COBALT

Cl¯

CoCO3(s) CO32- [Co(H2O)6]2+(aq) LS [CoCl4]2-(aq)

LS 4 T

H2 O
Shape
Coordination
H+ A/B A/B OH¯, NH3 Number

[Co(OH)2(H2O)4](s)

LS XS NH3

[Co(NH3)6]2+(aq)

OX air, O2

[Co(NH3)6]3+(aq)

[Co(H2O)6]2+(aq) + 2OH¯(aq) ——> [Co(OH)2(H2O)4](s) + 2H2O(l)

[Co(H2O)6]2+(aq) + 2NH3(aq) ——> [Co(OH)2(H2O)4](s) + 2NH4+(aq)
[Co(OH)2(H2O)4](s) + 6NH3(aq) ——> [Co(NH3)6]2+(aq) + 4H2O(l) + 2OH¯(aq)
[Co(NH3)6]2+(aq) ——> [Co(NH3)6]3+(aq) + e¯
[Co(H2O)6]2+(aq) + CO32-(aq) ——> CoCO3(s) + 6H2O(l) or Co2+(aq) + CO32-(aq) ——> CoCO3(s)
[Co(H2O)6]2+(aq) + 4Cl¯(aq) ——> [CoCl4]2-(aq) + 6H2O(l)
 COPPER

[CuCl4]2-(aq)

Cl¯ LS LS H2O

KI
CuCO3(s) CO32- [Cu(H2O)6]2+(aq) CuI(s)
RED

H+ A/B A/B OH¯, NH3

[Cu(OH)2(H2O)4](s)

LS XS NH3

[Cu(NH3)4(H2O)2]2+(aq)

[Cu(H2O)6]2+(aq) + 2OH¯(aq) ——> [Cu(OH)2(H2O)4](s) + 2H2O(l)

[Cu(H2O)6] (aq) + 2NH3(aq) ——> [Cu(OH)2(H2O)4](s) + 2NH4+(aq)
2+

[Cu(H2O)6]2+(aq) + CO32-(aq) ——> CuCO3(s) + 6H2O(l) or Cu2+(aq) + CO32-(aq) ——> CuCO3(s)

[Cu(H2O)6]2+(aq) + 4Cl¯(aq) ——> [CuCl4]2-(aq) + 6H2O(l)
[Cu(OH)2(H2O)4](s) + 4NH3(aq) ——> [Cu(NH3)4 (H2O)2 ]2+(aq) + 2H2O(l) + 2OH¯(aq)
2Cu2+(aq) + 4I¯(aq) ——> 2CuI(s) + I2(aq)
 IRON

FeCO3(s) CO32- [Fe(H2O)6]2+(aq)

H+ A/B A/B OH¯, NH3

RED

[Fe(OH)2(H2O)4](s)

OX air, O2

[Fe(OH)3(H2O)3](s)

NO
CARBONATE
OX MnO4¯
with 3+ ions OH¯, NH3
2-
A/B A/B H+
and CO3

[Fe(SCN)(H2O)5]2+(aq) SCN¯ [Fe(H2O)6]3+(aq)

LS

[Fe(H2O)6]2+(aq) + 2OH¯(aq) ——> [Fe(OH)2(H2O)4](s) + 2H2O(l)

[Fe(H2O)6] (aq) + 2NH3(aq) ——> [Fe(OH)2(H2O)4](s) + 2NH4+(aq)
2+

Fe(OH)2(s) + OH¯(aq) ——> Fe(OH)3(s) + e¯

[Fe(H2O)6]3+(aq) + 3OH¯(aq) ——> [Fe(OH)3(H2O)3](s) + 3H2O(l)
2 [Fe(H2O)6]3+(aq) + 3CO32-(aq) ——> 2 [Fe(OH)3(H2O)3](s) + 3H2O(l) + 3CO2(g)
[Fe(H2O)6]3+(aq) + 3NH3(aq) ——> [Fe(OH)3(H2O)3](s) + 3NH4+(aq)
[Fe(H2O)6]3+(aq) + SCN¯(aq) ——> [Fe(SCN)(H2O)5]2+(aq) + H2O(l)
 CHROMIUM
[Cr(H2O)6]2+(aq)

Zn2+/H+ RED OX air, O2

NO
CARBONATE
[Cr(H2O)6]3+(aq)
with 3+ ions

Fe2+/H+
OH¯, NH3 RED or ethanol
+
H A/B A/B
and CO32-

XS NH3
[Cr(NH3)6]3+(aq) [Cr(OH)3(H2O)3](s) Cr2O72-(aq)
LS

H+ A/B A/B XS OH¯ H+ OH¯

[Cr(OH)6]3-(aq) alk. H2O2 CrO42-(aq)

OX

[Cr(H2O)6]3+(aq) + 3OH¯(aq) ——> [Cr(OH)3(H2O)3](s) + 3H2O(l)

[Cr(OH)3(H2O)3](s) + 3H+ (aq) ——> [Cr(H2O)6]3+(aq)
[Cr(OH)3(H2O)3](s) + 3OH¯(aq) ——> [Cr(OH)6]3-(aq) + 3H2O(l)
2 [Cr(H2O)6]3+(aq) + 3CO32-(aq) ——> 2 [Cr(OH)3(H2O)3](s) + 3H2O(l) + 3CO2(g)
[Cr(H2O)6]3+(aq) + 3NH3(aq) ——> [Cr(OH)3(H2O)3](s) + 3NH4+(aq)
[Cr(OH)3(H2O)3](s) + 6NH3(aq) ——> [Cr(NH3)6]3+(aq) + 3H2O(l) + 3OH¯(aq)
2Cr3+(aq) + 3H2O2(l) + 10OH¯(aq) ——> 2CrO42-(aq) + 8H2O(l)
2 [Cr(H2O)6]3+(aq) + Zn(s) ——> 2 [Cr(H2O)6]2+(aq) + Zn2+(aq)
2-
Cr2O7 (aq) + 2OH¯(aq) 2CrO42-(aq) + H2O(l)
2 CrO42-(aq) + 2H+(aq) Cr2O72-(aq) + H2O(l)
Cr2O72-(aq) + 14H+(aq) + 6e¯ ——> 2Cr3+(aq) + 7H2O(l)
 NICKEL

[NiCl4]2-(aq)

Cl¯ LS LS H2O

NiCO3(s) CO32- [Ni(H2O)6]2+(aq) CN¯ [Ni(CN)4]2-(aq)

LS
4 SP

Dimethylglyoxime
LS H+ A/B A/B OH¯, NH3
‘H2DMG’

Ni(HDMG)2(s) [Ni(OH)2(H2O)4](s)

LS XS NH3

[Ni(NH3)6]2+(aq)

[Ni(H2O)6]2+(aq) + 2OH¯(aq) ——> [Ni(OH)2(H2O)4](s) + 2H2O(l)

[Ni(H2O)6]2+(aq) + 2NH3(aq) ——> [Ni(OH)2(H2O)4](s) + 2NH4+(aq)
[Ni(H2O)6]2+(aq) + CO32-(aq) ——> NiCO3(s) + 6H2O(l) or Ni2+(aq) + CO32-(aq) ——> NiCO3(s)
[Ni(H2O)6]2+(aq) + 4Cl¯(aq) ——> [NiCl4]2-(aq) + 6H2O(l)
[Ni(H2O)6]2+(aq) + 4CN¯(aq) ——> [Ni(CN)4]2-(aq) + 6H2O(l)
[Ni(OH)2(H2O)4](s) + 6NH3(aq) ——> [Ni(NH3)6]2+(aq) + 2H2O(l) + 2OH¯(aq)
 VANADIUM

VO2+(aq)
+5

OX RED

VO2+(aq)
+4

OX RED

+3 V3+(aq)

OX RED

V2+(aq)
+2

VO2+(aq) + 2H+(aq) + e¯ ——> VO2+(aq) + H2O(l)

VO2+(aq) + 2H+(aq) + e¯ ——> V3+(aq) + H2O(l)
V3+(aq) + e¯ ——> V2+(aq)
 ALUMINIUM

[Al(H2O)6]3+(aq)

NO
+
OH¯, NH3 CARBONATE
H A/B A/B
and CO32- with 3+ ions

[Al(OH)3(H2O)3](s)

H+ A/B A/B XS OH¯

[Al(OH)6]3-(aq)

[Al(H2O)6]3+(aq) + 3OH¯(aq) ——> [Al(OH)3(H2O)3](s) + 3H2O(l)

[Al(OH)3(H2O)3](s) + 3H+ (aq) ——> [Al(H2O)6]3+(aq)
[Al(OH)3(H2O)3](s) + 3OH¯(aq) ——> [Al(OH)6]3-(aq) + 3H2O(l)
2 [Al(H2O)6]3+(aq) + 3CO32-(aq) ——> 2 [Al(OH)3(H2O)3](s) + 3H2O(l) + 3CO2(g)
[Al(H2O)6]3+(aq) + 3NH3(aq) ——> [A(OH)3(H2O)3](s) + 3NH4+(aq)
 COBALT

Cl¯

CoCO3(s) CO32- [Co(H2O)6]2+(aq) LS [CoCl4]2-(aq)

6 O
LS 4 T

H2 O
Shape
Coordination
Number
H+ A/B A/B OH¯, NH3 Colour

[Co(OH)2(H2O)4](s)

LS XS NH3

[Co(NH3)6]2+(aq)

OX air, O2

[Co(NH3)6]3+(aq)

[Co(H2O)6]2+(aq) + 2OH¯(aq) ——> [Co(OH)2(H2O)4](s) + 2H2O(l)

[Co(H2O)6]2+(aq) + 2NH3(aq) ——> [Co(OH)2(H2O)4](s) + 2NH4+(aq)
[Co(OH)2(H2O)4](s) + 6NH3(aq) ——> [Co(NH3)6]2+(aq) + 4H2O(l) + 2OH¯(aq)
[Co(NH3)6]2+(aq) ——> [Co(NH3)6]3+(aq) + e¯
[Co(H2O)6]2+(aq) + CO32-(aq) ——> CoCO3(s) + 6H2O(l) or Co2+(aq) + CO32-(aq) ——> CoCO3(s)
[Co(H2O)6]2+(aq) + 4Cl¯(aq) ——> [CoCl4]2-(aq) + 6H2O(l)
 COPPER

[CuCl4]2-(aq)

Cl¯ LS LS H2O

KI
CuCO3(s) CO32- [Cu(H2O)6]2+(aq) CuI(s)
RED

H+ A/B A/B OH¯, NH3

[Cu(OH)2(H2O)4](s)

LS XS NH3

[Cu(NH3)4(H2O)2]2+(aq)

[Cu(H2O)6]2+(aq) + 2OH¯(aq) ——> [Cu(OH)2(H2O)4](s) + 2H2O(l)

[Cu(H2O)6] (aq) + 2NH3(aq) ——> [Cu(OH)2(H2O)4](s) + 2NH4+(aq)
2+

[Cu(H2O)6]2+(aq) + CO32-(aq) ——> CuCO3(s) + 6H2O(l) or Cu2+(aq) + CO32-(aq) ——> CuCO3(s)

[Cu(H2O)6]2+(aq) + 4Cl¯(aq) ——> [CuCl4]2-(aq) + 6H2O(l)
[Cu(OH)2(H2O)4](s) + 4NH3(aq) ——> [Cu(NH3)4 (H2O)2 ]2+(aq) + 2H2O(l) + 2OH¯(aq)
2Cu2+(aq) + 4I¯(aq) ——> 2CuI(s) + I2(aq)
 IRON

FeCO3(s) CO32- [Fe(H2O)6]2+(aq)

H+ A/B A/B OH¯, NH3

RED Zn2+/H+
[Fe(OH)2(H2O)4](s)

OX air, O2

[Fe(OH)3(H2O)3](s)

OX MnO4¯
NO
CARBONATE OH¯, NH3 A/B A/B
with 3+ ions H+
and CO32-

[Fe(SCN)(H2O)5]2+(aq) SCN¯ [Fe(H2O)6]3+(aq)

LS

[Fe(H2O)6]2+(aq) + 2OH¯(aq) ——> [Fe(OH)2(H2O)4](s) + 2H2O(l)

[Fe(H2O)6] (aq) + 2NH3(aq) ——> [Fe(OH)2(H2O)4](s) + 2NH4+(aq)
2+

Fe(OH)2(s) + OH¯(aq) ——> Fe(OH)3(s) + e¯

[Fe(H2O)6]3+(aq) + 3OH¯(aq) ——> [Fe(OH)3(H2O)3](s) + 3H2O(l)
2 [Fe(H2O)6]3+(aq) + 3CO32-(aq) ——> 2 [Fe(OH)3(H2O)3](s) + 3H2O(l) + 3CO2(g)
[Fe(H2O)6]3+(aq) + 3NH3(aq) ——> [Fe(OH)3(H2O)3](s) + 3NH4+(aq)
[Fe(H2O)6]3+(aq) + SCN¯(aq) ——> [Fe(SCN)(H2O)5]2+(aq) + H2O(l)
 CHROMIUM

[Cr(H2O)6]2+(aq)

Zn2+/H+ RED OX air, O2

NO [Cr(H2O)6]3+(aq)
CARBONATE
with 3+ ions

Fe2+/H+
OH¯, NH3 RED
+ or ethanol
H A/B A/B
and CO32-

XS NH3
[Cr(NH3)6]3+(aq) [Cr(OH)3(H2O)3](s) Cr2O72-(aq)
LS

+ H+ OH¯
H A/B A/B XS OH¯

[Cr(OH)6]3-(aq) alk. H2O2 CrO42-(aq)

OX

[Cr(H2O)6]3+(aq) + 3OH¯(aq) ——> [Cr(OH)3(H2O)3](s) + 3H2O(l)

[Cr(OH)3(H2O)3](s) + 3H+ (aq) ——> [Cr(H2O)6]3+(aq)
[Cr(OH)3(H2O)3](s) + 3OH¯(aq) ——> [Cr(OH)6]3-(aq) + 3H2O(l)
2 [Cr(H2O)6]3+(aq) + 3CO32-(aq) ——> 2 [Cr(OH)3(H2O)3](s) + 3H2O(l) + 3CO2(g)
[Cr(H2O)6]3+(aq) + 3NH3(aq) ——> [Cr(OH)3(H2O)3](s) + 3NH4+(aq)
[Cr(OH)3(H2O)3](s) + 6NH3(aq) ——> [Cr(NH3)6]3+(aq) + 3H2O(l) + 3OH¯(aq)
2Cr3+(aq) + 3H2O2(l) + 10OH¯(aq) ——> 2CrO42-(aq) + 8H2O(l)
2 [Cr(H2O)6]3+(aq) + Zn(s) ——> 2 [Cr(H2O)6]2+(aq) + Zn2+(aq)
Cr2O72-(aq) + 2OH¯(aq) 2CrO42-(aq) + H2O(l)
2- +
2 CrO4 (aq) + 2H (aq) Cr2O72-(aq) + H2O(l)
Cr2O72-(aq) + 14H+(aq) + 6e¯ ——> 2Cr3+(aq) + 7H2O(l)
 ALUMINIUM

[Al(H2O)6]3+(aq)

OH¯, NH3 NO
H+ A/B A/B CARBONATE
and CO32- with 3+ ions

[Al(OH)3(H2O)3](s)

H+ A/B A/B XS OH¯

[Al(OH)6]3-(aq)

[Al(H2O)6]3+(aq) + 3OH¯(aq) ——> [Al(OH)3(H2O)3](s) + 3H2O(l)

[Al(OH)3(H2O)3](s) + 3H+ (aq) ——> [Al(H2O)6]3+(aq)
[Al(OH)3(H2O)3](s) + 3OH¯(aq) ——> [Al(OH)6]3-(aq) + 3H2O(l)
2 [Al(H2O)6]3+(aq) + 3CO32-(aq) ——> 2 [Al(OH)3(H2O)3](s) + 3H2O(l) + 3CO2(g)
[Al(H2O)6]3+(aq) + 3NH3(aq) ——> [A(OH)3(H2O)3](s) + 3NH4+(aq)
 VANADIUM

VO2+(aq)
+5

OX RED

VO2+(aq)
+4

OX RED

+3 V3+(aq)

OX RED

V2+(aq)
+2

VO2+(aq) + 2H+(aq) + e¯ ——> VO2+(aq) + H2O(l)

VO2+(aq) + 2H+(aq) + e¯ ——> V3+(aq) + H2O(l)
V3+(aq) + e¯ ——> V2+(aq)
 NICKEL

[NiCl4]2-(aq)

Cl¯ LS LS H2 O

NiCO3(s) CO32- [Ni(H2O)6]2+(aq) CN¯ [Ni(CN)4]2-(aq)

LS
4 SP

Dimethylglyoxime LS H+ OH¯, NH3

A/B A/B
‘H2DMG’

Ni(HDMG)2(s) [Ni(OH)2(H2O)4](s)

LS XS NH3

[Ni(NH3)6]2+(aq)

[Ni(H2O)6]2+(aq) + 2OH¯(aq) ——> [Ni(OH)2(H2O)4](s) + 2H2O(l)

[Ni(H2O)6]2+(aq) + 2NH3(aq) ——> [Ni(OH)2(H2O)4](s) + 2NH4+(aq)
[Ni(H2O)6]2+(aq) + CO32-(aq) ——> NiCO3(s) + 6H2O(l) or Ni2+(aq) + CO32-(aq) ——> NiCO3(s)
[Ni(H2O)6]2+(aq) + 4Cl¯(aq) ——> [NiCl4]2-(aq) + 6H2O(l)
[Ni(H2O)6]2+(aq) + 4CN¯(aq) ——> [Ni(CN)4]2-(aq) + 6H2O(l)
[Ni(OH)2(H2O)4](s) + 6NH3(aq) ——> [Ni(NH3)6]2+(aq) + 2H2O(l) + 2OH¯(aq)