‫ـﻭل )‪ .(J‬ﺍﻤـ‬ ‫ـﺩﺍﺘﻬﻤﺎ ﺠـ‬ ‫ـﺔ ﻭﺤـ‬‫ـﺎ ﻁﺎﻗـ‬
‫ـﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻫﻤـ‬
‫ـﺸﻐل ﻭﺍﻟﺤـ‬
‫ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟـ‬
‫‪ (Q‬ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﻘﻠﻴﻥ ﻓﻬﻤﺎ ﻗﺩﺭﺓ ﻭﺤﺩﺍﺘﻬﻤﺎ ﺍﻟـﻭﺍﻁ ) ‪ . (W = J‬ﻓﺒﻌـﺩ ﺍﻴﺠـﺎﺩ )‪ (ws‬ﺍﻭ )‪ (q‬ﺒﺤـﺴﺏ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ) &‬
‫‪s‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺫﻜﻭﺭﺓ ﺁﻨﻔﹰﺎ ﻓﺘﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﻜﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‪:‬‬
‫‪& =m‬‬
‫‪W‬‬ ‫‪& . ws‬‬ ‫)‪......... (6.15‬‬
‫‪& =m‬‬
‫‪Q‬‬ ‫‪& .q‬‬ ‫)‪........... (6.16‬‬

‫‪ (m‬ﺘﻤﺜل ﻤﻌﺩل ﺘﺩﻓﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻊ ﺒﻭﺤﺩﺍﺕ )‪ . (kg/s‬ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﻜﺘﺎﺒﺔ )‪ (ws‬ﺒﺩﻭﻥ ﺫﻜـﺭ )‪ (s‬ﺃﻱ )‪(w‬‬
‫ﺤﻴﺙ ﺍﻥ ) &‬
‫ﻓﻘﻁ‪.‬‬
‫)‪ -(6.4‬ﺘﻁﺒﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﺍﻻﻭل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﻨﻅﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺘﻭﺤﺔ‬
‫‪Application of the First Law of Thermodynamics on the Open System‬‬
‫ﺇﻥ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺩﻓﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻨﻁﺒﻕ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﻟﻸﻨﻅﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺘﻭﺤـﺔ ‪(Energy Equation‬‬
‫)‪ for Open System‬ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻨﻭﻋﻴﻥ‪ :‬ﺍﻻﻭل ﻭﻴﺴﻤﻰ ﺒﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺩﻓﻕ ﻏﻴـﺭ ﺍﻟﻤـﺴﺘﻘﺭ ‪(Unsteady‬‬
‫)‪ Flow Process‬ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ ﻭﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻡ ﻭﻴﺴﻤﻰ ﺒﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺩﻓﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺭ )‪.(Steady Flow Process‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺍﻤﺜﻠﺔ ﻜﺜﻴﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺩﻓﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺭ ﻤﺜل‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺠل‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺜﻑ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻀﺎﻏﻁ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺘـﻭﺭﺒﻴﻥ‪،‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻔﺙ‪ ،‬ﺼﻤﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻨﻕ … ﺍﻟﺦ‪ .‬ﻭﺴﻨﺘﻨﺎﻭل ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺒﺸﻜل ﺘﻔﺼﻴﻠﻲ ﻭﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﺄﺘﻲ‪:‬‬
‫)‪ -(6.4.1‬ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺠل ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻜﺜﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺨﺎﺭﻴﺔ ‪Boiler & Steam Condenser‬‬
‫ﻴﺘﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺠل ﺍﻟﺒﺨﺎﺭﻱ ﺘﺤﻭﻴل ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺒﺨﺎﺭ ﺒﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﻀﻐﻁ ﻤـﺭﺘﻔﻌﻴﻥ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﻐـﺭﺽ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻓﻅﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺠل ﺘﺠﻬﺯ ﻤﻀﺨﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﺫﻴﺔ ﻤﺎ ‪‬ﺀ ﺒﻤﻌﺩل ﺯﻤﻨﻲ ﻴﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺩل ﺍﻟﺯﻤﻨﻲ‬
‫ﻟﺘﺩﻓﻕ ﺍﻟﺒﺨﺎﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺠل‪ ،‬ﺸﻜل )‪ .(6.4‬ﻭﻴﺠﺏ ﺘﺠﻬﻴﺯ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻕ ﺒﺎﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﺒﻤﻌﺩل ﺯﻤﻨﻲ ﻤﻨﺘﻅﻡ ﻟﻜﻲ‬

‫ﺸﻜل )‪ -(6.4‬ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺠل‬

‫)‪(165‬‬
‫ﻴﺴﺘﻤﺭ ﺇﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﺒﺨﺎﺭ ﺒﻬﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺩل ﻭﺒﻀﻐﻁ ﻤﻨﺘﻅﻡ‪ .‬ﺘﺤﺕ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻭﻁ ﺘﺜﺒﺕ ﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻊ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻱ ﻤﻘﻁـﻊ‬
‫ﻀﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﺯﻤﻥ‪ .‬ﺇﻥ ﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺩﻓﻕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺠل ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻜﺜﻑ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺴﻨﺘﺤﺩﺙ ﻋﻨﻪ ﻻﺤﻘﹰﺎ ﺘﺘﻤﻴـﺯ‬
‫ﺒﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻲ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -1‬ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻕ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺴﺭﻋﺘﻲ ﺍﻟﺩﺨﻭل ﻭﺍﻟﺨﺭﻭﺝ ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺌﻊ ﺼﻐﻴﺭ‪ ،‬ﻟﺫﺍ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻫﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -2‬ﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻊ ﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﺼﻐﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺴﺭﻋﺘﻪ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﺨل ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺨﺭﺝ‪ ،‬ﻟـﺫﺍ ﻴﻬﻤـل ﺘـﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺇﺤﺘﻜـﺎﻙ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻠﺯﻭﺠﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -3‬ﻋﻨﺩ ﺇﻓﺘﺭﺍﺽ ﻋﺩﻡ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺇﺤﺘﻜﺎﻙ‪ ،‬ﻓﺴﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﺜﺎﺒﺕ ﻋﺒﺭ ﻜﺎﻤل ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺎﺯ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -4‬ﺍﻻﺭﺘﻔﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺭﺃﺴﻴﺔ ﻟﻔﺘﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﺨﻭل ﻭﺍﻟﺨﺭﻭﺝ ﻤﺘﻘﺎﺭﺒﺔ ﻓﺘﻬﻤل ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻤﻨﺔ‪ .‬ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺘـﺼﺒﺢ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﺄﺘﻲ‪:‬‬

‫‪Q‬‬‫‪& 12 = ∆ H‬‬
‫‪& 12 = m‬‬‫‪& s (h 2 − h 1 ) = m‬‬
‫) ‪& .Cp (T2 - T1‬‬ ‫)‪............. (6.17‬‬
‫ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺠل ) ‪(Q in‬ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺎﺘﺠﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺤﺭﻕ ﺍﻟﻭﻗﻭﺩ ﺃﻜﺒﺭ ﻤـﻥ ﺍﻟﺤـﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘـﻲ‬
‫&‬
‫‪ (Q‬ﻟﺫﺍ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺠل ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﺘﻌﺭﻑ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻵﺘﻴﺔ‪:‬‬‫ﺘﺤﻭل ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﺨﺎﺭ ) &‬
‫‪12‬‬

‫‪Q‬‬‫&‬ ‫) ‪& (h − h 1‬‬

‫‪m‬‬
‫‪η th = 12 = s 2‬‬ ‫)‪............. (6.18‬‬
‫‪Q‬‬‫&‬ ‫‪m‬‬‫‪& f . LCV‬‬
‫‪in‬‬

‫ﺸﻜل )‪ -(6.5‬ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺜﻑ‬

‫‪ ( m‬ﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﻗـﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺘﺭﻗـﺔ ﺒﺎﻟــ )‪،(kg/s‬‬

‫‪ ( m‬ﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺨﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺩﻓﻕ ﺒﺎﻟـ )‪& f ) ، (kg/s‬‬
‫ﺤﻴﺙ ﺍﻥ ) ‪& s‬‬
‫)‪ (LCV‬ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻭﻗﻭﺩ ﺒﺎﻟـ )‪. (kJ/kg‬‬
‫ﺍﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺜﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺨﺎﺭﻴﺔ ﻓﻤﺒﺩﺃ ﻋﻤﻠﻬﺎ ﻋﻜﺱ ﻋﻤل ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺠل ﺍﻟﺒﺨﺎﺭﻱ‪ .‬ﻓﻔﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺠل ﺍﻟﺒﺨـﺎﺭﻱ ﻜﻤـﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻭﻀﺤﻨﺎ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﺘﺠﻬﺯ ﻟﺘﺤﻭﻴل ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺌل ﺍﻟﻰ ﺒﺨﺎﺭ‪ .‬ﺍﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺜﻑ ﻓﻴﻘﻭﻡ ﺒﻤﻬﻤﺔ ﺇﻨﺘـﺯﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗـﺔ‬

‫)‪(166‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺨﺎﺭ ﻟﺘﺤﻭﻴﻠﻪ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺴﺎﺌل‪ .‬ﻭﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻘﺭﺍﺭ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺌل ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺜﻑ ﺍﻟﺘـﻲ ﺘـﺩﻋﻰ‬
‫ﺒﻨﺎﺘﺞ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺜﻴﻑ‪ ،‬ﺸﻜل )‪ (6.5‬ﻭﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺠﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺜﻑ ﻤﺴﺎﻭﻴﺔ ﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺨﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻴﻪ‪ .‬ﻓﻌﻨﺩ ﺇﻫﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﺸﻐل‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺎﻤﻨﺔ ﻓﺴﻴﻨﺘﺞ ﻤﻥ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻥ ﻤﻌﺩل ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﻨﺘﺯﻋﻬﺎ ﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺘﻜـﺎﻓﺊ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺼﺎﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﻨﺜﺎﻟﺒﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺸﻐﺎﻟﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ‪:‬‬

‫‪& = ∆H‬‬
‫‪Q‬‬ ‫‪& =m‬‬ ‫‪& w (h 2 − h 1 ) = m‬‬
‫) ‪& w .Cp w (T2 - T1‬‬ ‫)‪................. (6.19‬‬
‫‪12‬‬ ‫‪12‬‬

‫ﻭﺒﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ‪ ،h1 > h2‬ﻟﺫﺍ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺇﺸﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺴﺎﻟﺒﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ ﻤﻔﻘﻭﺩﺓ‪.‬‬

‫)‪ -(6.4.2‬ﺍﻟﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻭﺭﺒﻴﻥ ‪Compressor & Turbine‬‬

‫ﻴﺴﺘﻌﻤل ﺍﻟﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﺠﺯﺀﹰﺍ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﻐل ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻬﺯ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﺨﺎﺭﺠﻲ ﻟﺭﻓﻊ ﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ‪ .‬ﺍﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺀ‬

‫ﺸﻜل )‪ -(6.6‬ﺍﻟﻀﺎﻏﻁ‬

‫ﺍﻵﺨﺭ ﻓﻴﺘﺤﻭل ﺍﻟﻰ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺘﻨﺘﻘل ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻭﺴﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻴﻁ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻤﻭﻀﺢ ﻓﻲ ﺸﻜل )‪.(6.6‬‬
‫ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺭﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺨﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﻭ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﻱ ﻤﺜل ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺭﻙ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺩﺩﻱ ﺘﺘﺤﻭل ﻓﻴﻪ ﺒﻌﺽ ﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻊ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺸﻐل‬
‫ﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﻲ ﻤﻭﺠﺏ ﺒﺼﻔﺔ ﺩﺍﺌﻤﺔ‪ .‬ﺍﻻ ﺍﻨﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺤﻴﻥ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﻤﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻊ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺭﻙ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺩﺩﻱ ﻓﻲ ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻤﻐﻠـﻕ ﻻ‬
‫ﺠﺭﻴﺎﻨﻲ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻨﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺭﺒﻴﻥ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻜﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻤﻔﺘﻭﺡ ﺫﻱ ﺍﻟﺠﺭﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺭ‪.‬‬
‫ﻋﻤل ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺭﺒﻴﻥ ﻋﻜﺱ ﻋﻤل ﺍﻟﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﺘﺩﻓﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻊ ﻭﻴﺘﻤﺩﺩ ﺴﺭﻴﻌﹰﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺭﺒﻴﻥ ﻤﺴﺒﺒﹰﺎ ﺩﻭﺭﺍﻥ‬
‫ﻼ ﺸﻜل )‪.(6.7‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺯﻋﺎﻨﻑ ﻭﺘﺩﻭﻴﺭ ﻋﻤﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺭﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﺴﺘﻐل ﻟﺘﺩﻭﻴﺭ ﺤﻤل ﺨﺎﺭﺠﻲ ﻜﻤﻭﻟﺩﺓ ﻜﻬﺭﺒﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻤﺜ ﹰ‬

‫)‪(167‬‬
 ‫ﺸﻜل )‪ -(6.7‬ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺭﺒﻴﻥ‬

‫ﺇﻥ ﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺩﻓﻕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻭﺭﺒﻴﻥ ﺘﺘﻤﻴﺯ ﺒﻤﺎ ﻴﺄﺘﻲ‪:‬‬

‫‪ -1‬ﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺘﺩﻓﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻊ ﻭﻋﺩﻡ ﺘﻭﻓﺭ ﺍﻟﻭﻗﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻓﻲ ﻟﻠﺘﺒﺎﺩل ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﻤﻤﺎ ﻴﺠﻌل ﺍﻻﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﺩﻴﺎﺒﺎﺘﻴﺎﹰ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ ﺍﻥ‬
‫)‪.(Q=0‬‬
‫‪ -2‬ﻋﺩﻡ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻓﺭﻕ ﻜﺒﻴﺭ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺴﺭﻋﺘﻲ ﺍﻟﺩﺨﻭل ﻭﺍﻟﺨﺭﻭﺝ ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺌﻊ ﻓﺘﻬﻤل ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -3‬ﺘﻘﺎﺭﺏ ﺍﻻﺭﺘﻔﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺭﺃﺴﻴﺔ ﻟﻔﺘﺤﺘﻲ ﺍﻟﺩﺨﻭل ﻭﺍﻟﺨﺭﻭﺝ ﻟﺫﺍ ﺘﻬﻤل ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻤﻨﺔ‪ .‬ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺘﺼﺒﺢ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﺄﺘﻲ‪:‬‬
‫‪& s = ∆H‬‬
‫‪−W‬‬ ‫‪& 12 = m‬‬
‫‪& (h 2 − h 1 ) = m‬‬
‫) ‪& .Cp.(T1 - T2‬‬ ‫)‪....... (6.20‬‬

‫‪ (W‬ﻴﻤﺜل ﻤﻌﺩل ﺸﻐل ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﻘل ﻋﺒﺭ ﺤﺩﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ‪.‬‬

‫ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟـ ) ‪& s‬‬

‫)‪ -(6.4.3‬ﺘﺴﻠﺴل ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻭﺭﺒﻴﻥ‬

‫‪Theoretical Sequence of Processes‬‬

‫ﻋﻨﺩ ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺘﻨﺎ ﻟﻠﺸﻐل ﺍﻻﺯﺍﺤﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﻨﻅﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻐﻠﻘﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﺘﻀﺢ ﻟﻨﺎ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺘﺤﺕ ﻤﻨﺤﻨﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺨﻁﻁ )‪ (P-ν‬ﻴﻤﺜل ﺍﻟﺸﻐل ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﻘل‪ ،‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜل )‪ .(6.8-a‬ﻭﺤﺴﺎﺒﻪ ﻴﺨـﻀﻊ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﻔﺎﻀل ﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ )‪ ،(dν‬ﺃﻱ‪:‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪w = ∫ Pdν‬‬
‫‪1‬‬

‫)‪(168‬‬
‫ﺍﻤﺎ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻸﻨﻅﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺘﻭﺤﺔ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﻐل ﻴﻤﺜل ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﺒﺘﺴﻠﺴل ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ‬
‫ﺠﺯﺀ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﺠﺭﻴﺎﻨﻲ ﻤﻥ )‪ (a‬ﺍﻟﻰ )‪ (1‬ﺍﻭ ﻤﻥ )‪ (2‬ﺍﻟﻰ )‪ ،(b‬ﻭﺍﻟﺠﺯﺀ ﺍﻻﺨﺭ ﻻ ﺠﺭﻴﺎﻨﻲ ﻤﻥ )‪ (1‬ﺍﻟـﻰ )‪(2‬‬
‫ﻜﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺸﻜل )‪ .(6.8-b‬ﻭﺤﺴﺎﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﻐل ﻴﺨﻀﻊ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﻔﺎﻀل ﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ )‪ ،(dP‬ﺃﻱ‪:‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪w T = ∫ dPν = Pdν + νdP‬‬ ‫)‪.......... (6.21‬‬
‫‪1‬‬

‫ﻴﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﺴل ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺭﻱ ﻟﻠﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﻤﻥ )‪ (3‬ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺸﻜل )‪ (6.9‬ﻨﻭﺠﺯﻫـﺎ‬

‫ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﺄﺘﻲ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -1‬ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺴﺤﺏ ﻤﻥ )‪ (a‬ﺍﻟﻰ )‪ (1‬ﺒﺜﺒﻭﺕ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ‪ ،‬ﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﺘﺩﻓﻕ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﻭﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺘﺼﻭﺭﻩ‬
‫ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻥ ﻤﻜﺒﺱ ﻭﺍﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺒﻤﺎ ﺍﻥ )‪ (Va=0‬ﻓﺴﻴﻜﻭﻥ‪:‬‬

‫‪w ai = P∆ν = P1 (ν 1 − ν a ) = P1ν 1‬‬ ‫)‪........... (6.22‬‬

‫‪ -2‬ﺇﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﺍﺩﻴﺒﺎﺘﻲ ﻤﻥ )‪ (1‬ﺍﻟﻰ )‪ (2‬ﻭﻴﻜﻭﻥ‪:‬‬

‫‪q/ =0 − w = ∆µ = µ 2 − µ 1‬‬
‫‪w = µ1 − µ 2‬‬ ‫)‪............. (6.23‬‬

‫)‪(169‬‬
 ‫ﺸﻜل )‪ -(6.9‬ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﺴل ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺭﻱ ﻟﻠﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻀﺎﻏﻁ‬

‫‪ -3‬ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺩﻓﻊ ﻤﻥ )‪ (2‬ﺍﻟﻰ )‪ (b‬ﺒﺜﺒﻭﺕ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ‪ ،‬ﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﻨﺩﻓﻊ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﺍﻟـﻰ ﺍﻟﺨـﺎﺭﺝ‪ .‬ﻭﺒﻤـﺎ ﺇﻥ )‪(Vb=0‬‬
‫ﻓﺴﻴﻜﻭﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪w2b = P∆ν = P2 (νb - ν2) = - P2 ν2‬‬ ‫)‪……… (6.24‬‬

‫ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻐل ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﻘل ﻫﻭ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﺸﻐل ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﻘل ﺨﻼل ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺙ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ‪:‬‬
‫)‪wT = P1ν1 + (µ1 - µ2) + (-P2 ν2‬‬
‫)‪= (P1ν1 + µ1) – (P2ν2 + µ2‬‬
‫‪= h1 – h2‬‬ ‫)‪……… (6.25‬‬

‫ﺇﻥ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﻋﻜﺱ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺭﺒﻴﻥ‪ ،‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﻤﻭﻀﺤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜل )‪.(6.10‬‬

‫ﺸﻜل )‪ -(6.10‬ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﺴل ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺭﻱ ﻟﻠﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺭﺒﻴﻥ‬

‫)‪(170‬‬
 (‫ﺇﺸﺘﻘﺎﻕ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻐل ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﻨﻅﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺘﻭﺤﺔ )ﻀﺎﻏﻁ‬
1- Adiabatic Process
2
w12 = − ∫ νdP ............ (6.26)
1
1
Q Pν γ = C.
2 2 1 1
= − ∫ ⎛⎜ C ⎞⎟ . dP = − ∫ C γ . P γ . dP
γ -

⎝P⎠ 1
1 1
⎛ C⎞γ
P2 P2 ∴ν = ⎜ ⎟
⎡ − 1 +1 ⎤ ⎡ γ −1 ⎤ ⎝P⎠
( )
1⎢ γ ⎥
⎢ γ ⎥
1
= -C γ ⎢ P ⎥ = − Pν γ γ P
⎢ γ −1⎥
1
⎢ − γ + 1⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎣ ⎦ P1 ⎣ γ ⎦ P1
P2 P2
⎡ 1 γ-1 γ .1 ⎤ ⎡ ⎤
⎢Pγ . P γ . ν γ ⎥ ⎢P . ν⎥
=-⎢ ⎥ = −⎢ γ - 1 ⎥
γ −1
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎣ γ ⎦ P1 ⎣ γ ⎦ P1
γ(P2ν 2 − P1ν1 ) γR(T2 − T1 )
=- =− ........... (6.27)
γ −1 γ −1
2- Isothermal Process
2
w 12 = − ∫ νdP ......... (6.28)
Q Pν = C.
1
2
dP P
= - ∫C = − C Ln 2 C
P P1 ∴ν =
1 P
P2 P
= - P ν Ln = − RT Ln 2 ............ (6.29)
P1 P1

(171)
 ‫)‪ -(6.4.4‬ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺭﺒﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﻴﺔ ‪Gas Turbines‬‬
‫ﺘﺘﻤﻴﺯ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺭﺒﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﻴﺔ ﺒﺒﺴﺎﻁﺘﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﻜﻴﺏ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎﻟﻬﺎ ﺍﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﺭﺨﻴﺼﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻭﻗﻭﺩ ﻭﻋـﺩﻡ‬
‫ﺤﺎﺠﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻰ ﻤﺎﺀ ﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ‪ .‬ﻟﺫﺍ ﺘﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺤﻁﺎﺕ ﺘﻭﻟﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻁﺭﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺴﻔﻥ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﻤﻨﻅﻭﻤﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺩﻓﻊ ﻟﻠﻁﺎﺌﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻭﺴﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻁﺎﺌﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻭﺩﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﺌﺭﺍﺕ ﻴﻘﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺭﺒﻴﻥ ﺒﺘﺸﻐﻴل ﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍﺀ ﻭﻴﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﺒﻘﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻘـﺩﺭﺓ ﻓـﻲ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﻤﺭﻭﺤـﺔ‬

‫ﺸﻜل )‪ -(6.11‬ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺭﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﻱ ﻓﻲ ﻁﺎﺌﺭﺓ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻁﺎﺌﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺩﻓﻌﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻟﺫﺍ ﻴﺴﻤﻰ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺭﻙ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﺤﺭﻙ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻭﺤﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺭﺒﻴﻨﻲ‪ ،‬ﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﺭﻜﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺭﺒﻴﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻀﺎﻏﻁ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻨﻔﺱ ﻋﻤﻭﺩ ﺘﺩﻭﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻭﺤﺔ‪ ،‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺸﻜل )‪ .(6.11-a‬ﺍﻤﺎ ﺘﺴﻠﺴل ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﻟﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻭﻀﺤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺸﻜل )‪ (6.11-b‬ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﺄﺘﻲ‪:‬‬
‫‪-1‬ﻴﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍﺀ ﺍﺩﻴﺎﺒﺎﺘﻴﹰﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻀﺎﻏﻁ )‪.(1→2‬‬
‫‪ -2‬ﺘﻀﺎﻑ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ )‪ (2→3‬ﺒﺜﺒﻭﺕ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ‪.‬‬
‫‪-3‬ﻴﺘﻤﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍﺀ ﺍﺩﻴﺎﺒﺎﺘﻴﹰﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺭﺒﻴﻥ )‪ ،(3→4‬ﻓﻴﻘﻭﻡ ﺒﺘﺸﻐﻴل ﺍﻟﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﻭﺇﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﻗﺩﺭﺓ ﻓﺎﺌﻀﺔ )‪.(Wout‬‬
‫‪-4‬ﻁﺭﺩ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺒﺜﺒﻭﺕ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ )‪ (4→1‬ﺤﺘﻰ ﻴﻌﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺤﺎﻟﺘﻪ ﺍﻻﺼﻠﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎل ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻴﻭﻀـﺢ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻗﺸﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺫﻜﻭﺭﺓ ﺁﻨﻔﹰﺎ‪.‬‬

‫)‪(172‬‬
 ‫ﻤﺜﺎل )‪(6.1‬‬
‫ﻫﻭﺍﺀ ﻀﻐﻁﻪ )‪ (101 kPa‬ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘﻪ )‪ .(27°C‬ﻴﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﺩﻴﺎﺒﺎﺘﻴﹰﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﺒﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﻜـﻭﻥ ﻨـﺴﺒﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ )‪ ،(5/1‬ﺜﻡ ﻴﻜﺘﺴﺏ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺒﺎﺩل ﺤﺭﺍﺭﻱ ﺒﺜﺒﻭﺕ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﺒﺤﻴﺙ ﺘـﺼﺒﺢ ﺩﺭﺠـﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘـﻪ‬
‫)‪ (1050°C‬ﺜﻡ ﻴﺩﺨل ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺘﻭﺭﺒﻴﻥ ﻟﻴﺘﻤﺩﺩ ﻭﻴﻘﻭﻡ ﺒﺘﺸﻐﻴل ﺍﻟﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﻓﺎﺌﻀﺔ ﻭﻴﻌـﻭﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻰ ﻀﻐﻁﻪ ﺍﻻﺒﺘﺩﺍﺌﻲ‪ .‬ﺍﻭﺠﺩ ﻟﻜل )‪ (1kg‬ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍﺀ‪) :‬ﺃ( ﺍﻟﺸﻐل ﺍﻟﺼﺎﻓﻲ‪) .‬ﺏ( ﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻅﻭﻤﺔ‪ .‬ﻋﻠﻤـﹰﺎ‬
‫ﺃﻥ‪Cp=1,004 kJ/kg.K ، γ=1,4 :‬‬
‫‪-‬ﺇﺴﺘﻨﺎﺩﹰﺍ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺸﻜل )‪ (6.11‬ﻓﺴﻴﻜﻭﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪γ −1‬‬
‫‪⎛P‬‬ ‫‪⎞ γ‬‬ ‫‪0.4‬‬
‫⎟⎟ ‪T2 = T1 . ⎜⎜ 2‬‬ ‫‪= 300 (5)1.4 = 475.4 K‬‬ ‫)‪qin = Cp (T3 – T2‬‬
‫⎠ ‪⎝ P1‬‬
‫‪γ −1‬‬
‫)‪= 1.004 (1323–475.37‬‬
‫‪0.4‬‬
‫⎞ ‪⎛P‬‬ ‫‪γ‬‬ ‫‪⎛ 1 ⎞ 1.4‬‬
‫⎟⎟ ‪T4 = T3 . ⎜⎜ 4‬‬ ‫‪= 1323 ⎜ ⎟ = 835.4 K‬‬ ‫‪= 851.17kJ/kg‬‬
‫⎠ ‪⎝ P3‬‬ ‫⎠‪⎝5‬‬
‫‪w‬‬ ‫‪313.75‬‬
‫= ‪η = net‬‬ ‫‪= 0.369‬‬
‫)‪wT = Cp (T3-T4) = 1.004 (1323-835.4‬‬ ‫‪q in‬‬ ‫‪851.17‬‬
‫‪= 489.67 kJ/kg‬‬
‫)‪wc = Cp (T1 – T2‬‬
‫‪= 1.004 (300-475.4) = -175.92 kJ/kg‬‬
‫‪wnet = wT + wc‬‬
‫‪= 489.67 + (-175.92) = 313.75 kJ/kg‬‬

‫‪ 6.4.5‬ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻔﺙ )ﺍﻟﺒﻭﻕ( ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺎﺸﺭ )ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺩﺩ( ‪Nozzle & Diffuser‬‬

‫ﻫﻲ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻨﺎﺒﻴﺏ ﺩﺍﺌﺭﻴﺔ ﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﻤﻘﻁﻌﻲ ﺍﻟﺩﺨﻭل ﻭﺍﻟﺨﺭﻭﺝ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭﺓ‪ .‬ﻓﺎﻟﻤﻨﻔـﺙ‪ ،‬ﺸـﻜل‬
‫)‪ ،(6.12-a‬ﻤﺼﻤﻡ ﺒﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﻨﺘﺞ ﻋﻨﻪ ﺍﻨﺨﻔﺎﺽ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﺨل ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺭﺝ ﻤﻤﺎ ﻴﺅﺩﻱ ﺍﻟـﻰ ﺘـﺴﺎﺭﻉ‬
‫ﺘﺩﻓﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻊ‪ .‬ﺍﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺸﺭ‪ ،‬ﺸﻜل )‪ ،(6.12-b‬ﻋﻜﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻔﺙ‪ ،‬ﻓﻬﻭ ﻤﺼﻤﻡ ﺒﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﻨﺘﺞ ﻋﻨﻪ ﺇﺯﺩﻴﺎﺩ ﺍﻟـﻀﻐﻁ‬
‫ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﺨل ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺭﺝ‪ ،‬ﻤﻤﺎ ﻴﺅﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺇﻨﺨﻔﺎﺽ ﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺩﻓﻕ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ ﺍﻟﺤﺼﻭل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻗﺼﻰ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻟﻠﻀﻐﻁ‬

‫ﺸﻜل )‪ -(6.3‬ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻓﺙ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﺯﻻﺕ )ﺍﻟﺒﻭﻕ(‬

‫)‪(173‬‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻨﺨﻔﺎﺽ ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻋﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﻠﻤﻨﺎﻓﺙ ﺍﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﻜﺒﻴﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺘﻭﻟﻴﺩ ﻗﻭﺓ ﺩﻓﻊ ﻟﻤﺂﺨﺫ ﺍﻟﻁـﺎﺌﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺒـﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻼ ﺍﻟﺒﺨﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺝ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺠل ﺒﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺼـﻐﻴﺭﺓ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻭﺍﺭﻴﺦ ﻭﻜﺫﻟﻙ ﻓﻲ ﺘﺸﻐﻴل ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺭﺒﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺨﺎﺭﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻤﺜ ﹰ‬
‫ﺘﺯﺩﺍﺩ ﺴﺭﻋﺘﻪ ﺒﺘﺩﻓﻘﻪ ﺨﻼل ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻔﺙ ﻗﺒل ﺇﺼﻁﺩﺍﻤﻪ ﺒﺭﻴﺵ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺭﺒﻴﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﻴﻌﻨﻲ ﺍﻥ ﻓﺘﺭﺓ ﺘﻭﺍﺠﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻊ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻔﺙ ﻗﺼﻴﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﻟﺫﺍ ﻻ ﻴﺘﻭﻓﺭ ﺍﻟﻭﻗﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻓﻲ ﻟﻠﺘﺒﺎﺩل ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻱ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺤﻴﻁ‪ ،‬ﻟـﺫﻟﻙ ﻴﻌـﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻤـﺩﺩ‬
‫ﺍﺩﻴﺎﺒﺎﺘﻲ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ )‪ .(q=0‬ﻻ ﻴﺤﺘﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻔﺙ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺠﺯﺍﺀ ﻤﺘﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﻓﻼ ﻴﺤﺼل ﺇﻨﺘﻘـﺎل ﺸـﻐل‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ )‪.(w=0‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻻﺨﺘﻼﻑ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻻﺭﺘﻔﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺭﺃﺴﻴﺔ ﺼﻐﻴﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ )‪ .(∆PE=0‬ﺍﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻻﺒﺘﺩﺍﺌﻴﺔ )‪ (C1‬ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺇﻫﻤﺎﻟﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻟﻜﻭﻨﻬﺎ ﺼﻐﻴﺭﺓ ﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨ ﹰﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺌﻴﺔ )‪ .(C2‬ﻟﺫﺍ ﺘﺼﺒﺢ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﻔﺙ ﺍﻭ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺸﺭ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﺄﺘﻲ‪:‬‬
‫‪0 = ∆h 12 + ∆KE 12‬‬ ‫)‪......... (6.30‬‬
‫‪C 22 − C 12‬‬
‫‪= ∆h 12 +‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪∴ C 2 = C 1 − 2∆h 12‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫)‪.......... (6.31‬‬
‫) ‪ (،kJ / kg = 10 3 m 2 / s 2‬ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨـﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﻜﻤﺎ ﻤﺭ ﺒﻨﺎ ﺴﺎﺒﻘﹰﺎ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺘﻨﺎ ﻟﻠﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﻴﺔ ﻓﺈﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟـ )‪ (∆h‬ﺒﻭﺤﺩﺍﺕ )‪ (kJ/kg‬ﻓﺴﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ )‪ ( 6.31‬ﻜﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‪:‬‬
‫‪m2‬‬ ‫‪10 3 m 2 / s 2‬‬ ‫‪m2‬‬ ‫‪3 m‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫⇒ ‪C 22 = C12 − 2∆h 12‬‬ ‫‪−‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬‫‪kJ‬‬ ‫‪/‬‬ ‫‪kg‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫⇒‬ ‫‪−‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫×‬ ‫‪10‬‬
‫‪s2‬‬ ‫‪kJ / kg‬‬ ‫‪s2‬‬ ‫‪s2‬‬
‫‪∴ C 22 = C12 − 2 × 10 3 ∆h 12‬‬ ‫)‪.......... (6.32‬‬
‫ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻋﺔ )‪ (C‬ﺴﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺒﻭﺤﺩﺍﺕ ) ‪. ( m‬‬
‫‪s‬‬

‫ﻤﺜﺎل )‪(6.2‬‬
‫‪ -1‬ﻫﻭﺍﺀ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘﻪ )‪ (35°C‬ﻴﺩﺨل ﻤﻨﻔﺙ ﺒﺴﺭﻋﺔ )‪ (0.7m/s‬ﻭﻴﺨﺭﺝ ﺒﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤـﺭﺍﺭﺓ )‪.(10°C‬‬
‫ﺍﺤﺴﺏ ﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺭﻭﺝ‪ ،‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ‪Cp = 1.005 kJ / kg . K‬‬

‫‪kJ‬‬
‫‪∆h 12 = C p (T2 − T1 ) = 1.005 (10 - 35) = -25.125‬‬ ‫‪o‬‬
‫‪kg t1=35 C‬‬
‫‪t2=10oC‬‬
‫= ‪C2‬‬ ‫‪C12‬‬ ‫‪− 2000∆h 12‬‬
‫?=‪C2‬‬
‫‪= (0.7 ) 2 − 2000 × (-25.125) = 0.49 + (50250) C1=0.7m/s‬‬
‫‪m‬‬
‫‪= 224.166‬‬
‫‪s‬‬
‫‪ -2‬ﻋﻨﺩ ﺇﻓﺘﺭﺍﺽ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻻﺒﺘﺩﺍﺌﻴﺔ ﺼﻔﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﺅﺍل ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻕ‪ .‬ﺍﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺌﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫= )‪C 2 = 0 − 2000∆h 12 = 0 − 2000( −25.125‬‬

‫‪= 50250 = 224.165 m‬‬

‫‪s‬‬
‫)‪(174‬‬
‫ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺒﺨﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﻻ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺘﻁﺒﻴﻕ ﻗﻭﺍﻨﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﻴـﺘﻡ ﺤـﺴﺎﺏ )‪(∆h‬‬
‫ﺒﺎﻟﺭﺠﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺠﺩﺍﻭل ﺍﻟﺨﻭﺍﺹ‪ .‬ﺍﻤﺎ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺩﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻔﺙ ﺍﺩﻴﺎﺒـﺎﺘﻲ‪ ،‬ﻴﺨـﻀﻊ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻌﻼﻗﺔ ) ‪.( PV γ = C.‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺨﻁﻁ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻴﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻻﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺎﻓﺙ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺎﺸﺭﺍﺕ‬

‫‪Convergent Nozzle‬‬
‫ﻓﻭﻫﺔ ﻤﻠﺘﻤﺔ ﺍﻭ ﻤﺘﻀﻴﻘﺔ )ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻔﺙ(‬

‫‪Divergent Nozzle‬‬
‫‪Nozzle‬‬ ‫ﻓﻭﻫﺔ ﻤﻨﻔﺭﺠﺔ‬
‫)ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺸﺭﺓ( )‪(Diffuser‬‬

‫‪Convergent - Divergent‬‬
‫‪Nozzle‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﻭﻫﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﺘﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻔﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻀﻴﻘﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻭﺴﻌﺔ )ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺸﺭﺓ( )‪(Diffuser‬‬

‫)‪ -(6.4.6‬ﻤﺤﺭﻙ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﺌﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺩﻓﻌﻲ )ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﺙ( ‪Air Craft Propulsion‬‬

‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﺌﺭﺍﺕ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺘـﻲ ﺘﺯﻴـﺩ ﺴـﺭﻋﺘﻬﺎ ﻋﻠـﻰ )‪ ،(800Km/h‬ﺘـﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺭﻜﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺭﺒﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﻓﻌﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻭل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻭﺓ ﺍﻟﺩﻓﻊ ﺘﺴﻤﻰ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﺤﺭﻜﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﺜﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻀﺤﺔ ﺍﺠﺯﺍﺀﻫﺎ ﻓـﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل )‪ .(6.13-a‬ﻭﺘﺴﻠﺴل ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺘﻬﺎ ﻤﻭﻀﺤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺸﻜل )‪ ،(6.13-b‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﻜﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -1‬ﻴﺩﺨل ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺸﺭﺓ ﺒﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺘﺘﺤﻭل ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻬﻭﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻰ ﻤﺤﺘﻭﻯ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﻱ ﻴﺅﺩﻱ ﺍﻟـﻰ‬
‫ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ )‪ .(1→2‬ﻴﻀﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻰ ﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﻀﺎﻏﻁ )‪ (2→3‬ﻓـﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴـﺔ ﺇﻨـﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﺘـﺴﻤﻰ‬
‫ـﺭﺍﺀ‬
‫ـﺴﻥ ﺍﻻﺩﺍﺀ‪ .‬ﺇﻥ ﺍﻻﺠـ‬
‫ـﻰ ﺘﺤـ‬
‫ـﺅﺩﻱ ﺍﻟـ‬
‫ـﻀﺎﻏﻁﻲ )‪ (Ram Compression‬ﻴـ‬
‫ـﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﺘـ‬
‫ﺒﺎﻻﻨـ‬
‫)‪ (1→2→3‬ﺃﺩﻴﺎﺒﺎﺘﻴﹰﺎ‪.‬‬

‫ﺸﻜل )‪ -(6.13‬ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺭﻙ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺭﺒﻴﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﺩﻓﻌﻲ)ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﺙ(‬

‫)‪(175‬‬
 ‫‪ -2‬ﻴﺤﺘﺭﻕ ﺍﻟﻭﻗﻭﺩ ﻓﻲ ﻏﺭﻑ ﺍﻻﺤﺘﺭﺍﻕ ﺒﺜﺒﻭﺕ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ )‪ (P3=P4‬ﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﺯﺩﺍﺩ ﺤﺠﻡ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ )‪.(3→4‬‬
‫‪ -3‬ﺘﺘﻤﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺭﺒﻴﻥ ﻓﻴﻘﻭﻡ ﺒﺘﺸﻐﻴل ﺍﻟﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﻓﻘﻁ )‪ .(4→5‬ﺍﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺒﻘﻴﺔ ﻟﻬﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ‬
‫ﻓﺘﺘﻤﺩﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻔﺙ )‪ (5→6‬ﻭﺘﺨﺭﺝ ﺒﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺠﺩﹰﺍ ﻤﺴﺒﺒﺔ ﻗﻭﺓ ﺩﻓﻊ ﻤﺤﻭﺭﻴﺔ ﺘﻌﻤـل ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺩﻓـﻊ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻁﺎﺌﺭﺓ‪ .‬ﺇﻥ ﺍﻻﺠﺭﺍﺀ )‪ (4→5→6‬ﺍﺩﻴﺎﺒﺎﺘﻴﹰﺎ‪ .‬ﺇﻥ ﻗﻭﺓ ﺍﻟﺩﻓﻊ ﺘﺴﺘﻠﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻔﺙ ﻨﻔﺴﻪ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﻘﺎل ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﺌﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺫﺍﺕ ﺩﻓﻊ ﻨﻔﺎﺙ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﺍﻟﻤﺫﻜﻭﺭ ﺁﻨﻔﹰﺎ ﻤﺜﺎﻟﻲ‪ ،‬ﻴﺴﺘﻌﻤل ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻲ ﻭﻴﻬﻤل ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻓـﻲ ﺍﻟﺤـﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺨﻼل ﺍﻻﺤﺘﺭﺍﻕ‪ .‬ﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﻻ ﻴﻭﺠﺩ ﻓﺭﻕ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﺌﺭﺓ ﺘﺘﺤﺭﻙ ﺨﻼل ﺍﻟﻬـﻭﺍﺀ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻜﻥ ﺒﺴﺭﻋﺔ )‪ (200m/s‬ﺍﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺭﻙ ﺜﺎﺒﺕ ﻭﻴﺩﺨل ﺍﻟﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍﺀ ﺒﺴﺭﻋﺔ )‪ (200m/s‬ﻜﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﻨﺴﺒﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍﺀ ﻴﺩﺨل ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺸﺭﺓ ﻭﻴﺨﺭﺝ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻔﺙ ﺒﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺠﺩﹰﺍ‪ .‬ﺍﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺝ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺸـﺭﺓ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻔﺙ ﻓﺴﺭﻋﺘﻪ ﻤﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺇﻫﻤﺎﻟﻬﺎ ﻟﺘﺴﻬﻴل ﺍﻟﺤﺴﺎﺒﺎﺕ‪ .‬ﻟﺫﺍ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻔـﺭﻕ ﺒـﻴﻥ )‪ (C6‬ﻭ‬
‫)‪ ،(C1‬ﺸﻜل )‪ ،(6.13-a‬ﺴﻴﺘﺤﻭل ﺍﻟﻰ ﻗﻭﺓ ﺩﻓﻊ ﻟﻠﻁﺎﺌﺭﺓ )‪ .(F‬ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ )‪ (a‬ﺘﻤﺜل ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺠﻴل ﻓﺴﻴﻜﻭﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪C 6 − C1‬‬
‫=‪a‬‬ ‫)‪....... (6.33‬‬
‫‪t‬‬
‫‪m‬‬
‫‪F = m . a = (C 6 − C 1 ) = m‬‬ ‫) ‪& (C 6 − C1‬‬ ‫)‪........... (6.34‬‬
‫‪t‬‬
‫ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺘﻁﺒﻕ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺩﺩ ﻜﺎﻤل‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎل ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻴﻭﻀﺢ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻗﺸﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺫﻜﻭﺭﺓ ﺁﻨﻔﹰﺎ‪.‬‬

‫)‪(176‬‬
 ‫ﻤﺜﺎل )‪(6.3‬‬
‫ﻁﺎﺌﺭﺓ ﺘﻁﻴﺭ ﺒﺴﺭﻋﺔ )‪ .(800Km/h‬ﻴﺩﺨل ﺍﻟﻬـﻭﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺸـﺭﺓ ﺒﺩﺭﺠـﺔ ﺤـﺭﺍﺭﺓ )‪ (-24,6°C‬ﻭﻀـﻐﻁ‬
‫)‪ .(46.6kPa‬ﺜﻡ ﻴﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﺩﻴﺎﺒﺎﺘﻴﺎﹰ ﻓﻲ ﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﺍﻟﻰ )‪ .(280kPa‬ﺒﻌﺩ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻴﺩﺨل ﻤﺒﺎﺩل ﺤﺭﺍﺭﻱ ﻟﻴﻜﺘـﺴﺏ‬
‫ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺒﺜﺒﻭﺕ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﻭﻟﺘﺼﺒﺢ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘﻪ )‪ .(1090°C‬ﺜﻡ ﻴﺘﻤﺩﺩ ﺍﺩﻴﺎﺒﺎﺘﻴﹰﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺘﻭﺭﺒﻴﻥ ﻓﻴﻘﻭﻡ ﺒﺘﺸﻐﻴل‬
‫ﺍﻟﻀﺎﻏﻁ‪ .‬ﻭﻴﺩﺨل ﺍﻟﻰ ﻤﻨﻔﺙ ﻟﻴﺘﻤﺩﺩ ﻭﻴﻌﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻰ ﻀﻐﻁﻪ ﺍﻻﺒﺘﺩﺍﺌﻲ‪ .‬ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺩﺩ ﻭﺍﻻﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻅﻭﻤـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﺩﻴﺎﺒﺎﺘﻴﹰﺎ‪ .‬ﺍﻫﻤل ﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍﺀ ﻋﻨﺩ ﻤﺨﺭﺝ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺸﺭﺓ ﻭﻤﺩﺨل ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻔﺙ‪ .‬ﺍﻫﻤل ﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﻀﻊ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻅﻭﻤﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﺫﺍ‬
‫ﻜﺎﻥ ﻤﻌﺩل ﺠﺭﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍﺀ )‪ .(95 kg/s‬ﺍﺤﺴﺏ‪:‬‬
‫)‪ (1‬ﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍﺀ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﺨﺭﻭﺝ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻔﺙ‪ (2) .‬ﻗﻭﺓ ﺍﻟﺩﻓﻊ‪ .‬ﻋﻠﻤﹰﺎ ﺒﺄﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪Cp = 1.004 kJ/kg.K‬‬
‫‪γ = 1.4‬‬
‫ﺍﻨﻅﺭ ﺸﻜل )‪(6.13‬‬

‫‪800 × 100‬‬ ‫‪w T = Cp (T4 − T5 ) ⇒ 142.36‬‬

‫= ‪C 12‬‬ ‫‪= 222.2 m/s‬‬
‫‪3600‬‬ ‫) ‪= 1.004 (1336 − T5‬‬
‫‪C 12 = 2000 ∆h 12 = 2000 Cp ∆t 12‬‬ ‫‪T5 = 1221.36 K‬‬
‫‪C 12‬‬ ‫)‪( 222,2‬‬‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪γ‬‬ ‫‪1.4‬‬
‫= ‪∆t 12‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪⎛T‬‬ ‫‪⎞ 1‬‬
‫‪γ‬‬ ‫‪−‬‬ ‫‪⎛ 1221,36 ⎞ 0.4‬‬
‫‪2000 Cp‬‬ ‫‪2000 × 1.004‬‬ ‫⎟⎟ ‪P5 = P4 ⎜⎜ 5‬‬ ‫⎜‪= 280‬‬ ‫⎟‬
‫⎠ ‪⎝ T4‬‬ ‫⎠ ‪⎝ 1336‬‬
‫‪= 24.6 o C = t 2 − t 1‬‬
‫‪= 190.64 kPa‬‬
‫‪t 2 = ∆t 12 + t 1 = 24.6 + ( −24.6) = 0 o C‬‬ ‫‪γ‬‬ ‫‪0.4‬‬
‫‪γ‬‬ ‫‪1.4‬‬ ‫‪⎛P‬‬ ‫‪⎞ 1‬‬
‫‪γ‬‬ ‫‪−‬‬ ‫‪⎛ 46.6 ⎞ 1.4‬‬
‫‪⎛T‬‬ ‫‪⎞ γ −1‬‬ ‫‪⎛ 273‬‬ ‫‪⎞ 0.4‬‬ ‫⎟⎟ ‪T6 = T5 ⎜⎜ 1‬‬ ‫⎜‪= 1221.36‬‬ ‫⎟‬
‫⎟⎟ ‪P2 = P1 ⎜⎜ 2‬‬ ‫⎜‪= 46.6‬‬ ‫⎟‬ ‫⎠ ‪⎝ P5‬‬ ‫⎠ ‪⎝ 190.64‬‬
‫⎠ ‪⎝ T1‬‬ ‫⎠ ‪⎝ 248.6‬‬ ‫‪= 816.52 K‬‬
‫‪= 64.8 kPa‬‬
‫) ‪C 6 = 2000 Cp (T6 − T5‬‬
‫‪γ −1‬‬ ‫‪0.4‬‬
‫‪⎛P‬‬ ‫‪⎞ γ‬‬ ‫‪⎛ 280‬‬ ‫‪⎞ 1.4‬‬ ‫)‪= 2000 × 1.004 (816.52 - 1221.36‬‬
‫⎟⎟ ‪T3 = T2 ⎜⎜ 3‬‬ ‫⎜‪= 273‬‬ ‫⎟‬
‫⎠ ‪⎝ P2‬‬ ‫⎠ ‪⎝ 64.8‬‬ ‫‪= 901.6 m/s‬‬
‫‪= 414.94 K‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻕ ﺒﻴﻥ )‪ (C1 ،C6‬ﻴﺘﺤﻭل ﺍﻟﻰ ﻗﻭﺓ ﺩﻓﻊ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ‪:‬‬
‫) ‪w T = w C = Cp (T3 − T2‬‬ ‫‪F=m‬‬
‫) ‪& (C 6 − C1‬‬
‫‪= 1.004 (414.94 − 273) = 142.36‬‬
‫‪kJ‬‬ ‫‪= 95 (901.6 - 222.2) = 64.54 N‬‬
‫‪kg‬‬

‫)‪(177‬‬
 ‫ﻤﺜﺎل )‪(6.4‬‬
‫ﻁﺎﺌﺭﺓ ﺘﻁﻴﺭ ﺒﺴﺭﻋﺔ )‪ .(200 m/s‬ﻴﺩﺨل ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺸﺭﺓ ﺒﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤـﺭﺍﺭﺓ )‪ (-33°C‬ﻭﻤـﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﻤﻘﻁـﻊ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺩﺨﻭل )‪ .(0.6m2‬ﻴﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍﺀ ﺍﺩﻴﺎﺒﺎﺘﻴﹰﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﺍﻟﻰ )‪ (9‬ﺍﻀﻌﺎﻑ ﻀﻐﻁﻪ ﺍﻻﺨﻴﺭ‪ .‬ﺜﻡ ﻴﺩﺨل ﺍﻟـﻰ‬
‫ﻏﺭﻓﺔ ﺍﻻﺤﺘﺭﺍﻕ ﻭﻴﺘﻤﺩﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺘﻭﺭﺒﻴﻥ‪ ،‬ﺜﻡ ﻴﺘﻤﺩﺩ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻨﻔﺙ ﻟﻴﺨﺭﺝ ﺒﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤـﺭﺍﺭﺓ )‪ (558K‬ﻤـﻥ ﻓﻭﻫـﺔ‬
‫ﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﻤﻘﻁﻌﻬﺎ )‪ (0.4m3‬ﻟﻴﻌﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻰ ﻀﻐﻁﻪ ﺍﻻﺒﺘﺩﺍﺌﻲ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻻﻨـﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻤـﺩﺩ ﻓـﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺤـﺭﻙ‬
‫)ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻅﻭﻤﺔ( ﺍﺩﻴﺎﺒﺎﺘﻴﹰﺎ‪ .‬ﺍﻫﻤل ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻤﻨﺔ ﻭﺍﺤﺴﺏ‪:‬‬
‫)‪ (1‬ﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺩﻓﻘﺔ )‪ (2‬ﺸﻐل ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺭﺒﻴﻥ )‪ (3‬ﻗﻭﺓ ﺍﻟﺩﻓﻊ )‪ (4‬ﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻅﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪Cp = 1.004 kJ/kg.K‬‬
‫‪γ = 1.4‬‬
‫ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻌﺎﻨﺔ ﺒﺸﻜل )‪(6.13‬‬
‫‪P1‬‬
‫= ‪& 1 = ρ1A1C1‬‬
‫‪m‬‬ ‫‪× A1C1‬‬ ‫) ‪w T = w C = Cp (T3 − T2‬‬
‫‪RT1‬‬
‫‪50‬‬ ‫‪kJ‬‬
‫=‬ ‫‪× 0.6 × 200‬‬ ‫‪= 1.004 (487 - 260) = 227.9‬‬
‫‪0.287 × 240‬‬ ‫‪kg‬‬
‫‪= 87.11‬‬
‫‪kg‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻕ ﺒﻴﻥ ‪ C6,C1‬ﻴﺘﺤﻭل ﺍﻟﻰ ﻗﻭﺓ ﺩﻓﻊ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ‪:‬‬
‫‪s‬‬
‫‪P‬‬
‫‪&1 =m‬‬
‫‪m‬‬ ‫‪& 6 = 87.11 = 6 × A6C6‬‬
‫‪RT6‬‬ ‫‪F=m‬‬
‫)‪& (C 6 − C1 ) = 87.11 (697.5 - 200‬‬
‫‪50‬‬ ‫‪= 43.3 N‬‬
‫=‬ ‫‪× 0.4 × C6‬‬
‫‪0.287 × 558‬‬ ‫‪a‬‬
‫‪C6 = 697.5 m/s‬‬ ‫=‪P‬‬ ‫‪= F .C‬‬
‫‪t‬‬
‫‪C12‬‬ ‫‪2002‬‬ ‫‪P = 43.3 × 200 = 8.66 × 10 6 W‬‬
‫= ‪∆t12‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 19.9‬‬
‫‪2000 Cp 2008‬‬ ‫⎡‬
‫‪& =W‬‬ ‫&‬ ‫⎤ ‪C 62 − C12‬‬
‫)‪t 2 = ∆t12 + t = 19.9 + ( −33‬‬ ‫‪Q‬‬ ‫‪16‬‬ ‫‪16‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫&‬
‫‪m‬‬ ‫⎢‬ ‫‪Cp‬‬‫(‬ ‫‪T‬‬‫‪6‬‬ ‫‪−‬‬ ‫‪T‬‬‫‪1‬‬ ‫)‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫⎥‬
‫⎣‬ ‫⎦ ‪2000‬‬
‫‪= −13o C ⇒ T = 260 K‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫⎡‬ ‫⎤ ‪697.5 2 − 200 2‬‬
‫‪γ −1‬‬ ‫‪= 87.11⎢1.004(558 − 240) +‬‬ ‫⎥‬
‫⎞ ‪⎛P‬‬ ‫‪γ‬‬ ‫⎣‬ ‫‪2000‬‬ ‫⎦‬
‫⎟⎟ ‪T3 = T2 ⎜⎜ 3‬‬
‫⎠ ‪⎝ P2‬‬ ‫‪= 4.8 × 10 4 kW‬‬
‫‪- = 260(9)0.286 = 487 K‬‬ ‫‪8.66 × 10 3‬‬
‫‪η th‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 18%‬‬
‫‪4.8 × 10 4‬‬

‫)‪(178‬‬
 ‫)‪ -(6.4.7‬ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ‪Continuity Equation‬‬
‫ﺘﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﺒﻜﺜﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺠﺎﻻﺕ ﺘﺩﻓﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺌﻊ‪ ،‬ﺘﻌﺒﺭ ﻋﻥ ﻤﺒﺩﺃ ﺤﻔﻅ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺩﻓﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﻅﻡ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫـﻲ‬
‫ﻤﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺴﺎﺱ ﺍﻥ ﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺩﻓﻕ ﻋﺒﺭ ﺃﻱ ﻤﻘﻁﻊ ﺨﻼل ﺯﻤﻥ ﻤﻌﻠﻭﻡ ﻻ ﺘﺘﻐﻴﺭ‪ ،‬ﺇﺫ ﺍﻨﻬﺎ ﻤﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﻋﻠـﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻓﺘﺭﺍﻀﺎﺕ ﺍﻵﺘﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -1‬ﺘﺒﻘﻰ ﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻊ ﺜﺎﺒﺘﺔ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﺨل‪ ،‬ﻭﻓﻲ ﺃﻱ ﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺭﺝ ﺒـﺴﺒﺏ ﺍﻨﺘﻘـﺎل‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻐل ﻋﺒﺭ ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻭﺩ ﺒﻤﻌﺩل ﺜﺎﺒﺕ‪.‬‬
‫‪ (Mass Flow Rate) (m‬ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﺩﺨﻭل ﻭﺍﻟﺨﺭﻭﺝ ﺇﺸﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺸـﻜل‬ ‫‪ -2‬ﺘﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﻤﻌﺩل ﺍﻟﺘﺩﻓﻕ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﻲ ) &‬
‫‪ (m‬ﺒﻭﺤﺩﺍﺕ )‪ (kg/s‬ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺜﺎﺒﺘﺔ ﻋﺒﺭ ﺃﻱ ﻤﻘﻁﻊ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻔﺙ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻜـﺎﻥ )‪ (A‬ﺘﻤﺜـل‬ ‫)‪ .(6.12‬ﻓﺈﻥ ) &‬
‫ﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻁﻊ ) ‪( A = πD‬ﺒﺎﻟـ )‪ ، (m2‬ﻭﺍﻥ )‪ (D‬ﻗﻁﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﻭﻫـﺔ ﺒﺎﻟــ )‪ ،(m‬ﻭ )‪ (C‬ﺍﻟـﺴﺭﻋﺔ‬
‫‪2‬‬

‫‪4‬‬
‫ﺒﻭﺤﺩﺍﺕ )‪ (m/s‬ﻭ )‪ (ρ‬ﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻊ ﺒﺎﻟـ )‪ (kg/m3‬ﻓﺴﻴﻜﻭﻥ‪:‬‬

‫‪& 1 =m‬‬
‫‪m‬‬ ‫‪& 2 = Const .‬‬ ‫)‪......... (6.35‬‬
‫‪A 1C1ρ1 = A 2C 2ρ 2 = ACρ = Const‬‬ ‫)‪........... (6.36‬‬

‫)‪ -(6.4.8‬ﺍﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﺍﺨﺭﻯ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﻨﻅﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺘﻭﺤﺔ‬

‫‪ -1‬ﺼﻤﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻨﻕ )ﺍﻟﺨﻨﻕ( )‪Throttle Valve (Throttling‬‬
‫ﻋﻨﺩ ﺠﺭﻴﺎﻥ ﻤﺎﺌﻊ ﺨﻼل ﻓﺘﺤﺔ ﻀﻴﻘﺔ‪ ،‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺸﻜل )‪ (6.15-a‬ﺍﻭ ﺨﻼل ﺼﻤﺎﻡ ﻤﻔﺘـﻭﺡ ﺠﺯﺌﻴـﺎﹰ‪،‬‬
‫ﻜﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜل )‪ ،(6.15-b‬ﻋﻨﺩﺌ ٍﺫ ﻴﻘﺎل ﺒﺄﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻊ ﻗﺩ ﺨﻨﻕ‪ ،‬ﻟﺫﻟﻙ ﺴﻭﻑ ﻴﻨﻘﺹ ﻀﻐﻁﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺒﺴﺒﺏ ﺍﺤﺘﻜﺎﻙ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻊ ﻤﻊ ﺤﺎﻓﺔ ﻤﻤﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﻭﺭ ﺘﺘﻭﻟﺩ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﻟﻜﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺼﻐﻴﺭﺓ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺇﻫﻤﺎﻟﻬﺎ ﺒﺴﺒﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﺩﻓﻕ ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻴﻊ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺌﻊ‪ ،‬ﻭﺨﻼل ﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﻗﺼﻴﺭﺓ ﺒﺤﻴﺙ ﻻ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻭﻗﺕ ﻜﺎﻑ ﻭﻻ ﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﻜﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻷﻨﺘﻘﺎل ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﻟـﺫﻟﻙ‬
‫ﻴﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﺨﻨﻕ ﺍﺠﺭﺍ ‪‬ﺀ ﺍﺩﻴﺎﺒﺎﺘﻴﺎﹰ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ )‪ .(q=0‬ﻭﺒﺴﺒﺏ ﻋﺩﻡ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺍﺠﺯﺍﺀ ﻤﺘﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺩﺩ ﺴـﻴﺘﻡ ﻤـﻥ ﺩﻭﻥ‬
‫ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﻟﺫﻟﻙ ﻓﺎﻥ )‪ .(w=0‬ﻭﻜﺫﻟﻙ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻕ ﺒﻴﻥ )‪ (C1‬ﻭ )‪ (C2‬ﺼﻐﻴﺭﹰﺍ ﺨﺎﺼ ﹰﺔ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻁﻌﻴﻥ‬

‫ﺸﻜل )‪ -(6.15‬ﺼﻤﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻨﻕ‬

‫)‪(179‬‬
‫ﻤﺘﺴﺎﻭﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ‪ ،‬ﻟﺫﻟﻙ ﺘﻬﻤـل ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗـﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﻴـﺔ‪ ،‬ﻁﺎﻟﻤـﺎ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟـﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻟﻐـﺔ )‪ (30 m/s‬ﺘﻜـﺎﻓﺊ‬
‫)‪ (0.5 kJ/kg‬ﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨ ﹰﺔ ﺒﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻱ ﺫﻱ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ )‪ (2500 kJ/kg‬ﺍﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻊ ﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﺒﺨـﺎﺭ‬
‫ﻼ‪ .‬ﻭﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﻤﺜ ﹰ‬
‫‪h1 = h 2‬‬ ‫)‪……….. (6.37‬‬

‫ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻲ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻱ )‪ ،(h=CpT‬ﻭﺒﻤﺎ ﺍﻥ )‪ ،(Cp=Const.‬ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻓﻠﻥ‬

‫ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻟﻙ ﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺩﺭﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺨﻨﻕ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻲ‪ .‬ﺍﻤﺎ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺨﻨﻕ ﻏﺎﺯ ﺤﻘﻴﻘﻲ ﻓﺴﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ‬
‫ﺒﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﻋﺎﻤﺔ ﻫﺒﻭﻁ ﻓﻲ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -2‬ﻤﺤﺭﻙ ﺍﻻﺤﺘﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﻲ ‪Internal Combustion Engine‬‬

‫ﻴﻘﻭﻡ ﺒﺈﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﺸﻐل ﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﻲ ﻤﻭﺠﺏ ﺒﺼﻔﺔ ﺩﺍﺌﻤﺔ‪ .‬ﺃﻱ ﺍﻥ ﺠﺯﺀ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻭﻗﻭﺩ ﻴﺘﺤﻭل‬
‫ﺍﻟﻰ ﺸﻐل ﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﻲ‪ .‬ﺍﻥ ﻤﺤﺭﻙ ﺍﻻﺤﺘﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﻲ ﺁﻟـﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﻤﻔﺘﻭﺤـﺔ )‪ ،(Open Circuit‬ﻭﺫﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺠﺭﻴﺎﻥ ﺸﺒﻪ ﻤﺴﺘﻘﺭ )‪ (quasi-steady Flow‬ﻟﻜﻥ ﻴﻌﺎﻤل ﻜﺂﻟﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺠﺭﻴـﺎﻥ ﻤـﺴﺘﻘﺭ )‪(Steady Flow‬‬
‫ﻻﻨﻪ ﻤﻌﻅﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺭﻜﺎﺕ ﻤﺘﻌﺩﺩﺓ ﺍﻻﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﺎﺕ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻥ ﻨﺒﻀﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﺭﻴﺎﻥ ﺘﺨﻤﺩ ﺨﻼل ﺸﻭﻁ ﺍﻟﺴﺤﺏ ﺒﻭﺍﺴـﻁﺔ‬
‫ﻤﺭﺸﺤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍﺀ )‪ (Air Filters‬ﻭﺨﻼل ﺸﻭﻁ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻡ ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺔ ﻤﺨﻤﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺕ )‪.(Silencers‬‬

‫ﺸﻜل )‪ -(6.16‬ﻤﺤﺭﻙ ﻭ ﻤﻀﺨﺔ‬

‫ﻤﺤﺭﻙ ﺍﻻﺤﺘﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﻲ ﻴﻘﻭﻡ ﺒﺄﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﺸﻐل ﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﻲ ﻤﻭﺠﺏ ﺒﺼﻔﺔ ﺩﺍﺌﻤﺔ‪ .‬ﺃﻱ ﺍﻥ ﺠـﺯﺀ ﻤـﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻭﻗﻭﺩ ﻴﺘﺤﻭل ﺍﻟﻰ ﺸﻐل ﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﻲ‪ .‬ﻭﻜﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺸﻜل )‪ (6.16-a‬ﻭﺠﺯﺀ ﻴﻁﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻭﺴـﻁ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻴﻁ ﻟﻠﻤﺤﺭﻙ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﻴﺌﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺎﻗﻲ ﻴﻌﻤل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻻﻨﺜﺎﻟﺒﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺸﻐﺎﻟﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ ﺍﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪& =Q‬‬
‫‪Q‬‬ ‫‪& =W‬‬ ‫‪& + ∆H‬‬
‫‪& +Q‬‬ ‫)‪........ (6.38‬‬
‫‪F‬‬ ‫‪in‬‬ ‫‪o‬‬ ‫‪o‬‬

‫ﻭﺘﺼﺒﺢ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ‪:‬‬

‫‪& − (W‬‬
‫‪Q‬‬ ‫‪& ) = ∆H‬‬
‫‪& +Q‬‬ ‫)‪.......... (6.39‬‬
‫‪in‬‬ ‫‪o‬‬ ‫‪o‬‬

‫)‪(180‬‬
 ‫‪ -3‬ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﺔ ‪Pump‬‬
‫ﺘﻘﻭﻡ ﺒﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﺴﻭﺍﺌل‪ ،‬ﺸﻜل )‪ ،(6.16-b‬ﺃﻱ ﺍﻥ ﻤﻌﺩل ﺍﻟﺸﻐل ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺘﺄﺨﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﺔ ﻴﺴﺎﻭﻱ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﻷﻨﺜﺎﻟﺒﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺸﻐﺎﻟﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪& = ∆H‬‬
‫‪W‬‬ ‫&‬ ‫)‪........ (6.40‬‬
‫‪ -4‬ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺩل ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻱ ‪Heat Exchanger‬‬
‫ﻫﻲ ﺍﻨﻅﻤﺔ ﻤﻔﺘﻭﺤﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺠﺭﻴﺎﻥ ﻤﺴﺘﻘﺭ ﻴﺘﻡ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﺒﺎﺩل ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻱ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻤﺎﺩﺘﻲ ﻋﻤـل )‪ (A‬ﻭ )‪(B‬‬
‫ﻜﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜل )‪ .(6.17‬ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻥ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻥ ﻨﻭﻉ ﻭﺍﺤﺩ ﺍﻭ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﺘﺒﺎﺩل ﻴﺤـﺩﺙ ﺒﺘﻤـﺎﺱ ﻤﺒﺎﺸـﺭ ﺃﻱ‬
‫ﺒﺜﺒﻭﺕ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ‪ ،‬ﺍﻭ ﺒﺘﻤﺎﺱ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭ ﺃﻱ ﺒﻀﻐﻁ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻑ‪ .‬ﻭﺒﺈﻫﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﺸﻐل ﻭﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺎﻤﻨـﺔ‬
‫ﺘﺼﺒﺢ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﻟﻜل ﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﻋﻤل‪:‬‬

‫ﺸﻜل )‪ -(6.17‬ﻤﺒﺎﺩل ﺤﺭﺍﺭﻱ‬

‫‪Q12 = ∆H12‬‬
‫ﻓﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺩﺓ )‪ (A‬ﻴﻜﻭﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪(Q12)A = (∆H12)A‬‬
‫ﻭﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺩﺓ )‪ (B‬ﻴﻜﻭﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪(Q12)B = (∆H12)B‬‬
‫ﻭﻷﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺒﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ )‪ (A‬ﻭ )‪ (B‬ﻤﺘﺴﺎﻭﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻻﺸﺎﺭﺓ )‪ (-‬ﺘﻌﻨﻲ ﺍﻥ ﺍﺤـﺩﻫﺎ ﻤﻔﻘـﻭﺩﺓ ﻭﺍﻻﺨـﺭﻯ‬
‫ﻤﻜﺘﺴﺒﺔ ﻓﺴﻴﻜﻭﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪(Q12)A = − (Q12)B‬‬

‫)‪mA CA (T2 – T1) = mB CB (T1 – T2‬‬ ‫)‪………. (6.41‬‬

‫)‪(181‬‬
 ‫ﻤﺜﺎل )‪(6.5‬‬
‫ﻤﺒﺎﺩل ﺤﺭﺍﺭﻱ ﻴﺴﺘﻌﻤل ﻟﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﺒﻭﺴﺎﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍﺀ‪ .‬ﻴﺩﺨل ﺍﻟﻬـﻭﺍﺀ ﻟﻠﻤﺒـﺎﺩل ﺒﺩﺭﺠـﺔ )‪(25°C‬‬
‫ﻭﻴﺨﺭﺝ ﺒﺩﺭﺠﺔ )‪ .(40°C‬ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﻴﺩﺨل ﺒﺩﺭﺠﺔ )‪ (80°C‬ﻭﻴﺨﺭﺝ ﺒﺩﺭﺠﺔ )‪ .(40°C‬ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ‪:‬‬
‫‪Cw = 4.2 kJ/kg.K‬‬
‫‪Cpa = 1.005 kJ/kg.K‬‬
‫ﺍﻭﺠﺩ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻜﺘﻠﺘﻲ ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍﺀ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ‪.‬‬

‫‪m a C w (T1 − T2 ) w‬‬ ‫)‪4.2 (80 − 40‬‬

‫=‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 11.14‬‬
‫)‪m w C Pa (T2 − T1 )a 1.005 (40 − 25‬‬

‫ﺇﻥ ﺘﻁﺒﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﺍﻻﻭل ﻟﻠﺜﺭﻤﻭﺩﻴﻨﺎﻤﻴﻜﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﻨﻅﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻐﻠﻘﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﻨﻅﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺘﻭﺤﺔ ﻤﻭﻀﺤﺔ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺠﺩﻭل ﺭﻗﻡ )‪.(6.2‬‬

‫ﺨﻼﺼﺔ ﺍﻻﻨﻅﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺘﻭﺤﺔ ‪Summary of Open Systems‬‬

‫ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﻤﺎ ﻭﺭﺩ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺘﻠﺨﻴﺹ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺒﺎﻻﻨﻅﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺘﻭﺤﺔ ﻭﺤﺴﺏ ﻤﺎ ﻤﻭﻀـﺢ ﻓـﻲ‬
‫ﺠﺩﻭل ﺭﻗﻡ )‪ ،(6.1‬ﻜﻤﺎﻭﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺘﻠﺨﻴﺹ ﺍﻻﻨﻅﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻐﻠﻘﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻔﺘﻭﺤﺔ ﻭﺤﺴﺏ ﻤﺎﻤﻭﻀﺢ ﻓـﻲ ﺠـﺩﻭل ﺭﻗـﻡ‬
‫)‪.(6.2‬‬

‫)‪(182‬‬
 ‫( ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﻨﻅﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺘﻭﺤﺔ‬6.1) ‫ﺠﺩﻭل‬

System Energy
1. Boiler & = ∆H
Q & =m & (h 2 − h 1 )
.
Q & (h − h 1 )
m
ηb = s 2
. m& f . CV
m
1 2

2. Compressor or Pump
2 & = ∆H
−W & =m
& (h 2 − h 1 )
.
Ws
1

.
m

3. Turbine 1
& =m
W & (h 1 − h 2 )

.
Ws

4. Nozzle 1 C 22 − C12
2 C2<C1 O = ∆h 12 +
C1 2
C 22 = C12 − 2∆h 12

5. Throttle Valve h 2 = h1

1 2

(183)
 ‫( ﺨﻼﺼﺔ ﺍﻻﻨﻅﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻐﻠﻘﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻔﺘﻭﺤﺔ‬6.2) ‫ﺠﺩﻭل‬

W ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻐل‬ Q ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬
Process PVn=C
‫ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ‬
Closed = Pdν Open = -∫νdP Closed=W+∆U Open=W+∆H
V = C.. n = ∞ Zero =-ν(P2-P1) =Cv dt =Cv dt
P2 T2 = ν (P1-P2)
= = R (T1-T2)
P1 T1
p = C.. n = 0 = R (T2-T1) Zero = Cp dt = Cp dt
= P (V2-V1)
V2 T2
=
V1 T1
T = C.. n = 1 V2 V Q=W Q=W
= P1 V1Ln = P1 V1Ln 2
V1 V1
P2 V1
= V2 V2
P1 V2 = RT1 Ln = RT1 Ln
V1 V1

= - ∆U = - ∆H Zero Zero
Cp =Cv (T1-T2) =Cp (T1-T2)
S = C. , n = γ =
Cv
γ −1
γ −1
T2 ⎛ V1 ⎞ ⎛P ⎞ γ
=⎜ ⎟ = ⎜⎜ 2 ⎟⎟
T1 ⎜⎝ V2 ⎟⎠ ⎝ P1 ⎠

PV n = C.
R = nR ( T − T )
n −1 = ( T1 − T2 ) n − 1 1 2 n −γ n −γ
T2 ⎛ V1 ⎞
n −1
⎛P ⎞ n n −1 = Cv dt = Cv dt
=⎜ ⎟ =⎜ 2 ⎟ n ( P1 V 1 − P 2 V 2 ) n −1 n −1
T1 ⎝ V2 ⎠ ⎝ P1 ⎠ P V − P2 V2 =
= 1 1 n − 1 = Cn dt = Cn dt
n−1

(184)
 ‫ﺍﻤﺜﻠﺔ ﻤﺤﻠﻭﻟﺔ‬
‫)‪(6.6‬‬
‫ﻴﻬﺒﻁ ﺴﺎﺌﻕ ﺒﺴﻴﺎﺭﺓ ﻜﺘﻠﺘﻬﺎ )‪ (1350 kg‬ﻤﻥ ﺴﻁﺢ ﺘل‪ .‬ﻭﻴﺸﺎﻫﺩ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﻀﻭﺀﹰﺍ ﺍﺤﻤﺭ ﻴﺠﺏ ﺍﻥ ﻴﺘﻭﻗﻑ‬
‫ﻋﻨﺩﻩ‪ .‬ﻭﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﺒﺩﺀ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺌﻕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺍﻤل ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺭﺓ ﺘﺘﺤﺭﻙ ﺒـﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﻗـﺩﺭﻫﺎ )‪.(28m/s‬‬
‫ﻭﻜﺎﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﺭﺃﺴﻲ ﻗﺩﺭﻩ )‪ (30m‬ﻓﻭﻕ ﻗﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺘل‪ .‬ﻤﺎ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺘﺒﺩﺩ ﻜﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺍﻤـل‬
‫ﺒﻔﺭﺽ ﺇﻫﻤﺎل ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺭﻴﺎﺡ ﻭﻋﻭﺍﻤل ﺍﻻﺤﺘﻜﺎﻙ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ‪) .‬ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺭﺓ ﻜﻨﻅﺎﻡ(‬
‫‪Q = ∆KE + ∆PE‬‬
‫‪⎡ C 22 − C12‬‬ ‫⎤‬ ‫⎞ ‪⎡⎛ 0 2 − 28 2‬‬ ‫⎤‬
‫⎢‪=m‬‬ ‫⎜⎜⎢ × ‪+ g ( z 2 − z 1 )⎥ = 1350‬‬ ‫⎥)‪⎟ + 9.81 (0 − 30‬‬
‫⎟‬
‫⎣‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫⎦‬ ‫⎝⎣⎢‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫⎠‬ ‫⎦⎥‬
‫‪= -926367 J = -926.367 kJ‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺨﺎﺭﺠﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ )‪(-‬‬
‫)‪(6.7‬‬
‫ﻏﺎﺯ ﻴﺠﺭﻱ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻨﺒﻭﺏ ﺇﺭﺘﻔﺎﻋﻪ )‪ (60.96m‬ﻓﻭﻕ ﺴﻁﺢ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺭ ﺒﺴﺭﻋﺔ )‪ (6.096 m/s‬ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤـﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬
‫)‪ .(148.9°C‬ﺍﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﺯ ﻭﺍﻋﺘﺒﺭ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺌﻭﻱ ﻫﻲ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻻﺴـﺎﺱ ﻓـﻲ‬
‫ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻥ‪Cv=0.6741 kJ/kg.K :‬‬
‫‪mC 2‬‬
‫‪Q = ∆U + ∆KE + ∆PE = mCv∆T +‬‬ ‫‪+ mgz‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪1 × (6.096) 2‬‬
‫‪= 1 × 0.6741 (148 − 0) +‬‬ ‫‪+ 1 × 9.81 × 60.96 = 100.99 kJ/kg‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫)‪(6.8‬‬
‫ﻤﺭﻭﺤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻏﺭﻓﺔ ﻤﻐﻠﻘﺔ ﻁﺎﻗﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﻴﺔ )‪ .(678kJ‬ﻗﻁﻊ ﺘﺠﻬﻴﺯ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﻭﻭﺼﻠﺕ ﺘﺩﺭﻴﺠﻴﹰﺎ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻜﻭﻥ‪ .‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻋﻠﻤﺕ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺩﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻱ ﻤﻥ ﺠﺩﺭﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻐﺭﻓﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﺒﺎﻁﺅ ﻴﻘﺩﺭ ﺒـ )‪ .(50kJ‬ﺍﺤﺴﺏ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻤﺤﺘﻭﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻐﺭﻓﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪Q – W = ∆U12 + ∆KE + ∆PE‬‬
‫)‪-50 = ∆U12 + (0 – 678‬‬
‫‪∆U12 = 628 kJ‬‬
‫)‪(6.9‬‬
‫ﻤﺭﻭﺤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻏﺭﻓﺔ ﻤﻐﻠﻘﺔ ﺘﺩﻭﺭ ﺒﺴﺭﻋﺔ )‪ (1164m/s‬ﻗﻁﻊ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﺘﺠﻬﻴﺯ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﻭﻭﺼﻠﺕ ﺘﺩﺭﻴﺠﻴﹰﺎ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻜﻭﻥ‪ .‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻋﻠﻤﺕ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺩ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻱ ﻤﻥ ﺠﺩﺭﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻐﺭﻓﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﺒﺎﻁﺅ )‪ .(50kJ/kg‬ﺍﻭﺠﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﻟﻤﺤﺘﻭﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻐﺭﻓﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪q12 − w 12 = ∆µ 12 + ∆KE12 + ∆PE12‬‬
‫‪0 − (1164) 2‬‬
‫‪C − C1‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪−‬‬ ‫‪50‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫∆‬ ‫‪µ‬‬ ‫‪12‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬
‫‪q12 = ∆µ 12 + 2‬‬ ‫‪2000‬‬
‫‪2000‬‬ ‫‪∆µ 12 = 628 kJ/kg‬‬

‫)‪(185‬‬