Advances in Cellular Wireless

Communication Systems

Dr. K. S. Ramesh
Professor , Dept. of ECE,
K L University,
Vaddeswaram,
Guntur Dist
 Why wireless ?

1. Mobility
Allowing users to move while using their
equipment

2. Easy installation
Easy to install wireless in hard-to reach
areas

3. Cost savings
Because there is no need to lay cables in
buildings.
Reduced network deployment time and cost
 History of Communications

• Telegraphy Morse 1837

• Telephony Bell 1876
• Radio comm. Marconi/Bose 1894
• AM com. radio 1920
• FM com. radio 1936
• Radar
• Video broadcasting
• Mobile telephone 1940
• Point-to-point radio links
LOS, Tropospheric, ionospheric
• Microwave communications
• Radio control
 Wireless Telephony

• Radio comm. (Marconi) 1894

• Mobile telephone 1940
• Cellular mobile comm. 1974
• Digital cellular 1991
• Satellite mobile comm. 1998
• 3G cellular 2002
 Cellular Network

MTSO

PSTN

• Macro-Cell size is 1 to 10 miles

in radius
• Services to mobiles and
pedestrians
 Features of Cellular Wireless
Mobile Communication Systems
• Supports mobile users
• Limited frequency spectrum
- Coverage area divided into cells
- Freq. Reuse technique (to accommodate
more users)
• Frequent cell boundary crossings during a
single conversation or call due to cell
splitting
• Controls transferred from one BS to
another BS as the user moves into
different cell region- Handoff
 Frequency Reuse

• Macro-cell size
of 1 to 15 miles is
f1
f6 f2 used,
f0
f5 f3 • Handoff between
f4 f 1 cells is essential
f1 f6 f 2 for seamless
f6 f 2 f0 communication.
f0 f5 f 3
f5 f 3 f4 • Cell splitting is
f4 used for
increased traffic.
 Evolution of the Mobile
Communications
Functionality
IMT-2000

EDGE UMTS
<384K WCDMA-DS
< 2M

HSCSD GPRS
<58K <115K

Circuit data
<9.6 Kbps

Speech

Time 
 Growth of Cellular Phones

1200 Global:
1.8 to 2 billion by 2007
1000 40% by 2010
800
Indian:
Landline Subs
600 Fixed: 50 million (2006)
3% growth rate
400 Mobile: 120 milli. (2006)
(40% growth rate
200 from 2K)
Mobile Subs 400 mill. (2010)
0
 First Generation Analog
Cellular Radio Systems

System AMPS NMT - 450 NMT - 900 TACS ETACS

Europe, United Europe,
standard Americas, Australia, Europe
Chine, S.E.Asia China, Kingdom Africa
India
Frequency
range 824-849 / 453-457.5 / 872-905 /
890-915 / 890-915 /
(mobile 869-894 463-467.5 917-950
463-467.5 953-960
TX/base TX)
(MHz)

Channel
spacing 30 25 12.5* 25 25
(kHz)

Number of
channels 832 180 1999 1000 1240
 Evolution of the Digital Cellular
Standards
European:
2G 2.5G 3G
GSM HSCSD / GPRS EDGE / WCDMA
9.6kbps 56 kbps 115 kbps 384 kbps 2Mbps

North American: 4G
2G 2.5G 3G
IS-95 / 136 95B / 136B cdma2000
9.6kbps 64 kbps 384 kbps 2Mbps

Digital cellular systems, •Increased data rates High chip rate,

Roaming, improved QoS, •Extends capabilities of infra. Multi-carrier and higher-mod.
enhanced features, •Enabling technologies Enabling technologies
limited data services •IP switching Equipment: Fast ADC, DAC,
Incompatible int’l roaming •Flexible modulation DSP and Software Radio
 Second Generation Systems
Standard Multiple Mod. Carr. Tx. bit Frame Freq. Max. Channel
Access Spac. Rate Length Band data coding
(kHz) (kHz ) (m.Sec) Up/dn Rate
(kHz) (kbps)
880-915 HSCSD:
GSM TDMA 935-960 Rate 1/2
GMSK 200 270.83 4.615 115.2
1720-1785 convolu-
(Europe) 1805-1880 GPRS: tional
1930-1990 115.2-
1850-1910
182.4
824-849 Rate 1 /2
IS-136 TDMA DQPSK 30 48.6 40 869-894 43.2 convolu-
1930-1990
(USA) 8-PSK 72..9 1850-1910 tional

QPSK 824-849 IS-95A:

Rate 1/2
IS-95 CDMA O-QPSK 1250 1228.9 20 869-894 14.4
1930-1990 or 1/3
(USA) IS-95B convolu-
1850-1910
115.2 tional
DQPSK 810-826 Rate 1/2
PDC TDMA 25 42 20 940-956 28.8 convolu-
1429-1453
(Japan) 1477-1501 tional
 Objective of 3G Wireless
Systems
Provides packet data / IP access including multimedia, any time
anywhere. This is by means of one or more radio links, to a wide
range of telecommunications services supported by the fixed
telecommunication networks (e.g. PSTN/ISDN/IP), and to other
services which are specific to mobile users

Key features of IMT-2000:

high degree of commonality of design worldwide
compatibility of services within IMT-2000 and with the fixed
networks high quality;
small terminal for worldwide use worldwide roaming capability
capability for multimedia applications, and a wide range of
services and terminals.
 4G and Next Gen.
Systems

• Global roaming across multiple wireless standards

• Access to different services, increased coverage
• single devices and bill
 GSM
Global System for Mobile
Communications

A 2nd Generation Digital Cellular

Standard
of
ETSI
 Second Generation Digital
Cellular
Europe
North America Asia / Pacific

IS 95
IS 136 PDC
GSM

These systems are presently in use and they offer

low bit-rate services (eg.: upto 9.6 kbps).
 Second Generation Systems
Standard Multiple Mod. Carr. Tx. bit Frame Freq. Max. Channel
Access Spac. Rate Length Band data coding
(kHz) (kHz ) (m.Sec) Up/dn Rate
(kHz) (kbps)
880-915 HSCSD:
GSM TDMA 935-960 Rate 1/2
GMSK 200 270.83 4.615 115.2
1720-1785 convolu-
(Europe) 1805-1880 GPRS: tional
1850-1910
1930-1990
115.2-
182.4
824-849 Rate 1 /2
IS-136 TDMA DQPSK 30 48.6 40 869-894 43.2 convolu-
1930-1990
(USA) 8-PSK 72..9 1850-1910 tional

QPSK 824-849 IS-95A:

Rate 1/2
IS-95 CDMA O-QPSK 1250 1228.9 20 869-894 14.4
1930-1990 or 1/3
(USA) IS-95B convolu-
1850-1910
115.2 tional
DQPSK 810-826 Rate 1/2
PDC TDMA 25 42 20 940-956 28.8 convolu-
1429-1453
(Japan) 1477-1501 tional
 Frequency Bands of Operation
Reverse channel
Uplink
890 - 915 MHz
(1720-1785)
(1850-1910)

Mobile Forward channel

phone Downlink
935 - 960 MHz
1720-1785 (1805-1880) Base station
1805-1880
1930-1990
(1930-1990)
1850-1910
Frequency Division Duplex (FDD)
 GSM Network

BSC PSTN/
ISDN

MSCE VLR: Visitor Location Register

HLR: Home Location Register
C AuC: Authentication Center
VLR EIR: Equipment Identity Register
2G D
CGF: Charging Gateway Function
Network
BTS: Base transceiver station
HLR, AuC/EIR
BSS: Base station system
Packet
BSC: Base station controller
A Switched
MSC: Mobile switching center
Network FR
BSC
Gb
Abis Um
BSS

BTS BTS
 Base Station: A fixed station
Forward Channel connects mobile station to
FVC and FCC backbone network
MSC: Mobile switching Center
coordinates the routing of calls
in a large service area.
 Functions of the Equipment

BTS  RF equipment for a cell

BSC  All control functions in the BSs
eg.: Ch. Management, ECC, speech transcoding,
data rate adaptation, handover init.
DTE  Telephone, data terminal equipment
MT  Supports Phy. channel between the MS and BS
eg.: radio tx., ch. mgmt., speech coding, FEC . . .
MSC  Call routing, call control, NW interworking,
mobility mgmt.
HLR  dBase for mobile location information (for
routing to the corresponding MSC
AUC  Authentication to the subscriber for HLR access
VLR  Attends the MSs that are outside the area of HLR
EIR  Identification of fraudulent equipment
 GSM Capacity Enhancement
and Enabling Techniques

Frequency hopping
Transmission power control (TPC)
Voice Activity Detection and Comfort
Noise Generation
Software radios (SWR)
Transmit diversity
High Performance DSPs
High energy rechargeable batteries
 4G and Next Gen.
Systems

• Global roaming across multiple wireless standards

• Access to different services, increased coverage
• single devices and bill
 4G Cellular
1. Improving the insufficient performance of 3G to
suit broadband and newer services.
2. High and scalable bit rates and wide bandwidth.
3. Global roaming and service portability facilitated
by interworking with multiple standards.
4. Interoperability to work with hybrid networks for
seamless operation (WLAN, Bluetooth,… ).
5. Use of recent advances such as those in
multiaccess methods and STC’s.
6. Support for all IP networking including
converged voice, video and data (different QOS).
7. Distributed architecture and self org. capability.
 Network Architecture

PSTN
Radio 4G all IP
Access
Core NW
Network

PSTN
Gateway

PSTN
 Applications

• Traditional voice communication.

• Mobile education.
• Mobile video conferencing.
• Streaming media services.
• Telemedicine and education.
• Mobile IP services.
• Internet access to WLAN hotspots.
 Bit Rates and Capacity

• Max., D/L and U/L capacity/cell: 100-1000 Mbps

• Max., U/L bit rate for user: 10 Mbps
• Max., D/L bit rate for user: 20 Mbps
• Expected to be available by: 2010
• Mobile speeds: 250 kmph
• Type of switching: Pkt. Sw.
• RF bandwidth/channel: 40-120 MHz?

3G:IMT-2000 DSRC Possible Freq.

2G W-LAN bands
ISM

800MHz 1.5GHz 2GHz 5GHz 25GHz

 Possible Access Methods

• Wideband CDMA(WCDMA)
• Wideband TDMA(WTDMA)
• TDMA/CDMA
• OFDMA
• Opportunity Driven MA (ODMA)
• MC-CDMA (sinusoidal or wavelet)
• MC-DS-CDMA (sinusoidal or wavelet)
Enhancements:
• Space time codes (STC)  tx. diversity
• Adaptive antenna operation and beam forming
• Coded modulation
 Open Issues

• Multiaccess method

• Legacy

• Spectrum
• Multiple bands / wideband

• Scalability

DoCoMo’s claim, Qualcom’s propositions

 Capacity Enhancement and
Enabling Techniques

Multiuser detection (MUD)

Antenna array
Transmit diversity
Transmission power control (TPC)
Turbo Codes
Software radios (SWR)
High Performance DSPs
High energy rechargeable batteries
Research and Development
Activity
 Important Research Activities at a
Glance
• Access methods for 4G cellular Technology
• Capacity of a Wireless Channel
• Medium access control methods for 4G Cellular
• Frequency and time domain equalization for OFDM
systems
• Synchronization in MIMO OFDM
• Optimum methods of detection in compound
• Gaussian clutter
• Matched filters with reduced out-of-band response for detection
• Channel prediction for optimal performance
• Processor architectures for communication signal processing
• Processor architectures for communication signal processing
 Important Technology
Development Activity at a Glance

• ASICs for baseband processing of WiMax.

• ASICs for protocol processing in WiMax.

• A communication signal processor.

• A wireless protocol processor.

• An underwater OFDM communication system for high bit rates.

• An RF board for software defined radio.

• A reference board for baseband processing in software defined radio.

• Low bit rate speech codecs

Thank You!