Savio Rodrigues 40073997 Assignment 1 Unit 10- Materials

(A). Electrical wires:

Following are the properties of material wire includes electrical-thermal, mechanical and chemical
properties:

Properties The wire requires Explanations

types of
appropriate
properties
Electrical-Thermal High electrical How well the electrical charge is transported
properties conductivity by the material by a certain measure is known
as Electrical conductivity. In the electrical
wiring systems this property is very vital.
Mechanical properties High Solderability Is a heating process where the metals of two
or more are joined together by heating it, is
knowns as soldering. In an electrical system
this is a desired properties.
High Ductility Under the experience of tensile stress, ductility
has the ability of material to deform. Into a
wire the stretched parent materials is often
characterized. Under stress the material crack
or break, therefore it cannot be hammered,
rolled or drawn, this is the reason for ductility
being important in metalworking.
Moderate Tensile To pull an object such as wire, rope or a
strength structural beam to the point where it breaks,
requires a force. The maximum amount of
tensile stress is the tensile strength of the
material, it is denoted as the amount it can
take before breaking. They are issues in the
shape of the material due to the high or low
tensile strength.

High corrosion The natural process is the corrosion which

resistance transforms into a more stable oxide form a
Chemical properties refined metal. Wires are required to be high
resists corrosion in order to resist from the
atmospheric influences such as change in the
moisture, industrial pollution and humidity.

Copper alloy is selected for this application, since non-metal is the most appropriate for this
application of material.

Table:1-3 :Electrical wire – Metals – Non-ferrous – Copper alloy

Savio Rodrigues 40073997 Assignment 1 Unit 10- Materials

What does the word standard means? Types of standard:

Is basically the methods that sets up a service
that is to be provided or method of
manufacturing the product, can be described as
a standard.
The quality, efficiency and accuracy of these sort
of aspects of the product is been focused by
standard.
It also helps to protect consumer’s rights,
promote safe working practices and even
enhancing the manufacturing organisation
towards its competiveness.
Selected standard:
There are types of standards which are based on
a variety of international and national bodies as
they are controlled. The following are the most
important standards:
• International Standards Organisation (ISO)
• British Standards Institute (BSI)
• American Society of Mechanical Engineers
(ASME)
• German Industrial Standard (DIN or Deutsche
Industrial Norm)

The BS standards are replaced and the product type are used to categorise the BS EN standards title.
An EN number is allocated, before the national implementation, at this point the prefix ‘pr’ is identified
along with the draft. The same number are used in BS EN implementation.
Numbering System: for a more user- and computer friendly alternative a new numbering systems has
been developed.
There are six character alpha-numeric series uses across the Europe and alloy designation system which
is used in the UK.
C for copper-based material is the first letter used.

The second letter indicates the product form:

 B = Ingot for re-melting to produce cast products
 C = Cast products
 F = Filler materials for brazing and welding
 M = Master Alloys
 R = Refined unwrought Copper
 S = Scrap
 W = Wrought products
 X = Non-standard materials

Type and codes of selected material based on selected standard

A commercial pure oxygen free copper known as C103 / CW008A can be manufactured by pouring it in
a protective gas atmosphere and melting it again.
There is 99.95% of minimum copper content in C103 and more than 100 % IACS is seen as electrical
conductivity.
App: Flexible cables and electrical instruments.

Related Specifications Key Features Chemical Composition

Savio Rodrigues 40073997 Assignment 1 Unit 10- Materials

 BS EN 13601: CW008A  Excellent Conductivity  Copper 99.95 min

C10200 Values  Bismuth 0.0010% max
 BS2874 / BS1433: C103  Freedom From  Lead 0.005% max
 Cu-OF Hydrogen Embrittlement
 Excellent Joining
Characteristics
 Excellent formability
Maufacturing Datasheet catalog :
INCOLOY and INCONEL; Aalco Metals Limited. Issue No. 3 – 02/2011
(Ref: Non- computer based sources)

Availability and cost of raw materials

The cost of copper dry bright wire prices is seen to change very drastically in the month of
October 2014 the average price per tonne was £3,635 but the previous month it was more,
meaning £29 per tonne more when compared. And further went down to £823 per tonne by
prices in the October 2013.

Reserves and resources are the two concepts where future availability of minerals is based on.
The one that is been economically profitable are the reserves as they deposits which are
discovered, assessed and have been evaluated.
The United States Geological Survey states that according to their, discover that copper resources
are currently estimated to exceed 3,000 million tons in the year 2013 and copper reserves amount
to 680 million tons in the year 2013.
The concentration of copper present naturally in the Earth’s crust is about 67 parts per million
ppm. Therefore, an assumption is that about 3.3 km is the total amount of copper that is been
deposits and a likely limit of future mining is estimated to be 300,000 million tons Keslar in 2008.

Sustainability of materials

We know that copper is 100% recyclable metal.

Which means that green credentials of a material is known to be one property of it, as knowing
how environmental friendly it really is.
A material’s sustainability needs to be considered, meaning without damaging the environment to
help conserve the world’s raw materials, recycling has been introduced for a more important
green rating. After a long time when the copper products becomes useless, they can be recycled
completely due to the metal containing within the perfectly maintain physical to its chemical
properties. This is a great advantage seen new resource can be obtained, this helps to save
world’s natural resources.
Savio Rodrigues 40073997 Assignment 1 Unit 10- Materials

Sources of data
Computer based sources and Non-computer based sources
 Computer databases- there is wealth of information availabe online on
materials. There are several search engines which allows rapid acess to relvant
data manly on online databases.
 Trade associations: There are useful information produce by groups of material
manufactures formed as some trade bodies.
(Website - Internet: computer based source)
(Ref: http://www.wrap.org.uk/content/metal-0)

(Paper: International Copper Association)

Copper statistics and information (USGS, 2013).
http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/copper.

(Ref: Non- computer based sources)

Maufacturing Datasheet catalog :
INCOLOY and INCONEL; Aalco Metals Limited. Issue No. 3 – 02/2011

Kesler, S.E. and B. Wilkinson. Earth’s copper resources, estimated from tectonic diffusion of
porphyry copper deposits.Geology 36(3):255-258(2008)
Savio Rodrigues 40073997 Assignment 1 Unit 10- Materials

(B). Seat Chair

Properties of material for Seat Chair

Physical properties Mechanical Electrical-Thermal Chemical
properties properties properties

Properties A seat chair requires Explanation

types of appropriate
properties
Physical properties Low density In order to select appropriate materials the
most important criteria is Weight of a chair.
The designer needs to design and manufacture
a stylish and format of chair with the use of
low density material.
Mechanical High formability A high formability should be considered, in the
properties case of selecting appropriate material for chair,
this is because formability has to have the
ability to undergo plastic deformation of a
given material without actual being damaged.
High compression In many engineering applications one of the
stiffness and strength principal that is important is the stiffness of a
structure, therefore when selecting a material
one of the primary properties is the modulus
of elasticity. When the deflection is
undesirable a high modulus of elasticity is
sought.
When forces are being applied the ability to
stand up against these forces without
Breaking, shattering, bending or deforming in
compression. When manufacturing the chair of
any material this is a vital property.
Brittleness & low Brittle material is broken when subjected to
ductility stress without significant deformation (strain).
Also brittle materials absorbed relatively little
energy prior to fracture so low brittleness is
desire for seat chair.
When stress is applied or subjected to a brittle
material it breaks without strain/deformation.
There is also relatively little energy prior to
fracture as the brittle materials absorbed it,
therefore a low brittleness is better to desire
for seat chair.
Electrical-Thermal Does not requires ---
properties
Chemical High chemical Solvent action or chemical reactivity has the
properties resistance ability to resist damage to the solid materials.
To resist against the atmospheric influences
such as moisture, light, humidity and other
more; a high resists is needed for a chair.
Savio Rodrigues 40073997 Assignment 1 Unit 10- Materials

Categories of material

 For a Seat chair: material selected: selected are Thermoplastic- polymer- polypropylene.

 Plain carbon steel which is a ferrous metal and aluminium alloy which is a non-ferrous metal.

 The above mentioned properties in the table such as different categories of metals and Non-
metals can be selected for the seat chair.

 Also a wide range of non-metals materials can be selected and listed, like composite,
polymer and natural materials including wood for this seat chair application.

Types of standard
ISO BS DIN ASME ASTM

What does the word standard mean? Types of standard:

A document which has been established within
the accord principles of the organisation and
developed and the procedures and regulations
needed are met.
All the participation parties who have a stake in
the development of the standards act together
forming the full consensus standards and
developed.
Selected standard: ASTM
Products that are made of plastic and polymeric
derivatives having wide variety of materials in
physical, mechanical and chemical properties,
Also, ASTM’s plastics standards are
instrumental used in testing and specifying.
There are types of standards which are based
on a variety of international and national
bodies as they are controlled. The following are
the most important standards:
 International Standards Organisation
(ISO)
 British Standards Institute (BSI)
 American Society of Mechanical
Engineering (ASME)
 German Industrial Standards (Deutsche
Industrial Norm or DIN)
 ASTM known as the American Society
for Testing and Materials unit 2001, this
is an international standards
organisation that uses a wide range of
products, systems, materials and
services that is used in developing and
publishing the voluntary consensus
technical standards.
Savio Rodrigues 40073997 Assignment 1 Unit 10- Materials

During the process, there is malleable

characteristic seen in synthetic or semisynthetic
organic solids that allows them to give shapes
as they can be moulded into an assortment,
therefore, various industrial products can be
manufactured because of its suitability. Plastic
manufactures and end-users are able to
examine and evaluate their materials or
product because of these plastic standards,
helping them to ensure quality concern and
acceptability on the way to safe utilization.

Type and codes of selected material based on selected standard

Extrusion materials and Polypropylene Injection :ASTM D4101
Key Features:
 Good water vapour barrier
 Low density (0.9 g/cm3)
 Capable of being recycled
 Easily coloured
 Excellent chemical resistance
 Easily modified
 Excellent reproduction of mould
surface
Related Specifications
In spite of semi-crystalline nature of
Polypropylene, the injection mould is the
relatively easy material.
The temperature for melting are between 200
and 250oC for injection moulding.
The polypropylene moulding shrinkage is about
1%, however the prediction of the actual value
is really difficult because of the strong influence
of moulding conditions.

Availability and Cost of raw materials

There are three types of polypropylene available, each of them suits particular specifications and
costing.
Block copolymers –incorporate ethylene around 5-15%, a temperature below -20 degree C will
be extended in order to have considerable improved impact resistance. Impact modifiers can
be added further to enhance their toughness and bending process where traditional
elastomers takes place.

Homopolymers – This can be used in varieties of different applications, basically a General

Purpose Grade.

Random copolymers - along the polypropylene long chain molecule are the randomly arranged
incorporate co-monomer units (as dissimilar from discrete blocks). Contains 1-7% of ethylene
this are typical polymers being selected having more flexibility, melting point and
advantageous for clarity as being enhanced.
Cost:
 The price for PP co-polymer injection moulding is about 1,515 €/t = 1,102.88 GBP/t
Savio Rodrigues 40073997 Assignment 1 Unit 10- Materials

 The price for PP homo-polymer fibre is about 1,431 €/t = 1,041.73 GBP/t
 The price for PP homo-polymer injection moulding is about 1,443 €/t = 1,050.47 GBP/t

Sustainability of materials

Recyclability means that green credentials of a material is known to be one property of it, as
knowing how environmental friendly it really is.
Recyclable is the one here known as Polypropylene and has a resin identification code that is the
number 5.
Polypropylene’s Standard Specification: ASTM D5857 – 15
With the use of this specification the material known as polypropylene can be recycled for those
uses, also reconstituted and reground 1. Tells us that the specification requirements are met. 2.
Not being modified for conformance to food contact regulations or related requirements, the
material. The nature and the any amount of contaminant cannot be added or practically covered
under this specification, but the proportions of reconstituted, recycled and used reground
material.
The buyers and the suppliers are responsible for compliance ensuring reground materials,
recycling and reconstituted.

Sources of data
Computer based sources and Non-computer based sources

(Ref: computer based sources)

http://www.bpf.co.uk//plastipedia/polymers/PP.aspx#grades
http://plasticker.de/preise/preise_ecebd_en.php
http://www.bpf.co.uk/plastipedia/polymers/PP.aspx#gradeselection

(Ref: Non-computer based computer)- Catalog

Referencing This Standard:

DOI: 10.1520/D5033-00

ASTM International is a member of Cross Ref.

Citation Format
ASTM D5033-00, Standard Guide for Development of ASTM Standards Relating to Recycling and Use of
Recycled Plastics (Withdrawn 2007), ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2000, www.astm.org