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Procedia Manufacturing 35 (2019) 1375–1382 www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia

2nd
2nd International
International Conference
Conference on
on Sustainable
Sustainable Materials
Materials Processing
Processing and
and Manufacturing,
Manufacturing,
(SMPM 2019)
(SMPM 2019)
2nd International Conference on Sustainable Materials Processing and Manufacturing,
Hardness
Hardness and
and Microstructural
Microstructural
(SMPMBehavior
Behavior
2019) of
of Normalized
Normalized Steel-
Steel-
Hardness Welded Joint
Joint under
under Varying
and Microstructural
Welded BehaviorTemperature
Varying of Normalized Steel-
Temperature
1 *2, 4 3 2
T.
T. O.
O. Joshua 1, O. S. I. Fayomi *2, 4, F.H Olatuja3, A. O. Inegbenebor2
Welded
Joshua , O. Joint under Varying
S. I. Fayomi Temperature
, F.H Olatuja , A. O. Inegbenebor
1
Metallurgical Engineering Department, Kogi State Polytechnic, Lokoja – Itakpe campus
Metallurgical
Mechanical Engineering
Engineering Department, Kogi StateUniversity,
Polytechnic, Ogun–State,
Lokoja Itakpe campus
1
2
Department Covenant Ota, Nigeria
T. O. Joshua1, O. S. I. Fayomi *2, 4, F.H Olatuja3, A. O. Inegbenebor2
3 Mechanical Engineering Department Covenant University, Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria
2
Bullseye Engineering and Metal Works, Km 7, Benin – Agbor Rd, Benin City, Nigeria
4
Chemical, Bullseye
3
Metallurgical andEngineering and Metal Works,
Materials Engineering Department Benin – University
Km 7,Tshwane Agbor Rd, of
Benin City, Nigeria
Technology, Pretoria, South Africa
Chemical, Metallurgical
4 1
and Materials
Metallurgical Engineering
Engineering Department
Department, Tshwane
Kogi State University
Polytechnic, Lokoja – Itakpe campus
of Technology, Pretoria, South Africa
2
Mechanical Engineering Department Covenant University, Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria
3
Bullseye Engineering and Metal Works, Km 7, Benin – Agbor Rd, Benin City, Nigeria
Abstract
4
Chemical, Metallurgical and Materials Engineering Department Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria, South Africa
Abstract
The effect of normalizing on a weld joint and heat affected zone of various grades of steel with known composition were
The effect of normalizing on a weld joint and heat affected zone of various grades of steel with known composition were
estimated. Microexamination of samples was also done on the steel containing 0.22 wt % C to 0.36 weight percent of
Abstract
estimated. Microexamination of samples was also done on the steel containing 0.22 wt % C to 0.36 weight percent of
carbon. after normalizing at 70000C, 80000C and 90000C respectively. From the results, significant microstructural
carbon. after normalizing at 700 C, 800 C and 900 C respectively. From the results, significant microstructural
modifications
The due to heaton
effect of normalizing treatment wereand
a weld joint noticed. The as-zone
heat affected rolled 0.22 %C
of various and 0.24
grades %Cwith
of steel respectively consist of were
known composition little
modifications due to heat treatment were noticed. The as- rolled 0.22 %C and 0.24 %C respectively consist of little
pearlite
estimated. regions in ferrite matrix.
Microexamination While the
of samples was0.36
also %C
doneconsist
on theofsteel
uniformly distributed
containing 0.22 wtpearlite
% C toregions (dark)percent
0.36 weight in ferrite
of
pearlite regions in ferrite matrix. While the0 0.36 %C consist 0Cof uniformly distributed pearlite regions (dark) in ferrite
matrix (white)
carbon. especially at austenization
after normalizing at 7000C, 800 temperature
C and 900 of0800 0C and 90000CFrom
C respectively. above the
the upper
results,critical temperature
significant for all the
microstructural
matrix (white) especially at austenization temperature of 800 and 900 C above the upper critical temperature for all the
steel grades. While
modifications due tothose
heatnormalized
treatment atwere700noticed.
0C were fine
The pearlites,
as- rolledwith
0.22varying
%C and amounts
0.24 %C of spheroids of ferrite
respectively consistnucleated
of little
steel grades. While those normalized at 7000C were fine pearlites, with varying amounts of spheroids of ferrite nucleated
within the
pearlite matrix.in ferrite matrix. While the 0.36 %C consist of uniformly distributed pearlite regions (dark) in ferrite
regions
within the matrix.
matrix (white) especially at austenization temperature
Keywords: Normalizing; temperature; welded steel joint
of 8000C and 9000C above the upper critical temperature for all the
Keywords:
steel Normalizing;
grades. While temperature;
those welded
normalized at
© 2019 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. steel
700 0Cjoint
were fine pearlites, with varying amounts of spheroids of ferrite nucleated
within the
Peer-review matrix.
under responsibility of the
© 2019 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. organizing committee of SMPM 2019.
© 2019 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.
Peer-review
Keywords: under responsibility
Normalizing; temperature;ofwelded
the organizing
steel joint committee of SMPM 2019.
Peer-review under responsibility of the organizing committee of SMPM 2019.
© 2019 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.
Peer-review under responsibility of the organizing committee of SMPM 2019.
1. Introduction
1. Introduction
Most universal engineering materials at present consist of steels [1]. They are mainly joined by welding,
Most universal engineering materials at present consist of steels [1]. They are mainly joined by welding,
1. Introduction

Most universal engineering materials at present consist of steels [1]. They are mainly joined by welding,
*
*Corresponding Author
Corresponding Author
Email: ojosundayfayomi3@gmail.com
Email: ojosundayfayomi3@gmail.com
2351-9789
* © 2019
Corresponding The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.
Author
2351-9789 © 2019 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.
Peer-review
Email: under responsibility of the organizing committee of SMPM 2019.
ojosundayfayomi3@gmail.com
Peer-review under responsibility of the organizing committee of SMPM 2019.

2351-9789 © 2019 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.

Peer-review under responsibility of the organizing committee of SMPM 2019.
2351-9789 © 2019 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.
Peer-review under responsibility of the organizing committee of SMPM 2019.
10.1016/j.promfg.2019.09.006
1376 T.O. Joshua et al. / Procedia Manufacturing 35 (2019) 1375–1382
2 Author name / Procedia Manufacturing 00 (2016) 000–000

especially using the arc welding process because it is available, relatively easy to operate and uses
consumable electrode. During welding process, the part of the weld immediately under the flame or arc is in
the molten condition, the section that has been welded is cooling down from this condition, while the section
to be welded is comparatively cold [2, 3].
The challenges noticeable with the welded steel joint are strain behaviour and crack in service.
Studies have shown that the heat affected zone give course heterogeneous microstructure and high crack
tendency as a result of induced stress over time [4, 5]. Normalising is often seen with steel to provide a
uniform and fine-grained structure [5]. The development is used to achieve an expectable structure and a
reassurance of the properties of steel’s as it relate to mechanical and physical application [6].
In special application after cold working processes such as forging, and casting, the microstructure
is frequently unhomogeneous with outsized grains, and impurity components like carbide and most time
barite which out rightly impact regressively on the steel’s chemical, physical and mechanical properties [7].
In special cases were precision are require and accurate machinability, normalising are needed for reduce pit
evolution and fine-grained homogeneous microstructural properties. The behaviour and response of steel
during normalising process is also factor to consider. Study by [8] prove that the temperature of a material is
often heated to a peak value temperature close to the hardening temperature thereby causing changing in the
grain formation from austenitic to ferritic propagation
The occurrence of martensite could propagate internal embrittlement, annealing and normalizing of
joints in the metal are widely used in different application especially were stresses occurs [8]. In some
application, they should possess high surface hardness, corrosion resistance coupled with toughness in order
to satisfy these entire requirements [8, 9]. Hence, steel undergoes heat treatment to improve it structure and to
obtain higher specify mechanical properties [9]. The present study, attempt to investigate the effects of
normalizing heat treatment on mechanical properties and microstructure of different plain carbon steel weld
and to establish the progression of change which has been less reported from literatures.

2. Materials and methods

Two-meter length each of two different grades of low carbon steel and a grade of medium carbon
steel rod of known chemical composition were obtained from the Universal Steel Limited, Ikeja Lagos State.
The Chemical compositions are as shown in Table 1, 2 and 3 respectively. Three different grades of steel of
10mm diameter were used in this work, to include: 0.22%c steel, 0.24%c steel and 0.36%c steel. Arc welding
electrodes E6013. Mild steel electrode. Each grades of steel material, with the grooved sample of 180mm
length was processed. Make a groove of 6mm wide and deep into each rod as shown in figure1. The groove
was filled with welds, using arc welding with an electrode type E 6013 mild steel of current (100A) and a
terminal voltage of 80v. Subsequently the welds joint were exposed to normalizing process as shown in the
table 4
The hardness test was carried out for each specimen at the weld joint and the heat affected zones
beside the weld joint. This is done to verify the hardness compared to an ordinary weld joint. Each sample
was subjected to grinding using hand file to remove both metallic and non-metallic Inclusion to have a flat
surface. The surface are further subjected to further grinding using silicon carbide abrasive paper of different
mesh sizes ranging from 220, 320, and 400 to 1000 mesh size to have a mirror like surface, using water as a
solvent in the removal of the fine particles from each operation, to have a good surface finish. Furthermore,
polishing clothe follows the grinding operation to have a better appearance. Etching follows to aid good
visibility of the micro structure of each sample. The samples are subjected to micro examination using a
metallurgical microscope.

Table 1: Spectrochemical analysis of as received sample 0.22%C

Fe C Si Mn S P Cr Ni
98.3890 0.2210 0.1450 0.6820 0.590 0.390 0.850 0.800
Ni Cu Nb Al B W Mo V
0.800 0.2660 0.0001 0.0340 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001

\
 T.O. Joshua et al. / Procedia Manufacturing 35 (2019) 1375–1382 1377
Author name / Procedia Manufacturing 00 (2016) 000–000 3

Table 2: Spectrochemical analysis of as received sample 0.24%C

Fe C Si Mn S P Cr Ni
97.7550 0. 2490 0.2520 0.8640 0.590 0.550 0.2520 0.3600
Nb Al B W Mo V Li
0.0001 0.0340 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001

Table 3: Spectrochemical analysis of as received sample 0.36%C

Fe C Si Mn S P Cr Ni
97.500 0.3680 0.242 0.8380 0.0560 0.0460 0.1780 0.1410
Cu Nb Al B W Mo V Ii
0.3410 0.0001 0.0390 0.0010 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001

Table 4: Design process of annealing and normalizing heat treatment formulation

Normalizing temperatures
1 7000c, hold for 1 hour
2 8000c, hold for 1 hour
3 9000c, holds for 1 hour

3. Results and Discussion

3.1. Normalising effect on microhardness characteristics of various steel grades

Figures 1 to 4 show the variation of the hardness values of welded samples normalized at various
temperatures. The results of the normalized process show a general trend of increase in hardness values with
increase in carbon content. However, hardness values for normalized samples were observed to be the
highest ranging from 42.1 for 0.22 %C to 50.2 HRC for 0.36 %C steel as normalizing temperatures increases
from 7000C to 9000C. Considerable increases in hardness values were obtained as a result of the fine nature
of the microstructure. No doubt the increases carbon infringement contains in the working sample within the
weld pool and recrystallization behaviour of the heat affected space could have generated the significant in
mechanical performance seen. This is in par with the study undertaken by [5]

30 26
24.15
25
Hardness Vaule (HRC)

18.1
20

15

10

0
0.22% C 0.24% C 0.36% C
(%) Carbon content

Figure 1: Hardness values for as – received 0.22%C, 0.24%C and 0.36%C steel
1378 T.O. Joshua et al. / Procedia Manufacturing 35 (2019) 1375–1382
4 Author name / Procedia Manufacturing 00 (2016) 000–000

Hardness Vaule (HRC) for normalized

44.86
45
44.5
43.55
44
steel at 700 0 C

43.5
43
42.1
42.5
42
41.5
41
40.5
0.22% C 0.24% C 0.36% C
(%) Carbon content

Figure 2: Hardness values for Normalized 0.22%C, 0.24%C and 0.36%C steel samples at 7000C

47
Hardness Vaule (HRC) for normalized

47
46
45
steel at 8000C

44 42.6
42.3
43
42
41
40
39
0.22% C 0.24% C 0.36% C
(%) Carbon content

Figure 3: Hardness values for Normalized 0.22%C, 0.24%C and 0.36%C steel samples at 8000C
 T.O. Joshua et al. / Procedia Manufacturing 35 (2019) 1375–1382 1379
Author name / Procedia Manufacturing 00 (2016) 000–000 5

Hardness Vaule (HRC) for normalized

50.2
51
50
49 48.1
steel at 900 0 C

48
47
45.5
46
45
44
43
0.22% C 0.24% C 0.36% C
(%) Carbon content

Figure 4: Hardness values for Normalized 0.22%C, 0.24%C and 0.36%C steel samples at 9000C

3.2. Normalising effect on microstructural properties characteristics of various steel grades

Figure 5-8 shows the microstructural evolution of the heat-treated steel grade with different carbon content.
The as-rolled 0.22 %C and 0.24 %C respectively consist of little pearlite regions in ferrite matrix. while the
0.36 %C consist of uniformly distributed pearlite regions (dark) in ferrite matrix (white), which confirms that
they were produced by hot rolling. Hence as the carbon content increases, the pearlite regions were observed
to increase as well. Another visible observation is the soft structures noticed across the different steel grades.

In all, a fine pearlite structure was obtained for welded sample normalized at austenization temperature of
8000C and 9000C above the upper critical temperature for all the steel grades. This leads to a consequential
increase in hardness values. This is expected judging from the high carbon equivalent value for hardenability
and austenization above the upper critical point as attested by [4]. While those normalized at 7000C were fine
pearlites, with varying amounts of spheroids of ferrite nucleated within the matrix. Heat affected zone,
contains evolution of grains with typical martensitic and pearlite phase within the interface. Most area with
HAZ contains weaker strength in the weld region with tendency of initial failure occurrence in service under
severe stress.

Figure 5: Microstructure of As - received a) 0.22 %C steel b) 0.24 %C steel c) 0.36 %C steel

1380 T.O. Joshua et al. / Procedia Manufacturing 35 (2019) 1375–1382
6 Author name / Procedia Manufacturing 00 (2016) 000–000

Figure 6: Microstructure of (a) 0.22% C at welds pool normalized at 7000C (b) 0.22% C at the heat affected zone normalized at 7000C (c)
0.24% C at welds pool normalized at 7000C (d) 0.24% C at the heat affected zone normalized at 700 0C (e) 0.36% C at welds pool
normalized at 7000C (f) 0.36% C at the heat affected zone normalized at 7000C
 T.O. Joshua et al. / Procedia Manufacturing 35 (2019) 1375–1382 1381
Author name / Procedia Manufacturing 00 (2016) 000–000 7

Figure 7: Microstructure of (a) 0.22% C at welds pool normalized at 8000C (b) 0.22% C at the heat affected zone normalized at 800 0C (c)
0.24% C at welds pool normalized at 8000C (d) 0.24% C at the heat affected zone normalized at 8000C (e) 0.36% C at welds pool
normalized at 8000C (f) 0.36% C at the heat affected zone normalized at 8000C

Figure 8: Microstructure of (a) 0.36% C at welds pool normalized at 900 0C (b) 0.36% C at the heat affected zone normalized at 9000C

Conclusions

In conclusion, the result of the study shows that the hardness values of the specimen varies with the carbon
contents of the specimen. Generally, there was increase in hardness values with increase in carbon content.
Normalizing significantly affects the microstructure and thus the mechanical properties of the weld. In all,
fine pearlite structure for austenization temperatures above the upper critical temperature of 800 0c and 9000c
for all steel grades investigated were seen but a fine pearlite matrix structure with varying amounts of
spheroids of ferrite nucleated within the matrix for austenizing temperature of 700 oC in all investigated steel
1382 T.O. Joshua et al. / Procedia Manufacturing 35 (2019) 1375–1382
8 Author name / Procedia Manufacturing 00 (2016) 000–000

grades were obtained.

Acknowledgement
The author acknowledges Covenant University for the financial support offered for the publication of this
research.

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