





 

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

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





  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

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 





  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  








  

  

  

  

 

  

 

  

  

             
 

  

  

  

  

  

 

  

  

  

  


 





  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

 



 


 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 








 


 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 



 

 A0 

 

 

 


 





 

 


 

 


  





            
         


              


 

 
 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 


 


 

            
               
            
           
           






           







  





            
            


           


              



             







         



               


              









 
 
         

        

 
 
        

 

         

       

 

       

 
 
       

      

 
       
        

 

       

 
 
       

 

      

       



 















    

     
   

      


        


      

       

        



       

      








         



           




- 

- 

- 

- 

- 




         



        




          
             


        



        






         

 d máx . 

          

    d máx .            



         







          


         


   

             



 



- 



- 

- 

- 

- 

- 






-  


- 

- 


          




- 

- 

- 




Ao  

Ak   k 

C  



C ij   i  j 

C máx .  

Cv  

CP  

D            



E  

Fa  

Fk   k 

Fp  

Fv  

Fy  

Fy f  

H  


I  


K  

Kp  


L  

P  

Pk   k 

Pp  

Qo  

Qp  
Qmín .  


 

R  

R1  

Rp  

S           



Sa  

S a, v  

Se             
 S pr 
          


Si   i 

SA  

SC  

SO  

Ti   i 

T  

T*  

Zk   k 

a  

ap  

ak   k 

b  
              
           
     
 
           





bf  

d  

dd        

 R 

d dmáx .   d 
d

di   i 

do  

e             

g  

h             
           

             



k             


n  

r  

t  

tw  

 

b  

r  

p  



 





        




 

             


 

 

 

 

 

 

 


 
         


            




           
          


             



            
          





             

      


 


 

 
         


          
              



           
            
            
   
             
              




       


         

          
          






 



 
           



 

             



         



               

                


            
            
           
              


 









- 

           
           


 


        



-           
    


-            









             


 
 
 






               





           


            







 

    

   




 

 








 



 

   

  



  
             





 

 

 

 

 

             



 

 

                 

                   






        

           

            


            
            














               








              
           
           








            



 



             
           
         


 

 

 



 




             
            
   


          


 

    








          


-  

-  


            



















 



 

           





             
           


               


           
         



              


           


            




 





          

     
           


       



           
           





            






           



              
           







Qo CIP 



Qo  

C  




I  

P             
          





n 0,4
2,75 Ao T 0,05
C 
gR T*



Ao  


T ,n            


T*  

R  

 

 C 

 C  Ao g .



   T *        







Ak Pk
Fk n
Qo 
1
A j Pj

Zk 1
Zk
Ak 1 1 
H H


 



Fk   k 

Pk , Pj   k  j 

Ak   k  k 

n  

Qo  

Zk , Zk   k  k 1
1

H  











n 0, 4
2,75 Ao I T 0,05
Sa 
R T



T  

 S a  IC máx . g  C máx . 





              







          



S i j
C ij S i S j 

2
8 r 1,5
Cij 
(1 r ) (1 r ) 2 4 2
r (1 r)

Ti
r
Tj



S  

S i , S j   i  j 

C ij   i  j 

 

Ti , T j   i  j 



 Qo 

Ao
Qmín . 0,25 I P 
g

 Qmín . Q o 





              
            
             



 






 
        A0 g      
    Fv ( A0 g ) IP    P       


            
2 A0 3 g 

 



  R 3   0,03    
 IA0 




             


             
 A0 g  A0 g 



    




 S 

S [] 20 0,2 L 0,5 H ; L 60  



S  

L  

H               









            
           

    


             

            


             
         
              
   

            
         









          
           

     


          



             
           




 

           
 R 



           



        




             


A0
Q´mín . 0,25 I P 
g

 Qmín . Q o 

              






            





           
     
            


            
                
          
          

    











            
          


          



     







             





            
               


             



       






 Q0 


A0
Qmín . 0,50 I P 
g

  Qmín . / Q0 






 



   








 








 
 
 













 























   

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 












 

























 



   

 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 






 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 










   

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 


















  

  
  
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 




 

 A0

 A0
 
 
 




 


 v s 
               
 RQD 

  v s        



       d

         
 ID(DR)


  ID(DR)
              


          s u      
 qu 


                

  ID(DR)


               



    s u         q u   


               





    s u         qu    


  







 T  n
  

  

  

  




         
 

 

 

          
 

 

 


  
 

       

 

       



        

 

 
 



             

               


  



 



 R
  

  

 

 
 

 
 

  

             
 

           
 

  

  

  

           
 

 

 
 

 
 

  

             
 

           
 








 R

  

  

 

  

 
 

          
 

 

         

 

 

  

  

 

  

 
 

  

 

  

 
 

  

  

           
 

  




 



 R
 

  

  

  

  

  



  R 
         


 

  R  R 


              




C máx .

  
   
   
   
   
   










 








 





      R 



d d0 R1 d d 



d  

d0  

R1   R 
 Qo Qmín .  Qo Qmín . 
  Qo Qmín . 
 R1 R 

dd         

 R 

        d     







        



S ( R1i d di )2 ( R1 j d dj ) 2 d 0i d0 j 

S 0,002 (hi hj ) 

S 30 mm



d di  d dj   i  j 

R1i  R1 j     R1       
 i  j 

hi , h j     i  j 



            

 d 




             


 


         



d máx . 0,002 h 

 

d máx . 0,003 h 


 

 

d máx . 0,0075 h 

 

d máx . 0,015 h 



h  

           






d 0,015 h 





             
             




              
               


1,2 Q p R1
Fp Pp 
Rp



Q p              
          


R1  




R p            


Pp  


             


      a p          
          


3,0 a p K p
Fp Pp Pp 
Rp

 K p 


 K p  2,2 

 0,5 

K p  0,5
2 2
(1 ) (0,3 ) 2



1  0,8 T * Tp 1,1 T *

1,25 (T p T * )  T p 0,8 T *

0,91 (T p T * )  T p 1,1 T *



T p          

       T *    
          
         
  T * 


 

 

0,7 a k K p
Fp Pp Pp 
Rp



a k      k        



             
 K p 2,2  a k 4 A0 g 

 k 

A0 Zk
ak 1 3 
g H



A0  

Zk   k 

H  


0,8 A0 Pp g 





             


             
          
            
 R p 




 R p 






            
            





 Rp

-       




- 


-  
- 

- 

- 

- 





   

 


 



            



             
         
          



 





-  



- 

- 

- 

           


 


 

 

 

 

          


          
              




           
         



          




     r    
 E Fy 








             

             
             
           
              
         
 Fy b f t 

Fy  

bf  

t  




       K     
        


            
            





           




              



          
         
 p 


 

              
 R1 
        
                




                
             


              


 


             


          



              


            
            






-          


- 


- 


          





          
 


           
 Fy b f t 

          


            


           
             


            





 


 


 




                



             





           




 

            

              




           
            





          








                



                

          


   


















             
                



           





         


            






             

           



         

     r        

 E Fy 

              
             



         




           
          



 

          
           


          


         

              


     

  










  

r r p



  0 ,56 E F y 0 ,83 E  Fy 70 0 ,38 E Fy

    

 0 ,64 Ek c Fy 0 ,95 Ek c  F yf 115 0 ,38 E Fy

  1,49 E F y 5 ,7 E F y 3,76 E F y

Si Pu b
Py 0,125

 r p

0,74 Pu 2 ,75 Pu
5, 70 E Fy 1 Py 3, 76 E Fy 1 P
b b y

Si Pu b
Py 0,125

 r p

0 ,74 Pu Pu
5 ,70 E Fy 1 P 1,12 E Fy 2, 33 1, 49 E Fy
b y b y
P

    

       1,49 E F y 1,49 E F y 1,12 E Fy


   
 0 ,64 Ek c Fy 0 ,56 E Fy 0 ,38 E Fy

  0 ,56 E F y  

  1,40 E F y 1,40 E F y 1,12 E Fy



  0 ,56 E F y 0,83 E ( F y 70 ) 0 ,38 E Fy

Ek c
  0 ,64 Ek c F y 0,95 0 ,38 E Fy
( F yf 115)

  0 ,75 E F y  


  1,40 E F y 1,40 E F y 1,12 E Fy

  1,40 E F y 5 ,70 E F y 3 ,76 E F y




 

 




  

r r p

    


  1,49 E F y 1,49 E F y 1,12 E F y

  1,49 E F y 5 ,70 E F y 3 ,76 E F y

   E Fy  E F y  E F y


      
       0 ,45 E Fy  

       
 0 ,56 E F y  



  0 ,42 E F y 0 ,42 E Fy 0 ,30 E F y


 1,28 E F y 1,28 E F y 1,08 E F y


 0 ,37 E Fy  

     1,28 E F y 3,13 E F y 2 ,38 E Fy

  0 ,42 E F y 0 ,42 E Fy 0 ,3 E F y

r p

Si Pu b
Py 0,15

 Pu
 3 ,13 E F y 2 ,38 E Fy 1 2 ,33
 P
b y

Si Pu b
Py 0,15

3 ,13 E F y 1,5 E F y




E , Fy  E   

r


4
kc    p
     
h tw    


 F y 

 hc  h  p







 





       

       
              
            



           
          



          
    R1             

       
     


              
                
               
    






               
            





             
 R1 
             


 


              


            









 






          
         d   






              



 

 


          
           


 



            

          
          
          


 


         

            


         
         


         

  


         



          



           

             
           









             
 Se 


              
       S pr     

      S pr         
            
         
 S pr 



           
         


            


 Qo 

Ao
Qmín . 0,40 I P 
g

 Qmín . Qo 



             
         
          




             
           



 




            


             


 

              


           
             





             
            
           


             


        





   







Qmín . 0 ,4 I A0 P / g 

       Q0        
 Qmín . / Q0 





               



               




k L/r 100 

 k 

             
   





             



             





          


d d0 S 0 R1 d d 

 S 0 








 

               
             
            









           






         





            
    



             
               




             
              


              





             

               
            
             


          
        
           









           





             



             


       

           



              

            


              
           




 



            


          


 
             


             
              


 

           

          


 

 


              


             


 


             


              
      


           
          





          
             



          

           


          

             
    1,5 E / Fy           
               
           


           
           










             
             

            



            
                



         

          
               


             


 





            



      





          
             
           






              




  

           


  
     d d  





           

              



              





             









            
          

                



              


Fa 135 Fy e D Fa 0 ,8 Fy 



Fa  

Fy  

e  

D  



            
           
             


            
              

          
            
         
           
        


 


          




          



             


             


            
             


           R     


            R    
            

 R 


            
  

            
 
 A0 g .




          





               





             

               
              



              


                



          
               


            


 

 

            


       

 





                 


                
           
              
              
          







 





            
         



               
          







           
        











           
            




            

 R    















































            


 


           


 
          


       







            
 Ru  Rv  0,75  Ru 
Rv 

M u1 M u2
 Ru Vu 
d m1 d m2



M u1  M u 2             

          


d m1  d m 2   d 1  d 2  d 1  d 2 


 

Vu               
           


 Si Pu 0,75 Py

3bcf t cf2
Rv 0,60 F y d c t p 1 
db d ct p

 Si Pu 0,75 Py

3bcf t cf2 Pu
Rv 0,60 F y d c t p 1 1,9 1,2 
db d ct p Py



bcf  

t cf  

d c  

tp  

d b   d 1  d 2 

F y  

Pu  

Py  AF y 

A  














             
                



               


t d2 w2 / 90 



t  

d 2  

w2  









             


 Ru R n 

Ru            
 M u 

 0,90 

Rn  6,25 t 2 F 
f yf


 



F yf  

tf  




    Ru           t f  
 Rn 






 Ru Rn 

Ru      

 M u 

 

 Rn 

     Ru           
 d 

Rn 5k N F yw t w 

 

 Ru     Rn, min, 
                
Rn,st Ru Rn, min  Ast Rn, st / F y ,st  0,9 
                




  Ru  d 



Rn 2,5k N F ywt w 



F yw  

N  
           N k   
N k

k          



tw  

             
              


          



 




 Ru Rn 

Ru  
 M u 

 

 Rn 

  d 2 


1, 5
tw
Rn 0,80t 2
w
1 3 N EFyw (t f / t w ) 
d tf

            d 2   


 N d 0,2

1, 5
tw
Rn 0,40 t 2
w
1 3 N EFyw (t f / t w ) 
d tf

 N d 0,2

1, 5
2 4N tw
Rn 0,40 t w
1 0,2 EFyw (t f / t w ) 
d tf



N  

d  

t f  

t w                






              





             
              
 Ru R n 

Ru  

 

2,4t w3 EF yw
Rn 
h

              
   d 2      Rn       
              
             
              



 






 
                 


 
            
 F y / 250.  F y 

 
          
 h 
 t w  t w 



            


              


 


          

             
             

             

            

             
















           

        


 

             
           


 
           



           
         



           
             


               
              
             




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 


            
             














           
           
          














          









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

           

             


 

    
  
I 
 
    
 
 
    
 
  
    
  
 
    
 


  







             
             

     
                

     
           
              
             



       A0      
            


A0 S a 2,5

 S a             



 

 

               
             
             
          





            


             



  


  
   
   
   
   



              


            



          


 

 

 

 




 

 




             

          



   
    
             


  b 1,4           
           
           
 b 1,4           



              
            
             
           





            



 

          
         




 

   

               
           




             








        



              

















           



           








 

            

          
          
              


            



 
          



           

               




           
           
            
           


           






            
              
 
            

             
             
  


 

 

           

              


         
            

           
       



          

             
              
             
           

            
              
          
     

            


          
              
          

 

             







              







              
            


              

   





0,15
C  T 1
T

0,15
C  T 1
T

C máx . 0,30 C mín . 0,10

               

            


Q CIP 

n
A0 T'
C 2,75 
gR T

 T '  n 

              


n 0 ,4
A T' 0 ,05
C 2 ,75 0
gR T

              
               











               


 R

       R     
    
      


                
 R  R 




            


  

  

   
   
   
 R    

 
             

























          




















          









             
           



 

      







          






 




 s d1 d 2 
 d 1  d 2 
2
        s d 1
d 22    



             
           
            
             











           












               
            


 










           
          





         

             




           

           





      

           



 

             



             


             
             




            
             
            
          
 

            



 
           



           
           

               
           
               
           
             





              
             


              







           


            
             


  

             


              

           
        











          
            


         



   

 



             



 

            
             





       

              



 
          


           
        
              









           
           







           

 C  C mín . 







              


             
            














            
          


            





 



               
            
            
               
                   



 








           



        
           
             


             
           









              



           

            







            
        
            









 



  



             
            


       








         

             
        

           




             



            
              





          
             
         

          





              
            
           



           
             
            



           
          



               






 R 

              


            R    




          
 

           R   
             



             



 




            


Fu 170 Fy e / D

 Fu  Fu 



Fa 135 Fy e / D  Fy


 Fa 0,9 Fu 153 Fy e / D 







              





          
              
            

          


           




             








              
               
             


 

 R 
               
            
             


 

 

 



             



               
             


  





           

               


          
             




 

              


              
             

              
          





            





              

          


          
 




     


   
           

            
            








 




            
             
           




  
            
          

         


            

             
            



          


             
            
 R 

         





            
          
       
         




 



          
             


                




            
        
             
              
         





 R 







              


             
              


            

           







              
           

             





 

  

  
  


 



 


           
        


         


         


 



          


          


             
         


          


 


 


         


 
        


 
        





 

            


 
           


 


             


 

          


             


 

          


           


              



 


 
           


            
          


        




 

           



    



 


             


              


           


            


           


 

             


           


 

           


 


          


  



            




             


 

 

             


 

 

 


  

   







       





  

 
 
 